medical research scientist skills needed

Top 8 Skills for Success in a Biomedical Science Career

Industry Advice Pharmaceutical Science

If you’ve been thinking about a career in biomedical science, now is the time to act. 

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics , the medical scientist role is poised to grow by 6 percent from 2019 to 2029—faster than the national average of 4 percent for all jobs. Positions at firms in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries often pay six-figure annual salaries, while the median yearly wage for this job across all industries is $90,000. 

So what kind of biomedical science skills will help you land the role you want? Scientific research, observation, and analysis are certainly important, but private-sector employers and university research departments also value employees who are effective communicators and are motivated to stay on top of industry trends.

If you’re interested in pursuing or advancing a career in biomedical science, here’s a look at eight key skills that leading employers seek from job candidates.

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4 “Hard” Skills for Biomedical Science Careers

1. research and observation.

The ability to lead and conduct medical research projects is among the most critical skills for biomedical scientists . Success in this role requires an eye for detail, a willingness to ask clear questions and follow-ups, and organizational skills so that research findings and other appropriate materials are in order. The ability to follow directions is also a valuable skill, as research may have to be completed in accordance with U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory guidelines or the requirements of funding organizations such as the Department of Defense’s Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs . 

Besides completing research, biomedical scientists also benefit from building their engineering design, project planning, design documentation, and team management skills. Since few research projects are done in isolation, these biomedical science skills help ensure that a researcher can complete their work with a team’s assistance and within the scope, budget, and timeline that an organization has set for a project.

2. Project Management

Researchers benefit from building a range of project management skills for scientists —even if project management isn’t a core duty in their day-to-day roles. Core project management skills include collaboration, priority setting, and team leadership. Time management skills also come in handy when a team has to conduct multiple experiments simultaneously or schedule experiments to use lab equipment on a given day and time.    

Resource allocation is another valuable project management skill. Academic research tends to have a fixed budget amount, while corporate research often generates a negative cash flow as money is being spent, but no revenue is being generated. Teams also need to balance the amount of work each team member does effectively; too much work contributes to burnout, while too little work eats up the budget.

3. Safe Experimentation

Many research scientists that work in a pharma, biotech, or medical setting conduct experiments in a wet lab , meaning they handle “wet” materials such as chemicals or biological matter. Safe handling of these materials is a must-have skill for work in a laboratory setting. Materials must remain in a pure state, and chemical reactions must be monitored carefully.

Employers will look for biomedical scientists who have worked with blood samples, cell cultures, DNA sequencing, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on their resumes. The ability to develop standard operating procedures for these types of experiments is also a valuable skill, as both internal and external audiences (such as clients) will benefit from this information.

4. Data Analysis

For biomedical scientists who work in a “dry lab,” data analysis skills are critical for day-to-day work. In these roles, individuals may create computer models to simulate a chemical reaction within the human body. They may also use computational mathematics to examine an experiment’s results to determine the best compound for a particular drug.

Key skills for data analysis in biomedical science include SQL programming , statistical programming for large data sets using languages such as Python and R, and the development of algorithms for complex machine learning or artificial intelligence. Building data visualization skills and learning to present research findings will also benefit individuals in these roles, as analysts are commonly called upon to explain an experiment’s findings to non-technical audiences.

4 Soft Skills for Biomedical Science Careers

1. communication.

Communication is one of the most important professional skills for scientists . Individuals should feel comfortable explaining complex biomedical concepts in written and oral communication to a range of audiences. Depending on an individual’s role, these audiences could include business leaders within the company, representatives of a regulatory agency such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, existing or potential clients, or members of the general public.

In addition, interpersonal communication is a valuable skill in biomedical science. Especially in a corporate setting, researchers work in teams and often engage with other business units, so collaboration is essential. Outside the laboratory setting, biomedical scientists may be called upon to deliver lectures or presentations about their work to industry stakeholders and students. This requires the ability to engage with an in-person or virtual audience and to effectively answer questions in formal sessions or more informal settings such as networking events. 

2. Flexibility

Kally Pan, a PhD in genetics and developmental biology, encourages individuals interested in biomedical science careers to keep an open mind during the research process. You may need to change your research question or redesign an experiment based on a literature review of existing research or feedback from the principal investigator leading an experiment.

Flexibility is also an important biomedical science skill because it allows individuals to more effectively balance the fast pace at which science advances with the methodical approach of the research process. Researchers need to be willing to consider how new information, new laboratory tools, new technologies for data analysis, and new best practices for conducting experiments can be incorporated into a project that has likely already been years in the making.

3. Motivation

Whether biomedical scientists work in academia or industry, employers value individuals who are motivated to take initiative and can be trusted to work independently. This can be particularly helpful in the more exploratory stages of research, when experiments are less structured. Researchers who can take initiative and design the next steps of an experiment will be valuable members of the larger team.

A sense of curiosity goes hand in hand with motivation. Because science is constantly changing, researchers should be up to date on the latest developments in the field by reading papers, attending events, or taking advantage of internal professional development opportunities. Employers will likewise look favorably on those who are motivated to seek out this information on their own and bring it to their team’s attention.

4. Persistence

Persistence is a valuable biomedical science skill because research takes time and is full of unknowns. Experiments rarely succeed on the first attempt, and problem-solving skills will help researchers evaluate what may have gone wrong and what new steps or methods they should try next. Experiments also have to continue in the face of disappointing factors such as failing equipment, limited funding, and missed deadlines. 

In addition, persistence matters when an experiment has concluded, and research has been published. The scientific method emphasizes scrutiny from one’s peers, so researchers must be prepared to answer tough questions about their work. A willingness to stand firm in the face of criticism is a valuable skill for biomedical scientists. 

How Biomedical Science Skills Vary By Career Path

Most of the skills discussed above transfer to a variety of roles in the field of biomedical science. However, certain jobs tend to emphasize or prioritize certain skills based on specific responsibilities or job requirements. Here’s a brief look at how job-specific skills can vary based on a range of biomedical science careers .

• Biomedical scientist: These roles focus primarily on medical research, project management, the use of laboratory equipment, and observation and communication.
• Research fellow:  These academic researchers who hold a PhD serve in an independent investigator role. The job may place a greater emphasis on data analysis, literature review, and the publication of peer-reviewed research. Leading lectures and dialogues may also be a key responsibility for individuals in this role.
• Research laboratory manager: Along with conducting experiments and analyzing research data, this role requires individuals to be skilled in two key areas: Training technicians in the correct use of lab equipment and managing the maintenance and repair of equipment when necessary.
• PhD researcher:  Individuals in this role are typically conducting doctoral or postdoctoral research. For these roles, skills such as conducting and analyzing research (whether in the lab or field) tend to be more important than overall management skills.
• Principal investigator: These individuals lead the laboratory research process, serving as an advisor to the biomedical scientist conducting the experiments. While these roles are found primarily in an academic setting, large pharma or biotech companies conducting many research projects may also employ a principal investigator. 
• Medical writer:  These roles emphasize communication skills. Medical writers conduct research with the goal of developing educational or training manuals for a range of audiences, including those both with and without formal medical training.
• Medical sales or marketing managers: These roles also emphasize communication, primarily focusing on an individual company’s drugs or medical devices. Collaboration and leadership are also important skills for individuals in these roles, as they often work within a large team and across business units within a company. 

Build Your Biomedical Science Skills at Northeastern

The Master of Science in Biomedical Science program at Northeastern University is designed to help those either entering or currently employed in biomedical science to develop the interdisciplinary skills necessary for a career in science or medicine. The program integrates study across key focal points of modern biomedicine such as human physiology and pathophysiology, pharmacology, biochemistry, and cell biology.

Learn More : What Can You Do With a Master’s in Biomedical Science? 

Graduates of the biomedical science program are primarily healthcare professionals who go on to advance in their roles, though some graduates also go on to pursue a PhD in biomedical science . Graduates frequently take on roles as industry scientists and administrators for pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms, academic biomedical researchers, medical writers, science teaching faculty, and clinical laboratory researchers. 

Want to learn more? Visit the program page to learn how to develop your biomedical science skills at Northeastern University .

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About shayna joubert, related articles.

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Medical Scientist

Medical scientists conduct research aimed at improving overall human health. They often use clinical trials and other investigative methods to reach their findings.

Medical scientists typically do the following:

• Design and conduct studies to investigate human diseases and methods to prevent and treat diseases
• Prepare and analyze data from medical samples and investigate causes and treatment of toxicity, pathogens, or chronic diseases
• Standardize drugs' potency, doses, and methods of administering to allow for their mass manufacturing and distribution
• Create and test medical devices
• Follow safety procedures, such as decontaminating workspaces
• Write research grant proposals and apply for funding from government agencies, private funding, and other sources
• Write articles for publication and present research findings

Medical scientists form hypotheses and develop experiments. They study the causes of diseases and other health problems in a variety of ways. For example, they may conduct clinical trials, working with licensed physicians to test treatments on patients who have agreed to participate in the study. They analyze data from the trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment.

Some medical scientists choose to write about and publish their findings in scientific journals after completion of the clinical trial. They also may have to present their findings in ways that nonscientist audiences understand.

Medical scientists often lead teams of technicians or students who perform support tasks. For example, a medical scientist may have assistants take measurements and make observations for the scientist’s research.

Medical scientists usually specialize in an area of research, with the goal of understanding and improving human health outcomes. The following are examples of types of medical scientists:

Clinical pharmacologists  research new drug therapies for health problems, such as seizure disorders and Alzheimer’s disease.

Medical pathologists   research the human body and tissues, such as how cancer progresses or how certain issues relate to genetics.

Toxicologists  study the negative impacts of chemicals and pollutants on human health.

Medical scientists conduct research to better understand disease or to develop breakthroughs in treatment. For information about an occupation that tracks and develops methods to prevent the spread of diseases, see the profile on epidemiologists.

Medical scientists held about 119,200 jobs in 2021. The largest employers of medical scientists were as follows:

Medical scientists typically work in offices and laboratories. In the lab, they sometimes work with dangerous biological samples and chemicals. They must take precautions in the lab to ensure safety, such as by wearing protective gloves, knowing the location of safety equipment, and keeping work areas neat.

Work Schedules

Most medical scientists work full time, and some work more than 40 hours per week.

Medical scientists typically have a Ph.D., usually in biology or a related life science. Some get a medical degree instead of, or in addition to, a Ph.D.

Medical scientists typically need a Ph.D. or medical degree. Candidates sometimes qualify for positions with a master’s degree and experience. Applicants to master’s or doctoral programs typically have a bachelor's degree in biology or a related physical science field, such as chemistry.

Ph.D. programs for medical scientists typically focus on research in a particular field, such as immunology, neurology, or cancer. Through laboratory work, Ph.D. students develop experiments related to their research.

Medical degree programs include Medical Doctor (M.D.), Doctor of Dental Surgery (D.D.S.), Doctor of Dental Medicine (D.M.D.), Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.), Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.), and advanced nursing degrees. In medical school, students usually spend the first phase of their education in labs and classrooms, taking courses such as anatomy, biochemistry, and medical ethics. During their second phase, medical students typically participate in residency programs.

Some medical scientist training programs offer dual degrees that pair a Ph.D. with a medical degree. Students in dual-degree programs learn both the research skills needed to be a scientist and the clinical skills needed to be a healthcare practitioner.

Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations

Medical scientists primarily conduct research and typically do not need licenses or certifications. However, those who practice medicine, such as by treating patients in clinical trials or in private practice, must be licensed as physicians or other healthcare practitioners.

Medical scientists with a Ph.D. may begin their careers in postdoctoral research positions; those with a medical degree often complete a residency. During postdoctoral appointments, Ph.D.s work with experienced scientists to learn more about their specialty area and improve their research skills. Medical school graduates who enter a residency program in their specialty generally spend several years working in a hospital or doctor’s office.

Medical scientists typically have an interest in the Building, Thinking and Creating interest areas, according to the Holland Code framework. The Building interest area indicates a focus on working with tools and machines, and making or fixing practical things. The Thinking interest area indicates a focus on researching, investigating, and increasing the understanding of natural laws. The Creating interest area indicates a focus on being original and imaginative, and working with artistic media.

If you are not sure whether you have a Building or Thinking or Creating interest which might fit with a career as a medical scientist, you can take a career test to measure your interests.

Medical scientists should also possess the following specific qualities:

Communication skills. Communication is critical, because medical scientists must be able to explain their conclusions. In addition, medical scientists write grant proposals, which are often required to continue their research.

Critical-thinking skills. Medical scientists must use their expertise to determine the best method for solving a specific research question.

Data-analysis skills. Medical scientists use statistical techniques, so that they can properly quantify and analyze health research questions.

Decision-making skills. Medical scientists must use their expertise and experience to determine what research questions to ask, how best to investigate the questions, and what data will best answer the questions.

Observation skills. Medical scientists conduct experiments that require precise observation of samples and other health data. Any mistake could lead to inconclusive or misleading results.

The median annual wage for medical scientists was $95,310 in May 2021. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $50,100, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $166,980.

In May 2021, the median annual wages for medical scientists in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:

Employment of medical scientists is projected to grow 17 percent from 2021 to 2031, much faster than the average for all occupations.

About 10,000 openings for medical scientists are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire. 

Demand for medical scientists will stem from greater demand for a variety of healthcare services as the population continues to age and rates of chronic disease continue to increase. These scientists will be needed for research into treating diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and cancer, and problems related to treatment, such as resistance to antibiotics. In addition, medical scientists will continue to be needed for medical research as a growing population travels globally and facilitates the spread of diseases.

The availability of federal funds for medical research grants also may affect opportunities for these scientists.

For more information about research specialties and opportunities within specialized fields for medical scientists, visit

American Association for Cancer Research

American Physician Scientists Association

American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science

American Society for Clinical Pathology

American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics

The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

The Gerontological Society of America

Infectious Diseases Society of America

National Institute of General Medical Sciences

Society for Neuroscience

Society of Toxicology

Where does this information come from?

The career information above is taken from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook . This excellent resource for occupational data is published by the U.S. Department of Labor every two years. Truity periodically updates our site with information from the BLS database.

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This information is taken directly from the Occupational Outlook Handbook published by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Truity does not editorialize the information, including changing information that our readers believe is inaccurate, because we consider the BLS to be the authority on occupational information. However, if you would like to correct a typo or other technical error, you can reach us at [email protected] .

I am not sure if this career is right for me. How can I decide?

There are many excellent tools available that will allow you to measure your interests, profile your personality, and match these traits with appropriate careers. On this site, you can take the Career Personality Profiler assessment, the Holland Code assessment, or the Photo Career Quiz .

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• Medical Scientists: Jobs, Career, Salary and Education Information

Medical Scientists

Career, salary and education information.

What They Do : Medical scientists conduct research aimed at improving overall human health.

Work Environment : Medical scientists work in offices and laboratories. Most work full time.

How to Become One : Medical scientists typically have a Ph.D., usually in biology or a related life science. Some medical scientists get a medical degree instead of, or in addition to, a Ph.D.

Salary : The median annual wage for medical scientists is $95,310.

Job Outlook : Employment of medical scientists is projected to grow 17 percent over the next ten years, much faster than the average for all occupations.

Related Careers : Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of medical scientists with similar occupations.

Following is everything you need to know about a career as a medical scientist with lots of details. As a first step, take a look at some of the following jobs, which are real jobs with real employers. You will be able to see the very real job career requirements for employers who are actively hiring. The link will open in a new tab so that you can come back to this page to continue reading about the career:

Top 3 Medical Scientist Jobs

The regional Medical Science Liaison (MSL) serves as a key field-based clinical resource for compliant scientific exchange about Rigel research, products, and associated disease states with health ...

The Position We are seeking an experienced cardiometabolic Medical Science Liaison (MSL) to join an exciting opportunity within our Medical Affairs (MA) team and work in a dynamic and collaborative ...

Title: Medical Science Liaison, Midwest Region Location: Remote About Us: Vera Therapeutics (Nasdaq: VERA), is a late-stage biotechnology company focused on developing treatments for serious ...

See all Medical Scientist jobs

What Medical Scientists Do [ About this section ] [ To Top ]

Medical scientists conduct research aimed at improving overall human health. They often use clinical trials and other investigative methods to reach their findings.

Duties of Medical Scientists

Medical scientists typically do the following:

• Design and conduct studies that investigate both human diseases and methods to prevent and treat them
• Prepare and analyze medical samples and data to investigate causes and treatment of toxicity, pathogens, or chronic diseases
• Standardize drug potency, doses, and methods to allow for the mass manufacturing and distribution of drugs and medicinal compounds
• Create and test medical devices
• Develop programs that improve health outcomes, in partnership with health departments, industry personnel, and physicians
• Write research grant proposals and apply for funding from government agencies and private funding sources
• Follow procedures to avoid contamination and maintain safety

Many medical scientists form hypotheses and develop experiments, with little supervision. They often lead teams of technicians and, sometimes, students, who perform support tasks. For example, a medical scientist working in a university laboratory may have undergraduate assistants take measurements and make observations for the scientist's research.

Medical scientists study the causes of diseases and other health problems. For example, a medical scientist who does cancer research might put together a combination of drugs that could slow the cancer's progress. A clinical trial may be done to test the drugs. A medical scientist may work with licensed physicians to test the new combination on patients who are willing to participate in the study.

In a clinical trial, patients agree to help determine if a particular drug, a combination of drugs, or some other medical intervention works. Without knowing which group they are in, patients in a drug-related clinical trial receive either the trial drug or a placebo—a pill or injection that looks like the trial drug but does not actually contain the drug.

Medical scientists analyze the data from all of the patients in the clinical trial, to see how the trial drug performed. They compare the results with those obtained from the control group that took the placebo, and they analyze the attributes of the participants. After they complete their analysis, medical scientists may write about and publish their findings.

Medical scientists do research both to develop new treatments and to try to prevent health problems. For example, they may study the link between smoking and lung cancer or between diet and diabetes.

Medical scientists who work in private industry usually have to research the topics that benefit their company the most, rather than investigate their own interests. Although they may not have the pressure of writing grant proposals to get money for their research, they may have to explain their research plans to nonscientist managers or executives.

Medical scientists usually specialize in an area of research within the broad area of understanding and improving human health. Medical scientists may engage in basic and translational research that seeks to improve the understanding of, or strategies for, improving health. They may also choose to engage in clinical research that studies specific experimental treatments.

Work Environment for Medical Scientists [ About this section ] [ To Top ]

Medical scientists hold about 119,200 jobs. The largest employers of medical scientists are as follows:

Medical scientists usually work in offices and laboratories. They spend most of their time studying data and reports. Medical scientists sometimes work with dangerous biological samples and chemicals, but they take precautions that ensure a safe environment.

Medical Scientist Work Schedules

Most medical scientists work full time.

How to Become a Medical Scientist [ About this section ] [ To Top ]

Get the education you need: Find schools for Medical Scientists near you!

Medical scientists typically have a Ph.D., usually in biology or a related life science. Some medical scientists get a medical degree instead of, or in addition to, a Ph.D.

Education for Medical Scientists

Students planning careers as medical scientists generally pursue a bachelor's degree in biology, chemistry, or a related field. Undergraduate students benefit from taking a broad range of classes, including life sciences, physical sciences, and math. Students also typically take courses that develop communication and writing skills, because they must learn to write grants effectively and publish their research findings.

After students have completed their undergraduate studies, they typically enter Ph.D. programs. Dual-degree programs are available that pair a Ph.D. with a range of specialized medical degrees. A few degree programs that are commonly paired with Ph.D. studies are Medical Doctor (M.D.), Doctor of Dental Surgery (D.D.S.), Doctor of Dental Medicine (D.M.D.), Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.), and advanced nursing degrees. Whereas Ph.D. studies focus on research methods, such as project design and data interpretation, students in dual-degree programs learn both the clinical skills needed to be a physician and the research skills needed to be a scientist.

Graduate programs emphasize both laboratory work and original research. These programs offer prospective medical scientists the opportunity to develop their experiments and, sometimes, to supervise undergraduates. Ph.D. programs culminate in a dissertation that the candidate presents before a committee of professors. Students may specialize in a particular field, such as gerontology, neurology, or cancer.

Those who go to medical school spend most of the first 2 years in labs and classrooms, taking courses such as anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, psychology, microbiology, pathology, medical ethics, and medical law. They also learn how to record medical histories, examine patients, and diagnose illnesses. They may be required to participate in residency programs, meeting the same requirements that physicians and surgeons have to fulfill.

Medical scientists often continue their education with postdoctoral work. This provides additional and more independent lab experience, including experience in specific processes and techniques, such as gene splicing. Often, that experience is transferable to other research projects.

Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations for Medical Scientists

Medical scientists primarily conduct research and typically do not need licenses or certifications. However, those who administer drugs or gene therapy or who otherwise practice medicine on patients in clinical trials or a private practice need a license to practice as a physician.

Medical Scientist Training

Medical scientists often begin their careers in temporary postdoctoral research positions or in medical residency. During their postdoctoral appointments, they work with experienced scientists as they continue to learn about their specialties or develop a broader understanding of related areas of research. Graduates of M.D. or D.O. programs may enter a residency program in their specialty of interest. A residency usually takes place in a hospital and varies in duration, generally lasting from 3 to 7 years, depending on the specialty. Some fellowships exist that train medical practitioners in research skills. These may take place before or after residency.

Postdoctoral positions frequently offer the opportunity to publish research findings. A solid record of published research is essential to getting a permanent college or university faculty position.

Work Experience in a Related Occupation for Medical Scientists

Although it is not a requirement for entry, many medical scientists become interested in research after working as a physician or surgeon , or in another medical profession, such as dentist .

Important Qualities for Medical Scientists

Communication skills. Communication is critical, because medical scientists must be able to explain their conclusions. In addition, medical scientists write grant proposals, because grants often are required to fund their research.

Critical-thinking skills. Medical scientists must use their expertise to determine the best method for solving a specific research question.

Data-analysis skills. Medical scientists use statistical techniques, so that they can properly quantify and analyze health research questions.

Decisionmaking skills. Medical scientists must determine what research questions to ask, how best to investigate the questions, and what data will best answer the questions.

Observation skills. Medical scientists conduct experiments that require precise observation of samples and other health-related data. Any mistake could lead to inconclusive or misleading results.

Medical Scientist Salaries [ About this section ] [ More salary/earnings info ] [ To Top ]

The median annual wage for medical scientists is $95,310. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $50,100, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $166,980.

The median annual wages for medical scientists in the top industries in which they work are as follows:

Job Outlook for Medical Scientists [ About this section ] [ To Top ]

Employment of medical scientists is projected to grow 17 percent over the next ten years, much faster than the average for all occupations.

About 10,000 openings for medical scientists are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Employment of Medical Scientists

Demand for medical scientists will stem from greater demand for a variety of healthcare services as the population continues to age and rates of chronic disease continue to increase. These scientists will be needed for research into treating diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and cancer, and problems related to treatment, such as resistance to antibiotics. In addition, medical scientists will continue to be needed for medical research as a growing population travels globally and facilitates the spread of diseases.

The availability of federal funds for medical research grants also may affect opportunities for these scientists.

Careers Related to Medical Scientists [ About this section ] [ To Top ]

Agricultural and food scientists.

Agricultural and food scientists research ways to improve the efficiency and safety of agricultural establishments and products.

Biochemists and Biophysicists

Biochemists and biophysicists study the chemical and physical principles of living things and of biological processes, such as cell development, growth, heredity, and disease.

Epidemiologists

Epidemiologists are public health professionals who investigate patterns and causes of disease and injury in humans. They seek to reduce the risk and occurrence of negative health outcomes through research, community education, and health policy.

Health Educators and Community Health Workers

Health educators teach people about behaviors that promote wellness. They develop and implement strategies to improve the health of individuals and communities. Community health workers collect data and discuss health concerns with members of specific populations or communities.

Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists and Technicians

Medical laboratory technologists (commonly known as medical laboratory scientists) and medical laboratory technicians collect samples and perform tests to analyze body fluids, tissue, and other substances.

Microbiologists

Microbiologists study microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, algae, fungi, and some types of parasites. They try to understand how these organisms live, grow, and interact with their environments.

Physicians and Surgeons

Physicians and surgeons diagnose and treat injuries or illnesses. Physicians examine patients; take medical histories; prescribe medications; and order, perform, and interpret diagnostic tests. They counsel patients on diet, hygiene, and preventive healthcare. Surgeons operate on patients to treat injuries, such as broken bones; diseases, such as cancerous tumors; and deformities, such as cleft palates.

Postsecondary Teachers

Postsecondary teachers instruct students in a wide variety of academic and technical subjects beyond the high school level. They may also conduct research and publish scholarly papers and books.

Veterinarians

Veterinarians care for the health of animals and work to improve public health. They diagnose, treat, and research medical conditions and diseases of pets, livestock, and other animals.

More Medical Scientist Information [ About this section ] [ To Top ]

For more information about research specialties and opportunities within specialized fields for medical scientists, visit

American Association for Cancer Research

American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science

American Society for Clinical Pathology

American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics

The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

The Gerontological Society of America

Infectious Diseases Society of America

National Institute of General Medical Sciences

Society for Neuroscience

Society of Toxicology

A portion of the information on this page is used by permission of the U.S. Department of Labor.

Explore more careers: View all Careers or the Top 30 Career Profiles

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The Complete Guide To Becoming A Clinical Scientist

• Specialty Guides

The Role Of A Clinical Scientist:

Clinical scientists aid the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of illness. The job title is applicable to an extensive range of roles that are grouped into four domains – clinical bioinformatics, life sciences, physical sciences and clinical engineering, and physiological sciences – and subdivided into specialisms.1 Clinical scientists may work exclusively in laboratories or in direct patient contact in clinics and wards.

Clinical bioinformaticians integrate biosciences, mathematics, statistics and computer sciences to support the delivery of patient care by developing and using systems for the acquisition, storage, organisation and analysis of biological data. The three specialisms in clinical bioinformatics are genomics, health informatics and physical sciences.  Genomics is a rapidly developing field in which databases and computing tools are applied to genomics data to determine the best diagnosis and treatment for individual patients.

Clinical bioinformaticians working in genomics may also support the 100,000 Genomes Project which aims to combine genomic data and medical records to study the causes, diagnosis and treatment of disease. Additionally, service development is a component of the job, for example, creating databases, sequencing pipelines and programs for automatic analysis. 

Clinical bioinformaticians working in health informatics use innovative technology to ensure that the use of bioinformatics data in diagnostics and treatment is efficient and conforms to information governance standards.

They also advise on mining, processing and interpreting big data and explain its significance to patients and other healthcare professionals. This role combines expertise in information analysis and computing, and clinical, biomedical or physical sciences. 

Lastly, physical sciences is concerned with designing the appliances, programs and algorithms that are used in bioinformatics. The work may include authorising computer systems for clinical use and creating computer systems for controlling medical equipment, modelling biological processes, investigations or treatment and processing data produced by medical appliances.

There are numerous specialisms in life sciences. Cancer genomics is the study of genetic mutations that result in cancer. Clinical scientists working in cancer genomics analyse DNA to identify the type of cancer to assist in deciding treatment. They also monitor treatment outcomes. Clinical biochemists analyse body fluids, for example, blood and urine, to assist in the diagnosis and management of illness. They also advise doctors on the selection of tests, interpretation of results and additional investigations. 

Developing diagnostic tools and conducting research in cooperation with clinicians are standard activities. Clinical biochemists work in hospital laboratories and, increasingly, in direct patient contact. Clinical scientists working in clinical immunology use complex molecular techniques to study patients’ immune systems to identify the cause of disease. This enables clinical immunologists to assist in the management of allergies, cancers and infectious diseases. This is a growing specialism with potential for career development. 

Clinical microbiologists are engaged in the prevention, diagnosis and management of infectious diseases . They use culturing, sequencing and molecular techniques to identify microorganisms to guide treatment. They are also involved in the development of new tests. Most commonly, the work is performed in hospital laboratories.

However, public health organisations employ clinical microbiologists for infectious disease surveillance roles. Next, cytopathology centres on the examination of cell specimens by light microscope to diagnose disease. This specialism is divided into cervical cytopathology and diagnostic cytopathology. 

Clinical scientists working in cervical cytopathology examine cells from cervical samples to detect changes that could advance to cancer, as part of screening programmes. Diagnostic cytopathology relates to other cancer diagnoses, for example, respiratory tract, lymph nodes and thyroid gland and this role may extend to sample collection. 

Clinical scientists working in genomics examine DNA to identify differences that cause hereditary and acquired genetic conditions. This comprises prenatal diagnosis, carrier testing, predicting the likelihood of genetic conditions being passed onto children and confirmation of diagnosis. 

A related specialism is genomic counselling. Genomic counsellors aid the prediction, screening, diagnosis and management of genetic conditions by analysing family history and organising and interpreting genetic and genomic investigations to provide patients and families with information regarding the impact of their condition on daily life, health and family. They also predict the likelihood of inheriting or passing on genetic conditions and counsel patients regarding adjusting to their condition and making decisions relating to it, with consideration of ethical, cultural and linguistic diversity. This expertise is now central to multidisciplinary teams working in, for example, oncology , neurology and reproductive medicine . 

Clinical scientists working in haematology and transfusion science aid the diagnosis and management of disorders of the blood and bone marrow, for example, anaemia, leukaemia and haemophilia. They are also involved in organising blood transfusions, including determining blood group status. Histocompatibility and immunogenetics is concerned with supporting stem cell and organ transplantation by tissue typing donors and recipients to assess compatibility, which minimises the risk of immune damage and rejection. Histocompatibility and immunogenetics laboratories keep records of potential donors and recipients and are responsible for the collection, processing, storage and distribution of cells and tissues. 

An additional role is assistance in disease diagnosis and management by testing for genes involved in immune function. Clinical scientists working in histocompatibility and immunogenetics are based in hospitals or organisations, for example, NHS Blood and Transplant and Anthony Nolan Trust.

Histopathologists dissect and prepare – using staining, molecular and immunological techniques – tissue samples for microscopic examination by clinicians. Finally, reproductive science and andrology focuses on the management of infertility. Clinical scientists working in this specialism are involved in fertility treatments, for example, in vitro fertilisation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection and subsequent embryo transfer.

They also perform cryopreservation techniques. Specifically, andrology relates to male reproduction.  

The third domain of clinical science is physical sciences and clinical engineering. Firstly, clinical scientists working in clinical measurement design, build and maintain medical appliances – for example, laser devices, joint replacements, electronic aids and tools for laparoscopic surgery – for diagnosis, management and rehabilitation.

They also perform quality assurance checks on hospital equipment. Some clinical scientists working in clinical measurement conduct research into, for example, body mechanics. 

Clinical pharmaceutical science is concerned with the manufacture and provision of radioactive materials used in medical imaging and treatment, for example, cancer therapies. Clinical pharmaceutical scientists also ensure that medicines are safe to use and are prepared and dispensed in an aseptic environment. Additionally, they design protocols for the manufacture of new medicines.

Clinical scientists working in device risk management and governance check that medical equipment is working safely and effectively. They are engaged in all aspects of equipment maintenance including testing prior to introduction to practice, advising on safe use and disposing safely. Some professionals in device risk management and governance may also contribute to designing equipment. 

Clinical scientists work in imaging with ionising radiation aid and advise clinical staff on generating quality images while complying with guidelines for minimising radiation exposure for patients and healthcare professionals and safely disposing of radioactive substances.

They also conduct quality assurance and safety checks on imaging equipment and develop image analysis programs. Modalities utilised in this specialism include x-ray, computed tomography and positron emission tomography. 

Clinical scientists working in imaging with ionising radiation may also perform procedures other than imaging, for example, measuring glomerular filtration rate – an evaluation of kidney function – and administering radioiodine – a treatment for hyperthyroidism. Imaging systems that do not involve ionising radiation, for example, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound and optical imaging are the remit of clinical scientists working in imaging with non-ionising radiation. They advise on safety, perform quality assurance checks and develop image analysis software.

They may also be involved in therapeutic procedures, for example, laser surgery and ultraviolet treatments. A similar discipline is radiation safety physics that is engaged in ensuring that diagnostic and therapeutic equipment that uses radiation is safe for patient and staff use. 

Additionally, they calculate radiation doses received by patients and staff during procedures, check that equipment is functioning in accordance with guidelines and design and implement policy relating to the use of radiation and radioactive substances. 

Clinical scientists working in radiotherapy physics ensure the safety and precision of radiotherapy treatment. This is achieved by calibrating equipment and performing complex calculations to design treatment regimens that are therapeutic, in that tumours are treated, but limit damage to surrounding tissues. Clinical scientists working in reconstructive science provide corrective treatment in the form of prosthetic reconstruction and therapeutic management, particularly of the face, jaw and skull, that is required as a consequence of congenital malformation, diseases such as cancer, or trauma.

They meet patients to understand their requirements, explain treatment plans and take impressions. Subsequently, they design and build devices, for example, prostheses, therapeutic splints and titanium skull plates and monitor performance at follow-up appointments. Additionally, they may be consulted in emergency settings, for example, to construct splints required for operations for trauma patients.

Lastly, rehabilitation engineering specialises in assessing the needs of people with disabilities and designing, building, testing and prescribing assistive devices corresponding to those needs. The assistive devices may be standard, or custom made. Examples comprise wheelchairs, artificial limbs, electronic communicators and devices for surgical correction of deformities. 

The final domain is physiological sciences. Clinical scientists working in this domain use innovative modalities to investigate the functioning of body systems, detect abnormalities and guide management.  Physiological sciences encompass diverse specialisms. Audiology is an evolving discipline that is engaged in the assessment of hearing and balance and subsequent provision of therapeutic services. 

Clinical scientists working in audiology design and perform diagnostic procedures and interpret the results generated. They devise care plans for patients with hearing or balance disorders. Additionally, counselling and rehabilitation of patients with impaired hearing is a key role. 

Clinical scientists working in cardiac science conduct, and interpret the results of, diagnostic and monitoring procedures – for example, electrocardiography, echocardiography and exercise stress testing – for patients with cardiac pathologies. They also have supporting roles in interventional procedures, for example, pacemaker implantation. Critical care science utilises competencies in physiology and technology relevant to the care of patients with life-threatening illnesses.

Key responsibilities comprise advising other members of the multidisciplinary team caring for critically ill patients on the use of diagnostic, therapeutic, monitoring and life-support equipment, troubleshooting problems with medical devices, for example, ventilators, renal replacement equipment and physiological measurement monitors, running satellite laboratories that perform tests, for example, blood gases and electrolytes at the point of care instead of in centralised laboratories, establishing a renal replacement therapy service and maintaining electronic patient databases. On-call work, including emergency call-outs, is an aspect of this job. 

Clinical scientists working in gastrointestinal physiology measure function of the organs of the digestive system to aid diagnosis and formulation of a treatment plan. This comprises assessment of, for example, pressure, pH and tone. Gastrointestinal physiologists may also perform ultrasound imaging and interventional procedures, for example, percutaneous tibial nerve modulation, which is a treatment for incontinence. Another specialism of physiological sciences is neurophysiology. 

Clinical scientists working in neurophysiology assist in the diagnosis and management of neurological illnesses via assessment of the function of the nervous system. Common modalities utilised are electroencephalography, evoked potentials, electromyography and nerve conduction studies. Work in this discipline is often conducted in intensive care and operating theatre settings.

Ophthalmic and vision sciences relate to the assessment of the structure and function of the optical system to acquire diagnostic and prognostic data that is required by ophthalmologists for the management of disorders of vision and pathologies of the eye and related structures. 

Common activities for clinical scientists working in ophthalmic and vision sciences are measuring visual field and eye pressure, imaging the eye and carrying out electrophysiological investigations of the optical structures. There is scope for research, for example, treatment for genetic diseases and retinal prosthetic implants. 

Clinical scientists working in respiratory and sleep sciences diagnose and treat respiratory illnesses and sleep disorders. In respiratory science, they perform lung function testing and assist in the delivery of care for chronic respiratory disorders, for example, medicines and oxygen. In sleep science, they monitor – via home monitoring or sleep laboratories – and treat patients experiencing poor sleep quality.

Examples of tests performed are cardiopulmonary exercise testing, bronchial challenge testing and blood gas testing. Urodynamics is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of urinary diseases. Clinical scientists of this specialism utilise an array of appliances to measure parameters, for example, pressure, flow and muscle activity and interpret the results to construct reports.

Lastly, clinical scientists working in vascular science use ultrasound imaging and other non-invasive techniques to evaluate blood flow. Most often, they work with inpatients and outpatients in dedicated hospital departments. Results of the procedures performed are interpreted to write reports.

Typically, clinical scientists work 37.5 hours per week.2 This may comprise a shift pattern. The work is conducted in multidisciplinary teams that are constituted by a variety of healthcare professionals and vary by specialism. In many positions held by clinical scientists, there is vast potential for teaching, management and, particularly, research. 

The Route To Clinical Science:

The initial step in the route to becoming a clinical scientist is successful completion of an undergraduate honours degree or integrated master’s degree in a pure or applied science discipline that is relevant to the clinical science specialism that the trainee intends to pursue. A 1.1 or 2.1 degree must be achieved.3 Alternatively, if the trainee possesses a 2.2 honours degree, they are eligible to apply if they also have a higher degree in a relevant discipline. 

Subsequently, trainees apply for the Scientist Training Programme (STP), which has a duration of three years. The competition ratios for the various specialisms are listed in Table 1.4 The STP curriculum is composed of core, rotational and specialty modules, each of which features academic and work-based learning.4 The work-based learning is achieved by employment in an NHS department or, occasionally, by an NHS private partner or private company.  This element of the programme is assessed by eportfolio evidence. The academic component of the programme comprises a part-time master’s degree – MSc in Clinical Science – which is fully funded.  The master’s programme is 180 credit hours, 70 of which are allocated to a research project. 

Table 1: Competition ratios for STP specialisms.

Work-based learning, during the first year of the programme, features an induction, mandatory training, core modules and several rotational placements.5 At university, introductory modules that cover broad topics from the trainee’s chosen theme – life sciences, physiological sciences, physical sciences and clinical engineering or bioinformatics – are completed.

The first set of MSc examinations are taken at the end of the first year. There is greater emphasis on the trainee’s chosen specialism in the second year. The research project is started and there is another set of degree examinations. In the middle of second year, trainees are required to pass the midterm review of progression.

Finally, during the third year, the final MSc examinations are attempted and there is a work-based elective placement. The programme is concluded by the Objective Structured Final Assessment (OSFA).5 Successful completion of the OSFA, eportfolio and master’s degree result in trainees being awarded a Certificate of Completion for the Scientist Training Programme (CCSTP).6 Trainees then apply to the Academy for Healthcare Science (AHCS) for a Certificate of Equivalence or a Certificate of Attainment. Subsequently, they are eligible to apply to the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) for registration as a Clinical Scientist.6

A further programme, termed the Higher Specialist Scientist Training (HSST), has a duration of five years and allows some clinical scientists to progress to consultant level. It results in the attainment of a doctorate degree.

Earnings for NHS jobs are classified by pay scales. Trainee clinical scientists are appointed at band 6, at which the starting salary is £31,365.7 The salary increases in accordance with number of years of experience.

Qualified clinical scientists progress to band 7, at which the starting salary is £38,890.7 This also increases over time to a maximum of £44,503 for eight or more years of service. As further experience and qualifications are obtained, it is possible to apply for positions up to band 9 on the pay scale. 

For more information on doctor's salaries within the NHS, please feel free to review  The Complete Guide to NHS Pay .

Related Job Sources With BMJ Careers

• Hospital Jobs
• Psychiatry Jobs
• Public Health Jobs
• Research Jobs
• NHS Jobs in England
• NHS Jobs in Northern Ireland
• NHS Jobs in Scotland
• NHS Jobs in Wales

Other Complete Guides By BMJ Careers

• How To Become A Diabetologist or Endocrinologist
• How To Become A Gastroenterologist
• How To Become A Neurophysiologist
• How To Become A Obstetrician and Gynaecologist
• How To Become An Immunologist

NHS Scientist Training Programme - 2020 recruitment [Internet]. Health Careers. [cited 8 November 2020]. Available from:  https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/news/nhs-scientist-training-programme-2020-recruitment 

Audiology [Internet]. Health Careers. [cited 8 November 2020]. Available from:  https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/explore-roles/physiological-sciences/audiology 

Entry requirements [Internet]. National School of Healthcare Science. [cited 8 November 2020]. Available from: https://nshcs.hee.nhs.uk/programmes/stp/applicants/entry-requirements/ 

Competition ratios for the Scientist Training Programme (STP) Direct Entry [Internet]. National School of Healthcare Science. [cited 8 November 2020]. Available from: https://nshcs.hee.nhs.uk/programmes/stp/applicants/about-the-scientist-training-programme/ 

Setting the scene [Internet]. National School of Healthcare Science. [cited 8 November 2020]. Available from: https://nshcs.hee.nhs.uk/programmes/stp/trainees/setting-the-scene/ 

Completion of the Scientist Training Programme [Internet]. National School of Healthcare Science. [cited 8 November 2020]. Available from: https://nshcs.hee.nhs.uk/programmes/stp/trainees/completion-of-the-programme/ 

NHS Terms and Conditions (AfC) pay scales - Annual [Internet]. NHS Employers. [cited 8 November 2020]. Available from:  https://www.nhsemployers.org/pay-pensions-and-reward/agenda-for-change/pay-scales/annual

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Science and Research

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Medical Research Scientist

What does a professional in this career do.

A Medical Research Scientist conducts research with the goal of understanding diseases and improving human health. May study biology and causes of health problems, assess effectiveness of treatments or develop new pharmaceutical products. May direct clinical trials to gather data..

Job Outlook

There were 207 Medical Research Scientist job postings in North Carolina in the past year and 8999 in the United States.

In combination with other careers in the Medical Scientist industry, which includes the Medical Research Scientist career, the following graph shows the number of people employed for each year since 2015:

Many new Medical Research Scientist jobs have salaries estimated to be in the following ranges, based on the requirements and responsibilities listed in job postings from the past year.

The average estimated salary in the United States for this career, based on job postings in the past year, is $141,677.

The average estimated salary in North Carolina for this career, based on job postings in the past year, is $142,784.

Percentiles represent the percentage that is lower than the value. For example, 25% of estimated salaries for Medical Research Scientist postings in the United States in the past year were lower than $63,416.

Education and Experience

Posted Medical Research Scientist jobs typically require the following level of education. The numbers below are based on job postings in the United States from the past year. Not all job postings list education requirements.

Posted Medical Research Scientist jobs typically require the following number of years of experience. The numbers below are based on job postings in the United States from the past year. Not all job postings list experience requirements.

Below are listings of the most common general and specialized skills Medical Research Scientist positions expect applicants to have as well as the most common skills that distinguish individuals from their peers. The percentage of job postings that specifically mention each skill is also listed.

Baseline Skills

A skill that is required across a broad range of occupations, including this one.

• Research (25.99%)
• Communication (12.76%)
• Teaching (9.35%)
• Management (8.72%)
• Leadership (7.93%)
• Writing (6.02%)
• Presentations (5.83%)
• Operations (5.46%)
• Innovation (5.33%)
• Interpersonal Communications (4.48%)

Defining Skills

A core skill for this occupation, it occurs frequently in job postings.

• Endocrinology (80.37%)

Necessary Skills

A skill that is requested frequently in this occupation but isn’t specific to it.

• Biology (7.89%)
• Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent (ELISA) Assay (2.92%)
• Diabetes Mellitus (20.9%)
• Biochemical Assays (5.92%)
• Metabolism (5.92%)
• Cell Cultures (4.44%)
• Biomarkers (2.56%)
• Drug Discovery (2.43%)
• Pharmaceuticals (3.91%)
• Marketing (1.94%)
• Oncology (10.62%)
• Clinical Trials (5.94%)
• Pediatrics (9.79%)
• Cell Biology (4.83%)
• Nursing (4.64%)
• Molecular Biology (5%)
• Immunology (5.67%)
• Good Clinical Practices (GCP) (1.42%)
• Workflow Management (1.39%)
• Clinical Research (7.98%)
• Internal Medicine (6.6%)
• Project Management (2.56%)
• Data Analysis (4.04%)
• Flow Cytometry (3.93%)

Distinguishing Skills

A skill that may distinguish a subset of the occupation.

• Thyroid (5.72%)

Salary Boosting Skills

A professional who wishes to excel in this career path may consider developing the following highly valued skills. The percentage of job postings that specifically mention each skill is listed.

• Thyroid (7.11%)
• Endocrinology (99.94%)

Alternative Job Titles

Sometimes employers post jobs with Medical Research Scientist skills but a different job title. Some common alternative job titles include:

• Endocrinology Physician
• Endocrinologist
• Pediatric Endocrinologist
• Endocrinology Registered Nurse
• Oncology Research Scientist
• Endocrinology Medical Assistant
• Reproductive Endocrinologist
• Endocrinology Diabetes Care Specialist
• Associate Scientist

Similar Occupations

If you are interested in exploring occupations with similar skills, you may want to research the following job titles. Note that we only list occupations that have at least one corresponding NC State Online and Distance Education program.

• Biomedical Scientist

Common Employers

Here are the employers that have posted the most Medical Research Scientist jobs in the past year along with how many they have posted.

United States

• Archway Physician Recruitment (261)
• Britt Medical Search (235)
• Enterprise Medical Recruiting (150)
• CompHealth (145)
• Cedars-Sinai (128)
• Summit Recruiting Services, LLC. (123)
• AstraZeneca (114)
• AMN Healthcare (108)
• The Curare Group (105)
• Pacific Companies (86)

North Carolina

• Atrium Health (20)
• Atrium Health Floyd (15)
• Archway Physician Recruitment (14)
• AMN Healthcare (11)
• Novant Health (8)
• University of North Carolina (8)
• Wake Forest Baptist Health (8)
• HCA Healthcare (7)
• UNC Health (7)
• Duke University (6)

NC State Programs Relevant to this Career

If you are interested in preparing for a career in this field, the following NC State Online and Distance Education programs offer a great place to start!

All wages, job posting statistics, employment trend projections, and information about skill desirability on this page represents historical data and does not guarantee future conditions. Data is provided by and downloaded regularly from Lightcast. For more information about how Lightcast gathers data and what it represents, see Lightcast Data: Basic Overview on Lightcast's Knowledge Base website.

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The Guide to Becoming a Medical Researcher

• February 1, 2023

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As a medical researcher, your job is to conduct research to improve the health status and longevity of the population. The career revolves around understanding the causes, treatments, and prevention of diseases and medical conditions through rigorous clinical investigations, epidemiological studies, and laboratory experiments. As a medical researcher, simply gaining formal education won’t suffice. You also need to hone your communication, critical thinking, decision-making, data collecting, data analyzing and observational skills. These skill sets will enable you to create a competitive edge in the research industry. On a typical day, a medical researcher would be collecting, interpreting, and analyzing data from clinical trials, working alongside engineering, regulatory, and quality assurance experts to evaluate the risk of medical devices, or maybe even preparing and examining medical samples for causes or treatments of toxicity, disease, or pathogens.

How To Become a Medical Research Doctor?

The roadmap to medical research is a bit tricky to navigate, because it is a profession that demands distinctive skills and expertise along with mandatory formal education. If you harbor an interest in scientific exploration and a desire to break new ground in medical knowledge, the first step is to earn a bachelor’s degree in a related field, such as biology, chemistry, or biochemistry. After completing your undergraduate education, you will need to earn a Medical Degree ( MD ) or a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) degree, from a quality institution such as the Windsor university school of Medicine.

After that, the newly minted doctor of medicine (MD) may choose to complete a three-year residency program in a specialty related to medical research, such as internal medicine, pediatrics, or neurology, in addition to a doctor of philosophy (PhD) degree—the part that provides the research expertise. In some  medical school  programs, students may pursue a dual MD-PhD at the same time, which provides training in both medicine and research. They are specifically designed for those who want to become research physicians. Last but not the least, all physician-scientists must pass the first two steps of the United States Medical Learning Examination (USMLE).

Use your fellowship years to hone the research skills necessary to carry out independent research. You may also take courses in epidemiology, biostatistics, and other related fields. In order to publish your research in peer-reviewed journals to establish yourself as a medical researcher. To apply for a faculty position at a medical school, research institute, or hospital. To maintain your position as a medical research doctor, you must publish your research and make significant contributions to the field.

How Much Do Medical Researchers Make?

Having a clear idea of what to earn when you become a medical researcher can help you decide if this is a good career choice for you. The salaries of Medical Researchers in the US range from $26,980 to $155,180, with a median salary of $82,240. There is also room for career advancement and higher earning potential as you gain experience.

The Most Popular Careers in Medical Research

• Medical Scientists  – conduct research and experiments to improve our understanding of diseases and to develop new treatments. They also develop new medical technologies and techniques.
• Biomedical engineers  – design medical devices, such as pacemakers, prosthetics, and imaging machines. They also develop and improve existing medical technologies.
• Clinical Trial Coordinators  – oversee and manage clinical trials, which test new drugs and treatments. They are responsible for recruiting participants, collecting and analyzing data, and ensuring the trial is conducted in compliance with ethical standards.
• Medical Laboratory Technicians  – analyze bodily fluids and tissues to diagnose diseases and conditions. They perform tests using specialized equipment and techniques, and report results to physicians.
• Biostatisticians  – collect statistics to analyze data and test hypotheses in medical research. They design and analyze clinical trials, and use statistical models to understand the causes and effects of diseases.
• Epidemiologists  – study the causes, distribution, and control of diseases in populations. They collect and analyze data, and use their findings to develop strategies for preventing and controlling diseases.
• Pathologists  – diagnose diseases by examining tissues and bodily fluids. They use microscopes and other diagnostic tools to identify and study the changes in tissues caused by disease.
• Genetic Counselors  – help individuals understand and manage the risks associated with inherited genetic disorders. They educate patients about genetic tests and help families make informed decisions about their health.
• Health Services Researchers  – study the delivery of healthcare and identify ways to improve it.
• Medical writers  – write articles, reports, and other materials related to medical research.
• Microbiologists  – study microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses, to understand their behavior and impact on human health.
• Neuroscientists  – study the brain and nervous system to understand the underlying causes of neurological conditions.
• Toxicologists  – study the effects of toxic substances on living organisms and the environment.

Skills You Need to Become a Medical Researcher?

To be a successful medical scientist, you need a range of soft and hard skills to excel in your work. First things first, medical researchers must be able to analyze data, identify patterns, and draw conclusions from their findings. They must be able to think critically, ask relevant questions, and design experiments to answer those questions. Additionally, you should also have the knack of articulating your findings clearly and effectively, be it writing research papers, grant proposals, or technical reports that are clear, concise, and free from errors.

Medical researchers must be proficient in using various computer programs and software to collect, manage, analyze and interpret research data. They must be able to use laboratory equipment and techniques, as well as statistical analysis software and other tools for data analysis. Since medical research involves precise and meticulous work, so you must also pay close attention to detail to ensure that your findings are accurate and reliable. Not to mention, medical researchers often work in teams, so it pays off if you are good at collaborating with others effectively, sharing ideas, and working together to solve complex problems.

Lastly, medical researchers must have a thorough understanding of regulations and ethical guidelines that govern research, such as obtaining informed consent from study participants, ensuring data confidentiality, and adhering to safety protocols.

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Research scientist (medical)

Working as a medical research scientist means you'll be contributing to important developments in the world of medicine

As a medical research scientist, one of your aims will be to increase the body of scientific knowledge on topics related to medicine. You will do this by planning and conducting experiments and sharing your results.

You may also use your research to develop new, or improve existing, drugs, treatments or other medically-related products.

You can find work in higher education institutions, research institutes, hospitals, industry and medical research charities. The type of research you can carry out is wide ranging from from investigating the underlying basis of health or disease, to conducting clinical research and investigating methods of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of human disorders.

It's also possible for you to carry out molecular level research. This may involve using appropriate cell and animal models, or human volunteers may be used to study the clinical effects of various factors.

Responsibilities

Roles vary depending on the setting, but much of the work is laboratory-based. In general you'll need to:

• plan and conduct experiments and analyse or interpret the results
• keep accurate records of work undertaken
• use specialist computer software to analyse data and to produce diagrammatic representation of results
• write and submit applications and progress reports to funding bodies that support medical research (outside industry)
• discuss research progress with other departments, e.g. production and marketing (in industry)
• constantly consider the profit/loss potential of research products (in industry)
• collaborate with industry, research institutes, hospitals and academia
• teach and supervise students (in some higher education roles).

You'll often need to disseminate the results of your work to others, which means you'll:

• carry out presentations or discussions at team meetings with colleagues
• prepare presentations and deliver these at national and international scientific conferences
• write original papers for publication in peer-reviewed medical or scientific journals. In industry, there is usually less pressure to publish.

It's also important to stay in touch with developments and advances in your field and so you'll need to:

• read relevant scientific literature and journals
• attend scientific meetings and conferences in order to hear presentations from other researchers and participate in informal discussions with scientists from other parts of the world.
• If you're doing a PhD and have been awarded a studentship, it will usually come with a tax-free stipend to help cover living costs. This is currently at least £18,622 if funded by UKRI. Some institutions may award higher amounts or you may receive more if you’re industry funded or based in London.
• If you've completed a PhD, you may start on £25,000 to £40,000 a year, depending on your specialist subject and experience.
• Senior researchers and university professors earn in the region of £50,000 to £75,000 a year or more.

For current details on PhD studentship stipends, see UKRI - Studentships and Doctoral Training .

The majority of academic institutions in the UK have now implemented a single pay spine for all grades of staff. Pay varies according to whether you're leader of your own research group, part of a team of researchers or whether you've secured a lectureship while continuing your research.

Pay is usually higher in industry and the private sector.

Income figures are intended as a guide only.

Working hours

Your hours will vary depending on your setting. In academia in particular, there may be some flexibility with your start and finish times. Due to the nature of experimental work, hours can be irregular and may require some evening or weekend work.

You may be required to work longer hours when grant application deadlines are looming or an important experiment is underway. Overtime tends to be paid in industry but is unusual in academia.

What to expect

• Work is mainly laboratory-based with some time spent in the office planning and writing up experiments. Some positions may require field work.
• With career progression, the work becomes more office-based with a focus on writing grant applications, collaborating with other scientists, supervising staff, planning experiments, writing papers for publication and reviewing papers.
• Care and attention to detail is required as work can involve contact with potentially toxic or radioactive materials.
• Working with animals or animal-derived products, such as embryonic stem cells, may form part of the research, which will be an ethical dilemma for some. See the arguments at Understanding Animal Research .
• Travel is sometimes required, as you'll often collaborate with other institutions. Some national and international travel is needed for attendance at conferences to present the results of your research and to keep up to date with research findings from peers. Travel typically becomes more frequent with career progression.
• Initiatives are in place in various sectors to encourage equality, inclusion and diversity within medical research. UKRI has equality, diversity and inclusion policies and guidance with the aim to create a dynamic system of research and innovation in the UK.

Qualifications

You'll need a good honours degree in a medical or life science subject to become a medical researcher. Relevant subjects include:

• biochemistry
• biomedical sciences
• medical microbiology
• molecular biology
• pharmacology
• physiology.

Many areas of medical research now also look for graduates in chemistry, physics or statistics/bioinformatics, so you can be successful if you have a degree in one of these subjects.

Most people entering this field have or will be working towards a research-based MSc or a PhD. This is particularly important for higher level positions and career progression without a PhD (particularly in academia) is likely to be limited.

You may be able to enter with just your degree and no postgraduate qualification if you also have some significant laboratory experience but you'll typically still need a PhD to then progress.

Direct entry to a research scientist role with an HND or foundation degree only is not possible. With either of these qualifications, you may be able to enter at technician level, but you'll need to take further qualifications to become a medical researcher. Some employers allow you to study while working part time.

Funding is made available to research institutions via the Medical Research Council (MRC). This is then passed on to students in the form of scholarships, bursaries and studentships. Contact the individual institution to find out more about the funding options.

You'll need to show:

• technical, scientific and numerical skills
• good written and oral communication skills for report writing and presenting findings
• genuine enjoyment of the research subject
• a methodical approach to work with good planning skills
• tenacity and patience when carrying out experiments
• the ability to work well in teams and to network and forge links with collaborators
• problem-solving skills and analytical thinking
• attention to detail.

Work experience

Laboratory experience and knowledge of the range of techniques used will improve your chances of finding a research appointment. Experience can be achieved through either a placement year in industry or vacation work experience in academia or industry.

You could make speculative applications to potential academic supervisors to ask for work experience or shadowing opportunities. You may also want to consider getting experience within both industry and academia so you can see how the different sectors vary and where your preference lies.

Funding for placements and projects may be available through:

• Nuffield Foundation

You should also try to keep up to date with developments in the medical field and the Medical Research Council (MRC) can help with this.

Find out more about the different kinds of work experience and internships that are available.

There are various employers in medical research, including:

• industry (especially pharmaceutical companies)
• non-governmental and voluntary bodies
• medical research charities
• research councils, especially the Medical Research Council (MRC)
• universities.

Work outside industry is usually funded by the government through the allocation of research funding to universities, research councils and hospitals.

Medical research also receives extensive financial support from charitable bodies that fund specific research into their areas of interest.

Opportunities are also available through Knowledge Transfer Partnerships (KTP) . This is a joint project between a graduate, an organisation and a 'knowledge base', such as a university or a research organisation, which allows PhD graduates to apply research in a commercial environment.

Look for job vacancies at:

• Medical Research Council (MRC)
• Nature Jobs
• New Scientist Jobs
• Times Higher Education Uni Jobs

University websites advertise vacancies too.

Specialist recruitment agencies are used within the scientific community. These include:

• Cranleigh Scientific

Professional development

If you're studying for a PhD while being employed in a medical research post, you'll be supported by a supervisor. Your institution is likely to provide additional training or you can access this through Vitae , which helps to support the professional development of researchers.

You'll need to keep up to date with developments in your field throughout your career and continuing professional development (CPD) is very important for this.

Technical training, either self-taught or from more experienced scientists, will allow you to learn new laboratory techniques. It's also common to visit other labs to be taught techniques that are already established elsewhere.

You'll be expected to attend conferences on a regular basis to hear about scientific advances and new research techniques. On occasion, you'll be required to present your own work.

Training may be more structured in industry and it may be possible for you to develop your own training programme with guidance from a mentor.

Membership of a professional organisation is useful for support throughout your career and to help with CPD. Many professional bodies have their own learning and training schemes and can help with how your record your CPD activities. You can also work towards professional qualifications or chartered status as you gain experience.

Relevant bodies include:

• Royal Society of Biology

Career prospects

Career structures vary between sectors. In academia, once you've completed your PhD, it's likely you'll enter a postdoctoral position. These are normally short-term contracts of up to three years.

Career progression is related to the success of your research project(s), the quality and quantity of original papers you publish and your success in attracting funding. Building up experience in laboratory specialties can also help. With experience, you can progress to senior research fellow or professor and can one day manage your own team.

You'll usually have to undertake a few short-term contracts before you have a chance of securing a much sought-after permanent position in academic science. There are often teaching duties attached to these positions and opportunities are limited with high levels of competition.

Career development tends to be more structured in industry, hospitals or research institutes and involves taking on increased responsibilities, such as supervising and managing projects.

With experience and a successful track record, you can move into senior research and management roles. It's also be possible in some industrial companies to move into other functions, such as production, quality assurance, HR or marketing.

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So You Want to Be a Medical Scientist

• By Med School Insiders
• January 27, 2024
• Accompanying Video , Pre-med
• So You Want to Be

So you want to be a medical scientist. An MD isn’t enough to make your parents proud, so why not toss in a PhD as well? With your MD/PhD, you’ll be making groundbreaking medical discoveries each day you go to work. Well, not quite. This is the reality of being a medical scientist.

Welcome to our next installment in So You Want to Be. In this series, we highlight a specific medical career path to help you decide if it’s a good fit for you. You can find the other specialties on our So You Want To Be blog category  or  YouTube playlist .

What Is a Medical Scientist?

A medical scientist or physician scientist isn’t a distinct specialty of medicine but rather a career path you choose to take.

Medical scientists might hold a PhD, an MD, or both. These are notable distinctions because a PhD will not have gone to medical school, whereas earning an MD or MD/PhD requires four years of medical school. That’s why some medical scientists with an MD prefer to be referred to as physician scientists.

For the purposes of this guide, we’ll be focusing on the MD path, but much of the pros and cons and day-to-day will also apply to anyone interested in becoming a PhD medical scientist without an MD.

A medical scientist is dedicated to conducting research that enhances our understanding of human health and diseases. They focus on exploring the causes and progressions of various health conditions, aiming to develop effective treatments and preventive measures.

Depending on their interest and field of study, medical scientists often devote approximately 4 to 5 days of their work week to performing research in laboratories. An integral part of this includes writing research grants, conducting lab meetings, and performing meticulous analysis of experimental data, and they often employ statistical methods to decipher complex health-related phenomena.

Medical scientists can also be actively involved in conducting clinical trials. These trials are critical for testing the safety and efficacy of new treatments, drugs, or medical devices on human subjects. Collaboration is a cornerstone of their work, as they frequently team up with doctors, other scientists, and statisticians. This multidisciplinary approach is essential due to the multifaceted nature of medical research.

After testing a hypothesis, medical scientists publish their findings in scientific journals and share their discoveries with both the medical community and, at times, the broader public. This dissemination of knowledge can significantly influence healthcare practices and policy-making.

Medical scientists can have a profound impact on healthcare, which can be incredibly rewarding. Their contributions are vital for the development of new medical treatments and diagnostics, ultimately leading to enhanced patient care and health outcomes.

Medical scientists can practice in a wide variety of different settings.

Academic Settings

Academic settings are the most common workplace.

Universities and medical schools offer an environment conducive to both research and teaching, given that there are interested students, faculty, and many technicians and other research personnel. In these settings, physician scientists often conduct research, teach medical students and residents, and sometimes practice clinically.

Academic institutions provide support to tackle research projects, including obtaining funding and the facilities for shared lab equipment. Most academic settings also have the benefit of being associated with large hospitals and medical centers.

Research Institutes

Independent research institutes, which often focus on specific diseases or types of research, are another common workplace. These institutes may have affiliations with academic centers, but they function primarily as dedicated research facilities. Physician scientists in this setting can focus intensively on research, often with greater resources and specialized equipment.

Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies

Some physician scientists work in the industry, particularly with companies that focus on developing new medications or medical technologies. Their clinical expertise is required to develop new treatments, understand patient needs, and conduct clinical trials.

Government Agencies

Government agencies like the National Institutes of Health, or NIH, and the Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, employ physician scientists in various capacities. They can work on public health research, policy development, and administration of research programs. Their medical expertise helps to shape health policies and research agendas at the national level.

Nonprofit Organizations and Foundations

Some physician scientists work with nonprofits and foundations that focus on health research and policy. These roles can involve research, advocacy, and the development of programs to improve healthcare delivery and outcomes.

Private Practice and Consultancy

Although less common, some physician scientists may be involved in private practice, either in clinical work, consultancy, or in combination with research activities. These roles often require balancing clinical duties with research interests.

Common Misconceptions About Medical Research

Let’s clear up some of the misconceptions about working as a medical scientist.

A common misconception is that medical research frequently leads to immediate, groundbreaking discoveries. In reality, the process is often slow and meticulous.

Significant breakthroughs are relatively rare and are usually the result of many years of sustained research. The journey involves numerous incremental advancements as opposed to dramatic new findings.

The career path for medical scientists isn’t always straightforward and can be quite varied. Individuals in this field may find themselves transitioning between different sectors, such as academia, industry, and government roles. There isn’t a one-size-fits-all career trajectory in medical science, and success often requires flexibility and the ability to adapt to changing circumstances and opportunities.

Another misconception is that medical scientists exclusively work in labs. In reality, their work is multifaceted, encompassing not only laboratory research but also data analysis, writing research papers and grant applications, and presenting findings at conferences. This variety in tasks ensures that the role is diverse and not confined to a single setting.

Lastly, many people believe there are limited job opportunities for medical scientists. The field is broad, offering diverse career opportunities in academia, the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, government agencies, and healthcare organizations. The job opportunities are so varied because the skill set of a medical scientist, and their ability to communicate with other scientific parties, is valued across multiple sectors.

How to Become a Medical Scientist

Becoming a physician scientist with an MD/PhD involves a rigorous and lengthy educational process that’s designed to train individuals who are interested in both practicing medicine and conducting biomedical research.

The journey is largely split into two branches: pursuing each degree independently or enrolling in an MD/PhD program or integrated Medical Scientist Training Program, MSTP.

Pursuing an MD and PhD Independently

With a sequential approach, you first must complete a Doctor of Medicine (MD) program and then enroll in a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) program, or vice versa. This path is less common due to the extended time commitment and the requirement of two different and unique applications—one for MD and another for the PhD program. MD graduates may choose to pursue their PhD during or after residency.

An MD program typically takes 4 years and is focused on clinical training, preparing students for a career in medicine. This is the same path anyone who wants to become an MD will begin with, no matter the specialty.

A PhD program with a research focus usually takes 4-6 years and requires a dissertation based on original research.

Independently pursuing an MD and PhD usually takes longer than completing a joint program or MSTP. The time to complete both programs can range from 8-12 years, depending on a student’s pace and the nature of their PhD research.

This route offers flexibility in timing and choice of programs but can be more challenging due to the lack of a structured pathway. Many courses will likely be repeated, and unlike the opportunities available to those enrolled in an MSTP, there’s no tuition reimbursement.

Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP)

Medical Scientist Training Programs are dual-degree programs designed to integrate medical and graduate education.

Training occurs simultaneously in medicine and research, as pursuing degrees independently can sometimes result in a disconnect between the two fields. There are around 50 MSTPs located across the US.

The MSTP distinction means the NIH provides governmental funds to support the program, including tuition coverage and a graduate stipend every year, making MSTPs more financially appealing. There are also MD/PhD programs that are not MSTP, but their funding depends on the internal program and institution itself, not the government. Because of this, non-MSTP programs tend to be smaller in size.

There are appropriate standards across MSTP institutions, such as annual retreats, a formalized curriculum, and seminars to aid in transitions. The structured curriculum smoothly transitions students between medical training and research~~, with research rotations completed during the summers in between medical school semesters~~.

An MSTP is typically 7 to 8 years in length and involves two phases: Pre-clinical and clinical, and these phases are interspersed with PhD research.

Because of the limited spots available, guaranteed stipends, and the fact the programs are often located at more prestigious schools, admission to MSTPs is highly competitive.

Each year, there are approximately 700 MD/PhD matriculants across the nation. Students must not only have satisfied requirements for medical school entry, which includes extracurriculars as well as a high MCAT and GPA, but also have actively participated in several research projects or experiences. Lately, competitive applicants commonly have at least one publication. Unfortunately, because of NIH governmental funding, MSTPs do not accept international or non-US trainees.

Subspecialties Within Medical Research

What about subspecialization?

Most MD/PhD graduates choose to pursue residency and fellowship training, which will take another 3-7 years minimum. Their dual degree, research prowess, and extensive training it takes to complete an MD/PhD makes them particularly attractive to residency programs.

While MD/PhD graduates can enter any medical specialty, some fields are more common due to the presence of integrated research pathways, funding availability, and research prevalence in the specialty.

Internal medicine, pediatrics, pathology, neurology, psychiatry, radiology, and radiation oncology are common residency paths. Given how long the MD/PhD training already is, students interested in longer residencies and fellowships must acknowledge the delayed income, level of work ethic, and perseverance required to complete this 1- to 2-decade journey.

What You’ll Love About Being a Medical Scientist

There’s a lot to love about working as a medical scientist.

People who love working as a medical scientist cite the dynamic and intellectually stimulating nature of their work as a major draw. The field offers a unique blend of clinical practice and research, allowing individuals to directly impact patient care while also contributing to the broader understanding of medical science.

The variety in day-to-day activities is a significant appeal. One day might involve seeing patients and addressing their immediate health concerns, while the next could be dedicated to laboratory research or analyzing data to uncover new insights into disease mechanisms.

Medical scientists also encounter diverse patient populations, providing a rich and rewarding clinical experience. The “bread and butter” of work ranges from routine patient examinations to conducting groundbreaking research, which means no two days are alike.

Additionally, the lifestyle of a medical scientist is flexible, with the ability to balance clinical duties with research pursuits. This balance makes for a career that is not only professionally fulfilling but also accommodating of personal interests and commitments. The sense of contribution to both immediate patient health and the advancement of medical knowledge is a powerful motivator and source of satisfaction and fulfillment for those in this field.

What You Won’t Love About Being a Medical Scientist

While the career of a medical scientist has a lot to offer, it’s a long journey to get there, which isn’t for everyone.

The most notable downside to this career path is the extra training involved, which delays your ability to earn an attending salary even further. While many MD/PhD programs offer stipends and tuition waivers, the extended years in training equates to delayed entry into the full-time workforce.

The field requires extensive education and training, and the early years, particularly in academic or research settings, may not be as financially rewarding as other professions requiring similar levels of education. However, it can be a financially stable and rewarding career over the long term.

Though rewarding when breakthroughs are made, these don’t happen every day—far from it. Research can seem exciting and even sexy from the outside, but it’s often a slow and frustrating process; some experiments may require years to see results, whereas others may never yield the expected results. This can be disheartening, especially for those who are results-oriented.

That’s why it’s so important for premeds to get exposure to various types of research before they dedicate their education and future careers to it. Some types of research may be more appealing than others, and you could write it off entirely after one bad experience before figuring out what you like.

Additionally, the dual demands of clinical practice and research can lead to a busy lifestyle. Balancing patient care with the rigors of scientific investigation means long hours, which often impact work-life balance and job satisfaction.

Lastly, securing funding for research is a constant challenge. The competitive nature of grant applications and the reliance on external funding sources can create uncertainty and affect the scope and direction of research. And different areas of research see different spikes and drops in popularity, given public perception and government funding priorities. What’s most important or most interesting to you isn’t always what’s most funded.

For those in academic settings, there’s often pressure to publish regularly, contribute to teaching, and maintain a reputation in the scientific community, which can be demanding alongside clinical responsibilities. These activities are not reimbursed yet are frequently seen as necessary.

Should You Become a Medical Scientist?

So, should you become a medical scientist?

Medical scientists get to help shape healthcare delivery and treatment. Those who are naturally curious, enjoy solving complex problems, and are constantly seeking new knowledge tend to do well in this field. Enjoying teamwork and collaboration is also important, as medical scientists often work with other researchers, clinicians, and healthcare professionals. If you have a genuine interest in understanding disease mechanisms and a drive to improve patient care, this may be an ideal path for you.

However, the path to becoming a medical scientist is long and can be filled with challenges, including research setbacks and the pressures of medical training. The field of research can also be unpredictable and full of unknowns. Comfort with ambiguity and a flexible mindset are crucial.

Patience and resilience are also incredibly vital and relevant traits to possess. It’s easy to become discouraged while conducting research. Medical scientists must be able to push through the failed experiments, rejections from grant approvals, long periods of monotony, as well as periods of great challenge. Earning an MD already requires significant levels of dedication and perseverance. An MD/PhD takes this to a whole new level, not only because the training is longer, but also because the day-to-day requires more patience than regular MD work. Research is no cakewalk.

If you’re considering becoming a medical scientist, seek out mentors and experiences in both research and clinical settings to better understand the nature of the work and whether or not it aligns with your interests. Engaging in longitudinal research projects can provide valuable insights and help you make an informed decision.

If you’re considering a career as a medical scientist or in medicine as a whole, elevating your research skillset and becoming prolific in research will open doors for you. Our all-new Ultimate Research Course is packed with dozens of videos, resources, and exclusive private community access to elevate your research game to the highest level. Learn from the Med School Insiders experts on our tested and proven tactics to publish dozens and dozens of publications to wow admissions committees and make your application stand out. Whether you’re applying to MD/PhD programs or MD programs, we’re confident you are going to find tremendous value. So much so, it comes with a money back guarantee so that there’s no risk to you.

Med School Insiders has helped thousands of premeds and medical students design and achieve their ideal career paths and we’d love to be a part of your journey to becoming a future physician.

Special thanks to physician scientist Dr. Albert Zhou for helping us create this So You Want to Be entry.

It’s never too early to begin thinking about the specialty you want to pursue. If you’re struggling to choose the best path for you, our So You Want to Be playlist is a great place to start.

Med School Insiders

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Medical Researcher skills for your resume and career

Medical researchers require a variety of technical skills. For example, they must know laboratory practices, perform statistical analysis, and conduct clinical research studies. They must also be able to analyze medical data, operate medical devices, and understand how to use tools like PCR and DNA analysis.

On the other hand, soft skills are also crucial for medical researchers. They must be able to collaborate with others, communicate effectively, and be detail-oriented. They must also be able to analyze complex data and present their findings to others. As Dr. Shanthi Vadali, MD, MPH, Ph.D., a Clinical Assistant Professor in the Department of Environmental Health at New York University School of Medicine, puts it, "Good writing and communication skills are essential for researchers to convey their findings in a clear and concise manner."

15 medical researcher skills for your resume and career

1. patients.

Patients are individuals who receive medical care or treatment. Medical researchers use patients to conduct studies and clinical trials. They recruit patients for these studies, collect samples, and chart their medical history. They also consult physicians about patients' conditions and follow up with patients regarding their appointments.

• Conducted a preoperative anxiety study on Hispanic patients to determine what different factors could influence anxiety levels.
• Chart reviewer assessed over 1000 patients' medical records with Parkinson's Disease to select appropriate patients for clinical trial.

2. Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis is the practice of using statistical techniques to summarize and describe a set of data. Medical researchers use statistical analysis to understand the results of experiments and identify trends in data. They design experiments, collect data, and analyze it to identify opportunities for improvement or to validate research findings. For example, they might use statistical analysis to determine the effectiveness of a new drug or treatment. They also use statistical analysis to understand the behavior of particles or cells in a lab setting.

• Designed experiments and conducted statistical analysis
• Collected and performed statistical analysis on data and presented to management in order to identify opportunities to improve finished goods quality.

3. Vital Signs

Vital signs are a patient's essential health indicators, such as temperature, blood pressure, and respiratory rate. Medical researchers use vital signs in various ways, such as calling physicians to confirm handwritten orders and measuring patients' vital signs before and after procedures. They also record patients' vital signs into appropriate systems and perform other tasks like blood draws, pulmonary function testing, and phlebotomy.

• Call physicians to confirm hand written orders measured patient's vital signs and recorded into appropriate systems.
• Assisted with sterile biopsy's, EKG's, Phlebotomy, Vital signs, Performed Pulmonary Function testing.

4. Laboratory Practices

Laboratory practices are guidelines for maintaining quality control and safety in a laboratory setting. Medical researchers use laboratory practices to maintain equipment records and inventory, ensure Good Laboratory Practices, and adhere to established protocols.

• Maintained laboratory equipment records and inventory in keeping with Good Laboratory Practices.

5. Clinical Research Studies

Clinical research studies involve conducting experiments to test the efficacy and safety of medical treatments. Medical researchers use these studies to implement clinical research projects, analyze and interpret data, and present their findings. For example, they might work directly with industry sponsors to initiate and conduct clinical research studies, coordinate studies involving cognitively healthy older adults or those with Alzheimer's disease, or conduct studies related to pain, anxiety, and appearance concerns.

• Assist clinical research studies and programs.
• Worked directly with industry sponsors in initiating and conducting clinical research studies as coordinator and sub-investigator.

6. Research Projects

Research projects are investigations conducted to discover and interpret data that can help solve a problem or answer a question. Medical researchers use research projects to design and conduct clinical research, manage projects to completion, and assess the health needs of different communities. They also initiate and lead research projects on various topics, like migration. Medical researchers provide proofreading for various research projects and implement projects that assess the health needs of different ethno-cultural communities.

• Worked in a team to design and conduct the clinical research projects in the department.
• Managed research projects to completion on time and within budget.

Choose from 10+ customizable medical researcher resume templates

7. medical research.

Medical research is the process of conducting scientific investigations to develop new knowledge or treatments for diseases. Medical researchers use medical research by conducting studies, analyzing data, and providing advice regarding medical affairs. They may also present their findings in international conferences and provide consultation services. For example, they might conduct research on cryopreservation buffer for platelets through phase 1 clinical trials or assist in creating a website for medical research.

• MetaMed is an innovative start-up that provides personalized medical research to its customers.
• Conducted medical research at Hershey Medical Library to support medical expert witness testimonies.

RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a molecule that aids in the process of turning DNA into proteins. Medical researchers use RNA in a variety of ways, including quantifying and extracting it, as well as synthesizing complementary DNA from it. They also use RNA for characterization, and study its interactions with proteins using biophysical and biochemical methods.

• Experienced in quantifying RNA and protein (BCA method) as well as synthesizing complementary DNA from RNA.
• Extracted RNA and protein using TRIzol reagent.

9. Clinical Trials

Clinical trials are research studies that involve human subjects to determine the safety and efficacy of new medical treatments. Medical researchers use clinical trials to test and evaluate these treatments, ensuring that they meet ethical standards and that data is collected and analyzed accurately. They also collaborate with marketing and regulatory departments to prepare scientific data for product launches. For example, a medical researcher might purify proteins for a clinical trial of an anti-osteoporosis agent, or develop patient education materials for medical professionals and clinical trial participants.

• Ensured that ethical procedures were strictly followed in the course of executing clinical trials.
• Analyzed and translated clinical trial data and collaborated with marketing and regulatory departments to prepare scientific data for global product launch.

10. Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can develop into specialized cell types within the body. Medical researchers use stem cells to investigate how they interact with other cells and how they can be used to treat diseases. For example, some researchers have investigated how monocytes interact with human adipose-derived stem cells, while others have studied the tumor-suppressing abilities of neural stem cells when combined with glioblastoma cells.

• Investigated specific interactions between monocytes and human adipose derived stem cells.
• Investigated the tumor suppressive abilities of neural stem cells with glioblastoma cells.

DNA is a molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and function of all living organisms. Medical researchers use DNA in a variety of ways, such as using DNA sequencing to identify genetic mutations, or studying DNA replication and repair pathways to understand how cells respond to cancer-causing agents. They also use DNA extraction, purification, and amplification techniques to analyze genetic material in blood and other tissues.

• Gas and liquid Chroma-tography, Western Blot and DNA gels.
• Perform laboratory rtPCR, 454 sequencing, DNA extraction and purification on all of the samples.

12. Chemistry

Chemistry is the study of the properties, composition, and reactions of matter. Medical researchers use chemistry in their job by employing computational tools to predict feasible and efficient pathways for organic reactions. They also analyze spectra of molecules and ions to gain a deeper understanding of physical chemistry and spectroscopic techniques.

• Employed computational chemistry tools to predict feasible and efficient pathways for organic reactions and transformations for our collaborators within the department.
• Analyzed spectra of numerous three-component molecules and ions while gaining a deeper understanding of physical chemistry and spectroscopic techniques.

13. Medical Data

Medical data refers to information about patients, medical conditions, and treatments. Medical researchers use medical data to analyze patient outcomes and improve medical care. For instance, they research clients' medical data using computer databases.

• Researched clients' medical data on computer database.

14. Medical Devices

Medical devices refer to apparatus for use in medical procedures.

• Conducted market research on products for niche medical manufacturing company that produces medical devices.
• Compiled, analyzed, and graphed clinical results on various medical devices from hospitals, clinics, and centers.

An institutional review board (IRB), is a form of committee that applies research ethics by vetting research procedures to ensure they are ethical. In order to decide whether or not research can be undertaken, they often perform a kind of risk-benefit analysis. The IRB's function is to ensure that adequate safeguards are in place to protect the interests and health of humans who are participants of a research sample.

• Supported IRB applications and analyzed collected data.
• Manage site master file contents and work with sites to ensure communication requirements between site and IRB are adhered to.

5 Medical Researcher Resume Examples

Build a professional medical researcher resume in minutes. Browse through our resume examples to identify the best way to word your resume. Then choose from 5 + resume templates to create your medical researcher resume.

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List of medical researcher skills to add to your resume

The most important skills for a medical researcher resume and required skills for a medical researcher to have include:

• Statistical Analysis
• Vital Signs
• Laboratory Practices
• Clinical Research Studies
• Research Projects
• Medical Research
• Clinical Trials
• Medical Data
• Medical Devices
• Poster Presentation
• Data Analysis
• Patient Data
• Data Collection
• Research Findings
• Patient Charts
• Test Results
• Market Research
• Complete Research
• Electrophoresis

Updated February 16, 2024

Editorial Staff

The Zippia Research Team has spent countless hours reviewing resumes, job postings, and government data to determine what goes into getting a job in each phase of life. Professional writers and data scientists comprise the Zippia Research Team.

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Top 12 Medical Scientist Skills to Put on Your Resume

In the competitive field of medical research, having a standout resume is crucial for aspiring medical scientists aiming to secure their desired positions. Highlighting a unique blend of technical expertise, analytical skills, and a dedication to innovation is essential for candidates to showcase their capability to thrive in this dynamic and impactful field.

Medical Scientist Skills

• Biostatistics
• PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
• ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)
• Flow Cytometry
• CRISPR-Cas9
• Next-Generation Sequencing
• Bioinformatics
• Cell Culture
• Western Blotting
• Immunohistochemistry
• Mass Spectrometry
• Python (for data analysis)

1. Biostatistics

Biostatistics is the application of statistical principles and methods to research and solve problems in health, medicine, and biology, aiding medical scientists in designing studies, analyzing data, and interpreting results to improve human health and disease understanding.

Why It's Important

Biostatistics is crucial for Medical Scientists as it provides the tools to design robust studies, analyze complex biological data, and draw accurate conclusions, thereby enabling evidence-based decision-making and advancing medical research and patient care.

How to Improve Biostatistics Skills

Improving your biostatistics skills as a Medical Scientist involves continuous learning and practical application. Here's a concise guide:

Strengthen Foundation : Revisit the basics of biostatistics to ensure a strong understanding. Khan Academy offers comprehensive lessons tailored to different levels.

Utilize Software : Gain proficiency in statistical software like R or SPSS. DataCamp provides interactive R courses suitable for beginners and advanced users.

Engage in Research : Apply your biostatistics knowledge in real-world research. Look for opportunities within your institution or collaborate on projects that require statistical analysis.

Attend Workshops and Seminars : Participate in biostatistics workshops and seminars. Websites like Coursera offer specialized courses , including those from top universities.

Read Relevant Literature : Stay updated with the latest research and methodologies in biostatistics. Journals like Biometrics publish relevant articles that can enhance your understanding.

Join Professional Communities : Becoming a member of biostatistics forums or societies, such as the American Statistical Association , can provide networking opportunities and access to resources.

By incorporating these strategies into your professional development, you can significantly improve your biostatistics skills, thereby enhancing your research and contributing more effectively to the medical science field.

How to Display Biostatistics Skills on Your Resume

2. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a molecular biology technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences, enabling detailed analysis and identification of genetic material for diagnostic and research purposes.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is crucial for Medical Scientists as it allows for the rapid and precise amplification of specific DNA segments, enabling the detection and diagnosis of genetic disorders, infections, and cancers, as well as facilitating research and development of targeted therapies.

How to Improve PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) Skills

Improving PCR efficiency involves optimizing several key factors to enhance the accuracy and yield of your amplification. Here's a concise guide:

Primer Design : Use software tools like Primer3 to design primers with optimal length, Tm, specificity, and GC content, minimizing primer-dimer formation.

Template Quality : Ensure high-quality, contaminant-free DNA/RNA templates. Use purification kits from reputable suppliers, e.g., Qiagen .

Optimal Mg2+ Concentration : Adjust Mg2+ concentration, as it is crucial for enzyme activity. Start with a concentration around 1.5-2.0 mM and optimize as necessary.

Annealing Temperature (Ta) Optimization : Use gradient PCR to find the optimal Ta that balances specificity and yield. A general starting point is Tm of primers minus 5°C.

Enzyme Selection : Choose high-fidelity DNA polymerases for applications requiring high accuracy. Suppliers like New England Biolabs offer various options.

Cycling Conditions : Optimize the number of cycles and extension times based on target length and template amount to avoid non-specific amplification.

DMSO or Betaine Addition : For GC-rich targets, adding DMSO (up to 10%) or betaine can improve yield by reducing secondary structures.

Hot-Start PCR : Use hot-start DNA polymerases to reduce non-specific amplification and primer-dimer formation. Available from multiple suppliers, including Thermo Fisher Scientific .

Post-PCR Analysis : Validate PCR efficiency and specificity using gel electrophoresis or real-time PCR melting curves to ensure optimal conditions.

For further reading and more detailed methodologies, consult specific product manuals and optimization guides provided by manufacturers and PCR troubleshooting resources online.

How to Display PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) Skills on Your Resume

3. ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)

ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is a biochemical technique used for detecting and quantifying substances such as peptides, proteins, antibodies, and hormones. In this method, an antigen of interest is immobilized on a solid surface, and a specific antibody linked to an enzyme is applied over the surface so it can bind to the antigen. The detection is accomplished by assessing the enzymatic activity through the addition of a substrate that converts into a measurable product. This assay is widely used in diagnostics, vaccine development, and quality control in both research and clinical settings due to its specificity, sensitivity, and versatility.

ELISA is crucial in medical science for its high specificity, sensitivity, and versatility in detecting and quantifying substances such as hormones, antibodies, and antigens in blood samples, facilitating diagnosis, monitoring of diseases, and research into immune responses.

How to Improve ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) Skills

Improving ELISA involves optimizing several aspects of the assay to enhance sensitivity, specificity, and overall performance. Here are concise strategies for a Medical Scientist:

Antigen/Antibody Concentration : Optimize the concentration of antigens and antibodies. Use a checkerboard titration to find the best combination that yields the highest signal-to-noise ratio ( source ).

Blocking : Use appropriate blocking agents (e.g., BSA, skim milk) to minimize non-specific binding. The choice of blocking agent can significantly impact background signal ( source ).

Washing Steps : Optimize washing steps to remove unbound components without stripping off bound antibodies or antigens. Increasing the number of washes or using more stringent wash buffers can help ( source ).

Incubation Time and Temperature : Adjust incubation times and temperatures for antigen/antibody binding and substrate reactions. Sometimes, overnight incubation at 4°C can increase assay sensitivity (source).

Enzyme-Substrate Reaction : Choose the most appropriate substrate for the enzyme used (e.g., TMB for HRP) for a robust colorimetric change and stop the reaction at the optimal time to get a clear distinction between positive and negative samples ( source ).

Equipment Calibration : Ensure that plate readers and other equipment are regularly calibrated to guarantee accurate measurements ( source ).

Reagent Quality : Use high-quality reagents and ensure they are stored and handled correctly to avoid degradation or contamination ( source ).

Plate Coating : For capture ELISAs, optimize the coating concentration of capture antibodies or antigens and the plate coating conditions (time, temperature, and pH) to ensure maximum immobilization efficiency ( source ).

Sample Preparation : Proper sample preparation is crucial. Ensure samples are free from particulates and other interferents that might affect assay performance (source).

Validation and Reproducibility : Finally, validate the optimized ELISA protocol with controls and known samples to ensure reproducibility and reliability of results ( source ).

By carefully considering and optimizing these aspects, the performance of ELISA assays can be significantly improved, leading to more reliable and sensitive results for research or diagnostic purposes.

How to Display ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) Skills on Your Resume

4. Flow Cytometry

Flow cytometry is a technology that allows for the rapid, multiparametric analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles as they flow in a fluid stream through a beam of light, typically a laser. It is widely used in medical science for diagnosing diseases, monitoring therapy, and researching cellular functions by measuring various parameters such as cell size, granularity, and the presence of specific markers on the cell surface.

Flow cytometry is important for medical scientists because it enables the rapid analysis and sorting of cells based on their physical and chemical characteristics, facilitating detailed studies of cellular functions, diagnoses of diseases, and monitoring of treatment responses.

How to Improve Flow Cytometry Skills

Improving flow cytometry involves optimizing sample preparation, instrument settings, and data analysis. Here's a concise guide:

Sample Preparation: Ensure cells are at an optimal concentration, typically 1x10^5 to 1x10^6 cells/ml. Use appropriate buffers to maintain cell viability and reduce background noise. Consider using a cell strainer to remove clumps.

Fluorochrome Selection: Choose fluorochromes with minimal spectral overlap to reduce compensation requirements. Utilize the Fluorescence SpectraViewer for planning.

Instrument Setup: Calibrate the flow cytometer regularly using calibration beads. Optimize voltage settings for each detector to ensure signals fall within the linear range of detection.

Compensation: Properly compensate for fluorescence spillover between channels if multiple fluorochromes are used. Software tools integrated into flow cytometers can assist with this process.

Controls: Use appropriate controls, including unstained cells, single-stained controls for each fluorochrome, and fluorescence minus one (FMO) controls to accurately set gates during data analysis.

Data Analysis: Utilize software like FlowJo for advanced data analysis. Be consistent with gating strategies to ensure comparability between experiments.

Quality Control: Implement a regular maintenance and quality control program for the cytometer to prevent issues related to fluidics, optics, and electronics.

By focusing on these key areas, you can significantly improve the quality and reliability of flow cytometry results.

How to Display Flow Cytometry Skills on Your Resume

5. CRISPR-Cas9

CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome editing tool that allows for precise alterations to DNA sequences in living organisms, enabling targeted gene modifications for research, therapeutic, and biotechnological applications.

CRISPR-Cas9 is a groundbreaking gene-editing technology that allows for precise, efficient, and relatively easy modification of DNA within organisms. It has significant potential for understanding genetic diseases, developing new treatments, and potentially curing previously incurable conditions, making it a crucial tool for medical scientists in advancing human health.

How to Improve CRISPR-Cas9 Skills

Improving CRISPR-Cas9 for medical applications involves enhancing its specificity, efficiency, and delivery methods to minimize off-target effects and increase its therapeutic potential. Key strategies include:

• Enhanced Specificity : Using high-fidelity Cas9 variants (e.g., eSpCas9, HypaCas9) or engineered base editors can reduce off-target activities. Nature Methods
• Efficient Delivery : Developing safer and more efficient delivery vectors, such as adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) or lipid nanoparticles, can improve cellular uptake and targeting. Nature Biotechnology
• Optimized Guide RNAs : Designing guide RNAs with improved target specificity and minimized off-target binding can enhance precision. Computational tools for gRNA design play a crucial role. Nature Biotechnology
• In Vivo Editing : Advancing in vivo CRISPR delivery techniques for direct editing within the organism can broaden therapeutic applications. Science
• Ethical and Regulatory Frameworks : Establishing comprehensive guidelines and ethical considerations for CRISPR applications in humans is vital for advancing clinical applications safely. Nature Medicine

Improving CRISPR-Cas9's accuracy and delivery will play a significant role in its future as a tool for genetic disorders and beyond.

How to Display CRISPR-Cas9 Skills on Your Resume

6. Next-Generation Sequencing

Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) is a high-throughput technology that allows for the rapid sequencing of large segments of DNA or RNA. It enables comprehensive analysis of genetic variations and functions, significantly advancing genomics research and clinical diagnostics.

Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) is crucial for medical scientists as it allows for rapid, high-throughput analysis of genetic material, enabling precise disease diagnosis, targeted treatment strategies, and personalized medicine, thereby significantly advancing patient care and outcomes.

How to Improve Next-Generation Sequencing Skills

Improving Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) for medical scientists involves focusing on accuracy, speed, data analysis, and cost-effectiveness. Here are key strategies:

Enhance Sample Preparation : Streamline DNA/RNA extraction and library preparation to reduce errors and improve efficiency. Illumina's guide on library preparation offers insights into optimizing these processes.

Optimize Sequencing Technology : Use high-fidelity enzymes and optimize sequencing protocols to increase read accuracy and length. The PacBio Sequel IIe System provides advancements in long-read sequencing capabilities.

Leverage Bioinformatics Tools : Implement advanced bioinformatics for data analysis to enhance variant detection and interpretation. Tools like GATK and platforms like Galaxy offer powerful resources for NGS data analysis.

Implement Automation : Employ automated systems for sample handling and data processing to increase throughput and reduce human error. Thermo Fisher's automated solutions highlight the potential in this area.

Utilize Cloud Computing : Adopt cloud-based computing solutions for scalable data storage, analysis, and sharing. AWS for Genomics provides a comprehensive cloud platform tailored for genomic data.

Continuous Learning and Collaboration : Stay updated with the latest NGS technologies and methodologies through continuous education and collaborate with other researchers. Platforms like Coursera and edX offer courses on NGS technologies.

By focusing on these areas, medical scientists can significantly improve the efficiency, accuracy, and applicability of Next-Generation Sequencing in research and clinical diagnostics.

How to Display Next-Generation Sequencing Skills on Your Resume

7. Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics is the application of computational techniques to analyze and interpret biological data, facilitating advancements in medical research and personalized medicine.

Bioinformatics is crucial for medical scientists as it enables the integration and analysis of large-scale biological data, facilitating the discovery of genetic markers, understanding disease mechanisms, and developing targeted therapies, thereby advancing personalized medicine and improving patient care.

How to Improve Bioinformatics Skills

Improving bioinformatics, especially from a medical scientist's perspective, involves enhancing data analytics capabilities, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, and staying abreast of emerging technologies. Here’s a concise guide:

Enhance Data Analytics Skills : Focus on learning and applying advanced statistical methods and machine learning algorithms to analyze biological data. Coursera and edX offer courses on these topics.

Stay Updated with Tools and Technologies : Regularly explore new bioinformatics tools and databases. Resources like Bioinformatics.org provide updates and tools.

Interdisciplinary Collaboration : Engage with professionals from other fields such as computer science, statistics, and biology to foster innovation. Join forums on ResearchGate or LinkedIn Groups for networking and collaboration opportunities.

Participate in Workshops and Conferences : Attend events to gain insights into cutting-edge research and network with peers. Websites like EMBL-EBI list relevant workshops and conferences.

Publish and Peer Review : Contribute to the scientific community by publishing your findings and participating in peer review. This enhances your understanding and keeps you engaged with the latest research.

Ethical and Privacy Considerations : Stay informed about ethical issues and data privacy laws relevant to bioinformatics. Resources like The Hastings Center discuss these topics.

By focusing on these areas, medical scientists can significantly contribute to and benefit from advancements in bioinformatics.

How to Display Bioinformatics Skills on Your Resume

8. Cell Culture

Cell culture is a laboratory technique used by medical scientists to grow cells in a controlled environment outside of their original organism, enabling the study of cellular physiology, drug development, and disease mechanisms.

Cell culture is crucial for medical scientists as it allows for the controlled study of cells in a laboratory environment, facilitating research on disease mechanisms, drug development, and tissue regeneration, and enabling the testing of potential treatments in a precise, scalable, and ethical manner.

How to Improve Cell Culture Skills

Improving cell culture involves optimizing conditions to support the growth, viability, and functionality of cells for research and therapeutic applications. Here are concise strategies:

Optimize Culture Media : Tailor the composition of the culture media to match the specific requirements of your cell type. This includes adjusting nutrients, growth factors, and pH levels. ATCC provides comprehensive guides on culture conditions for various cell types.

Control Environmental Conditions : Maintain optimal temperature, humidity, and CO2 levels within the incubator to simulate the in vivo environment. Regular monitoring and calibration of equipment are crucial. Thermo Fisher Scientific offers insights into managing these conditions.

Ensure Aseptic Technique : Minimize contamination by practicing strict aseptic techniques during cell culture handling. This includes using sterile consumables and equipment, and working within a laminar flow hood. Sigma-Aldrich provides guidelines for maintaining aseptic conditions.

Regularly Monitor Cell Health : Utilize microscopy and cell viability assays to monitor cell morphology, density, and health. Adjust culture conditions based on observations to optimize growth and functionality. Bio-Rad offers an overview of cell viability assays.

Passage Cells Properly : Ensure cells are passaged at optimal confluency levels to prevent overgrowth or senescence. The technique and frequency of passaging may vary by cell type. Corning discusses strategies for effective passaging.

Use Quality Consumables and Reagents : Employ high-quality, certified culture media, supplements, and plasticware designed for cell culture. This ensures consistency and reliability in your experiments. Fisher Scientific offers a wide range of cell culture products.

By integrating these strategies, medical scientists can significantly enhance the efficiency and reliability of cell culture experiments, contributing to more accurate and reproducible results in their research and clinical applications.

How to Display Cell Culture Skills on Your Resume

9. Western Blotting

Western blotting is a laboratory technique used to detect specific proteins in a sample by separating them via gel electrophoresis, transferring them to a membrane, and then using antibody-based probing to identify them. This method is widely employed in medical research to study protein expression, function, and post-translational modifications.

Western blotting is important for Medical Scientists as it allows for the specific detection and quantification of proteins, facilitating the diagnosis of diseases and the evaluation of treatment efficacy by monitoring changes in protein expression levels.

How to Improve Western Blotting Skills

Improving Western Blotting involves optimizing various steps to achieve better sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility. Here are concise tips tailored for a Medical Scientist:

Sample Preparation : Use fresh samples and appropriate lysis buffers to ensure complete protein extraction. Avoid protein degradation by adding protease inhibitors. Sample Preparation Guidelines

Protein Quantification : Accurately quantify protein concentration using methods like BCA or Bradford assays to load consistent amounts. Protein Assay Techniques

Gel Electrophoresis : Choose the right gel concentration for your protein size. Ensure uniform gel polymerization and avoid overheating during electrophoresis. Gel Electrophoresis Tips

Transfer Efficiency : Optimize transfer conditions (time, voltage, and buffer) based on the molecular weight of your protein. For high-molecular-weight proteins, consider using a wet transfer system. Optimizing Transfer Conditions

Blocking and Antibody Incubation : Use an appropriate blocking agent to reduce non-specific binding. Optimize primary and secondary antibody concentrations and incubation times. Blocking and Antibody Guide

Detection : Choose the most sensitive detection method suitable for your target protein. Enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) is commonly used for high sensitivity. Detection Methods Comparison

Reproducibility : Ensure consistency across all steps, including gel preparation, sample loading, and transfer conditions. Enhancing Reproducibility

Troubleshooting : Regularly consult troubleshooting guides to address common issues like high background, weak signal, or unexpected bands. Western Blot Troubleshooting

By methodically optimizing each step and utilizing best practices, you can significantly improve the outcomes of your Western Blot experiments.

How to Display Western Blotting Skills on Your Resume

10. Immunohistochemistry

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a laboratory technique used in medical science for identifying specific antigens (proteins) in tissue samples by utilizing antibodies that bind to those antigens. This technique allows for the visualization and localization of the antigens within the tissue, aiding in the diagnosis and research of diseases.

Immunohistochemistry is important because it allows for the specific detection and localization of proteins within tissue sections. This enables medical scientists to diagnose diseases, understand disease mechanisms, and identify potential therapeutic targets by observing the distribution and abundance of biomolecules in different cellular contexts.

How to Improve Immunohistochemistry Skills

Improving Immunohistochemistry (IHC) involves optimizing several key steps to enhance sensitivity, specificity, and overall staining quality. Here are concise strategies:

Antibody Optimization : Select high-quality primary and secondary antibodies specific to your antigen of interest. Perform antibody titration to find the optimal concentration. More on antibody optimization.

Antigen Retrieval : Choose an appropriate antigen retrieval method (heat-induced or enzymatic) based on your tissue type and the antigen's characteristics. This step is crucial for unmasking epitopes. Guidance can be found in antigen retrieval techniques.

Blocking : Use a suitable blocking solution to prevent non-specific binding of antibodies. Blocking agents like normal serum, BSA, or commercial blocking solutions can be used. Explore different blocking strategies.

Optimized Washing : Ensure thorough washing steps between each application of antibodies and detection reagents to minimize background staining. PBS or TBS with Tween-20 is commonly used. Washing protocol details.

Detection and Amplification Systems : Select a detection system (direct or indirect) that suits your sensitivity needs. For low-abundance antigens, consider using amplification systems. Explore various detection methods.

Controls : Include appropriate positive and negative controls in your experiments to validate staining specificity and technique efficiency. This step is essential for troubleshooting and interpretation of results. More on control selection.

Mounting and Imaging : Use high-quality mounting media and optimize imaging conditions (lighting, filters) to capture the best representation of your staining. Tips on mounting and imaging.

By systematically optimizing these aspects, you can significantly improve the quality of your IHC results.

How to Display Immunohistochemistry Skills on Your Resume

11. Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique used to identify substances within a sample by measuring the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. It is widely used in medical science for the precise quantification and detailed characterization of biological molecules, aiding in diagnostics, therapeutic drug monitoring, and biomarker discovery.

Mass spectrometry is crucial for medical scientists as it enables the precise identification and quantification of molecules in biological samples, aiding in disease diagnosis, therapeutic drug monitoring, and biomarker discovery.

How to Improve Mass Spectrometry Skills

To improve Mass Spectrometry (MS) in a medical context, focus on the following strategies:

Enhance Sample Preparation : Improve the specificity and efficiency of sample preparation to reduce background noise and increase analyte purity. Consider automated systems for consistent results. Sample Preparation Techniques

Utilize Advanced Ionization Techniques : Employ advanced ionization methods like ESI (Electrospray Ionization) and MALDI (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization) for better sensitivity and minimal sample degradation. Ionization Techniques

Upgrade to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometers : Use high-resolution instruments like Orbitrap or FT-ICR MS for precise mass determination, which is crucial for identifying unknown compounds and complex mixtures. High-Resolution MS

Implement Tandem MS (MS/MS) : Apply MS/MS for structural elucidation and quantification of analytes, enhancing selectivity and sensitivity. Tandem MS Applications

Adopt Data Analysis Software : Leverage advanced data analysis and bioinformatics tools to handle the large datasets typical in MS, improving data interpretation and biomarker discovery. Bioinformatics in MS

Maintain Instrument Calibration and Validation : Regular calibration and validation of MS instruments ensure accurate and reproducible results, critical for clinical applications. Instrument Calibration

Engage in Continuous Training : Ensure staff are trained in the latest MS techniques and technologies, as well as in troubleshooting and maintenance, to keep pace with advancements in the field. Mass Spectrometry Training

By adopting these strategies, medical scientists can significantly enhance the capabilities and applications of mass spectrometry in research and clinical diagnostics.

How to Display Mass Spectrometry Skills on Your Resume

12. Python (for data analysis)

Python is a versatile programming language widely used in data analysis for its simplicity and powerful libraries (like Pandas, NumPy, and SciPy) that facilitate efficient data manipulation, statistical analysis, and visualization, offering valuable insights for medical research and decision-making.

Python is important for data analysis in the medical science field because it offers powerful libraries (like Pandas, NumPy, and SciPy) for efficient data manipulation, statistical analysis, and visualization. This enables medical scientists to effectively handle large datasets, perform complex analyses, and draw insights critical for research and patient care, all with relatively simple and readable code.

How to Improve Python (for data analysis) Skills

Improving your Python skills for data analysis, especially as a Medical Scientist, involves honing your ability to manipulate, analyze, and visualize data. Here are concise steps with relevant resources:

Learn the Basics : Ensure a solid foundation in Python basics. Codecademy and Kaggle's Python Course are great starting points.

Master Data Manipulation Tools : Dive deep into libraries like Pandas and NumPy for data manipulation. Pandas Getting Started and NumPy User Guide are excellent resources.

Understand Data Visualization : Learn to communicate data visually using Matplotlib and Seaborn. Check out Matplotlib Tutorials and Seaborn's Gallery .

Explore Scientific Computing : Familiarize yourself with SciPy for more advanced scientific computing. The SciPy Tutorial is a helpful guide.

Apply Machine Learning : Use scikit-learn for implementing machine learning models. Begin with scikit-learn's Getting Started .

Practice with Real-World Datasets : Engage in projects using datasets from Kaggle or UCI Machine Learning Repository to apply what you've learned in a practical context.

Join a Community : Participate in forums like Stack Overflow and Reddit's r/learnpython to ask questions and share knowledge.

Stay Updated : Follow blogs and podcasts like Real Python and Talk Python To Me to stay informed about the latest trends and tools in Python for data analysis.

By consistently practicing and expanding your knowledge through these resources, you'll significantly improve your Python skills for data analysis in the medical field.

How to Display Python (for data analysis) Skills on Your Resume

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The Highest Paying Jobs in Clinical Science - A New Scientist Careers Guide

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Highest-paying jobs in clinical science

Clinical science is a broad area, encompassing over 50 National Health Service professions that don’t require a formal medical degree, thus offering a great variety of scientific jobs and opportunities to make a difference. The National School of Healthcare Science (NSHCS) defines four specific domains within clinical science: life sciences, physiological sciences, physical sciences and biomedical engineering, and bioinformatics. 

Training is standardised and usually requires an undergraduate science degree with an upper second-class honours (2:1) or above, followed by the three-year postgraduate Scientific Training Programme (STP), after which you will qualify as a clinical scientist with a master’s. The NHS also offers an undergraduate clinical science degree – the Practitioner Training Programme (PTP) – which allows you to enter the STP. 

Registration with the Health and Care Professions Council after qualifying is mandatory if you wish to work in the NHS, voluntary sector or private sector. You could complete Higher Specialist Scientist Training (HSST), which will award you a doctorate and better job prospects.

As with training, NHS salaries are also standardised across all specialisms in clinical science. Staff are paid according to a banding system, as set in the Agenda for Change. Nonetheless, some job roles in clinical science offer greater banding and private job prospects than others.

This article discusses the three best-paid jobs in clinical science for each of the four areas and what undergraduate degrees will help you enter STP if you don’t opt for the PTP route.

Life sciences

Life sciences , in the context of clinical science, focus on the delivery of healthcare by contributing to the diagnosis and management of disease. This domain is further categorised into three areas: genetics , pathology and reproductive science. You will typically work in a hospital lab or clinic.

• Histopathologist

Job role: Pathologists dissect, prepare and examine patient tissue samples using cutting-edge technologies to support the diagnosis of disease. With more experience or after completing HSST, you could move into management or research, or specialise in an area of interest.

Suggested pre-STP degrees: Biomedical sciences , biology , chemistry

Average salary (experienced): £69,000  

Job role: As a genomics specialist, you will analyse patients’ DNA to identify genetic changes that may result in inherited or acquired diseases, such as cystic fibrosis or cancer. Specialising in genomic counselling offers more direct patient contact, where you support families with or at risk of genetic disease. If you wish to conduct advanced research, move into industry or lead clinical trials, a postgraduate degree is essential.

Suggested pre-STP degrees: Genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology

Average salary (experienced): £58,000  

• Clinical biochemist

Job role: Clinical biochemists perform analysis of body fluids, such as blood or urine, to help diagnose disease and devise a management plan. You may conduct your analyses in labs, clinics or even operating theatres in some cases. To move into industrial sectors such as pharmaceuticals , a master’s degree is highly desirable. Research will require a PhD.

Suggested pre-STP degrees: Biochemistry, molecular biology, chemistry

Average salary (experienced): £50,000

Physiological sciences

In physiological sciences, you will use evidence-based medical tools and technologies to assess health, restore function or improve overall patient health. As such, your work will include a substantial amount of direct patient contact.

• Clinical scientist

Job role: Although you can become a clinical scientist in any specialism in any of the four branches, physiological sciences offer some of the more lucrative options, such as neurophysiology, ophthalmic and vision sciences and cardiac science . You may choose to provide direct patient care, be involved in research or work in industry.

Suggested pre-STP degrees: Biomedical sciences, applied medical science or another discipline relevant to your desired specialism

Average salary (experienced): £68,000

• Audiologist

Job role: Audiologists may work in a hospital or retail setting to assess their clients’ hearing. They fit, test and repair various hearing aids for their patients or customers. Removing ear wax and consulting on ear health and hygiene are also their responsibilities. With experience, you could manage hospital audiology departments, become a director of a store or specialise in areas such as cochlear implants.

Suggested pre-STP degrees: Biomedical sciences, neuroscience , anatomy

Average salary (experienced): £65,000  

• Critical care technologist

Job role: Patients in critical care units rely on advanced life-support equipment such as ventilators, dialysis machines and ECG monitors. As a critical care technologist, you will set up and maintain these machines and teach hospital staff how to use them. After HSST, you could become a consultant technologist and specialise in areas such as burns or transplants.

Suggested pre-STP degrees: Biomedical sciences, applied medical sciences, biomedical engineering

Average salary (experienced): £47,500

Physical sciences and biomedical engineering

Clinical scientists working in physical sciences and biomedical engineering ensure technologies and equipment used in healthcare are safe and effective. They may also help design new technologies, thus contributing to innovation in diagnostic, therapeutic and research methods.  

• Medical physicist

Job role: Medical physicists work at hospitals or in labs. They research, develop, test and maintain new systems and devices that help in the diagnosis and management of diseases. You may also spend some time training staff in using equipment. With further specialisation or business experience, you may move into the manufacturing industry.

Suggested pre-STP degrees: Physics, astrophysics, mathematics with physics

Average salary (experienced): £51,500  

• Clinical engineer

Job role: Clinical engineers apply physics and engineering principles to build medical equipment, ranging from prosthetics and implants to hospital equipment such as scanners. You may also conduct research to develop novel devices to be used in the future. With a master’s degree and work experience, you could move into industry and take on senior roles in health tech companies.

Suggested pre-STP degrees: Biomedical engineering, physics, mechanical engineering

Average salary (experienced): £50,000  

• Clinical photographer

Job role: Clinical photographers work in the medical illustration department at a hospital and help with diagnostic work-ups. You could use techniques such as thermography, fluorescein angiography and standard photography or videography. You may generate posters, leaflets or other artwork requiring graphic design skills. With experience, you could lead clinical photography departments or conduct research in medical illustration.

Suggested pre-STP degrees: Graphic design, photography, film-making

Average salary (experienced): £43,000

Bioinformatics

Bioinformaticians are experts in data science and information technology. They obtain, store, organise and process complex clinical data with the aim of improving patient care. The NSHCS divides the domain of bioinformatics into clinical informatics, genomics and scientific computing.   

• Clinical informatics

Job role: This job involves data analysis and interpretation of big data generated in healthcare and research. You will also ensure that data and information are stored securely, upholding patient confidentiality. Continuously finding ways to apply new technologies, such as telemedicine, will also form part of your duties. With experience and a master’s degree, you could manage a department or move into research or industry.

Suggested pre-STP degrees: Computer science, data science, engineering

Average salary (experienced): £82,500  

Job role: Bioinformaticians in genomics utilise the vast number of genomic databases at their disposal to analyse the genetics of a patient and determine the best treatment options for them. They work closely with clinical geneticists, clinical science staff and IT teams. With a master’s degree or PhD, you could move into research or take on senior roles in biotechnology firms.

Suggested pre-STP degrees: Genetics, biomedical science, molecular biology

Average salary (experienced): £81,000  

• Scientific computing

Job role: Scientific computing experts develop, improve and troubleshoot digital platforms, as well as software used in clinical services and medical research. They may also engineer software and user-friendly interfaces for medical equipment and devices. With experience, you could move into the medical technology sector.

Suggested pre-STP degrees: Computer science, software engineering , information technology

Average salary (experienced): £51,500

Clinical science offers a plethora of possible career paths. You may wish to follow traditional NHS routes and work your way up the banding system or get involved in the private sector and move into industry. Your unique skills and expertise will be highly valued within and outside a clinical setting. Whichever domain you eventually choose to work in, you will contribute towards the well-being of society.

• Explore careers | National Careers Service [Internet]. Available from: https://nationalcareers.service.gov.uk/explore-careers
• NSHCS [Internet]. NSHCS. Available from: https://nshcs.hee.nhs.uk/healthcare-science/healthcare-science-specialisms-explained/
• Agenda for change - pay rates [Internet]. Health Careers. 2023. Available from: https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/working-health/working-nhs/nhs-pay-and-benefits/agenda-change-pay-rates
• NHS Scientist training programme [Internet]. Health Careers. 2024. Available from: https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/career-planning/study-and-training/graduate-training-opportunities/nhs-scientist-training-programme
• NSHCS [Internet]. NSHCS. Available from: https://nshcs.hee.nhs.uk/programmes/stp/

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What Is Deep Learning? Definition, Examples, and Careers

Deep learning falls under the umbrella of machine learning and AI, eliminating some of machine learning's data preprocessing with algorithms. Learn more with this overview of deep learning.

Deep learning is related to machine learning based on algorithms inspired by the brain's neural networks. Though it sounds almost like science fiction, it is an integral part of the rise in artificial intelligence (AI). Machine learning uses data reprocessing driven by algorithms, but deep learning strives to mimic the human brain by clustering data to produce startlingly accurate predictions.

Examples of deep learning

Deep learning is generating a lot of conversation about the future of machine learning. Technology is rapidly evolving, generating both fear and excitement. While most people understand machine learning and AI, deep learning is the "new kid on the block" in tech circles and generates anxiety and excitement.

Deep learning is also known as neural organised learning and happens when artificial neural networks learn from large volumes of data. Deep learning algorithms perform tasks repeatedly, tweaking them to improve the outcome. The algorithms depend on vast amounts of data to drive "learning."

Current estimates predict that 1.145 trillion MB of data is produced daily, and this staggering amount of data production makes deep learning possible [ 1 ]. The vast increase in data creation is the driving force behind the rise in deep learning capabilities. Though deep learning can sound mysterious, the truth is that most of us are already using deep learning processes in our everyday lives.

Below are a few of the tasks supported by deep learning:

Virtual assistants

Do you use Alexa, Cortana, or Siri? When interacting, popular virtual assistants use deep learning to understand human language and terminology. As a result, they become more adept at providing the information requested.

Driverless vehicles

Autonomous vehicles are already on our roadways. Deep learning algorithms help determine whether the object on the road is a paper sack, another car, or a child and react accordingly.

Chatbots have gained popularity and appear on many websites used daily. Chatbots powered by deep learning can increasingly respond intelligently to an ever-increasing number of questions. The deeper the data pool from which deep learning occurs, the more rapidly deep learning can produce the desired results.

Facial recognition

Facial recognition is essential, from tagging people on social media to crucial security measures. Deep learning allows algorithms to function accurately despite cosmetic changes such as hairstyles, beards, or poor lighting.

Medical science

The human genome consists of approximately three billion DNA base pairs of chromosomes. Machine learning is helping scientists and medical professionals create personalised medicines and diagnose tumours, and it is being researched and used for other pharmaceutical and medical purposes.

Careers in deep learning

As in all manner of machine learning and artificial intelligence, careers in deep learning are growing exponentially. Deep learning offers organisations and enterprises systems to create rapid developments in complex explanatory issues.

Data Engineers specialise in deep learning and develop the computational strategies researchers require to expand the boundaries of deep learning. They often work in specific specialities and have a blend of aptitudes across various research ventures.

Typical jobs in deep learning

A wide variety of career opportunities utilise deep learning knowledge and skills. In addition to Data, Machine, and Deep Learning Engineers, these include:

• Software engineers

• Data analysts

• Data scientists

• Bioinformatician

• Software developers

• Research scientists

• Full-stack web developers

• Natural language process engineers

A career in deep learning offers a multitude of pathways to combine natural aptitudes with experience and education.

Salary outlook

According to Indeed, a Machine Learning Engineer earns an average base salary of  ₹10,74,304 annually in India [ 2 ]. While deep learning is considered a subset of machine learning, it is more sophisticated. Salaries for engineers specialising in deep learning reflect the value of that specialised knowledge.

The deep learning skills you need

Data science is the foundational building block for career aspirations in deep learning. Many subjects are intricately intertwined in developing the needed skills for deep learning. Zeal and patience, combined with the proper training and education, can open doors to an exciting career in innovative technology. Some of the most fundamental skills needed include:

Artificial intelligence

Apache Kafka

Other programming languages for machine learning

Dynamic programming

Applied mathematics

Natural language processing

Neural network architecture

Becoming proficient in deep learning involves both technical and non-technical expertise. Since its inception, artificial intelligence and machine learning have seen explosive growth. The advent of deep learning has sped up the evolution of artificial intelligence. Those exploring a career in deep learning will find themselves poised to explore the latest frontier in machine learning.

Necessary education

Deep learning is a subset of machine learning, so understanding the basics of machine learning is a good foundation for building. Though many machine learning engineers have master’s degrees or PhDs, entering the field with a bachelor's degree and relevant experience is possible. Proficiency in coding and problem-solving are the base skills necessary to explore deep learning.

From an educational perspective, several notable programs exist in the deep learning space. Coursera makes exploring options for both degree plans and additional certifications easy.

What kind of experience is required?

Experience can include time in the workforce, time invested in courses, certifications, and autodidactism, which can help prepare you for a place in the realm of deep learning. Three primary factors are making deep learning readily accessible. Powerful computing hardware is less expensive, cloud computing offers access to a wealth of data,  and numerous open-source deep learning platforms like Caffe, Theano, and TensorFlow exist.

If you have experience on the development side of computer science, you may be well-positioned to enter the field of deep learning. Experience in the intricacies of common languages such as Python is essential for a career in deep learning.

Mastering as many languages as possible will help build the flexibility and knowledge needed to excel in the field.

Honing software engineering skills such as data structures, Github, sorting, searching, and optimising algorithms, and a deep understanding of the software development life cycle, is crucial to developing the sophisticated skills needed for deep learning.

Interested? Take the next steps

Forge ahead with your machine learning plans with a self-paced course from an industry leader, like Machine Learning Rock Star from SAS or Supervised Machine Learning: Regression and Classification from DeepLearning.AI. After you complete each course, you’ll have a certificate to add to your resume or LinkedIn profile.

Article sources

Techjury. " How Much Data Is Created Every Day in 2024? , https://techjury.net/blog/how-much-data-is-created-every-day/#gref." Accessed April 15, 2024.

Indeed. " Machine learning engineer salary in India , https://in.indeed.com/career/machine-learning-engineer/salaries." Accessed April 15, 2024.

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Coursera staff.

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This content has been made available for informational purposes only. Learners are advised to conduct additional research to ensure that courses and other credentials pursued meet their personal, professional, and financial goals.

Watch CBS News

Why is looking at a solar eclipse dangerous without special glasses? Eye doctors explain.

By Sara Moniuszko

Edited By Allison Elyse Gualtieri

Updated on: April 8, 2024 / 8:54 AM EDT / CBS News

The solar eclipse will be visible for millions of Americans on April 8, 2024, making many excited to see it — but how you watch it matters, since it can be dangerous for your eyes. 

A  solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes between the sun and Earth, blocking the sun's light . When the moon blocks some of the sun, it's a partial solar eclipse, but when moon lines up with the sun, blocking all of its light, a total solar eclipse occurs,  NASA explains . Either way, you need eye protection when viewing.

"The solar eclipse will be beautiful, so I hope that everyone experiences it — but they need to experience it in the right way," said Dr. Jason P. Brinton, an ophthalmologist and medical director at Brinton Vision in St. Louis.

Here's what to know to stay safe.

Why is looking at a solar eclipse dangerous?

Looking at the sun — even when it's partially covered like during an eclipse — can cause eye damage.

There is no safe dose of solar ultraviolet rays or infrared radiation, said  Dr. Yehia Hashad , an ophthalmologist, retinal specialist and the chief medical officer at eye health company Bausch + Lomb.

"A very small dose could cause harm to some people," he said. "That's why we say the partial eclipse could also be damaging. And that's why we protect our eyes with the partial as well as with the full sun."

Some say that during a total eclipse, it's safe to view the brief period time when the moon completely blocks the sun without eye protection. But experts warn against it. 

"Totality of the eclipse lasts only about 1 to 3 minutes based on geographic location, and bright sunlight suddenly can appear as the moon continues to move," notes an eclipse viewing guide published in JAMA , adding, "even a few seconds of viewing the sun during an eclipse" can temporarily or permanently damage your vision. 

Do I need special glasses for eclipse viewing?

Yes.  Eclipse glasses are needed to protect your eyes if you want to look at the eclipse.

Regular sunglasses aren't protective enough for eclipse viewing — even if you stack more than one. 

"There's no amount of sunglasses that people can put on that will make up for the filtering that the ISO standard filters and the eclipse glasses provide," Brinton said.

You also shouldn't look at the eclipse through a camera lens, phone, binoculars or telescope, according to NASA, even while wearing eclipse glasses. The solar rays can burn through the lens and cause serious eye injury.

Eclipse glasses must comply with the  ISO 12312-2 international safety standard , according to NASA, and should have an "ISO" label printed on them to show they comply. The American Astronomical Society  has a list  of approved solar viewers.

Can't find these, or they're sold out near you? You can also  make homemade viewers ,   which allow you to observe the eclipse indirectly — just don't accidentally look at the sun while using one.

How to keep kids safe during the solar eclipse

Since this eclipse is expected to occur around the time of dismissal for many schools across the country, it may be tempting for students to view it without the proper safety precautions while getting to and from their buses. That's why some school districts are  canceling classes early so kids can enjoy the event safely with their families.

Dr. Avnish Deobhakta, vitreoretinal surgeon at New York Eye and Ear Infirmary at Mount Sinai, said parents should also be careful because it can be difficult for children to listen or keep solar eclipse glasses on. 

"You want to actually, in my opinion, kind of avoid them even looking at the eclipse, if possible," he said. "Never look directly at the sun, always wear the right eclipse sunglasses if you are going to look at the sun and make sure that those are coming from a reliable source."

Brinton recommends everyone starts their eclipse "viewing" early, by looking at professional photos and videos of an eclipse online or visiting a local planetarium. 

That way, you "have an idea of what to expect," he said. 

He also recommends the foundation  Prevent Blindness , which has resources for families about eclipse safety.

What happens if you look at a solar eclipse without eclipse glasses?

While your eyes likely won't hurt in the moment if you look at the eclipse without protection, due to lowered brightness and where damage occurs in the eye, beware: The rays can still cause damage .

The harm may not be apparent immediately. Sometimes trouble starts to appear one to a few days following the event. It could affect just one or both eyes.

And while some will regain normal visual function, sometimes the damage is permanent. 

"Often there will be some recovery of the vision in the first few months after it, but sometimes there is no recovery and sometimes there's a degree to which it is permanent," Brinton said. 

How long do you have to look at the eclipse to damage your eyes?

Any amount of time looking at the eclipse without protection is too long, experts say. 

"If someone briefly looks at the eclipse, if it's extremely brief, in some cases there won't be damage. But damage can happen even within a fraction of a second in some cases," Brinton said. He said he's had patients who have suffered from solar retinopathy, the official name for the condition.

Deobhakta treated a patient who watched the 2017 solar eclipse for 20 seconds without proper eye protection. She now has permanent damage in the shape of a crescent that interferes with her vision. 

"The crescent that is burned into the retina, the patient sees as black in her visual field," he said. "The visual deficit that she has will never go away."

How to know if you've damaged your eyes from looking at the eclipse

Signs and symptoms of eye damage following an eclipse viewing include headaches, blurred vision, dark spots, changes to how you see color, lines and shapes. 

Unfortunately, there isn't a treatment for solar retinopathy.

"Seeing an eye care professional to solidify the diagnosis and for education I think is reasonable," Brinton said, but added, "right now there is nothing that we do for this. Just wait and give it time and the body does tend to heal up a measure of it."

Sara Moniuszko is a health and lifestyle reporter at CBSNews.com. Previously, she wrote for USA Today, where she was selected to help launch the newspaper's wellness vertical. She now covers breaking and trending news for CBS News' HealthWatch.

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