presentation definition etymology

presentation

• 1.1 Alternative forms
• 1.2 Etymology
• 1.3 Pronunciation
• 1.4.1 Derived terms
• 1.4.2 Related terms
• 1.4.3 Translations
• 1.5 Anagrams
• 2.1.1 Descendants
• 3.1 Etymology
• 3.2.1 Declension
• 3.2.2 Related terms
• 3.3 References
• 3.4 Anagrams

English [ edit ]

Alternative forms [ edit ].

• præsentation ( archaic )

Etymology [ edit ]

From Old French presentation (French présentation ), from Latin praesentātiōnem , accusative singular of praesentātiō ( “ representation, exhibition ” ) . Morphologically present +‎ -ation

Pronunciation [ edit ]

• ( US , UK , Canada ) IPA ( key ) : /ˌpɹɛzənˈteɪʃən/ , /ˌpɹizənˈteɪʃən/
• ( Hong Kong ) IPA ( key ) : /pɹisɛnˈteɪʃən/
• Rhymes: -eɪʃən

Noun [ edit ]

presentation ( countable and uncountable , plural presentations )

• 1594–1597 , Richard Hooker , edited by J[ohn] S[penser] , Of the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Politie,   [ … ] , London: [ … ] Will [ iam ] Stansby [ for Matthew Lownes ] , published 1611 , →OCLC , (please specify the page) : Prayers are sometimes a presentation of mere desires.
• A dramatic performance .
• An award given to someone on a special occasion .
• Money given as a wedding gift .
• A lecture or speech given in front of an audience .
• ( medicine ) The symptoms and other possible indications of disease , trauma , etc., that are exhibited by a patient who has sought, or has otherwise come to, the attention of a physician . The presentation of the thirty-four-year-old male in the emergency room was slight fever, dilated pupils, and marked disorientation.
• ( medicine ) The position of the foetus in the uterus at birth .
• ( mainly LGBT ) Gender presentation ; gender expression .
• ( fencing ) Offering one's blade for engagement by the opponent.
• ( mathematics ) The specification of a group by generators and relators .
• 1765–1769 , William Blackstone , Commentaries on the Laws of England , (please specify |book=I to IV) , Oxford, Oxfordshire: [ … ] Clarendon Press , →OCLC : If the bishop admits the patron's presentation , the clerk so admitted is next to be instituted by him.
• ( immunology ) The preparation of antigen fragments during the immune response .

Derived terms [ edit ]

• presentation box
• case presentation
• presentation copy
• presentation logic
• presentation software
• self-presentation

Related terms [ edit ]

• presentational
• presentationally

Translations [ edit ]

Anagrams [ edit ].

• penetrations

Old French [ edit ]

presentation oblique singular ,  f ( oblique plural presentations , nominative singular presentation , nominative plural presentations )

• presentation ( act of presenting something or someone )
• presentation ( demonstration )

Descendants [ edit ]

• French: présentation

Swedish [ edit ]

From French présentation , from présenter + -ation , equivalent to presentera +‎ -ation . Cognate with English presentation , German Präsentation , Norwegian Bokmål presentasjon , Norwegian Nynorsk presentasjon and Danish præsentation .

presentation   c

• introduction Hon behöver ingen närmare presentation She needs no further ["closer" - idiomatic] introduction

Declension [ edit ]

• presentatör

References [ edit ]

• presentation in Svensk ordbok ( SO )
• presentation in Svenska Akademiens ordbok ( SAOB )
• prestationen

• English terms derived from Old French
• English terms derived from Latin
• English 4-syllable words
• English terms with IPA pronunciation
• English terms with audio links
• Rhymes:English/eɪʃən
• Rhymes:English/eɪʃən/4 syllables
• English lemmas
• English nouns
• English uncountable nouns
• English countable nouns
• English terms with quotations
• en:Medicine
• English terms with usage examples
• en:Mathematics
• en:Immunology
• en:Communication
• en:Transgender
• Old French lemmas
• Old French nouns
• Old French feminine nouns
• Swedish terms derived from French
• Swedish terms suffixed with -ation
• Swedish lemmas
• Swedish nouns
• Swedish common-gender nouns
• Swedish terms with usage examples
• English undefined derivations
• English entries with topic categories using raw markup
• Mandarin terms with redundant transliterations
• Japanese terms with redundant script codes
• Ukrainian terms with redundant script codes

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presentation noun

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What does the noun presentation mean?

There are 20 meanings listed in OED's entry for the noun presentation , four of which are labelled obsolete. See ‘Meaning & use’ for definitions, usage, and quotation evidence.

presentation has developed meanings and uses in subjects including

How common is the noun presentation ?

How is the noun presentation pronounced, british english, u.s. english, where does the noun presentation come from.

Earliest known use

Middle English

The earliest known use of the noun presentation is in the Middle English period (1150—1500).

OED's earliest evidence for presentation is from before 1325, in Statutes of the Realm .

presentation is of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin.

Etymons: French presentacioun , presentacion ; Latin praesentation- , praesentatio .

Nearby entries

• present, n.² c1230–
• present, n.³ 1777–
• present, adj. & adv. 1340–
• present, v. c1300–
• presentability, n. 1823–
• presentable, adj. 1451–
• presentably, adv. 1848–
• presental, n. 1869
• presentaneous, adj. 1656–1790
• presentary, adj. ?a1425–1657
• presentation, n. a1325–
• presentational, adj. 1855–
• presentationally, adv. 1928–
• presentation copy, n. 1753–
• presentation day, n. 1843–
• presentation department, n. 1954–
• presentationism, n. a1842–
• presentationist, n. 1846–
• presentation plate, n. 1829–
• presentation silver, n. 1511–
• presentation value, n. 1889–

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Meaning & use

Pronunciation, compounds & derived words, entry history for presentation, n..

presentation, n. was revised in March 2007.

presentation, n. was last modified in March 2024.

oed.com is a living text, updated every three months. Modifications may include:

• further revisions to definitions, pronunciation, etymology, headwords, variant spellings, quotations, and dates;
• new senses, phrases, and quotations.

Revisions and additions of this kind were last incorporated into presentation, n. in March 2024.

Earlier versions of this entry were published in:

OED First Edition (1908)

• Find out more

OED Second Edition (1989)

• View presentation in OED Second Edition

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Citation details

Factsheet for presentation, n., browse entry.

• Cambridge Dictionary +Plus

Meaning of presentation in English

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presentation noun ( EVENT )

• talk She will give a talk on keeping kids safe on the internet.
• lecture The lecture is entitled "War and the Modern American Presidency".
• presentation We were given a presentation of progress made to date.
• speech You might have to make a speech when you accept the award.
• address He took the oath of office then delivered his inaugural address.
• oration It was to become one of the most famous orations in American history.
• The presentation was a collaborative effort by all the children in the class .
• The charity invited the press to a presentation of its plans for the future .
• The magazine asked its readers to send in their comments about the new style of presentation.
• Jenny's retiring and I think there's going to be a small presentation this afternoon .
• Graduates must be in full academic dress at the presentation of certificates .
• call for papers
• extemporize
• maiden speech
• talk at someone

You can also find related words, phrases, and synonyms in the topics:

presentation noun ( APPEARANCE )

• adverse conditions
• good/bad karma idiom
• have it in you idiom
• unaffiliated
• undercurrent

presentation | American Dictionary

Presentation | business english, examples of presentation, collocations with presentation, presentation.

These are words often used in combination with presentation .

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Translations of presentation

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to add harmonies to a tune

Shoots, blooms and blossom: talking about plants

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• presentation (APPEARANCE)
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Presentation etymology

English word presentation comes from Latin praesento (I present, exhibit or show.)

Etymology of presentation

Detailed word origin of presentation, words with the same origin as presentation, descendants of praesento.

Presentation etymology

English word presentation comes from Latin praesento (I present, exhibit or show.)

Etymology of presentation

Detailed word origin of presentation, words with the same origin as presentation, descendants of praesento.

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Definition of etymology

Did you know.

Commonly Confused: Etymology and Entomology

The etymology of etymology itself is relatively straightforward. Etymon means "origin of a word" in Latin, and comes from the Greek word etymon , meaning "literal meaning of a word according to its origin." Greek etymon in turn comes from etymos , which means "true." Be careful not to confuse etymology with the similar-sounding entomology . Entomon means "insect" in Greek, and entomology is the study of bugs.

Examples of etymology in a Sentence

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'etymology.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

Middle English ethimologie , from Anglo-French, from Latin etymologia , from Greek, from etymon + -logia -logy

14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1

Phrases Containing etymology

• folk etymology

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Dictionary Entries Near etymology

etymologize

Cite this Entry

“Etymology.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/etymology. Accessed 8 Apr. 2024.

Kids Definition

Kids definition of etymology.

Latin etymologia "etymology," from Greek etymon "true meaning of a word" and Greek -logia "study, science," from etymos "true" and logos "word, reason"

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presentation

Definitions, from the american heritage® dictionary of the english language, 5th edition..

• noun The action of presenting something.
• noun The style or manner with which something is offered for consideration or display.
• noun A theatrical performance or display.
• noun A demonstration, lecture, or speech that is presented to an audience.
• noun A formal introduction of someone to others, as at court.
• noun Ecclesiastical The act or right of naming a cleric to a benefice.
• noun The position of the fetus in the uterus at birth with respect to the mouth of the uterus.
• noun A symptom or sign or a group of symptoms or signs that is evident during a medical examination.
• noun The fact of being evident or manifest. Used of a disease or condition.

from The Century Dictionary.

• noun The act, especially the ceremonious act, of presenting a gift, prize, trophy, donation, or the like: as, the presentation of a medal to a fireman; the presentation of a stand of colors to a regiment; the presentation of an organ to a church.
• noun The act of presenting or offering as for recognition, acceptance, etc.
• noun That which is presented; a gift; an offering.
• noun A representation; exhibition; appearance; show; semblance.
• noun In ecclesiastical law , a patron's act of offering to a bishop, presbytery, or other properly constituted authority a candidate for induction into a benefice. See patronage , 3.
• noun Hence— The nomination by one ecclesiastical authority of a candidate to be appointed by another. In the Protestant Episcopal Church the right of presentation to the bishop is lodged in the vestry or other parish authorities.
• noun The right of presenting a clergyman.
• noun In obstetrics , the appearance of a particular part of the fetus at the superior pelvic strait during labor.
• noun A cognitive modification of consciousness; an idea; a representation.
• noun A figurate conception; a product of the imagination.
• noun A direct percept; a presentative cognition.
• noun The process of formation of a presentation in sense 7.
• noun Of Christ in the Temple , a festival celebrated on February 2d, in the Greek, Roman Catholic, Anglican, and some other churches, commonly called the Feast of the Purification : same as Candlemas .
• noun A direct perception of something in the future; presension.

from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English.

• noun The act of presenting, or the state of being presented; a setting forth; an offering; bestowal.
• noun exhibition; representation; display; appearance; semblance; show.
• noun rare That which is presented or given; a present; a gift, .
• noun (Eccl.) The act of offering a clergyman to the bishop or ordinary for institution in a benefice; the right of presenting a clergyman.
• noun (Med.) The particular position of the child during labor relatively to the passage though which it is to be brought forth; -- specifically designated by the part which first appears at the mouth of the uterus.
• noun a copy of a book, engraving, etc., presented to some one by the author or artist, as a token of regard.

from Wiktionary , Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.

• noun The act of presenting , or something presented
• noun A dramatic performance
• noun An award given to someone on a special occasion
• noun A lecture or speech given in front of an audience
• noun medicine The symptoms and other possible indications of disease , trauma , etc., that are exhibited by a patient who has sought, or has otherwise come to, the attention of a physician , e.g., "Thirty-four-year-old male presented in the emergency room with slight fever , dilated pupils , and marked disorientation ."
• noun medicine The position of the foetus in the uterus at birth
• noun fencing Offering one's blade for engagement by the opponent
• noun mathematics The specification of a group by generators and relators .
• noun The act or right of offering a clergyman to the bishop or ordinary for institution in a benefice .

from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.

• noun the act of presenting a proposal
• noun the act of making something publicly available; presenting news or other information by broadcasting or printing it
• noun a visual representation of something
• noun (obstetrics) position of the fetus in the uterus relative to the birth canal
• noun the activity of formally presenting something (as a prize or reward)
• noun formally making a person known to another or to the public
• noun a show or display; the act of presenting something to sight or view

Etymologies

From wiktionary, creative commons attribution/share-alike license.

Help support Wordnik (and make this page ad-free) by adopting the word presentation .

Details on booking Robin for a Lead Without a Title presentation for your organization are also here.

The Leader Who Had No Title Robin Sharma 2010

The interruption effectively ended the title presentation ceremony and also sent Stone Cold straight to jail.

WWE Championship Kevin Sullivan 2010

To book a Lead Without a Title presentation for your team with Robin Sharma or one of his certified trainers, please contact Sharma Leadership Informational Inc. at www.robinsharma.com.

Given that all three take significant issue with Downs, the one weakness in presentation is that he does not get a chance to reply.

Balkinization 2006

The difference in presentation is decisive, as a London stage play is socially more accessible, popular and therefore powerful than the private experience of reading a play.

The Discourse of Treason, Sedition, and Blasphemy in British Political Trials, 1794-1820 1999

When it comes time to work in groups to develop a term presentation , his classmates can work off his notes in his OneNote notebook.

Site Home jamesbmarshall 2011

So if your lucky enough to be attending MIX11, attend the Expression presentation on Thursday

Site Home Lee Stott 2011

One of the other focal points of my presentation is the Alexandria Roller Rink.

Be specific: Jeff Krulik on the wild years of NoVa rock and roll Aaron Leitko 2010

Your presentation is the best but the content stinks.

Poll names Pelosi, congressional Republicans 'losers' 2009

Related Words

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synonyms (208)

Words with the same meaning.

• Christmas present
• accommodation
• acquaintance
• acquaintedness
• announcement
• apostolic orders
• appointment
• asking price
• birthday present
• canonization
• close acquaintance
• coming into being
• coming-forth
• coming-out party
• communication
• consecration
• contribution
• deliverance
• demonstration
• enlightenment
• entertainment
• factual information
• familiarization
• farewell performance
• forthcoming
• furnishment
• general information
• hard information
• holy orders
• impartation
• incarnation
• incidental information
• information
• installation
• institution
• instruction
• intelligence
• introduction
• investiture
• major orders
• manifestation
• materialization
• materializing
• minor orders
• notification
• ostentation
• peace offering
• performance
• phantasmagoria
• preliminary approach
• presentment
• promotional material
• psychedelic show
• publication
• realization
• representation
• retrospective
• shifting scene
• showing forth
• stage presentation
• subscription
• tableau vivant
• tentative approach
• theatrical performance
• transmission
• varnishing day
• vouchsafement
• white elephant
• white paper

hypernyms (4)

Words that are more generic or abstract, same context (16), words that are found in similar contexts.

• description
• examination
• illustration
• interpretation

cross-references (6)

Cross-references.

• bond of presentation
• feast of the presentation
• order of the presentation of the virgin mary

rhymes (786)

Words with the same terminal sound.

• Americanization
• Appalachian
• Balkanization
• Christianization
• Confederation
• Desegregation
• Finlandization
• Incarnation
• Islamization
• Japanimation
• Reformation
• Russification
• Tribulation
• abbreviation
• abomination
• acceleration
• acclamation
• acclimation
• accreditation
• accumulation
• acidification
• adjudication
• administration
• adulteration
• affectation
• affiliation
• affirmation
• affrication
• agglomeration
• aggravation
• alleviation
• alphabetization
• altercation
• amalgamation
• amelioration
• amortization
• amplification
• annihilation
• anticipation
• antidiscrimination
• appellation
• application
• appreciation
• approbation
• appropriation
• approximation
• arbitration
• argumentation
• articulation
• assassination
• assimilation
• association
• augmentation
• authentication
• authorization
• backwardation
• balkanization
• bifurcation
• calculation
• calibration
• cancellation
• cannibalization
• capitalization
• capitulation
• categorization
• cauterization
• celebration
• centralization
• certification
• characterization
• civilization
• clarification
• classification
• coagulation
• codification
• cogeneration
• cohabitation
• collaboration
• collectivization
• collocation
• colonization
• colorization
• combination
• commemoration
• commendation
• commercialization
• communization
• commutation
• compensation
• compilation
• complication
• computation
• computerization
• concatenation
• concentration
• conciliation
• condemnation
• condensation
• confabulation
• confederation
• configuration
• confirmation
• confiscation
• conflagration
• confrontation
• conglomeration
• congratulation
• congregation
• conjugation
• connotation
• conservation
• consideration
• consolation
• consolidation
• constellation
• consternation
• constipation
• consultation
• consummation
• contamination
• contemplation
• continuation
• conversation
• convocation
• cooperation
• coordination
• corporation
• correlation
• corroboration
• criminalization
• culmination
• cultivation
• decapitation
• deceleration
• decentralization
• decertification
• declaration
• decontamination
• decriminalization
• deforestation
• deformation
• degeneration
• degradation
• dehumanization
• dehydration
• deification
• deinstitutionalization
• deliberation
• delineation
• demarcation
• demilitarization
• demobilization
• democratization
• demodulation
• demonization
• demoralization
• denationalization
• denomination
• denuclearization
• denunciation
• deportation
• depravation
• depreciation
• depredation
• deprivation
• deregulation
• desalination
• desalinization
• desecration
• desegregation
• desiccation
• designation
• desperation
• destabilization
• destination
• determination
• detoxication
• detoxification
• devaluation
• devastation
• differentiation
• discoloration
• discontinuation
• discrimination
• disembarkation
• disinclination
• disinflation
• disinformation
• disintegration
• dislocation
• disorganization
• disorientation
• dispensation
• disputation
• disqualification
• dissemination
• dissertation
• dissipation
• dissociation
• distillation
• diversification
• documentation
• domestication
• dramatization
• duplication
• echolocation
• edification
• ejaculation
• elaboration
• electrification
• elimination
• emancipation
• embarkation
• enumeration
• equalization
• equivocation
• eradication
• evaporation
• exacerbation
• exaggeration
• exasperation
• exclamation
• excommunication
• exfoliation
• exhilaration
• exhortation
• exoneration
• expatriation
• expectation
• experimentation
• explanation
• explication
• exploitation
• exploration
• expropriation
• extermination
• extrapolation
• extrication
• fabrication
• facilitation
• falsification
• fascination
• fermentation
• fertilization
• fibrillation
• fluctuation
• fluoridation
• formulation
• fortification
• fragmentation
• frustration
• gasification
• gastrulation
• generalization
• gentrification
• germination
• globalization
• glorification
• granulation
• gratification
• gravitation
• hallucination
• harmonization
• hibernation
• hospitalization
• humiliation
• hybridization
• hydrogenation
• hyperinflation
• hyphenation
• identification
• illumination
• imagination
• immigration
• immunization
• impersonation
• implantation
• implementation
• implication
• importation
• impregnation
• improvisation
• inactivation
• inauguration
• incantation
• incapacitation
• incarceration
• inclination
• incoordination
• incorporation
• incrimination
• incrustation
• indemnification
• indentation
• indignation
• indoctrination
• industrialization
• infatuation
• infestation
• infiltration
• inflammation
• inhabitation
• inoculation
• insemination
• insinuation
• inspiration
• instantiation
• instigation
• institutionalization
• instrumentation
• insubordination
• integration
• intensification
• internationalization
• interrogation
• intimidation
• intoxication
• invalidation
• investigation
• irradiation
• justification
• legalization
• legislation
• liberalization
• liquidation
• localization
• lubrication
• machination
• magnetization
• magnification
• malformation
• manipulation
• marginalization
• masturbation
• maximization
• mechanization
• menstruation
• mineralization
• miniaturization
• ministration
• misallocation
• misapplication
• misappropriation
• miscalculation
• mischaracterization
• miscommunication
• miscreation
• misidentification
• misinformation
• misinterpretation
• misrepresentation
• mobilization
• modernization
• modification
• molestation
• monopolization
• multiplication
• mummification
• nationalization
• naturalization
• negotiation
• neutralization
• nondiscrimination
• nonproliferation
• normalization
• nullification
• obfuscation
• obliteration
• observation
• optimization
• orchestration
• organisation
• organization
• orientation
• origination
• ornamentation
• oscillation
• ossification
• overpopulation
• overregulation
• overvaluation
• pacification
• palpitation
• participation
• pasteurization
• penetration
• perforation
• permutation
• perpetuation
• personalization
• personification
• perspiration
• perturbation
• pigmentation
• polarization
• politicization
• pollination
• polymerization
• pontification
• popularization
• precipitation
• predestination
• prefabrication
• premeditation
• preoccupation
• preparation
• preservation
• pressurization
• prestidigitation
• prevarication
• privatisation
• privatization
• proclamation
• procrastination
• procreation
• profanation
• prognostication
• proliferation
• pronunciation
• propagation
• prostration
• protestation
• provocation
• punctuation
• purification
• qualification
• quantification
• radicalization
• ramification
• ratification
• rationalization
• reaffiliation
• reaffirmation
• reallocation
• reauthorization
• recalculation
• recantation
• recapitalization
• recertification
• reclamation
• reclassification
• recommendation
• reconciliation
• reconfiguration
• reconfirmation
• reconsideration
• recrimination
• rectification
• recuperation
• redecoration
• rededication
• reevaluation
• reexamination
• reforestation
• reformation
• refrigeration
• regeneration
• regimentation
• registration
• rehabilitation
• rehydration
• reincarnation
• reincorporation
• reinterpretation
• reinvigoration
• reiteration
• rejuvenation
• remediation
• remuneration
• renationalization
• renegotiation
• renomination
• renunciation
• reorganization
• repatriation
• replication
• repudiation
• reregulation
• reservation
• resignation
• respiration
• restoration
• resuscitation
• retaliation
• retardation
• reunification
• revaluation
• reverberation
• revitalization
• russification
• sanctification
• saponification
• securitization
• sedimentation
• segmentation
• segregation
• self-congratulation
• self-determination
• sequestration
• simplification
• singularization
• socialization
• solicitation
• sophistication
• specialization
• specification
• speculation
• stabilization
• stagflation
• stalinization
• standardization
• sterilization
• stimulation
• stipulation
• strangulation
• subluxation
• subordination
• subsidization
• substantiation
• suburbanization
• suffocation
• superstation
• surrogation
• synchronization
• syndication
• tabloidization
• telecommunication
• termination
• titillation
• transformation
• transillumination
• translation
• transplantation
• transportation
• trepidation
• triangulation
• tribulation
• undervaluation
• unification
• unionization
• urbanization
• utilization
• vaccination
• vacillation
• vaporization
• ventilation
• verification
• victimization
• vilification
• vindication
• visualization
• vulgarization
• westernization

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re-presentation (n.)

"a presenting again, a renewed presentation," 1805, from re- "back, again" + presentation or else a noun formed to go with re-present . With hyphenated spelling and full pronunciation of the prefix to distinguish it from representation .

Entries linking to re-presentation

late 14c., presentacioun , "act of presenting, ceremonious giving of a gift, prize, etc.," from Old French presentacion (13c.) and directly from Medieval Latin praesentationem (nominative praesentatio ) "a placing before," noun of action from past-participle stem of Latin praesentare "to present, show, exhibit," literally "to place before," from stem of praesens (see present (adj.)).

The meaning "that which is offered or presented" is from mid-15c.; that of "a theatrical or other representation" is recorded from c. 1600. Related: Presentational .

"to offer again, bring before again," 1560s, from re- "back, again" + present (v.). With hyphenated spelling and full pronunciation of the prefix to distinguish it from represent . Related: Re-presented ; re-presenting ; re-presentation .

word-forming element meaning "back, back from, back to the original place;" also "again, anew, once more," also conveying the notion of "undoing" or "backward," etc. (see sense evolution below), c. 1200, from Old French re- and directly from Latin re- an inseparable prefix meaning "again; back; anew, against."

Watkins (2000) describes this as a "Latin combining form conceivably from Indo-European *wret- , metathetical variant of *wert- "to turn." De Vaan says the "only acceptable etymology" for it is a 2004 explanation which reconstructs a root in PIE *ure "back."

In earliest Latin the prefix became red- before vowels and h- , a form preserved in redact , redeem , redolent , redundant , redintegrate , and, in disguise, render (v.). In some English words from French and Italian re- appears as ra- and the following consonant is often doubled (see rally (v.1)).

The many meanings in the notion of "back" give re- its broad sense-range: "a turning back; opposition; restoration to a former state; "transition to an opposite state." From the extended senses in "again," re- becomes "repetition of an action," and in this sense it is extremely common as a formative element in English, applicable to any verb. OED writes that it is "impossible to attempt a complete record of all the forms resulting from its use," and adds that "The number of these is practically infinite ...."  

Often merely intensive, and in many of the older borrowings from French and Latin the precise sense of re- is forgotten, lost in secondary senses, or weakened beyond recognition, so that it has no apparent semantic content ( receive , recommend , recover , reduce , recreate , refer , religion , remain , request , require ).

There seem to have been more such words in Middle English than after, e.g. recomfort (v.) "to comfort, console; encourage;" recourse (n.) "a process, way, course." Recover in Middle English also could mean "obtain, win" (happiness, a kingdom, etc.) with no notion of getting something back, also "gain the upper hand, overcome; arrive at;" also consider the legal sense of recovery as "obtain (property) by judgment or legal proceedings." 

And, due to sound changes and accent shifts, re- sometimes entirely loses its identity as a prefix ( rebel , relic , remnant , restive , rest (n.2) "remainder," rally (v.1) "bring together"). In a few words it is reduced to r-, as in ransom (a doublet of redemption ), rampart , etc.

It was used from Middle English in forming words from Germanic as well as Latin elements ( rebuild , refill , reset , rewrite ), and was used so even in Old French ( regret , regard , reward , etc.).

Prefixed to a word beginning with e , re- is separated by a hyphen, as re-establish , re-estate , re-edify , etc. ; or else the second e has a dieresis over it: as, reëstablish , reëmbark , etc. The hyphen is also sometimes used to bring out emphatically the sense of repetition or iteration : as, sung and re-sung . The dieresis is not used over other vowels than e when re is prefixed : thus, reinforce , reunite , reabolish . [Century Dictionary, 1895]

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Definition of etymology noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

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Nov 22, 2014

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Etymology. Documenting a word’s history. Why include etymology?. Many users are curious about history and where words came from. Linguists and historians can learn much from historical linguistics. Etymology can explain otherwise puzzling aspects of the phonology and morphology.

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• related languages
• middle english
• assumed proto form
• reconstruct hypothetical proto forms

Presentation Transcript

Etymology Documenting a word’s history.

Why include etymology? • Many users are curious about history and where words came from. • Linguists and historians can learn much from historical linguistics. • Etymology can explain otherwise puzzling aspects of the phonology and morphology.

Sources of words. • There are three possible sources of a word. • The word was inherited directly from the proto language. • The word was borrowed from another language. • The word was invented.

Resources you will need. • Look for any reconstructions of the proto language. • Collect dictionaries from related languages. • Collect dictionaries from languages of wider communication. • Collect dictionaries from languages that your language has had contact with. • If the language has a written history, collect old documents. • If the language has an oral literature, sometimes it will use archaic words.

Procedure for determining what words are inherited. • Sort your dictionary alphabetically. • Compare the words in your language to a list of reconstructed forms of the proto language. Look for a correspondence of both form and meaning. • Establish patterns of correspondence (*p > w; stop > fricative; [-voice] > [+voice] / V_V). • Generate an assumed proto form of all the words in your dictionary. Then compare these to the reconstructed forms. • Sort your dictionary and the reconstructed forms by semantic domains. Then look for correspondences. • Compare your dictionary with dictionaries of related languages. Look for similar words. Reconstruct hypothetical proto forms.

Procedure for determining what words are borrowed. • Ask the people what words are borrowed. If they are bilingual, they may know of words that have been borrowed. • Look for words that are similar to words in neighboring languages. (kupya ‘hat’ from Arabic kofia, dunya ‘world’ from Arabic dunia). • If there are similar words in two unrelated languages, it is almost certain that one language borrowed from the other. • If the two languages are related, then you must do a great deal of careful reconstruction to determine if the word is inherited from the proto language or was borrowed. • ‘Brother’ is inherited. ‘Fraternal’ was borrowed from Latin. ‘Two’ is inherited. ‘Duo’ was borrowed.

Indicating etymology in a dictionary. • The etymology of a word is usually placed at the end of the article. skoshadj. Little (of a quantity). These pants have just a skosh more room. [from Japanese: sukoshi]. futonn. A mattress that can be folded up and put away. [from Japanese: futon]. gracen. Seemingly effortless beauty or charm of movement, form, or proportion. [Middle English, from Old French, from Latin gra:tia, from gra:tus, pleasing. See gwere- in Appendix]. yearnv. To have a strong, often melancholy desire. [Middle English yernen, from Old English geornan, giernan. See gher- in Appendix.]

Insights from etymology. • Historical changes can result in holes in your phoneme chart. • Changes can also result in some phonemes being far more common than others. • Odd and irregular morphophonemic changes can sometimes be explained by a historical rule. • We know where the proto Indo-Europeans lived because we can reconstruct such words as ‘snow’, bear’, and ‘beech tree’, but not ‘dune’, ‘camel’ or ‘palm tree’.

Appendix of reconstructed forms. • Some dictionaries include an appendix of reconstructed forms with a list of all the words inherited from each proto form. The following is taken from the American Heritage Dictionary. gher-v. To like, want. 1. Suffixed form *gher-n-. yearn, from old English giernan, gyrnan, to strive, desire, yearn, from Germanic *gernjan. 2. Possibly extended form *ghre:-a. greedy, from old English graedig, hungry, covetous, greedy, from Germanic gre:digaz, hungry, formed from *gre:duz, hunger; b. catachresis, chresard, chrestomathy, from Greek khre:sthai, to lack, want, use, from khre:, it is necessary. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghr-to-. hortative; exhort, from Latin horta:ri:, to urge on, encourage (< “to cause to strive or desire”). 4. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghr-i-. charisma; Eucharist, from Greek kharis, grace, favor. 5. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghr-yo-. chervil, from Greek khairein, to rejoice, delight in [Pokorny 1. gher- 440.]

Bibliography American heritage dictionary. 1992. 3rd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

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