m.d. phd

MD-PhD, Combined Degree

School of medicine, md - phd, combined degree program.

From its inception, the physician-scientist has been a hallmark of Johns Hopkins medicine and the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Indeed, the Hopkins tri-emblem represents the three core values of the institution: teaching, patient care, and research.

The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine offers a variety of opportunities for the training of medical scientists. A combined curriculum leading to both MD and PhD degrees enables students who aspire to careers in academic medicine to obtain intensive training in specialized areas of the biomedical sciences in addition to top-flight medical training. The traditional diversity and flexibility of the educational opportunities at Johns Hopkins permit the design of individualized programs to meet the needs of students with a variety of interests, educational backgrounds, and career goals.

To accomplish our training goals, we expect students to fully commit to medical training while in medical school and research training while in graduate school.  However, we also take important steps to ensure that students are exposed to the intersection of both worlds early in their training, as well as given the professional and career development advice they need to succeed.

In a word, the MD-PhD curriculum at Johns Hopkins is flexible. Most students decide to complete the first two years of medical school before they begin graduate school and finish the last two years of their medical training after completing their thesis work (see the Timeline below). However, students who want more first-hand experience in clinical medicine before beginning graduate work can elect to complete three years of medical school, followed by their graduate training, and then the last year of medical school. This can give them a better appreciation of the potential clinical relevance of their research. In making a choice, trainees consult extensively with the Program Director, the Dean of Students, members of the MD-PhD Committee, prospective research mentors, and their faculty advisors. Students in the MD-PhD Program are automatically accepted to all graduate programs, so decisions regarding graduate training programs can be made with a strong understanding of each program.  The MD-PhD Committee is responsible for program oversight, admissions, and  student mentorship .  Students complete MD-PhD training on average in eight years.

Johns Hopkins interdisciplinary organizational structure means each faculty member may be affiliated with several clinical departments, research sections, and graduate programs. 

Formal graduate programs in the School of Medicine encompass the following areas: Biochemistry; Cellular, and Molecular Biology; Biological Chemistry; Biomedical Engineering; Molecular Biophysics; Functional Anatomy and Human Evolutionary Studies; Cell Biology; Cellular and Molecular Medicine; History of Medicine; Human Genetics; Immunology; Neuroscience; Pathobiology; Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, and Cellular and Molecular Physiology. Students are also eligible to obtain their PhD in one of the 11 graduate programs at the Bloomberg School of Public Health or the School of Arts and Sciences on the Homewood Campus.  Students may select a thesis mentor from faculty in the Schools of Medicine and Public Health.

The MD-PhD Program also sponsors special seminars and lectures, It also maintains a dedicated library, the Paul Talalay MD-PhD Library, to enrich the educational opportunities of all MD-PhD students. Efforts are made to acquaint MD-PhD candidates with the major advances, concepts, and cutting-edge techniques in contemporary medicine and biomedical sciences.  We also create an environment that promotes a more intimate personal contact with successful medical scientists in this institution.

Admission Procedures.  Individuals who wish to apply for admission to the combined MD-PhD Program of the School of Medicine must submit an application through AMCAS  in which they will indicate the MD-PhD Program.  Once the AMCAS application has been verified and submitted to Hopkins, the applicant will receive an invitation to complete the Hopkins Secondary Application.  Here the applicant will submit the additional materials required for the combined degree.  Johns Hopkins does not allow applicants to apply to both the traditional MD program and the combined program during the same cycle.   

All combined-degree applications are reviewed by a separate  MD-PhD Review Committee  which is comprised of faculty from the basic sciences and clinical arena, as well as faculty from the Bloomberg School of Public Health.  A separate Graduate School application is  not necessary . The MD-PhD Committee determines whether or not an interview is indicated.  In general, the committee is looking for students with a passion for research and a commitment to medicine.  This assessment is based on the applicant’s research experience, letters of recommendation, academic performance and extracurricular activities. The Committee considers standardized test scores only in the context of the applicant’s other credentials. If an interview is granted, the applicant is notified by the MD-PhD Office and after the applicant accepts, the process for scheduling an interview begins.  Interview visits generally occur over two days. Applicants are interviewed by members of the MD-PhD Committee and other faculty members who share their research interests. Applicants have many opportunities to meet with current students and tour the campus during their visit. 

All eligible applicants who are admitted to the MD-PhD Program are funded by the NIH Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) Award.  This program, supported by the National Institutes of Health, provides full tuition, stipend, and medical and dental insurance for students. Due to federal restrictions, only U.S. citizens and permanent residents are eligible for MSTP funding.  Approximately 10-12 MD-PhD students matriculate each year.

Students who matriculate to the traditional MD Program but have a clearly demonstrated interest and experience in scientific research, are eligible to apply to the combined MD-PhD Program.  These students may apply for admission during the fall of their first or second year of medical school.  These qualified applicants are evaluated and placed in the pool for the current application cycle and will be considered for MSTP funding.  

Financial Support.  The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) is supported by a training grant from the National Institutes of Health. A number of exceptional students with unusual accomplishments and commitment to a career in the medical sciences will be selected for traineeships under this program. Such fellowships provide stipend and tuition support for combined medical and graduate study. All students who are admitted to the MD-PhD Program will be considered for these awards. 

Graduates of The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine MD-PhD Program have gone on to become leaders in many areas of academic medicine.

Advice on the scope and opportunities offered by these programs may be obtained from the Director or Administrative Director of the MD-PhD Program.

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MD-PhD: Physician-Scientist

What is an md-phd career and is it right for me.

Do you like science and are you inspired by making new research discoveries? Then you should seriously consider pursuing a PhD in some area of the sciences. Are you drawn to clinical work and rewarded by the opportunity to offer a healing hand? Then certainly a medical degree would be the training you should seek. Some students have a passion for both careers and are conflicted, unable to choose between them. These students have a broad set of attributes and are ideally suited to become physician-scientists. In this exciting career, physician-investigators are trained to recognize new ways that clinical care benefits from research discoveries and are strategically poised to exploit state-of-the-art scientific approaches to address unmet medical challenges in the clinic. It is clear that in the 21st century these specially trained doctors, through positions in academic medical centers, research institutes and biotechnology companies, will be leaders in discovery and application of new knowledge about the mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of human disease. Talented students committed to this career should seek training in one of the MD-PhD Programs around the country. These programs are very competitive and only a few applicants are accepted each year. The good news is that as an undergraduate at Johns Hopkins University, you are fortunate to be training in one of the best universities in the country for placing the highest number of its students into MD-PhD programs. An excellent link for a wealth of information about MD-PhD Careers and training can be found at the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC) website. See a list below of helpful links:

• MD-PhD Dual Degree Training
• Helpful tools and information regarding medical MD-PhD programs
• Applying to MD-PhD Programs
• MD-DO/PhD Training Program FAQ

You can also check out the American Physician Scientists Association (APSA) Undergraduate Resources page for more information.

How do MD-PhD programs train you to be both a scientist and a physician?

The curricular goals of medical school and graduate school are fundamentally different. Medical schools emphasize the learning and application of existing knowledge, while graduate schools emphasize the discovery of new knowledge. MD-PhD programs creatively mix the MD and PhD curricula, provide integration, and offer specialized MD-PhD courses to prepare aspiring physician-scientists. MD-PhD programs have a variety of approaches to integrate and streamline medical and graduate curricula, thus reducing total training time while maintaining a quality experience in both medical and graduate schools. The typical eight-year MD-PhD training curriculum is termed the “2-4-2” track, which reflects the number of years that a student studies in the three components of MD-PhD training: preclinical medical courses, PhD training, and finally clinical training. The medical education components are often similar among MD-PhD programs, since students must pass Step I and Step II of the United States Medical Learning Examination (USMLE) to complete the MD component of the training program. In contrast, graduate school activities vary, since PhD curricula and research opportunities differ by institution and faculty expertise. Thus research experiences obtained during graduate school training are one of the crucial differences between MD-PhD programs. The biomedical research experiences of MD-PhD trainees continue to expand beyond the “traditional” basic science disciplines to include computational-, bioinformatics-, engineering-sciences, and public health, to name a few of many diverse research opportunities. Overall, the goal is to train you for a successful research-driven career since many MD-PhD graduates spend more time in research than in the clinic.

What type of research projects should I choose? How much research is required?

If you are interested in applying MD-PhD, it is important to become involved in research early in your undergraduate years. Students often ask about the extent and quality of the research required. Generally, research experiences are extensive, with more expected than one finds for PhD-only applicants. Substantive research experiences are critical. By this we mean research projects where students are involved in hypothesis-driven experiments rather than simply serving as a “lab tech” (ordering supplies, making buffers, etc.) The best experiences are those where you have been actively involved in some experimental planning, trouble shooting, and data interpretation, i.e. taking some ownership of the project. While it is not necessary that you have publications from your work, ultimately you should have sufficient in-depth experiences to possess a deep appreciation of the opportunities and challenges of research careers.

A great advantage of attending Johns Hopkins University is the rich selection of research opportunities for undergraduates. These include laboratories in Biology, Biophysics, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Psychology, and Engineering on the Homewood campus, along with Departments downtown in the Medical Institutions and the Bloomberg School of Public Health.

To learn more about requirements for undergraduate research, how to find an undergraduate research position, and how to register for undergraduate research, go to the following sites:

• School of Medicine Research Opportunities
• School of Public Health Research & Centers
• Krieger School of Arts & Sciences Research Opportunities
• Whiting School of Engineering Research Opportunities

Seek out projects in areas that stimulate you and are rewarding. We want you to follow your passions as you participate in cutting edge projects in your field of interest. Do not forget that there are numerous awards available to fund research such as:

• Provost Undergraduate Research Awards

You should plan to be actively involved in full-time research during the summers after each academic year. You might continue on the research team you work with during the year. Alternatively, to broaden your research training, full-time research internships over the summer are encouraged. Many major medical institutions and several MD-PhD Programs offer excellent Summer Research Training Experiences for Undergraduates ; a list found on the AAMC website. You can also check out the American Physician Scientists Association (APSA) Undergraduate Resources for research opportunities.

NIH also offers an exciting summer research internship program for talented undergrads.

You should consistently be involved in research over the years so that by the time you apply you will have a rich portfolio of research experiences. Remember no applicant has ever been turned down because he/she has too much research training.

How can you best prepare to be a successful MD-PhD applicant?

In order to be a well-prepared applicant for MD-PhD programs, it is crucial to know what impresses their admissions committees. Because MD-PhD Programs are very competitive, strong academic credentials (GPA and MCAT) are essential. Beyond these metrics, most importantly, MD-PhD program admission committees are looking for students that have extensive research experiences, expecting a level of research beyond that required for PhD-only applicants as discussed above. The most successful applicants possess maturity, integrity and show concern for others, leadership potential, and an aptitude for working with colleagues. They are often involved in and committed to extracurricular activities, frequently occupying leadership roles in these endeavors. The most compelling applicants have a set of substantive clinical experiences that is best complimented by shadowing experiences with role model physician scientists in an academic setting. Thus, MD-PhD applicants are distinguished from PhD applicants in that they are committed to clinical activities. They are distinguished from medical student applicants in that they are very inquisitive and have a strong desire for scientific discovery to be an integral part of their careers.

Because of the unique set of experiences required of MD-PhD applicants, it is essential that you begin to focus early on your plan of study. (Freshman year is not too early!) Where to start? Once you are committed to exploring this training plan and have attended Pre-Health 101, make an appointment to meet with one of our advisors to discuss your goals and a timetable to achieve them. As part of our advising plan, we schedule workshops, small group sessions, and visits from MD-PhD program directors. Accordingly, you will be expected to attend and participate in these sessions to deepen your insights and to allow us to know you better.

Below is a timetable that approximates a reasonable schedule for the major milestones in your training and serves as a guideline for your planning.

First Year (where to start?)

• Attend Pre-Health 101
• Attend a fall or spring MD-PhD workshop for freshmen/sophomores
• Schedule one-on-one meeting with pre-med advisor
• Seek long-term research at the Hopkins Homewood campus or at the Hopkins medical campus
• Plan on conducting summer research
• Get involved in extracurricular activities- follow your passions!

Second Year

• Formulate a feasible plan for completion of coursework requirements for both pre-med and your major/minor
• Attend a fall or spring MD-PhD workshop for freshmen/sophomores (especially if you didn’t as a freshman).
• Continue with research; taking on more independence
• Set up clinical experience(s)
• Plan on conducting summer research; if applying for an internship, most applications are due in January or February
• Continue extracurricular activities; take on more responsibilities

Junior Year

• Continue research; gaining independence in the lab
• Attend a fall or spring MD-PhD workshop for juniors/seniors
• Start clinical volunteering if you haven’t yet
• Set a timeline and schedule for MCAT prep
• Consider taking the MCAT the summer before senior year

Senior Year

• Continue research; gaining more independence in the lab
• Continue clinical volunteering
• Apply for bridge year research jobs or research master’s programs
• Request letters of recommendation—especially from research mentors
• Submit primary AMCAS application as early as possible (late May).

What is the application process for MD-PhD programs?

Most schools participate in the American Medical College Application Service and offer the MD application as part of the MD-PhD application. It is important that you reference the AAMC website for applying to MD-PhD programs. Be aware that schools differ greatly in how admissions committees function. For example, some MD-PhD programs make completely independent decisions separate from their medical school. Others require admissions first into the MD program before consideration for the MD-PhD program. You will need to check with each school to get precise information on their admissions process.

Only U.S. citizens and Permanent Residents are supported by the pre-doctoral MD-PhD federal grants, however there are some institutions that accept international MD-PhD applicants.

Components of AMCAS Primary Application

• Official Transcript (complete all pre-med requirements!)
• JHU Committee Letter
• Document/describe activities, accomplishments, awards well—particularly research awards and presentations.
• Very important: Letters of recommendation from research mentors
• MD Essay – a personal essay on why you want to be a physician.
• MD-PhD Essay – why you want to pursue MD-PhD. Document life experiences that compel you to strive for a career as a physician-scientist.
• Significant Research Experience Essay – Describe your research experiences, each in scientific detail. Also convey how you have matured a research scientist.

Secondary Application

After you submit your primary AMCAS application, the schools you select will send you their secondary applications. Submit these as soon as possible so your application can be evaluated for interview selection.

Since MD-PhD programs only interview a fraction of applications received, the early applicants have a much better chance of receiving interviews. Interviews take place September through February. Final decisions are announced from November through March. You need to check each program for specific information on these dates as they vary. All programs offer second visit opportunities that generally take place in March or April. Once accepted you will have ample opportunity to acquire the information you need to make an informed decision about the best program for your training. Final decisions must be made by April 30. MD-PhD Programs start in the June to August time period.

Advice for the MD-PhD Interview

This advice is offered by Brian P. Sullivan, Executive Director, Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University in St. Louis:

MD-PhD interviews attempt to assess the candidate’s potential to become an independent researcher. To do this, interviewers will first typically ask the candidate to describe their research projects. This is not a presentation, so the 12-minute talk with a 3-minute Q&A they gave at the student research symposium will not be enough to prepare them. Presenting at lab meetings is also insufficient; unlike the candidate’s PI, the interviewer will often have little, if any, specific knowledge of the research. The best practice is for the candidate to meet with other scientists & engage in a give and take on the candidate’s research. This forces the candidate to learn how to explain their work to someone who is not an expert in the candidate’s project, but who, nonetheless, is very smart. The interviewer will evaluate them on basic scientific knowledge, but they are not expected to know everything. More important is how the candidate handles a question: do they think clearly? Are they able to assimilate new information and engage in a lively discussion?

Another aspect of the interview is the interviewer describing their own work to the candidate. The candidate is evaluated on the basis of their ability to follow the research description and ask insightful questions. Intellectual curiosity is very important, and successful candidates are able to follow research descriptions outside their immediate field and ask relevant, relatively sophisticated questions. This is challenging, but individuals who spend a good deal of time talking about science with folks outside their lab usually do well.

Bottom line: candidates should immerse themselves in research & take every opportunity to talk about their work with others.

Here are a few tips I have gleaned over many years of observing MD-PhD admissions:

• Do not be afraid to say “I do not know.” It is far better to admit a knowledge shortage (which can be filled by exposure to source materials) than to pretend you know more than you really do. For obvious reasons, the ability to know & accept your limitations is important in science, and critically important in medicine.
• Do not attempt to cover all aspects of your work; there simply is not enough time. Pick the project that is most interesting, and best shows your ability to carry out independent work. Ideally, these should be the same project. Interviewers want to determine your ability to make intellectual contributions to the project, so you need to demonstrate your ability to think creatively, cogently, and deeply. A 10,000-foot survey of all your research experiences is not good enough. Leave the elevator talk in the elevator.
• If your name is on a paper, even as 10th author, you better be familiar with the entire paper. If you are fuzzy on the details the interviewer will wonder about your intellectual curiosity.
• Do not aggrandize your accomplishments.
• State the hypothesis. You would be amazed how many candidates fail to do this.
• Focus more on ideas than details. We want to know how you think, not that you are good at regurgitating facts.
• Ask your interviewer about her/his work.
• Ask thoughtful questions about your interviewer’s work.
• Remain engaged when your interviewer describes her work, even if it is deadly boring. She thinks it is the most interesting stuff in the world, and if you seem disinterested, she will attribute that to your thick headedness. (Tip: avoid foods that spike your blood glucose; post-prandial interviews are typically the candidate’s worst.)
• Be nice and appreciative towards the staff people you interact with. Many a brilliant jerk has been brought low by a mistreated secretary. Brains are plentiful in this business, but truly nice people are precious.

Finally, remember that this is an MD/PhD interview, not just a PhD interview. The student must be an outstanding candidate for med school, and must have a compelling rationale for pursuing combined degree training.

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If you can’t imagine a medical career without helping patients and participating in research, you’ve probably considered the MD-PhD track. Learn all about applying to MD-PhD programs and get our expert tips for strengthening your application.

Is an MD-PhD Program right for you?

The MD-PhD is a dual doctorate degree program for students who are interested in careers as “physician-scientists." By graduation, you’ll have fulfilled requirements for both the MD and PhD degrees. The MD-PhD takes about 8 years to complete during which you receive medical training AND become an expert in a specific research field. The program also requires dissertation research in your field of graduate study, which can range from biomedical laboratory disciplines like biochemistry or genetics to fields like economics, sociology, or anthropology . After graduation, MD-PhD students usually work as researchers or as faculty members at medical schools and universities.

Learn more about MD combined degree programs .

What are Medical Scientist Training Programs?

Medical Scientist Training Programs (MSTP) are MD-PhD programs that are funded by the National Institute of Health. Students who are admitted to these highly-competitive programs receive full tuition coverage, living expenses, and a stipend. There are currently 45  NIH-funded MSTP programs .

Are all MD-PhD programs free?

Over 60 medical and osteopathic medical schools  maintain their own MD-PhD or DO-PhD programs that are not funded by the NIH. Depending on the school, these programs offer full or partial financial support for their students.

Applying to MD-PhD Programs

Nearly all MD-PhD programs use the same application process as MD admissions—via the American Medical College Application Service (AMCAS) application . One key difference? MD-PhD applicants submit two additional essays: the MD-PhD Essay and the Significant Research Experience Essay:

• The MD-PhD Essay asks you to explain your reasons for pursuing the combined degree program.
• The  Significant Research Experience Essay asks you to describe your key research experiences, including your research supervisor's name and affiliation, the duration of the experience, the nature of the problem studied, and your contributions to the project.

Read More: Guide to Your Med School Applications

Do you need to take the GRE Test to apply for the Md-Phd Program?

Programs have different policies, so some schools may require both the MCAT and the GRE for combined degree applicants. For example, an MD-Phd in Anthropology at one school may require the GRE, while the MD-PhD in Immunology may not. Check with your prospective med schools to make sure you’re covered.

Timeline for MD-PhD Admissions

The MD-PHD application timeline is virtually the same as for MD admissions. (Remember you are using the same application service!) Here are the important dates for MD-PHD admissions:

• Early May: AMCAS opens and begins accepting transcripts
• Early June:  AMCAS begins accepting application submissions
• October–March: MD-PhD applicant interviews
• December–March: Admissions decisions sent to applicants
• March–April: Md-PhD applicants make their final decisions
• June–August: MD-PHD programs begin!

Tips for Boosting Your Md-Phd Application

Competition for MD-PhD applicants is fierce. After all, you have to convince medical schools to invest significant time and financial resources in you. Of the total 1,936 MD-PhD applicants in 2016–17, only 649 matriculated in a U.S. med school. Here’s what you can do to strengthen your overall application.

1. You need strong MCAT scores and a high GPA

If your grades and scores aren’t where they need to be, address it before you apply!  Check out these admissions stats for MD-PhD matriculants to U.S. medical schools from 2016-2017:

SOURCE:  Association of American Medical Colleges

Make a smart MCAT prep plan and retake the exam if necessary. Consider completing additional grad school work to raise your GPA and take advantage of our online tutors for pre-med requirements!

2. You need sustained research background + a clear picture of your future in research

3. you need the right recommenders.

Most letters of recommendation should come for your research mentors, professors who run the labs you work in, and the postdoctoral fellows you work with. Make sure your recommenders know that you are applying to MD-PhD programs as this will affect the letters they write.

Want to get an edge over the crowd?

Our admissions experts know what it takes it get into med school. Get the customized strategy and guidance you need to help achieve your goals.

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MSPP applications will open July 2024, and applications for program admission will open August 2024.

The Accelerated MD/PhD Partnership Training Program

The MD/PhD PartnershipTraining Program is designed to encourage the success and development of students pursuing a future as physician-scientists in basic and translational biomedical research. The program fosters innovative and interdisciplinary PhD partnerships in an accelerated setting with a completion time of approximately four years. Scholars enrolled in this program have the opportunity to take advantage of the unique resources available at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), including the NIH Clinical Research Center and the many options for collaboration provided by the NIH Graduate Partnerships Program (GPP).

There are opportunities available for students who have just finished their Bachelor’s degrees and are looking to apply to medical school, students who are currently enrolled in medical school, and students who are currently in the NIH Graduate Partnerships Program (GPP).

• Prospective Students

Current Students

How to Apply

The first step in the application process is to determine whether you are eligible for the NIH MD/PhD Partnership Training Program. The second step is to identify which of the two tracks apply to you. More detailed information about eligibility requirements and the application process is listed on the individual track pages.

Choose Track 1 if you plan on attending medical school BEFORE you begin PhD research

Have you already started medical school? If so, you are a Track 2 applicant.

Choose Track 3 if you don't plan on attending medical school BEFORE you begin PhD research

Now in its 16th year, the NIH MD/PhD Partnership Training Program has grown to a population of well over 50 aspiring young scientists at 35 U.S. medical schools. We can proudly admit the current cohort of NIH MD/PhD Scholars are involved in some of the most cutting edge biomedical research endeavors being conducted in the world.

The MD/PhD Program leadership want to ensure that you have a place to get the information that you need. Please review the below information for resources to help you navigate through your training. 

Student Profiles Student Resources

The NIH Oxford-Cambridge Scholars Program

The NIH Oxford-Cambridge Scholars Program (OxCam) can accommodate students seeking combined MD/PhD training for a career as a physician-scientist. Students admitted to the NIH MD/PhD Partnership Training Program conduct research in the NIH intramural research program as part of a coordinated plan of dual-degree training with a U.S. medical school. Students may combine medical school training with the NIH OxCam PhD program via one of two academic tracks.

Go to NIH OxCam

“M.D.” vs. “Ph.D.” vs. “Dr.”: Are They Synonyms?

Quick: when you hear the word doctor , what do you picture?

Most would probably describe someone in a white lab coat with a stethoscope hanging around their neck or someone in medical scrubs—someone you would seek out if you have a deep cut that needed stitches.

That word doctor , however, is a title assigned to many who don’t come close to that description, many of whom you wouldn’t want stitching up that cut. Take your English professor, for instance. No offense, Dr. Barrett. 

It can all be a bit confusing, which is why it’s important to know who and why someone might be called a doctor , as well as what all those initials and abbreviations after their name mean. Here we break it all down.

What does Dr. mean?

Let’s start with doctor or D r . for short. While the first definition of the word is “ a person licensed to practice medicine,” that doesn’t mean you want to take medical advice from anyone who calls themselves a doctor . There are many looser definitions of the word that follow and, frankly, make things a bit confusing.

For example, the third definition is older slang for a “cook, as at a camp or on a ship,” while the seventh entry is “an eminent scholar and teacher.” Bugs Bunny didn’t help matters either by plying anyone and everyone with his famous greeting,“What’s up, doc?” 

The term doctor can be traced back to the late 1200s, and it stems from a Latin word meaning “to teach.” It wasn’t used to describe a licensed medical practitioner until about 1400, and it wasn’t used as such with regularity until the late 1600s. It replaced the former word used for medical doctors— leech , which is now considered archaic. 

WATCH: When Did The Word "Doctor" Become Medical?

Physician vs. doctor : are these synonyms.

While the term physician is a synonym for doctor , it’s typically used to refer to those who practice general medicine rather than those who perform surgery, aka surgeons . 

A quack , on the other hand, is defined as “ a fraudulent or ignorant pretender to medical skill.”

What does M.D. mean?

Moving on to initials that carry more weight than a nod from Bugs, let’s look at M.D.s .

M.D. , which can be used with or without the periods ( M.D. or MD )  is the designation for a medical doctor. This is earned by attending medical school (typically a four-year program after completing at least one undergraduate degree, plus a residency program), and learning to diagnose patients’ symptoms and offer treatment. 

The initials M and D stem from the Latin title  Medicīnae Doctor. There are many different types of doctors, with different specialties, but if you have a physical ailment, visiting a doctor with the initials M.D. is a good place to start.

Specialty doctors may add even more initials to their title, such as DCN (doctor of clinical nutrition), DDS (doctor of dental surgery), or countless others they acquire with additional training. To make things even more confusing, some may add abbreviations from medical associations they belong to, such as FAAEM (Fellow of the American Academy of Emergency Medicine). 

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What does Ph.D. mean?

As for Ph.D. , this stands for “doctor of philosophy.” It stems from the Latin term Philosophiae Doctor.

You can get a Ph.D. in any number of subjects, from anthropology to mythological studies. It’s not an easy feat, however, as to earn one, you must do original research and write a dissertation . 

Ph.D. vs. M.D .: are these synonyms?

There are two big differences between Ph.D. s and M.D .s. When it comes to medicine, M.D.s can prescribe medications, and Ph.D.s can’t. And yes, it’s possible to be both an M.D. and a Ph.D. In fact, some med schools offer programs in which you can achieve both simultaneously. 

You can also get a professional doctorate degree in a number of fields. For example, you might receive a doctorate of education, an  Ed.D . 

So, in a nutshell, both M.D.s and Ph.Ds can be referred to as doctors . If you’re looking for someone to treat what ails you physically, then you want at least an M.D. following their name. If you want to dig deep into a subject and get advice from someone who has done their own research and who likely knows the latest and greatest developments in a particular area, then you’re probably looking for a Ph.D. And if someone has both, even better—depending on your needs, it may be just what the doctor ordered.

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Paschal Ruggajo, MD, PhD, MMED, MSc

Fellowship Year:  2020-2021

Research Project Title:  Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and HIV/AIDS: Prevalence, Predictors and Outcomes in Tanzania as a proxy for the Sub-Saharan Africa Region

Mentors: Drs. Wafaie Fawzi, Ferdinand Mugusi, and Emmanuel Balandya

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PF-114: A 4 th Generation Tyrosine Kinase-Inhibitor for Chronic Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia Including BCRABL1 T315I

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Anna G. Turkina , Olga Vinogradova , Elza Lomaia , Evgeniya Shatokhina , Oleg A. Shukhov , Ekaterina Yu. Chelysheva , Dzhariyat Shikhbabaeva , Irina Nemchenko , Anna Petrova , Anastasiya Bykova , Andrey Zaritskey , Nadia Siordia , Vasily Shuvaev , Jorge E. Cortes , Robert Peter Gale , Michele Baccarani , Oliver Ottmann , Ilya Mikhailov , Fedor Novikov , Veronika Shulgina , Ghermes Chilov; PF-114: A 4 th Generation Tyrosine Kinase-Inhibitor for Chronic Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia Including BCRABL1 T315I . Blood 2019; 134 (Supplement_1): 1638. doi: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-127951

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Background: PF-114 is a 4 th -generation oral tyrosine kinase-inhibitor (TKI) active against wild-type and mutated BCR-ABL1 isoforms including BCR-ABL1 T315I . We present data from a phase-1 study in patients with chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) failing ≥2 TKIs or with BCR-ABL1 T315I (NCT02885766) with ≥6 months therapy.

Methods: 3+3 dose-escalation study to determine maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). Secondary objectives included safety and efficacy based on haematological, cytogenetic, and molecular criteria. Adverse events (AEs) were graded using NCI-CTCAE v4.03.

Results: 51 patients were enrolled. Daily doses were 50 mg (n=3), 100 mg (n=3), 200 mg (n=9), 300 mg (n=11), 400 mg (n=12), 500 mg (n=3), 600 mg (n=6), 750 mg (n=4) given continuously. Median age was 50 years (range, 29-82 years). Median CML duration pre-study was 10 years (range, 0.3-23 years). All patients had baseline ECOG performance scores 0-1. Twelve patients had BCR-ABL1 T315I . Patients were heavily pre-treated: 25 received ≥3 prior TKIs; 5 patients with BCR-ABL1 T315I received 1 prior TKI. Interim analysis was conducted at follow-up of ≥6 months (cut-off date January 16 th 2019). Therapy was ongoing in 17 patients at doses 200 mg (n=4), 300 mg (n=9), 400 mg (n=3) and 600 mg (n=1) with median duration of exposure of 7,4 (range, 4,6-26), 9,2 (range, 7,4-26), 9,2 (range, 8,3-9,2) and 9,2 months. Other patients discontinued because of progression (n=18), adverse events (n=6), consent withdrawal (n=4), participation in another study (n=3) or other reasons (n=3). The MTD was 600 mg with the grade-3 psoriasis-like skin lesions the DLT, which occurred during the first 28 days of treatment. Reversible grade-3 skin toxicity occurred in 11 patients at doses ≥400 mg. There were no other drug-related non-hematologic grade-3 toxicities except 1 grade-3 toxic hepatitis at 400 mg and there were no detectable effects on ankle-brachial index or vascular occlusive events. The best safety/efficacy dose was 300 mg/d with 6 of 11 patients achieving a major cytogenetic response (MCyR) and 4 of them - a major molecular response (MMR). Higher doses were less effective probably because of toxicity-related therapy interruptions and discontinuations. Five of 12 patients with BCR-ABL1 T315I responded, 3 of which achieved a complete hematologic response and 4 achieved MCyR.

Conclusion: PF-114 was safe and effective in patients with CML failing ≥2 TKIs or with BCR-ABL1 T315I . The most effective dose was 300 mg/d. Five of 12 patients with BCR-ABL1 T315I responded. A pivotal study is beginning.

Turkina: Novartis: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Pfizer: Consultancy; Bristol Myers Squibb: Consultancy; fusion pharma: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau. Vinogradova: Novartis: Consultancy; Fusion Pharma: Consultancy. Lomaia: Novartis: Other: Travel Grant;Lecture fee; Pfizer: Other: Travel Grant. Shukhov: Pfizer: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy. Chelysheva: Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Fusion Pharma: Consultancy. Shikhbabaeva: Novartis: Consultancy; Fusion Pharma: Consultancy. Shuvaev: Fusion Pharma: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy; Pfize: Honoraria; BMS: Consultancy. Cortes: Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Takeda: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Biopath Holdings: Consultancy, Honoraria; Immunogen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Astellas Pharma: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Research Funding; BiolineRx: Consultancy; Sun Pharma: Research Funding; Merus: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Forma Therapeutics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding. Baccarani: Novartis: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Incyte: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Takeda: Consultancy. Ottmann: Roche: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria; Fusion Pharma: Honoraria; Takeda: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding; Incyte: Honoraria, Research Funding; Amgen: Honoraria, Research Funding. Mikhailov: Fusion Pharma: Employment. Novikov: Fusion Pharma: Employment. Shulgina: Fusion Pharma: Employment. Chilov: Fusion Pharma: Consultancy.

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What It's Like to Do an MD-PhD Program

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Two medical students answer questions about what it's like to do an MD-PhD program.

Elias (Eli) Wisdom

Undergraduate:   Pacific University, Oregon Major:   BS, Biology Medical school:  Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) Anticipated Graduation Year:  2028 Bio: Eli Wisdom is an MD-PhD student at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) studying the molecular mechanisms of Parkinson’s Disease. He grew up in the small rural town of La Grande, Oregon,  where he gained a deep appreciation for community and service and a fascination with the natural world. At Pacific University, he completed his degree in Biology while also a playing varsity baseball. After graduating he was as an Associate in Neuroscience at Yale School of Medicine for two years before starting an MD-PhD program. Outside of school, he enjoys competing in triathlons, camping, and spending time with family.

Sreya Sanyal

Undergraduate:  New Jersey Institute of Technology        Major:  Biology & History Double Major Medical school:   Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Anticipated Graduation Year:  2031 Bio: Sreya Sanyal is a MD-PhD student at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Princeton University. She is Bengali and she aspires to become a laboratory principal investigator in the field of oncology. Outside of academia, she enjoys singing, cooking, going to museums, and lifting at the gym.  

Why did you decide to pursue an MD-PhD program?

Eli:  As an undergraduate student, I found my first biomedical research experience to be quite thrilling and seriously considered pursuing a career in research. Medical school had surfaced as an opportunity, too, as I was deeply passionate about serving others and caring for the sick, but I felt that basic science research was the backbone of advancing clinical care. I first learned that combined MD-PhD programs existed in my senior year when I was taking part in a summer research program at another academic institute. I learned that in a dual-degree program, I could become rigorously trained as a research scientist and as a physician – and could do both in my future career. To learn more, I reached out to a few physician-scientists to who shared how much they loved their careers. In the clinic, their patients and associated medical problems provided new ideas for exploration in the laboratory. And in the laboratory, the insights they gained could inform the way they treated their patients. Sreya:  I’ve wanted to become an oncologist ever since I was 11 and my mother died from gastric cancer. When I shadowed hematologist oncologists in academic settings, I became more interested in their work in clinical trials and research. Entering college, I explored translational research through my undergraduate biomedical engineering lab experiences. As I met more people in the field of drug development and oncology, I realized that I wanted to be at the cutting edge of this work, but I still had the desire to see patients. Through a lot of soul searching and luck, I was able to embark on a career in medical research by pursing an MD-PhD. Using my training as a physician-scientist, I plan to establish my own lab or work in other ways to improve translational research in the oncological space.

What kinds of career options does the MD-PhD program give you?

Eli:   From my experience, rigorous training in medicine and scientific research prepares you best for a career in academic medicine. This often means working at a large teaching hospital, where you have an opportunity to conduct independent scientific research, care for patients, and teach students. While it can differ depending on the medical specialty or the individual, a typical physician-scientist may spend 80% of their time conducting research and 20% caring for patients.  However, there are many other career paths available to MD-PhD graduates. Students may also pursue careers working for private research organizations, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, or government agencies.  Sreya:  In my experience as an MD-PhD student interested in oncology, I have a wide array of career options to explore. As a clinician-scientist, I can lead research teams and conduct studies in cancer biology, treatment approaches, and translational medicine. In these roles, I can also mentor students interested in my field, allowing me to advance scientific knowledge while shaping the next generation of researchers. Alternatively, I could directly impact patients' lives by increasing my clinical time spent as an oncologist, developing personalized treatment plans, and contributing to clinical trials. The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries also present exciting opportunities for me where I would be able to work on drug development, clinical research, or medical affairs, playing an essential role in bringing innovative therapies to market. With my combined medical and research expertise, I am well-equipped to make a meaningful difference in oncology through various rewarding career paths.

What type of research experience did you have before entering the program?

Eli: I attended a liberal arts college where students engaged in scientific research through 2–4-month long classes, which were combined lecture and laboratory experiences. Building on excitement from these courses, I pursued a summer research internship at a large biomedical research institute the summer prior to my senior year. I loved this initial exposure to working in a high-powered scientific research center. From working in state-of-the-art reach laboratories, to solving scientific problems in creative ways, and watching physicians bounce between research and patient care – I was hooked.  Sreya:  Before starting my current program, I had two significant research experiences. First, I worked in a lab that focused on creating materials for drug delivery in the field of biomedical engineering. We used special gels to deliver important substances to specific parts of the body, which had significant effects on the surrounding tissues, such as promoting blood vessel growth and blocking certain enzymes. I spent about 10 hours a week for three years in this lab and contributed to three published papers.

Secondly, I worked at a research institute where I studied mice that were genetically modified to show signs of anthrax toxin exposure. These modified toxins could be controlled to specifically target tumor cells in the body. I dedicated 40 hours a week to this research, and as a result, we have two research papers in progress for publication

How did you prepare to apply to MD-PhD programs?

Eli: Since I had played varsity baseball throughout college (which was impactful training in its own right,) I had limited time for research as an undergraduate. So, I decided to pursue an extended research position before applying to MD-PhD programs. After sending several emails to laboratories across the US and applying to many formal postbacc research programs, I took a two-year job as a postgraduate researcher at an academic research institute. During my time working on a project in a laboratory, I also volunteered at the connected hospital. This allowed me to experience what it was like to conduct independent research during the first part of my day, and care for patients in the afternoon. This experience only confirmed my deeply held passions for both medicine and science, but also exposed me to the challenges that both careers entailed. I felt much more confident in my decision to pursue a dual-degree knowing these insights.

What is your favorite part about being an MD-PhD student?

Eli: Thus far, my favorite part of my training has been directly experiencing the intersection of clinical care and research. During the first two years of the MD-PhD, I was mainly focused on medical school courses and preparing for the first board exam. But now, as I am beginning my Ph.D., I am realizing how medical school has broadened my perspective. When I read research papers or craft a plan to tackle a hypothesis, I feel empowered with the knowledge I learned in my didactic medical school courses. For example, during one of my Ph.D. research rotations, a scientist was having difficulty delivering a therapeutic to the brains of the mice they were studying. Immediately I recalled from my medical school courses how mannitol could be co-infused to transiently open the blood-brain barrier for drug delivery. It could easily be translated to this scenario. Similarly, my experiences with clinic patients have benefited from my MD-PhD training. Often, it can be as simple as the ability to explain to a patient or their family, the exact mechanism of a drug and the reason it could be effective for their ailment. Or, informing them about current basic science efforts in the field or current clinical trials they might be eligible for. As I advance further into my training, I am eager to see how clinical care and laboratory research can become even more intertwined. Sreya:  I am very excited to learn new techniques and approaches to my field of interest. I am also glad that for MD-PhD students in my program, there is a huge emphasis on lifestyle and work/life balance. Many students in my program have become engaged, or married, and are starting families, while many medical students may feel pressure to push these milestones off. Being an MD-PhD student is a huge commitment, so I am especially grateful for all of the personal and professional support my program has to offer.

What do you wish you’d known before you started the program?

Eli: I wish I had known how important it would be to keep an open mind about the research topics that interested me most. I began the MD-PhD program with a rigid focus on a certain topic, thinking that it was the only topic that gave me real excitement. It was also the topic I was most versed in and comfortable in. But during my medical school courses, I was suddenly overwhelmed with several fascinating questions and problems, that all seemed equally thrilling. It took a fair bit of mental wrestling with myself to broaden my own research interests and muster up the courage to explore a field I was fascinated with even if I didn’t have the most experience in it quite yet. Luckily, MD-PhD programs are usually quite supportive of students exploring new topics of interest and are eager to see you follow your motivations.

Sreya:  One of the most important aspects to consider for MD-PhD students is the idea that this path is a marathon, not a sprint. There is a lot of temptation to overload on clubs, leadership, research, etc., to keep pace with MD colleagues, but in the long run, an MD-PhD is about the quality and depth of training. It’s important to build healthy habits, strong social relationships, and enjoy activities in a sustainable manner since MD-PhD students have to do another graduate degree on top of medical training.

What advice would you give a student considering an MD-PhD program?

Eli:  My advice is to accrue as many experiences as you can in medicine and research before applying. Through these, you can understand if pursuing both an MD and a PhD is the best fit for you, or, if you’d be completely satisfied pursuing a career with only training in one discipline. If you can, shadow physicians at both large academic hospitals and private practices. This can teach you if you’d enjoy treating patients daily and give you insight into how your experience will vary based on the setting. Seek out research experiences as early as possible. This may be difficult to procure, but having a longitudinal research experience that encompasses the successes and failures of science will inform you if this should be your future career. If you can, ask for opportunities to experience what it’s like to write a grant or an academic research article. These are not easy to write, yet they encompass a significant amount of time for professional physician-scientists, so, it is important to learn if you’d enjoy (or at least tolerate) the academic writing load. Lastly, don’t be intimidated by the amount time it takes to complete an MD-PhD. Yes, it is longer than most post-graduate training and takes up a significant portion of your early life. But it is a unique and worthy career path that is much needed in service to society. Sreya:  My advice to anyone considering an MD-PhD would be to get both a variety and depth of research experiences. As a student, it’s very easy to continue down a path you already started, but you must try to explore before you commit to any one approach. MD-PhD programs appreciate students who know what they would like to research and the only way to discover this is to pursue broad research experiences. That said, once you find what drives and excites you, it’s important to stick with it and maintain good relationships with your PIs and mentors. It’s a small world among physician-scientists, so depth of work and networking will help you achieve and further your goals. Above all, remember that an MD-PhD is not necessary to do research as a physician. The goal of an MD-PhD is to provide the specific training needed to conduct research above and beyond what a physician alone can do. In this case, you must really be sure that research is fulfilling and allows you to achieve your career goals when applying to programs, as they will ask you about your aspirations.

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Translating Pre-Medical Experiences into Clinical Skills

Michael Foster | May 3, 2023

Your time before medical school is golden. It is a unique time to explore where your passions lie (both within and beyond medicine) and lay a strong foundation of the inter- and intrapersonal skills needed for you to be the best physician you can be. The best advice is simple: challenge yourself, be honest, and have fun! […]

The AAMC offers trusted resources and services to help you navigate the journey from premed to residency and beyond.