nutrition related research paper

• Search by keyword
• Search by citation

Page 1 of 37

Correction: Dietary intake and gastrointestinal symptoms are altered in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: the relative contribution of autism-linked traits

The original article was published in Nutrition Journal 2024 23 :27

• View Full Text

A late eating midpoint is associated with increased risk of diabetic kidney disease: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES 2013–2020

Modifying diet is crucial for diabetes and complication management. Numerous studies have shown that adjusting eating habits to align with the circadian rhythm may positively affect metabolic health. However, ...

Traditional japanese diet score and the sustainable development goals by a global comparative ecological study

Reducing the environmental impact of the food supply is important for achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) worldwide. Previously, we developed the Traditional Japanese Diet Score (TJDS) and reported ...

Association between dietary magnesium intake and muscle mass among hypertensive population: evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Magnesium is critical for musculoskeletal health. Hypertensive patients are at high risk for magnesium deficiency and muscle loss. This study aimed to explore the association between magnesium intake and muscl...

Adult dietary patterns with increased bean consumption are associated with greater overall shortfall nutrient intakes, lower added sugar, improved weight-related outcomes and better diet quality

Limited evidence is available that focuses on beans within American dietary patterns and health. The purpose of this study was to identify commonly consumed adult dietary patterns that included beans and compa...

Validity and reproducibility of the PERSIAN Cohort food frequency questionnaire: assessment of major dietary patterns

Dietary patterns, encompassing an overall view of individuals’ dietary intake, are suggested as a suitable means of assessing nutrition’s role in chronic disease development. The aim of this study was to evalu...

Associations of dietary patterns and longitudinal brain-volume change in Japanese community-dwelling adults: results from the national institute for longevity sciences-longitudinal study of aging

The association of dietary patterns and longitudinal changes in brain volume has rarely been investigated in Japanese individuals. We prospectively investigated this association in middle-aged and older Japane...

Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and vitamin D dietary supplementation and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among adults with hypertension

The relationship between vitamin D status and mortality among adults with hypertension remains unclear.

Effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Previous experimental studies have suggested that the consumption of soy isoflavones may have a potential impact on lowering blood pressure. Nevertheless, epidemiological studies have presented conflicting out...

The effects of L-carnitine supplementation on inflammation, oxidative stress, and clinical outcomes in critically Ill patients with sepsis: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial

Sepsis, a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a host’s dysregulated response to infection with an inflammatory process, becomes a real challenge for the healthcare systems. L-carnitine (LC) has antiox...

Metabolic syndrome risk in adult coffee drinkers with the rs301 variant of the LPL gene

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors is influenced by environmental, lifestyle, and genetic factors. We explored whether coffee consumption and the rs301 variant of...

Towards objective measurements of habitual dietary intake patterns: comparing NMR metabolomics and food frequency questionnaire data in a population-based cohort

Low-quality, non-diverse diet is a main risk factor for premature death. Accurate measurement of habitual diet is challenging and there is a need for validated objective methods. Blood metabolite patterns refl...

Circulating concentrations of bile acids and prevalent chronic kidney disease among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study

The relationship between circulating bile acids (BAs) and kidney function among patients with type 2 diabetes is unclear. We aimed to investigate the associations of circulating concentrations of BAs, particul...

Dietary intake and gastrointestinal symptoms are altered in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: the relative contribution of autism-linked traits

Dietary and gastrointestinal (GI) problems have been frequently reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the relative contributions of autism-linked traits to dietary and GI problems in children wi...

The Correction to this article has been published in Nutrition Journal 2024 23 :40

The effect of bovine dairy products and their components on the incidence and natural history of infection: a systematic literature review

Dairy products and their components may impact immune function, although the current evidence base has some research gaps. As part of a larger systematic literature review of dairy products/components (includi...

Food sufficiency status and sleep outcomes in older adults: the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS)

Studies investigating the relationship between food insecurity and sleep among older populations are limited. This study aimed to cross-sectionally examine the associations between food sufficiency status and ...

Effects of vitamin D supplementation on liver fibrogenic factors, vitamin D receptor and liver fibrogenic microRNAs in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) patients: an exploratory randomized clinical trial

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a global metabolic problem which can lead to irreversible liver fibrosis. It has been shown that vitamin D and its receptors contribute to fi...

Validity of food and nutrient intakes assessed by a food frequency questionnaire among Chinese adults

Studies regarding the validity of the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and the food composition table (FCT) are limited in Asian countries. We aimed to evaluate the validity of a 64-item FFQ and different me...

Association of sugar intake from different sources with cardiovascular disease incidence in the prospective cohort of UK Biobank participants

The relation between incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and sugar might not only depend on the quantity consumed but also on its source. This study aims to assess the association between various sources of ...

Association of dietary inflammatory index and the SARS-CoV-2 infection incidence, severity and mortality of COVID-19: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis

Several studies have reported the association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and the SARS-CoV-2 infection risk, severity or mortality of COVID-19, however, the outcomes remain controversial.

Breakfast quality and its sociodemographic and psychosocial correlates among Italian children, adolescents, and adults from the Italian Nutrition & HEalth Survey (INHES) study

Breakfast quality, together with regularity of breakfast, has been suggested to be associated with cardiometabolic health advantages. We aimed to evaluate the quality of breakfast and its socioeconomic and psy...

The association between lifelines diet score (LLDS) with depression and quality of life in Iranian adolescent girls

It has been proposed that a greater degree of adherence to a healthy dietary pattern is associated with a lower risk of depression and a poor quality of life (QoL). The Lifelines diet score (LLDS) is a new, ev...

Diet in secondary prevention: the effect of dietary patterns on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Improving dietary habits is a first-line recommendation for patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is unclear which dietary pattern most effectively lowers cardiovascular risk factors and what the shor...

Prognostic potential of nutritional risk screening and assessment tools in predicting survival of patients with pancreatic neoplasms: a systematic review

The nutritional evaluation of pancreatic cancer (PC) patients lacks a gold standard or scientific consensus, we aimed to summarize and systematically evaluate the prognostic value of nutritional screening and ...

40 years of adding more fructose to high fructose corn syrup than is safe, through the lens of malabsorption and altered gut health–gateways to chronic disease

Labels do not disclose the excess-free-fructose/unpaired-fructose content in foods/beverages. Objective was to estimate excess-free-fructose intake using USDA loss-adjusted-food-availability (LAFA) data (1970–...

Relationship between trajectories of dietary iron intake and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: evidence from a prospective cohort study

The association between dietary iron intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains inconsistent. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between trajectories of dietary iron in...

Dietary pattern and precocious puberty risk in Chinese girls: a case-control study

The role of dietary intake on precocious puberty remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between the amount and frequency of dietary intake and the risk of precocious puberty in Chines...

Tracking progress toward a climate-friendly public food service strategy: assessing nutritional quality and carbon footprint changes in childcare centers

Public food procurement and catering are recognized as important leverage points in promoting sustainable and healthy dietary habits. This study aimed to analyze changes in nutritional quality and carbon footp...

Avocado intake and cardiometabolic risk factors in a representative survey of Australians: a secondary analysis of the 2011–2012 national nutrition and physical activity survey

Avocados are a rich source of nutrients including monounsaturated fats, dietary fibre and phytochemicals. Higher dietary quality is reported in studies of consumers with higher avocado intakes. The present stu...

Components in downstream health promotions to reduce sugar intake among adults: a systematic review

Excessive sugar consumption is well documented as a common risk factor for many Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). Thus, an adequate intervention description is important to minimise research waste and improve ...

Improving economic access to healthy diets in first nations communities in high-income, colonised countries: a systematic scoping review

Affordability of healthy food is a key determinant of the diet-related health of First Nations Peoples. This systematic scoping review was commissioned by the Ngaanyatjarra Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Women...

Associations between estimation of salt intake and salt-restriction spoons and hypertension status in patients with poorly controlled hypertension: a community-based study from Huzhou City, Eastern China

As the prevalence of hypertension increases in China, it is advised to use salt-restriction spoons (SRS) as a lifestyle modification. This study aimed to examine the associations between estimated salt consump...

Potassium levels and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among patients with cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of cohort studies

Abnormal blood potassium levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases and mortality in the general population; however, evidence regarding the association between dyskalemia and mor...

Combined versus independent effects of exercise training and intermittent fasting on body composition and cardiometabolic health in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Exercise training (Ex) and intermittent fasting (IF) are effective for improving body composition and cardiometabolic health overweight and obese adults, but whether combining Ex and IF induces additive or syn...

Correction: Associations Between Plant-Based Dietary Patterns and Risks of Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and Mortality – A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

The original article was published in Nutrition Journal 2023 22 :46

The association between hyperuricemia and insulin resistance surrogates, dietary- and lifestyle insulin resistance indices in an Iranian population: MASHAD cohort study

Previous studies have reported insulin resistance (IR) to be associated with hyperuricemia. In this study, we aimed to assess the possible associations between the empirical dietary index for IR (EDIR), the em...

Trends and disparities in prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases by food security status in the United States

Previous studies have demonstrated the association between food security and cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), yet none have investigated trends in prevalence of CMDs by food security status in the United State...

Effect of nutrition education integrating the health belief model and theory of planned behavior on dietary diversity of pregnant women in Southeast Ethiopia: a cluster randomized controlled trial

Maternal anemia, miscarriage, low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth (PTB), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), prenatal and infant mortality, morbidity, and the risk of chronic disease later in life are al...

The effect of diet-induced weight loss on circulating homocysteine levels in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes

Having type 2 diabetes (T2D) in combination with being overweight results in an additional increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. In addition, T2D and obesity are associated with increased levels of to...

Association of early dietary fiber intake and mortality in septic patients with mechanical ventilation based on MIMIC IV 2.1 database: a cohort study

Whether early dietary fiber intake in septic patients is associated with a better clinical prognosis remains unclear, especially the time and the amount. Therefore, we assessed the association between early di...

Comparison of energy expenditure measurements by a new basic respiratory room vs. classical ventilated hood

Nutritional support is often based on predicted resting energy expenditure (REE). In patients, predictions seem invalid. Indirect calorimetry is the gold standard for measuring EE. For assessments over longer ...

Clusters of carbohydrate-rich foods and associations with type 2 diabetes incidence: a prospective cohort study

About one in ten adults are living with diabetes worldwide. Intake of carbohydrates and carbohydrate-rich foods are often identified as modifiable risk factors for incident type 2 diabetes. However, strong cor...

Interaction between CETP Taq1B polymorphism and dietary patterns on lipid profile and severity of coronary arteries stenosis in patients under coronary angiography: a cross-sectional study

Evidence indicates there are still conflicts regarding CETP Taq1B polymorphism and coronary artery disease risk factors. Current findings about whether dietary patterns can change the relationship of the Taq1B...

The effects of curcumin-piperine supplementation on inflammatory, oxidative stress and metabolic indices in patients with ischemic stroke in the rehabilitation phase: a randomized controlled trial

Stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide, which is associated with a heavy economic and social burden. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementation with curcumin-piperine com...

Relationship between dietary carotenoid intake and sleep duration in American adults: a population-based study

To investigate the relationship between dietary carotenoid intake and sleep duration.

Different dietary carbohydrate component intakes and long-term outcomes in patients with NAFLD: results of longitudinal analysis from the UK Biobank

This study aimed to investigate the association between the intake of different dietary carbohydrate components and the long-term outcomes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Association between frequency of breakfast intake before and during pregnancy and developmental delays in children: the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study

Although an association between maternal nutritional intake and developmental delays in children has been demonstrated, the association of the timing of meal intake and development delays remains unclear. We e...

Development and validation of a novel food exchange system for Chinese pregnant women

The dietary nutritional status of pregnant women is critical for maintaining the health of both mothers and infants. Food exchange systems have been employed in the nutritional guidance of patients in China, a...

Distribution of water turnover by sex and age as estimated by prediction equation in Japanese adolescents and adults: the 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey, Japan

Although water is essential to the maintenance of health and life, standard values for human water requirements are yet to be determined. This study aimed to evaluate the distribution of water turnover (WT) ac...

Methylmalonic acid, vitamin B12, and mortality risk in patients with preexisting coronary heart disease: a prospective cohort study

The inconsistent relationship between Vitamin B12 (B12), methylmalonic acid (MMA, marker of B12 deficiency) and mortality was poorly understood, especially in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). This s...

• Editorial Board
• Manuscript editing services
• Instructions for Editors
• Sign up for article alerts and news from this journal
• Follow us on Twitter

Annual Journal Metrics

2022 Citation Impact 5.4 - 2-year Impact Factor 5.3 - 5-year Impact Factor 1.507 - SNIP (Source Normalized Impact per Paper) 1.136 - SJR (SCImago Journal Rank)

2023 Speed 21 days submission to first editorial decision for all manuscripts (Median) 181 days submission to accept (Median)

2023 Usage  2,353,888 downloads 3,953 Altmetric mentions 

• More about our metrics

Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

• General enquiries: [email protected]

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

• View all journals

Nutrition articles from across Nature Portfolio

Nutrition is the organic process of nourishing or being nourished, including the processes by which an organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and maintenance.

Latest Research and Reviews

Malnutrition, sarcopenia and cachexia: exploring prevalence, overlap, and perceptions in older adults with cancer

• Alex F. Bullock
• Michael J. Patterson
• Miriam J. Johnson

Stability of child appetitive traits and association with diet quality at 5 years and 9–11 years old: Findings from the ROLO longitudinal birth cohort study

• Anna Delahunt
• Sarah Louise Killeen
• Fionnuala M. McAuliffe

Dietary determinants of overnutrition among hypertensive patients in southwest Ethiopia: an ordinal regression model

• Melaku Gebre
• Girma Alemayehu Beyene

Precision nutrition to reset virus-induced human metabolic reprogramming and dysregulation (HMRD) in long-COVID

• A. Satyanarayan Naidu
• Chin-Kun Wang
• Sreus A. G. Naidu

Effect of vegetable consumption with chewing on postprandial glucose metabolism in healthy young men: a randomised controlled study

• Kayoko Kamemoto
• Yusei Tataka
• Masashi Miyashita

Association of body mass index with long-term outcomes in older adults hospitalized for COVID-19: an observational study

• Alain Putot
• Charline Guyot
• Virginie Van Wymelbeke-Delannoy

News and Comment

Personalized nutrition as the catalyst for building food-resilient cities

Data-driven personalized nutrition (PN) can address the complexities of food systems in megacities, aiming to enhance food resilience. By integrating individual preferences, health data and environmental factors, PN can optimize food supply chains, promote healthier dietary choices and reduce food waste. Collaborative efforts among stakeholders are essential to implement PN effectively.

• Anna Ziolkovska
• Christian Sina

Seafood access in Kiribati

• Annisa Chand

Metabolic product of excess niacin is linked to increased risk of cardiovascular events

A metabolic product of excess niacin promotes vascular inflammation in preclinical models and is associated with increased rates of major adverse cardiovascular events in humans.

• Gregory B. Lim

Introducing meat–rice: grain with added muscles beefs up protein

The laboratory-grown food uses rice as a scaffold for cultured meat.

• Jude Coleman

‘Blue foods’ to tackle hidden hunger and improve nutrition

Aquatic foods have been overlooked in moves to end food insecurity. That needs to change, says Christopher Golden.

Ultra-processed foods and cardiovascular disease

In this Comment, we critically examine the association between the increasing consumption of ultra-processed foods and their negative effect on cardiovascular health. We explore the historical evolution of food processing, the Nova food classification and the epidemiological evidence, and highlight the need for urgent public health interventions.

• Fernanda Rauber
• Renata Bertazzi Levy

Quick links

• Explore articles by subject
• Guide to authors
• Editorial policies

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

• Advanced Search
• Journal List

The Role of Nutrition in Chronic Disease

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, six out of every ten adults in the United States have at least one chronic disease, and about four in ten have two or more chronic diseases [ 1 ]. Chronic diseases, i.e., conditions that occur for at least one or more years and necessitate ongoing medical care, include diseases such as cardiovascular conditions, cancers, diabetes mellitus, and Alzheimer’s disease. These conditions are also among the leading causes of death globally, accounting for 70% of all deaths around the world [ 2 , 3 , 4 ].

Diet, often considered as a lifestyle factor, contributes to the development of many chronic conditions including obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, stroke, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, some cancers, and perhaps some neurological diseases. Moreover, one medical condition, when present, often contributes to the development of other medical conditions, such as the impact of obesity or excess body weight/fat as a risk factor for conditions including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and some cancers, among others. This Special Issue features research conducted by Ding and coworkers [ 5 ], which demonstrated significant associations between weight change during the different phases of adulthood and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The authors reported that their findings, if causal, could translate to the prevention of about 73% of incident non-alcoholic fatty liver disease if individuals maintained a healthy body mass index across adulthood [ 5 ].

Studies employing modifications of “usual” dietary practices are sometimes used as a means of evaluating diet’s impact on disease risk and/or on specific disease risk factors. Two papers in this Special Issue focus on the impact of diet on chronic disease risk. First, the study by Kim and Giovannucci [ 6 ] examined the long-term impact of plant-based diets and disease risk in an Asian population. Their findings indicated that healthier plant-based diets are associated with a lower incidence of hypertension and type-2 diabetes, especially among those with a family history of the disease [ 6 ]. Moreover, in this Special Issue, under the area of diet and disease risk, is a systematic review written by Giosue and colleagues [ 7 ]. These researchers evaluated published studies that examine dairy product consumption and disease risk with a focus on cardiovascular disease, while also addressing its association with factors that contribute to disease risks such as body weight, fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, blood pressure, and inflammation to name a few. Their findings may indeed contribute to changes in dietary guidelines regarding dairy product consumption [ 7 ].

Dietary guidelines in many countries have more recently focused on overall dietary patterns versus individual nutrient intake and disease risk. Yet, it is well established that nutrient deficiencies or suboptimal nutritional status can contribute to the development of diseases and/or health problems (for example inadequate vitamin D and/or calcium status and their impact on bone development/maintenance, as well as inadequate vitamin K status and its impact on blood coagulation, among other things). The study by Li and colleagues [ 8 ] evaluated serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in adults who had previously experienced a stroke to assess the vitamin’s associations with risk for a recurrent stoke. A J-shaped relationship was found between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and risk of recurrent stroke in these adults with a stroke history, and as the author’s point out, there is a clear need for further studies to examine if there is a possible cause–effect relationship [ 8 ]. Just as impairments in vitamin D status can negatively impact critical body functions and be negatively associated with disease risk, other nutrients play a multitude of other roles in the intricate workings of the cells of the body. Das [ 9 ] explored the roles and mechanisms of the fatty acid arachidonic acid as a mechanotransducer of renin cell baroreceptor.

While dietary modifications can help to prevent the development of many chronic diseases, once a condition has developed, changes to a person’s usual diet are often needed to assist with disease (or symptom) management. The article by Dynka, Kowalcze, and Paziewska [ 10 ] reviewed the effectiveness of ketogenic diets in the management of epilepsy and other neurological conditions, as well as the diet’s possible action mechanisms.

In addition to the role of dietary modifications in the treatment of disease or its symptoms, disease management may also include the use of dietary supplements. The effectiveness of oral nutritional supplements for individuals with diabetes/prediabetes was examined in two studies in this Special Issue. In the paper by López-Gómez and colleagues [ 11 ], the researchers demonstrated the effectiveness of a diabetes-specific oral supplement on reducing the prevalence of malnutrition and sarcopenia in patients with diabetes/prediabetes. Similarly, the effectiveness of nutrition supplementation and education (versus standard care for wound treatment) on inflammatory biomarkers was assessed in patients with diabetic foot ulcers by Basiri and coworkers [ 12 ]. Supplementation and education were found to positively control inflammation in the patients.

While an array of oral nutritional products on the market provides nutritional support to individuals with chronic diseases, investigations into the effectiveness of vast numbers of nutraceuticals targeting disease prevention and treatment are also exploding in the scientific literature. One such condition is age-related macular degeneration, as explored by Luján and colleagues [ 13 ]. The paper provides a detailed examination of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the progression of the disease, as well as an examination of the nutraceuticals/drugs that may be able to up-regulate mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis to enable the possible prevention or control of the disease. Some of the nutraceuticals/drugs that are examined include ferulic acid, melatonin, urolithin A and glucosamine, metformin and berberine, lipoic acid and broccoli sprout extract, and fibrate drugs and astaxanthin. Moreover, the effectiveness of extra-virgin olive oil as a means of reducing gut-permeability-derived low-grade endotoxemia in adults with impaired fasting glucose is presented in a study by Bartimoccia and colleagues [ 14 ].

Finally, the role of nutritional support for chronic disease is not complete without the inclusion of some studies investigating the complex relationships of diet/food and of disease with the gut microbiota. Zhang and colleagues [ 15 ] studied the associations between habitual diet patterns and gut microbiota in Chinese adults. The authors found that the intake of specific foods or food groups, such as whole grains, vegetables, and red meats, among others, was associated with changes in the abundance of specific genera and species of gut microbiota. Moreover, the review by Araujo, Borges-Canha, and Pimentel-Nunes [ 16 ] explored differences in the gut microbiome among individuals with metabolic syndrome (versus healthy adults) as well as the potential for probiotics and/or synbiotics to modulate the microbiome in an effort to mitigate some of the metabolic disturbances in some individuals with metabolic syndromes.

The studies featured in this Special Issue, as well as in the wider scientific literature at large, are critical in furthering the knowledge of diet and nutrition support of chronic disease. As biological mechanisms underlying chronic diseases continue to be elucidated and the causes and consequences of diet-related conditions are better characterized, new intervention strategies can be implemented, studied, and evaluated. These findings will not only assist in the formation of additional evidence-based dietary guidelines, but may also help healthcare professionals educate their patients and facilitate their adoption of healthful eating behaviors [ 17 ].

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.