generation of computer 1st to 5th assignment

Generations of Computer 1st to 5th Explained with Pictures.

The history of computer technology is often used to refer to the origin of all the different generations of computers . From first to fifth each computer generation is characterized by significant technological development in their components, memory , and elements which essentially changed the way these devices work.

Several periods of generation from over the years advanced the technological evolution leads to the creation of today’s modern computer with more complex, more powerful, and increased capability and functionality.

Introduction to Computer Generations

This development period of electronic computing technology is called Computer Generation. There are five generations of computers identified, although the sixth generation could be in development now in the early 21st century.

During the evolutionary timeline, each generation of computers has improved a lot by undergoing considerable changes in their size, type, and functionality.

By analyzing them, one can trace the evolution of computer technology, to see how the computer industry has changed over the years and how great capabilities and software progress has been made by humankind in under a hundred years , as a result, the creation of different generations.

At present, the computer is playing a significant part in human existence because today’s digital computer is being used for every work in each field. If someday an issue occurs in the computer or the server is down, at that point all the work stops. This is how significant it is for technology development!

In this article, I will introduce you to all the generations of computers with pictures by explaining the complete information about their characteristics , names, components , and examples too.

Generations of Computer From 1st to 5th

Let’s discover the series of computer generations in the following list:

1st Generation of Computer (1940-1956)

This first generation of computers was based on vacuum tube technology used for calculations, storage, and control, invented in 1904 by John Ambrose Fleming. The vacuum tubes and diode valves were the chief components of the first generations of computers.

First-generation computers relied on the lowest-level machine language, in order to perform operations, and could only solve a single problem at a point of time.

Magnetic drums were used as the memory in these computers (were very slow in speed). The punched and magnetic tapes were used for the input and output function of the computer in order to display on prints even the results weren’t 100% accurate.

Also, the first generation of computers available was based on the 8-bit microprocessor.

The disadvantages of 1st gen computers are that they were very enormous in size and heavy in weight (made of thousands of vacuum tubes ) , occupying large rooms. Also, once they were kept in one place it was difficult to transfer. Another con like using a decimal number system and many switches and cables.

In addition, they were also very expensive to operate with using a large amount of electricity, the vacuum tubes produced large amounts of heat, so an air conditioner was required for the proper functioning unless a lot of heat can cause a malfunction.

The advantage of the first generation of computers is that they could calculate in milliseconds (about five thousand sums per second.)

The computers of first-generation were managed to use in different fields like weather forecasting, solving mathematical problems, energy tasks, also in space research, military, and other scientific tasks.

In the first generation of computers, the first computer of the world named “ENIAC” (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was discovered by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert in the year between 1943 to 1945.

ENIAC used panel-to-panel wiring and switches for programming, occupied more than 1,000 square feet, used about 18,000 vacuum tubes, and weighed 30 tons.

Characteristics of the 1st Generation of Computer:

Vacuum tubes and diode valves were used as the main electronic component in the first generation computers.
Punch cards, paper tape utilized for input and output operations.
Magnetic drums used for storage.
Huge in size and weight with a lot of power consumption.
Very expensive in price also not reliable.
Computers were programmed with low-level machine language also has low operating speed.

Examples of the first generation of computers are ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) EDSEC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator), EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), (Electronic delay storage automatic calculator), IBM -701 and IBM 650.

ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer . This computer about 18,000 vacuum tubes used for the calculation result in huge in size, occupied more than 1,000 square feet, and weighed 30 tons. These were the harbingers of today’s digital computers. This first computing machine was designed by people J. P. Eckert, W. Mosley, J. W. Mauchly.

2nd Generation of Computer (1956-1964)

The second generation of computers replaced the vacuum tubes with a reliable component called transistors for manufacturing of computers was invented by William Shockley in 1947.

The transistors were the revolution in the computer field because this component advantaged the 2nd gen computer by increasing the performance, operating speed (hundreds of thousands of operations per second), as well as decreasing the electricity consumption of the computers.

Transistors were far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to get faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient made and possible to reduce the size of computing equipment and ultimately heat reduced and reliability improved.

Computers of second-generation are characterized by the use of the first high-level programming languages, allowing programmers to specify instructions in words. At this time, early versions of COBOL, ALGOL, SNOBOL, and FORTRAN languages were developed .

These were the first computers to store their instructions in their memory, which went from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology. During this period, the first computer game name “ Spacewar ” was seen on a PDP-1 computer.

Do you know~ that the oldest abacus was a computing machine designed to calculate thousands of years ago, which is still used in schools today to do calculations.

Also, the concept of Central Processing Unit (CPU), multi-programming operating systems, programming language, memory, and input and output units (I / O units) were developed in the timeline of second-generation computers.

The major disadvantages of Second-generation computers were they still relied on punch cards for input and hard copies for output as well as still it was difficult to move the computers for the reason they were enough large and even some computers needed ACs.

2nd generation of computers still huge in size

This second generation of computers was first used in the fields like the atomic energy industry and nuclear power plants and other commercial fields.

Characteristics of the 2nd Generation of Computer:

Computers based on transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
Magnetic Tape was used to store data.
Relatively small in size and reduced weight with low energy consumption than 1st gen computers.
Faster, reliable, and less expensive than the first generation.
Use of storage devices, printers, and operating systems, etc.
Higher-level languages like COBOL, ALGOL, SNOBOL, and FORTRAN were developed and used.

Examples of the second generation of computers include IBM 1620, CDC 1604, IBM 7094, UNIVAC 1108, IBM 620, CDC 3600, IBM 4044, Honeywell 400, IBM 1401 Mainframe, and PDP-1 minicomputer. IBM was actively working, producing transistor versions of its computers.

3rd Generation of Computer (1964-1971)

The third generation appeared in the form of integrated circuits (invented by Jack Kilby from 1958 to 1964). An IC (integrated circuit) is consists of many small transistors mounted on chips , which are called semiconductors.

This synchronized chip became an important foundation for the third generation computers when scientists combined hundreds of transistors fit in this circuit result in a more powerful electronic segment called an integrated circuit.

Multiprogramming was implemented (this is when there are several executable programs in memory) at the same time that it diminished their manufacturing costs. In the mid-60s. IBM improved the term “computer architecture”. By the end of the 60s. mini-computers appeared.

This revolutionary innovation allowed to expansion of the processing capacity and memory of the machines.

Instead of punch cards and prints, users interacted via keyboards and monitors , and interacted with an operating system, allowing the device to run various applications at once with a central program that monitored the memory.

As you can see, the first appearance of computer monitors fell on the second generation of computers. The invention belongs to the company IBM, which in 1964 released the commercial display station IBM-2250.

it was used in the system/360 series. The model had a vector monochrome display measuring 12×12 inches, with a resolution of 1024×1024 pixels and a refresh rate of 40 Hz. This invention revolutionized today’s different types of monitors including LCD, LED, OLED monitors.

The invention of IC incredibly decreased the size of computers and made it easy for transportation from one place to another. The working speed and efficiency of this generation of computers were much faster than the previous generation and even cheaper.

High-end languages such as PASCAL, BASIC, FORTRAN – II TO IV, COBOL, ALGOL developed in this generation.

For the first time, they got access to a mass audience allowed computers to penetrate into different spheres of human activity since they were smaller and cheaper. Along these, they turned out to be more specialized (i.e., there were different computers for different tasks).

The 3rd generation of computers was the initial move towards the miniaturization of computers and quickly expanded their scope: control, automation of scientific experiments, data transmission, etc. In addition to being used in the manufacture of radios, TVs, and other similar devices .

Characteristics of the 3rd Generation of Computer:

In this generation, computers based on Integrated Circuit was more powerful than the transistor.
The size of the computers was likewise little because the size of the IC being more modest than the circuit size of the transistors.
More reliable, inexpensive, faster, energy-efficient, as well as very light in weight than 2nd gen computers.
The first Computer Mouse and Keyboard were appeared and used in the 3rd generation of computers
Use of new versions of high-level languages like BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, PASCAL, and ALGOL
Available for a mass audience and made it possible for general purpose usage.

Some of the most popular models of the 3rd generation of computers were the ICL 2903, ICL 1900, TDC-B16, IBM 360 and 370, Honeywell 6000, UNIVAC 1108, PDP-8, and PDP-11, which were ideal in their handling multiprocessing capabilities, reliability, and flexibility than previous generations.

4th Generation of Computer (1971-2010)

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits equivalent to about millions of transistors were assembled and brought the whole central processing unit and other fundamental elements of the machine into a small chip called a microprocessor fitted on the CPU socket.

These computers used Very Large Scale Integrated circuits technology also called VLSI technology. After the invention, the microprocessor began to used in computing machines in the fourth and fifth generations of computers.

Within the framework of the considered generation in 1971, the first microprocessor appeared as an unexpected result of Intel’s work on calculator circuits and further development of minicomputers ( PDP-11 ).

The first personal computer and a microcomputer was “ ALTAIR ” developed by the company MITS in 1974. Also, the first microprocessor was the Intel 4004, manufactured in 1971, initially for an electronic calculator. Whereas the computers of the first generation filled an entire room, while now the 4th generation ‘microprocessors’ fit in the palm of the hand.

This generation of computers used an operating system based on the graphical user interface (GUI), which means these numbers were very easy to perform mathematical and logical tasks.

The computers started to utilize high-speed memory systems on integrated circuits with a capacity of several megabytes. Computer performance has increased significantly (hundreds of millions of operations per second).

The high-level language like C, C ++, Java, PHP, Python, Visual Basic, was utilized to compose programs in the computers of the fourth generation.

high-level languages in 4th generation of computers

The advent of the first personal computers in the mid-70s gave every common user the same computing resources that enormous computers had during the 60s. These computers were made more modest, faster, and less expensive can undoubtedly be put on a table or desk. Which marked the so-called era of personal computers .

Peripheral devices examples , such as mice, joysticks, handheld devices, etc., were developed during this 4th generation. Computers could be connected together in a network to share information with each other, this has played an important role in the birth and development of LAN, Ethernet, and the Internet .

The most popular companies in the world like Intel and AMD were rising. Then again, companies like Microsoft and Apple introduced their operating systems ‘Windows’ and ‘Macintosh’ in the generation of this computer. Because of which the act of multimedia started.

This is the era where personal computers were born, an idea that actually persists today. Also, these were the generation of DEC’s (Digital Equipment Corporation) minicomputers.

Characteristics of the 4th Generation of Computer:

Computers based on microprocessors and VLSI technology .
The computers of 4th gen were small in size, lightweight, and almost portable computers.
The integrating of multi cores in processors like Dual core , Octa core, etc has began.
The processing speed of this computer generation was much faster and reliable than the previous three generations.
The size and cost of power supply units has reduced.
Use of languages like C, C ++, .Net, Java, PHP, Python , Visual Basic.
Use of GUI Based OS with more memory capacity.
Accessible to the Internet .
Due to the low cost of these computers, they were available to every common man.

Desktops, Laptops, Workstations, Tablets, Chromebooks , and Smartphones, are examples of the fourth generation of computers.

Good to Know~ Alan Turing is the father of modern computers born in England in 1912.

5th Generation of Computer (2010-At Present)

Artificial intelligence is the name of the fifth as well as the latest generation of computers based on ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology is the process of integrating or embedding millions of transistors on a single silicon microchip.

Computing in the 5th computer generation is versatile made portable, powerful, lightweight, innovative, comfortable with low electricity consumption . Because of the Internet’s advantages , it extended its limits of use to limits never before suspected.

The main objective of the latest fifth-generation computing and effort made by computer researchers is to make them smart by incorporating Artificial Intelligence so as to develop devices that respond to the input of natural language and are capable of learning and self-organizing even in 2022 it is under development.

This new information technology has greatly increased the size and working ability of the microprocessor, which has prompted the use of computers in the various fields of Entertainment, Accounting, Educational institutes , Film-making, Traffic-control, Business applications , and Hospitals, Engineering, Researches, Defense, etc.

That’s why a computer of the 5th generation is also known as the AI (Artificial Intelligence) generation of computers.

Some computers are being intended to do all the work themselves as a human act, behave, and communicate. The best example of this is an Artificial Intelligence (AI) based computing machine in the 5th generation of computers “ Sophia ” a robot.

Characteristics of the 5th Generation of Computer:

The main focus on AI-based computers.
Computers made of microprocessors based on ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology.
The processing speed is quite high can perform billions of calculations in a second.
Computers are portable, cheap, reliable, fast, and available in various forms and sizes like a Desktop, Laptop, Smartphone, Smartwatches, etc.
Invention of the operating system such as Windows, Macintosh and ChromeOS of Chromebooks .
Multimedia has evolved in this generation by combining Sound, Graphics, or Picture and Text.
Development of Internet of Things.

Computers of the fifth generation are being made to think like us. For which continuous advancement of technologies like Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, Robotics, etc. Although the examples of AI computing software such as Chatbots, Windows Cortana, Google Assistant, Apple Siri, Speech recognition, that are being used today.

Classification of the computer by generations

Factors/reasons for the development of computer generations:.

There below are the general factors associated with the development and change in the generations of electronic computers:

Improvement of the element base,
Downsizing,
Technological progress (increased performance, speed, and memory)
Reduced cost,
Development of software ,
Changes in architecture, expansion of the range of tasks solved by computers,
Simplification and standardization of hardware.
Changing the way of interaction between the user and the computer.

How many generations of computers have there been?

There are 5 computer generations till now i.e. vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors, and the last one is artificial intelligence. 6th generation yet to come may be either in the form of quantum computers or developing the existing artificial intelligence technology to a greater extent.

What is the 6th generation of computers?

Electronic computers are usually divided into five generations now and the 6th generation is still in development but has the potential to give birth to the sixth generation of computers may be in the form of quantum computing.

Which is the current modern generation of computers today?

The technologies based on artificial intelligence are the current and the latest generation of computers(5th GEN) today.

What is the historical development of computers according to generation?

In accordance with the methodology for assessing the development of computer technology, the first generation was considered to be vacuum tube computers, the second – transistor computers, the third – computers on integrated circuits, the fourth – using microprocessors, and the fifth generation computers is based on the artificial intelligence.

What is the generation of a colossus computer?

Colossus computer was the first generation of the computer developed and designed by Tommy Flowers at Bletchley Park in the year 1944 with the purpose of cracking Hitler’s codes.

The sixth will also discover in the future since there are some flaws of technology in this generation that will be revived or resolved in the upcoming generation.

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A Comprehensive Guide to Generations of Computers

There are five generations of computers and the sixth generation is an emerging one. Over past decades, computers have evolved significantly, with each generation introducing new capabilities, improved performance, and enhanced features. The journey of computer’s development through different generations represents a fascinating tale of innovation, progress, and technological advancement. In this guide, we will delve into the various generations of computers, highlighting their characteristics, key advancements, and the impact they had on shaping the digital landscape.

Learn more about types of computer keyboards and types of search engines .

Generations of Computers

There are five generations of computers.

First generation computers used vacuum tubes.
Second generation computers used transistors.
Third generation computers used ICs (Integrated Circuits).
Microprocessors are used in fourth generation computers.
Fifth generation computers are the most modern ones that are commonly used nowadays.

And finally, the sixth generation is AI powered super computers that are emerging and evolving as of today. So, this is not yet an officially and widely accepted category.

Download this entire guide to generations of computers as a PDF file

1. First Generation Computers – Vacuum Tubes

The first generation of computers, spanning the 1940s to the early 1950s, represents the initial foray into electronic computing. These machines were huge, expensive and marked by the use of vacuum tubes as their primary electronic component. Here are key aspects of the first generation of computers, along with notable examples.

Vacuum Tubes – Characteristics

Vacuum tubes are glass tubes containing electrodes used to control electrical current. They were the heart of early computers, performing functions like amplification and switching. The first generation marked the shift from mechanical calculating devices to electronic computing. This transition laid the foundation for subsequent generations to build upon. First generation computers processed data in binary code, using ones and zeros to represent information. These computers were primarily designed for scientific and mathematical calculations, often related to military or defense applications.

Programming Challenges & Other Issues

Programmers in the first generation had to physically wire the machine to perform specific tasks. This process was time-consuming and required a deep understanding of the machine’s architecture. Debugging and correcting errors in the programs were complex tasks due to the lack of high-level programming languages and debugging tools.

Vacuum tubes generated a considerable amount of heat, were prone to failure and consumed significant amounts of power. This made the machines large, cumbersome and challenging to maintain. Despite being revolutionary at the time, these computers were relatively slow by today’s standards and their applications were limited compared to modern computing.

Interaction with these computers was minimal and users often had to physically reconfigure the machine for different tasks. Skilled operators played a crucial role in the operation of first generation computers, handling tasks like loading programs and managing hardware components.

Examples of First Generation Computers

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer): Completed in 1945, ENIAC was one of the earliest electronic general-purpose computers. It consisted of around 17,468 vacuum tubes and occupied a large room.
UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer): Developed in the early 1950s, UNIVAC I was the first commercially produced computer. It used vacuum tubes and magnetic tape for data storage.

Moving to Second Generation

First generation computers quickly became outdated as technology evolved. The rapid pace of advancements in subsequent generations rendered these machines obsolete within a relatively short time frame. Understanding the challenges and innovations of the first generation of computers provides valuable insights into the monumental strides made in subsequent generations. The transition from vacuum tubes to transistors in the second generation marked a pivotal moment in the history of computing, paving the way for smaller, more reliable and efficient machines.

2. Second Generation Computers – Transistors

The second generation of computers, spanning the late 1950s to the early 1960s, marked a significant leap forward in terms of technology and design compared to the first generation. The key innovation defining this era was the replacement of vacuum tubes with transistors, leading to improvements in size, reliability and efficiency. Here are some crucial aspects of the second generation, along with notable examples.

Prominent Features

The most defining feature of second generation computers was the use of transistors as electronic components, replacing the bulky and less reliable vacuum tubes. Transistors were smaller, faster, more durable and consumed less power than vacuum tubes. This transition resulted in more compact and efficient computer systems. It also made them more affordable and accessible to a broader range of organizations and businesses.

Magnetic Core Memory – Second generation computers replaced the drum memory used in the first generation with magnetic core memory. This type of memory was faster, more reliable and allowed for random access to data. Magnetic core memory improved the overall performance and efficiency of computers , making them more suitable for a wider range of applications.
Printed Circuit Boards – Second generation computers saw the adoption of printed circuit boards, which simplified the construction of electronic circuits and contributed to the overall reliability of the systems. The use of printed circuit boards allowed for easier maintenance and troubleshooting.
Speed & Processing – Second generation computers demonstrated substantial improvements in processing speed compared to their predecessors, allowing for more complex calculations and data processing. These computers found applications in scientific research, business data processing and military operations, reflecting the growing versatility of computing technology.

Programming & Processing

With the advent of assembly languages and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN and COBOL, programming became more accessible and less reliant on low-level machine code. This shift allowed for more efficient programming, making it easier for developers to write and debug code.

Second generation computers often operated in batch processing mode, where a series of jobs were submitted for processing together. This mode improved the overall efficiency of computing tasks.

Examples of Second Generation Computers

IBM 1401 and CDC 1604 are examples of second generation computers that were widely used for batch processing applications.
IBM 7090 and UNIVAC 1107 were examples of second generation computers that were smaller and more commercially viable.

Moving to Third Generation

The second generation marked the beginning of the end of the punched card era. While punched cards were still used for input and output, magnetic tapes and disks became more prevalent, offering faster and more efficient data storage solutions. The transition to transistors and other technological advancements during the second generation laid the groundwork for subsequent developments in computing. The improvements in size, speed and reliability set the stage for further innovation in the third generation, which would see the integration of integrated circuits and bring about a new era in computing.

3. Third Generation of Computers – Integrated Circuits

The third generation of computers, spanning the 1960s to the 1970s, marked a significant evolution in computing technology, introducing integrated circuits (ICs) and bringing about improvements in performance, reliability and versatility. This era witnessed a shift from discrete transistors to integrated circuits, enabling more powerful and compact computer systems. Here are key aspects of the third generation, along with notable examples.

Integrated Circuits (ICs)

The defining feature of third generation computers was the use of integrated circuits, which incorporated multiple transistors and other electronic components onto a single semiconductor chip. Integrated circuits significantly reduced the size of computers, enhanced reliability and improved overall performance. The miniaturization allowed for the creation of smaller, more efficient and cost-effective systems.

Advancements with Third Generation

Graphics – Third generation computers started to incorporate basic graphics capabilities, paving the way for the development of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) in subsequent generations. Graphics capabilities found applications in scientific visualization, engineering and early computer-aided design (CAD).
High-level Programming Languages – The use of high-level programming languages continued to evolve in the third generation. Languages such as COBOL, FORTRAN and ALGOL gained popularity, making programming more accessible and efficient. The availability of high-level languages allowed programmers to focus on problem-solving rather than dealing with the complexities of machine code, fostering greater productivity and software development.
Time-Sharing Systems – Third generation computers introduced more sophisticated operating systems, facilitating better management of resources and scheduling of tasks. Time-sharing systems emerged, enabling multiple users to access a computer simultaneously. This marked a departure from batch processing, allowing for interactive computing and improved resource utilization.
Input/Output Devices – The third generation saw improvements in input/output devices. The use of terminals and displays became more widespread, enhancing user interaction and making computing more user-friendly.
Remote Data Access – With improvements in communication technology, third generation computers began to support remote data access. This facilitated the sharing of information across different locations and laid the groundwork for the interconnected computing environments of the future.
Magnetic Tape and Disk Storage – While magnetic tapes were still used for data storage, third generation computers witnessed the increased adoption of magnetic disk storage. Disk storage allowed for faster access to data and became a standard feature in computer systems.

Examples – Mainframe & MiniComputers

Third generation computers saw the widespread adoption of mainframe computers, which became the backbone of large-scale data processing for organizations and businesses. IBM System/360, introduced in 1964, was a groundbreaking series of mainframe computers that offered a range of compatible models for different applications. The System/360 architecture set a standard for compatibility across various models and paved the way for future computing systems.

Third generation also saw the rise of minicomputers, which were smaller, more affordable and suitable for medium-scale computing tasks. DEC PDP-11, introduced in 1970, was a highly successful minicomputer that found applications in research, education and industrial control systems.

Moving to Fourth Generation

The third generation of computers represented a significant step forward in terms of technology, with integrated circuits revolutionizing the design and capabilities of computing systems. The adoption of high-level programming languages, sophisticated operating systems and advancements in storage and communication set the stage for the continued evolution of computers in the fourth generation and beyond.

4. Fourth Generation Computers – Microprocessors

The fourth generation of computers, spanning the late 1970s through the 1980s and into the 1990s, witnessed transformative advancements in technology, introducing microprocessors, personal computers and a shift towards user-friendly interfaces. This era marked a departure from the large, centralized mainframe systems of the previous generations. Here are key aspects of the fourth generation, along with notable examples.

Features & Advancements

Microprocessors – The most significant development of the fourth generation was the integration of microprocessors. Microprocessors combined the central processing unit (CPU) onto a single semiconductor chip, bringing unprecedented computing power to smaller, more affordable systems. Microprocessors enabled the creation of compact, powerful and energy-efficient computers. This innovation paved the way for the personal computer revolution.
Personal Computers (PCs) – The fourth generation saw the rise of personal computers, making computing accessible to individuals and small businesses.
Storage Advancements – Fourth generation computers saw the widespread adoption of hard disk drives (HDDs) for mass storage. Hard drives offered larger capacities and faster access to data than previous storage technologies. The introduction of CDs as a storage medium for software distribution and multimedia content became prominent during this era.
Parallel Processing and Supercomputers – The fourth generation saw advancements in parallel processing, enabling computers to perform multiple tasks simultaneously.
Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) – GUIs became a standard feature in the fourth generation computers, providing users with visual interfaces, icons and point-and-click interactions. GUIs made computers more user-friendly and accessible to individuals with limited technical expertise, contributing to the democratization of computing.
Software Development – Fourth generation computers saw a proliferation of software applications for various purposes, including word processing, spreadsheets, databases and entertainment. The availability of commercial software expanded, providing users with a wide range of options to enhance productivity and creativity.

Networking and the Internet

The fourth generation saw the expansion of computer networking, laying the groundwork for the development of the internet.

TCP/IP Protocol – The adoption of TCP/IP protocol standardized communication on the emerging internet, facilitating global connectivity .
ARPANET – The precursor to the internet, ARPANET, continued to evolve during this era, connecting research institutions and paving the way for the information age.

Examples of Fourth Generation Computers

The fourth generation witnessed the development of portable computers and laptops, providing users with mobility and flexibility.

Personal Computers – Introduced in 1981, the IBM PC became a standard for personal computing. Its open architecture allowed for the use of third-party hardware and software, contributing to the widespread adoption of PCs.
Portable Computers – The Osborne 1 (1981) and the IBM ThinkPad (1992) were early examples of portable computers that contributed to the evolution of mobile computing.
Apple Macintosh – Launched in 1984, the Macintosh brought a graphical user interface (GUI) to personal computers, enhancing user interaction and making computing more intuitive.
Supercomputers – High-performance computing became more accessible, with the development of supercomputers like the Cray-2 (1985) and the Connection Machine (1987).

Apple’s Macintosh System Software (macOS) and Microsoft Windows were prominent examples of operating systems with graphical user interfaces.

Moving to Fifth Generation

The fourth generation of computers revolutionized the landscape by making computing power available to individuals, fostering a new era of accessibility and innovation. The integration of microprocessors, the rise of personal computers and the development of user-friendly interfaces laid the foundation for the diverse and interconnected computing ecosystem we experience today.

5. Fifth Generation of Computers

The fifth generation of computers represents a period of computing that extends from the late 20th century into the early 21st century. This era is characterized by advancements in parallel processing, artificial intelligence (AI) and the development of novel computing architectures. While the exact timeline of the fifth generation can vary, it generally covers the period from the mid-1980s to the present day. Here are key aspects of the fifth generation, along with notable examples.

Parallel Processing – Fifth generation computers embraced parallel processing, the simultaneous execution of multiple tasks to enhance computational speed and efficiency. Parallel processing allowed for the development of supercomputers and high-performance computing clusters capable of tackling complex problems in fields like scientific research, weather modeling and cryptography.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) – The fifth generation is often synonymous with the integration of artificial intelligence into computing systems. Advanced programming languages, expert systems and neural networks became integral tools in the development of AI applications. AI supports in areas like natural language processing, image recognition and expert systems for decision-making.
Knowledge-Based Systems – Knowledge-based systems, also known as expert systems, were developed during the fifth generation. These systems used human knowledge to make decisions and solve complex problems.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) – Fifth generation computers focused on improving the ability to understand and respond to human language. NLP applications included language translation, voice recognition and text understanding.
Massive Parallelism and Distributed Computing – The fifth generation witnessed a shift towards massive parallelism and distributed computing architectures.
Quantum Computing (Emerging) – Towards the latter part of the fifth generation and into the sixth generation, quantum computing emerged as a groundbreaking field. Quantum computers leverage the principles of quantum mechanics to perform computations at speeds that classical computers cannot achieve.
Personal Computing Evolution – The fifth generation saw the continued evolution of personal computing, with advancements in hardware, software and user interfaces.

Fifth Generation Computer Systems (FGCS) & Internet

The Japanese government launched the Fifth Generation Computer Systems project in the 1980s, aiming to develop advanced computer systems with AI capabilities. The project was focused on parallel processing, knowledge-based systems and natural language processing. While it didn’t achieve all its ambitious goals, it contributed to advancements in AI research.

The fifth generation witnessed the widespread adoption of the internet as a global communication and information-sharing platform. The development of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s transformed how information is accessed and shared, leading to the interconnected digital world we experience today.

Examples – Mainframe & Minicomputers

IBM’s Deep Blue, which defeated a world chess champion in 1997, is a notable example of AI achievements during this era.
Systems like IBM’s Watson, known for winning Jeopardy! in 2011, showcased advancements in natural language processing.
Distributed computing projects, like SETI@home, utilized the power of networked computers worldwide to analyze radio signals from space in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

The proliferation of personal computers, laptops and the eventual rise of smartphones and tablets exemplify the ongoing evolution of computing devices. Companies like IBM, Google and startups like Rigetti and D-Wave are actively working on quantum computing research and development.

Moving to Sixth Generation

The fifth generation of computers represents a period of profound transformation, with a focus on AI, parallel processing and the development of technologies that continue to shape the digital landscape. As technology continues to advance, the fifth generation sets the stage for ongoing innovations in computing, including the exploration of quantum computing and the continued integration of AI into various aspects of our lives.

6. Sixth Generation of Computers

The sixth generation of computers are still in the early stages of development and concrete examples are not yet been fully realized. Predictions and expectations for the sixth generation generally involve advancements in technologies such as quantum computing, artificial intelligence (AI) and further integration of computing into various aspects of daily life. Here are key concepts associated with the potential characteristics of the sixth generation.

Quantum Computing – Quantum computing represents a paradigm shift in computing, utilizing the principles of quantum mechanics to perform calculations at speeds that surpass classical computers. Quantum computers have the potential to solve complex problems, such as optimization tasks, cryptography and simulations, at a pace that was previously unimaginable.
Biocomputing and Neuromorphic Computing – The sixth generation may explore the integration of biological components into computing systems. This includes the use of DNA computing and other biologically-inspired computing approaches. Drawing inspiration from the human brain, neuromorphic computing aims to create processors that mimic the brain’s architecture, potentially leading to more efficient and powerful computing systems for tasks like pattern recognition and learning.
AI Integration – The sixth generation is expected to witness the development of even more advanced and sophisticated AI systems , capable of complex reasoning, problem-solving and decision-making. AI may become further integrated into various aspects of daily life, from autonomous vehicles and smart homes to personalized healthcare and virtual assistants.
Advanced Robotics – Sixth generation computers may contribute to the development of more advanced and autonomous robotic systems. These could find applications in fields like healthcare, manufacturing and space exploration.
Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) – The integration of computers with the human brain through BCIs could become more sophisticated in the sixth generation, allowing for direct communication between the brain and computing systems.
Augmented and Virtual Reality – Advances in augmented and virtual reality technologies may further enhance the integration of computing into human experiences. You can expect spatial computing devices like Apple Vision Pro will take the computer technology to imaginary level.
Green Computing and Sustainability – The sixth generation may prioritize sustainability and energy efficiency in computing, exploring new technologies to reduce the environmental impact of large-scale computing systems.
Edge Computing – This involves processing data closer to the source rather than relying on centralized cloud servers. The sixth generation may see further developments in edge computing for faster data processing and reduced latency.
Hybrid Architectures – Hybrid computing architectures that leverage a combination of classical computing, quantum computing and other specialized computing technologies may become prevalent in the sixth generation.
Advanced Encryption – With the growing importance of cybersecurity, the sixth generation is likely to bring advancements in encryption and security measures to protect sensitive data.

It’s essential to note that the predictions for the sixth generation are speculative and the timeline for its full realization may extend well into the future. Ongoing research and development in various fields, including quantum computing, AI and biotechnology, will play a crucial role in shaping the characteristics of the sixth generation of computers.

The evolution of computers across different generations reflects the relentless pursuit of innovation and improvement in the field of computing. Each generation has left an indelible mark on the digital landscape, shaping the way we work, communicate and live. As we look to the future, the ongoing advancements in technology continue to redefine the possibilities of computing, promising a world where the sixth generation and beyond will unlock new frontiers in computational capabilities.

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Unit 7. Evolution of computers

Topic A: Computer generations

Click play on the following audio player to listen along as you read this section.

Basic Terms

Vacuum tube – an electronic device that controls the flow of electrons in a vacuum. It used as a switch, amplifier, or display screen in many older model radios, televisions, computers, etc.

Transistor – an electronic component that can be used as an amplifier or as a switch. It is used to control the flow of electricity in radios, televisions, computers, etc.

generation of computer 1st to 5th assignment

Integrated circuit (IC) – a small electronic circuit printed on a chip (usually made of silicon) that contains many its own circuit elements (e.g. transistors, diodes , resistors, etc.).

Microprocessor – an electronic component held on an integrated circuit that contains a computer’s central processing unit (CPU) and other associated circuits.

CPU (central processing unit) – It is often referred to as the brain or engine of a computer where most of the processing and operations take place (CPU is part of a microprocessor).

Magnetic drum – a cylinder coated with magnetic material, on which data and programs can be stored.

Magnetic core – uses arrays of small rings of magnetized material called cores to store information.

Machine language – a low-level programming language comprised of a collection of binary digits (ones and zeros) that the computer can read and understand.

Assembly language is like the machine language that a computer can understand, except that assembly language uses abbreviated words (e.g. ADD, SUB, DIV…) in place of numbers (0s and 1s).

Artificial intelligence (AI) – an area of computer science that deals with the simulation and creation of intelligent machines or intelligent behave in computers (they think, learn, work, and react like humans).

First Generation of Computers

Classification of generations of computers.

The evolution of computer technology is often divided into five generations.

The main characteristics of first generation of computers (1940s-1950s)

Main memory – magnetic drums and magnetic tapes
Programming language – machine language

Speed and size – very slow and very large in size (often taking up entire room).
Input/output devices – punched cards and paper tape.
Examples – ENIAC, UNIVAC1, IBM 650, IBM 701, etc.
Quantity – there were about 100 different vacuum tube computers produced between 1942 and1963.

Second Generation of Computers

The main characteristics of second generation of computers (1950s-1960s).

Memory – magnetic core and magnetic tape / disk

Power and size – low power consumption, generated less heat, and smaller in size (in comparison with the first generation computers).
Speed – improvement of speed and reliability (in comparison with the first generation computers).
Input/output devices – punched cards and magnetic tape.
Examples – IBM 1401, IBM 7090 and 7094, UNIVAC 1107, etc.

Third Generation of Computers

The main characteristics of third generation of computers (1960s-1970s).

Memory – large magnetic core, magnetic tape / disk

Size – smaller, cheaper, and more efficient than second generation computers (they were called minicomputers).
Speed – improvement of speed and reliability (in comparison with the second generation computers).

Examples – IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-11, UNIVAC 1108, etc.

Fourth Generation of Computers

The main characteristics of fourth generation of computers (1970s-present).

VLSI– thousands of transistors on a single microchip.
RAM (random-access memory) – a type of data storage (memory element) used in computers that temporary stores of programs and data (volatile: its contents are lost when the computer is turned off).

A mix of both third- and fourth-generation languages
Size – smaller, cheaper and more efficient than third generation computers.
Speed – improvement of speed, accuracy, and reliability (in comparison with the third generation computers).

Network – a group of two or more computer systems linked together.
Examples – IBM PC, STAR 1000, APPLE II, Apple Macintosh, etc.

Fifth Generation of Computers

The main characteristics of fifth generation of computers (the present and the future).

ULSI – millions of transistors on a single microchip
Parallel processing method – use two or more microprocessors to run tasks simultaneously.
Language – understand natural language (human language).
Power – consume less power and generate less heat.
Speed – remarkable improvement of speed, accuracy and reliability (in comparison with the fourth generation computers).
Size – portable and small in size, and have a huge storage capacity.

Example – desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc.

Three women sitting around a table with laptops.

The computer – this amazing technology went from a government/business-only technology to being everywhere from people’s homes, work places, to people’s pockets in less than 100 years.

an electronic device that controls the flow of electrons in a vacuum. It used as a switch, amplifier, or display screen in many older model radios, televisions, computers, etc.

an electronic component that can be used as an amplifier or as a switch. It is used to control the flow of electricity in radios, televisions, computers, etc.

a small electronic circuit printed on a chip (usually made of silicon) that contains many its own circuit elements (e.g. transistors, diodes, resistors, etc.).

an electronic component held on an integrated circuit that contains a computer's central processing unit (CPU) and other associated circuits.

The brain or engine of a computer, where most of the processing and operations take place.

a cylinder coated with magnetic material, on which data and programs can be stored.

uses arrays of small rings of magnetized material called cores to store information.

a low-level programming language comprised of a collection of binary digits (ones and zeros) that the computer can read and understand.

a physical device that is used to store data, information, and programs in a computer.

an area of computer science that deals with the simulation and creation of intelligent machines or intelligent behave in computers (they think, learn, work, and react like humans).

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Generations of Computer 1st to 5th, Chart, Notes, PDF Download

Depending on the technology employed, computers can be grouped into 5 generations. Know detailed features of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th generations of computers. Get computer generation Chart, PDF.

Table of Contents

Generations of computers: With the advent of your time, the modern computer began to take shape. The development of the computer had begun in the sixteenth century. Numerous improvements were made to the original computer. It continued to advance in terms of speed, accuracy, size, and cost in order to push the design of the current-day computer. In this article, we will cover all the computer generations along with their characteristics in detail. We have also included the chart of all computer generations from 1st to current (fifth).

Generations of Computer

The generation of computers along with their defining characteristics and advancements. From the sixteenth century onward, computers underwent a long and continuous state of evolution. Computer generations refer to the many stages of this extended duration. The period from 1940 to 1956 saw the development of the first generation of computers, which was followed by the second generation from 1956 to 1963, the third generation from 1964 to 1971, the fourth generation from 1971 to the present, and the fifth generation, which is now under development. It’s important to note that there may be some variation in the classification of generations depending on different sources, but this is a commonly accepted overview.

How Many Generation of Computer

First Generation (1940s-1950s) : The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes as the primary electronic component. These machines were large, expensive, and consumed a significant amount of electricity. They were mainly programmed using machine language and assembly language. Examples include the ENIAC and UNIVAC I.
Second Generation (1950s-1960s) : The second generation of computers introduced the use of transistors, which replaced vacuum tubes. Transistors were smaller, faster, more reliable, and consumed less power. This advancement led to the development of smaller and more affordable computers. High-level programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL were developed during this period.
Third Generation (1960s-1970s) : The third generation of computers witnessed the invention of integrated circuits (ICs) or chips. ICs allowed for the placement of multiple transistors and electronic components on a single chip, leading to further miniaturization and increased processing power. This generation saw the emergence of mainframe and minicomputers, as well as the development of operating systems and time-sharing.
Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s) : The fourth generation of computers brought about the advent of microprocessors. Microprocessors combined the processing power of a complete CPU onto a single chip, enabling the creation of personal computers (PCs). The development of microcomputers and the use of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) marked this era. High-level programming languages, such as C and Pascal, became more popular.
Fifth Generation (1980s-Present) : The fifth generation of computers is characterized by the development of artificial intelligence (AI) and parallel processing. This generation focuses on creating computer systems that can mimic human intelligence, including natural language processing and expert systems. Some key technologies associated with this generation include neural networks, genetic algorithms, and supercomputers.

Computer Generations 1st to 5th

This long period is often conveniently divided into the subsequent phases called generations of computers.

1. First Generation Computers (1940-1956) 2. Second Generation Computers (1956-1963) 3. Third Generation Computers (1964-1971) 4. Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present) 5. Fifth Generation Computers (Present and Beyond)

5 Generations of Computer 1st to 5th for Notes

Here we will discuss all the generations of computers 1st to 5th in detail. It will help students as well as competitive exam aspirants in their exam preparation.

First Generation of Computer (1940s-1950s)

Vacuum tubes served as the primary electronic component of the first generations of computers. Vacuum tubes were big, heavy things that used a lot of electricity. These computers had only a few kilohertz of speed, which was also quite slow.

Characteristics of First Generation of Computer

The table given below consists of characteristics of first generation of computer.

Second Generation of Computer (1950s-1960s)

Transistors, as opposed to vacuum tubes, were employed in the second generation of computers. Compared to vacuum tubes, transistors were quicker, more efficient, and smaller. Smaller, more potent computers could be created as a result.

Characteristics of Second Generation of Computer

The table given below consists of the characteristics of the second generation of Computer.

Third Generation of Computer (1960s-1970s)

Integrated circuits (ICs) served as the primary electronic component of the third generation of computers. Transistors are built into integrated circuits (ICs) and are engraved onto a single chip. This made it possible to create increasingly more compact and potent computers.

Characteristics of the Third Generation of Computer

The table given below consists of the characteristics of the third generation of Computer.

Fourth Generation of Computer (1970s-1980s)

Microprocessors are the primary electronic component used in computers that belong to the fourth generation. Single chips called microprocessors house the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and other parts. Personal computers (PCs) and other compact, cheap computers were made possible as a result.

Characteristics of The Fourth Generation of Computer

The table given below consists of the characteristics of the fourth Generation of Computers.

Fifth and Present Generation of Computer (1980s-Present)

The fifth generation of computers, which is currently being developed, is concentrated on parallel processing and artificial intelligence (AI). AI refers to a computer’s capacity to learn and think like a human. The capacity of computers to carry out several tasks at once is known as parallel processing.

Characteristics of Fifth and Current Generations of Computer

The table given below consists of characteristics of fifth generation.

Computer Generation Chart

The Chart below summarizes the different computer generation chart .

Generations of Computer Chart

Below we have provided a chart listing all generations of computers. The chart also shows their operating time period and the technology used in them. The computer generations chart is given below. check all computers generations.

How many Generations of Computer?

Computers can be categorized into five generations of computer based on their technological advancements and key developments. These generations are number from 1 to 5. Computer system development is typically discussed in terms of multiple generations of development. As successive generations came into being, computer technology advanced.

Generations of Computer 1st to 5th PDF Download

Generation of computer 1st to 5th pdf for the students to better understand the all functions of the computers. This PDF will assist students in their studies.

Click her to get Computer Generations 1 to 5th PDF

जनरेशन ऑफ कंप्यूटर

कंप्यूटरों की पीढ़ी के साथ-साथ उनकी विशिष्ट विशेषताएं और प्रगति। यह ध्यान रखना महत्वपूर्ण है कि विभिन्न स्रोतों के आधार पर पीढ़ियों के वर्गीकरण में कुछ भिन्नता हो सकती है, लेकिन यह आमतौर पर स्वीकृत अवलोकन है।

पहली से पांचवीं तक कंप्यूटर की पीढ़ी पहली पीढ़ी (1940-1950): कंप्यूटर की पहली पीढ़ी में प्राथमिक इलेक्ट्रॉनिक घटक के रूप में वैक्यूम ट्यूब का उपयोग किया जाता था। ये मशीनें बड़ी, महंगी थीं और बड़ी मात्रा में बिजली की खपत करती थीं। इन्हें मुख्य रूप से मशीन भाषा और असेंबली भाषा का उपयोग करके प्रोग्राम किया गया था। उदाहरणों में ENIAC और UNIVAC I शामिल हैं। दूसरी पीढ़ी (1950-1960): कंप्यूटर की दूसरी पीढ़ी में ट्रांजिस्टर का उपयोग शुरू हुआ, जिसने वैक्यूम ट्यूब की जगह ले ली। ट्रांजिस्टर छोटे, तेज़, अधिक विश्वसनीय और कम बिजली खपत वाले थे। इस प्रगति से छोटे और अधिक किफायती कंप्यूटरों का विकास हुआ। इस अवधि के दौरान FORTRAN और COBOL जैसी उच्च स्तरीय प्रोग्रामिंग भाषाओं का विकास किया गया। तीसरी पीढ़ी (1960-1970): कंप्यूटर की तीसरी पीढ़ी में एकीकृत सर्किट (आईसी) या चिप्स का आविष्कार देखा गया। आईसी ने एक ही चिप पर कई ट्रांजिस्टर और इलेक्ट्रॉनिक घटकों को रखने की अनुमति दी, जिससे आगे लघुकरण और प्रसंस्करण शक्ति में वृद्धि हुई। इस पीढ़ी में मेनफ्रेम और मिनी कंप्यूटर के उद्भव के साथ-साथ ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम और टाइम-शेयरिंग का विकास भी देखा गया। चौथी पीढ़ी (1970-1980): कंप्यूटर की चौथी पीढ़ी में माइक्रोप्रोसेसर का आगमन हुआ। माइक्रोप्रोसेसरों ने संपूर्ण सीपीयू की प्रसंस्करण शक्ति को एक चिप पर संयोजित किया, जिससे पर्सनल कंप्यूटर (पीसी) का निर्माण संभव हुआ। माइक्रो कंप्यूटर के विकास और ग्राफिकल यूजर इंटरफेस (जीयूआई) के उपयोग ने इस युग को चिह्नित किया। सी और पास्कल जैसी उच्च-स्तरीय प्रोग्रामिंग भाषाएँ अधिक लोकप्रिय हो गईं। पांचवीं पीढ़ी (1980-वर्तमान): कंप्यूटर की पांचवीं पीढ़ी को कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता (एआई) और समानांतर प्रसंस्करण के विकास की विशेषता है। यह पीढ़ी ऐसे कंप्यूटर सिस्टम बनाने पर ध्यान केंद्रित करती है जो प्राकृतिक भाषा प्रसंस्करण और विशेषज्ञ प्रणालियों सहित मानव बुद्धि की नकल कर सकें। इस पीढ़ी से जुड़ी कुछ प्रमुख तकनीकों में तंत्रिका नेटवर्क, आनुवंशिक एल्गोरिदम और सुपर कंप्यूटर शामिल हैं।

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What are the different generations of computers?

There are five generations of computers:

First generation (1940s-1950s): The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes as their main electronic component. Second generation (1950s-1960s): The second generation of computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes. Third generation (1960s-1970s): The third generation of computers used integrated circuits (ICs) as their main electronic component. Fourth generation (1970s-present): The fourth generation of computers uses microprocessors as their main electronic component. Fifth generation (1980s-present): The fifth generation of computers is still ongoing, and is focused on artificial intelligence (AI) and parallel processing.

What are the future trends in computer generations?

The future trends in computer generations are as follows:

Increased speed and power: Computers are becoming increasingly faster and more powerful. This is due to the development of new technologies, such as quantum computing and artificial intelligence. Smaller size and lower cost: Computers are becoming smaller and more affordable. This is due to the development of new manufacturing processes, such as 3D printing. Greater connectivity: Computers are becoming more connected to each other and to the internet. This is due to the development of new networking technologies, such as 5G. More user-friendly: Computers are becoming more user-friendly. This is due to the development of new graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and voice-activated controls.

What are the characteristics of each generation of computers?

The characteristics of each generation of computers are as follows:

First generation (1940s-1950s): Vacuum tubes were used as the main electronic component. These computers were large, bulky, and consumed a lot of power. They were also very slow, with speeds of only a few kilohertz. Second generation (1950s-1960s): Transistors were used instead of vacuum tubes. These computers were smaller, faster, and more efficient than vacuum tube computers. They also had higher speeds, with speeds of up to millions of hertz. Third generation (1960s-1970s): Integrated circuits (ICs) were used as the main electronic component. These computers were even smaller, faster, and more efficient than transistor computers. They also had much higher speeds, with speeds of up to billions of hertz. Fourth generation (1970s-present): Microprocessors were used as the main electronic component. These computers were very small, powerful, and affordable. They also had very high speeds, with speeds of up to gigahertz. Fifth generation (1980s-present): Artificial intelligence (AI) and parallel processing are the main focus of this generation of computers. These computers are still in development, but they are expected to be much faster and more powerful than previous generations of computers.

10 Input and Output Devices of Computer Chart

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Fifth Generation of Computers

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By the time of the discovery of the computer through Charles Babbage, technology had advanced and superior in a completely vast manner. This development in technology and consequently the improvement of computer systems are grouped in numerous generations. Each generation of computer systems has a few vast alternates of their function and far greater benefit than the preceding generation of computer systems. So, it is often stated that a generation is regularly referred to as an alternate and development in the era. Basically, there are 5 generations of computer systems indexed under and they vary from each other in terms of architecture, occupying space, language, specification, function or operation performed, etc. Following is the list of computer generations:

1. First Generation of Computers(1940 – 1956): The duration from 1940-1956 changed into the duration of first-generation computer systems. They are essentially primarily based totally on vacuum tubes, and vacuum tubes are used because of the simple components for memory and circuitry for the CPU (Central Processing Unit). For example, UNIVAC-1 and ENIVAC.

2. Second Generation of Computers (1957 – 1963): This generation includes styles of gadgets transistors and magnetic core in the systems. For example, IBM 1401, IBM 1920, etc.

3. Third Generation of Computers(1964 – 1971): Computer circuits changed the usage of transistors within-side the third generation of computer systems. Integrated Circuits themselves include many transistors, capacitors, and resistors and because of this third-generation computer systems are smaller in size, efficient, and extra reliable. For example, CDC 1700, IBM-360 Series, etc.

4. Fourth Generation of Computers(1972 onward): VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated) Circuit or they’re additionally referred to as microprocessors are utilized in this generation. A microprocessor chip is made from hundreds of Integrated Circuits construct on a single silicon chip. The use of Personal Computer(PCs) elevated on this generation and First Personal Computer (PC) changed into advanced through IBM. For example, Apple, CRAY-1, etc.

5. Fifth Generation of Computers(Present and Future): It is primarily based totally on Artificial intelligence (AI) software. Artificial intelligence describes the medium and manner of creating computer systems like people, the manner human thinks, the manner people act, etc. and that is a rising department and has all of the scopes for studies work too. For example, PARAM 10000, IBM notebooks, etc.

Fifth Generation Computers

Fifth-generation computers were introduced after the fourth-generation computers were invented. Fifth-generation computers, also known as modern computers, are still in the development stage and are based on artificial intelligence. In 1982, Japan was invented the FGCS (Fifth Generation Computer System). Computers of this generation are based on microelectronic technology with high computing power and parallel processing.

This is the most recent and technologically advanced computer generation. Modern high-level languages such as Python, R, C#, Java, and others are used as input methods. These are incredibly dependable and use the Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) technology. War. Parallel processing hardware and artificial intelligence software are used in computers.

These computers are at the cutting edge of modern scientific computations and are being utilized to develop artificial intelligence (AI) software. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a popular discipline of computer science that examines the meaning and methods for programming computers to behave like humans. It is still in its infancy.

In the fifth generation of computers, all high-level languages are employed. The primary goal of the fifth generation is to create machines that can learn and organize themselves. Artificial intelligence and parallel processing hardware are at the heart of this generation of computers, and artificial intelligence encompasses terms like Robotics, Neural Networks, etc.

The fundamental goal of this system is to make development in artificial intelligence and incorporate it into a new generation of extremely powerful computers that can be used by the average person. AI-based systems are employed in a variety of real-world applications and give a variety of benefits. When a specific set of knowledge and skills is required, systems are capable of performing well in scenarios that a human could encounter with the help of proper training. They do not, however, fit in situations where there is a need for tacit knowledge and a human can get it by talking in natural language and is concerned with form and speech recognition

The usage of AI, which helps to make computers more powerful, is one of the primary elements of 5th generation computers. From navigation to browsing, AI applications may be found everywhere. It’s also used for video analysis, image processing, and other tasks. Artificial intelligence is projected to automate practically every element of computing.

Even though they are still in development, computers in the fifth generation are more powerful, functional, and speedy. Some of the benefits of computers that use ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale Integration) technology. The fifth-generation computers employ AI (artificial intelligence) technology, which includes expert system development, gameplay, and more. These machines were able to interpret human language as well as recognize graphs and photos thanks to AI technology. Fifth-generation computers are being developed to address extremely difficult tasks, such as working with natural language. They will, hopefully, be able to utilize more than one CPU and will be less expensive than the current generation. It is relatively simple to move these computers from one location to another. Some fifth-generation computers are PARAM 10000, IBM notebooks, Intel P4, Laptops, etc.

Features of Fifth-generation Computers

Following are some features of fifth-generation computers:

The ULSI (ultra large scale integration) technology is used in this generation of computers.
Natural language processing is now in its fifth phase of development.
In this generation’s computers, artificial intelligence has progressed.
Parallel processing has advanced on these computers.
The fifth-generation computer includes more user-friendly interfaces and multimedia functions.
These PCs can be purchased for a lower price.
Computers that are more portable and powerful.
Computers are dependable and less expensive.
It’s easier to manufacture in a commercial setting.
Desktop computers are straightforward to operate.
Mainframe computers are extremely efficient.

Advantages of Fifth Generation of Computer

Following are some advantages of fifth-generation computers:

These computers are far quicker than previous generations.
These computers are simpler to repair.
These computers are substantially smaller in size than other generation computers.
They are lightweight and easy to move.
True artificial intelligence is being developed.
Parallel Processing has progressed.
Superconductor technology has progressed.

Disadvantages of Fifth Generation of Computer

Following are some disadvantages of fifth-generation computers:

They’re usually sophisticated but could be difficult to use.
They can give businesses additional power to monitor your activities and potentially infect your machine.

Sample Questions

Question 1: What this counting machine is called developed by Charles Babbage known as the father of the computer?

Charles Babbage developed a counting machine called a difference engine.

Question 2: Which generation of computers uses integrated circuits?

The third generation computers were the enhanced version of second-generation computers they used integrated circuits.

Question 3: What are the key technologies used in the fifth generation of computers?

VLSI architecture, parallel processing such as data flow control, logic programming, knowledge base based on a relational database, and applied artificial intelligence and pattern processing appear to be the key feature of fifth generation computer.

Question 4: Which generation support AI?

Fifth generation computers support AI(Artificial Intelligence).

Question 5: Which generation of computers supports the operating system and other application software?

Third generation computers supports operating system and other application software.

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Generations of Computer: 1st to 5th

Computer Fundamentals
Generations of Computer

What are the generations of computers?

How many generations of computers are there, what are the five generations of computers.

Computer Generations List [Show/ Hide List] • First Generation • Second Generation • Third Generation • Fourth Generation • Fifth Generation var toggler = document.getElementsByClassName("caret"); var i; for (i = 0; i

First Generation (1946 – 1959)

Advantages of the First Generation Computers

Disadvantages of the first generation computers, second generation (1959 – 1965).

Advantages of the Second Generation Computers

Disadvantages of the second generation computers, third generation (1965 – 1971).

Advantages of the Third Generation Computers

Disadvantages of the third generation computers, fourth generation (1971 – 1980).

Advantages of the Fourth Generation Computers

Disadvantages of the fourth generation computers, fifth generation (1980 to present).

Advantages of the Fifth Generation Computers

Disadvantages of the fifth generation computers.

• First Generation of Computer
• Second Generation of Computer
• Third Generation of Computer
• Fourth Generation of Computer
• Fifth Generation of Computer
• Input Devices of Computer
• Output Devices of Computer
• Full Form of Computer

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The Evolution Of Computer | Generations of Computer

The development of computers has been a wonderful journey that has covered several centuries and is defined by a number of inventions and advancements made by our greatest scientists. Because of these scientists, we are using now the latest technology in the computer system.

Now we have Laptops , Desktop computers , notebooks , etc. which we are using today to make our lives easier, and most importantly we can communicate with the world from anywhere around the world with these things.

So, In today’s blog, I want you to explore the journey of computers with me that has been made by our scientists.

Note: If you haven’t read our History of Computer blog then must read first then come over here

let’s look at the evolution of computers/generations of computers

COMPUTER GENERATIONS

Computer generations are essential to understanding computing technology’s evolution. It divides computer history into periods marked by substantial advancements in hardware, software, and computing capabilities. So the first period of computers started from the year 1940 in the first generation of computers. let us see…

Table of Contents

Generations of computer

The generation of classified into five generations:

First Generation Computer (1940-1956)
Second Generation Computer (1956-1963)
Third Generation Computer(1964-1971)
Fourth Generation Computer(1971-Present)
Fifth Generation Computer(Present and Beyond)

1. FIRST GENERATION COMPUTER: Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956)

The first generation of computers is characterized by the use of “Vacuum tubes” It was developed in 1904 by the British engineer “John Ambrose Fleming” . A vacuum tube is an electronic device used to control the flow of electric current in a vacuum. It is used in CRT(Cathode Ray Tube) TV , Radio , etc.

The first general-purpose programmable electronic computer was the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) which was completed in 1945 and introduced on Feb 14, 1946, to the public. It was built by two American engineers “J. Presper Eckert” and “John V Mauchly” at the University of Pennsylvania.

The ENIAC was 30-50 feet long, 30 tons weighted, contained 18000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 registers, and 10,000 capacitors, and it required 150000 watts of electricity, which makes it very expensive.

Later, Eckert and Mauchly developed the first commercially successful computer named UNIVAC(Univeral Automatic Computer) in 1952 .

Examples are ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), UNIVAC-1 (Univeral Automatic Computer-1)

These computers were designed by using vacuum tubes.
These generations’ computers were simple architecture.
These computers calculate data in a millisecond.
This computer is used for scientific purposes.

DISADVANTAGES

The computer was very costly.
Very large.
It takes up a lot of space and electricity
The speed of these computers was very slow
It is used for commercial purposes.
It is very expensive.
These computers heat a lot.
Cooling is needed to operate these types of computers because they heat up very quickly.

2. SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER: Transistors (1956-1963)

The second generation of computers is characterized by the use of “Transistors” and it was developed in 1947 by three American physicists “John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley” .

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals or open or close a circuit. It was invented in Bell labs, The transistors became the key ingredient of all digital circuits, including computers.

The invention of transistors replaced the bulky electric tubes from the first generation of computers.

Transistors perform the same functions as a Vacuum tube , except that electrons move through instead of through a vacuum. Transistors are made of semiconducting materials and they control the flow of electricity.

It is smaller than the first generation of computers, it is faster and less expensive compared to the first generation of computers. The second-generation computer has a high level of programming languages, including FORTRAN (1956), ALGOL (1958), and COBOL (1959).

Examples are PDP-8 (Programmed Data Processor-8), IBM1400 (International business machine 1400 series), IBM 7090 (International business machine 7090 series), CDC 3600 ( Control Data Corporation 3600 series)

ADVANTAGES:

It is smaller in size as compared to the first-generation computer
It used less electricity
Not heated as much as the first-generation computer.
It has better speed

DISADVANTAGES:

It is also costly and not versatile
still, it is expensive for commercial purposes
Cooling is still needed
Punch cards were used for input
The computer is used for a particular purpose

3. THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER: Integrated Circuits (1964-1971)

The Third generation of computers is characterized by the use of “Integrated Circuits” It was developed in 1958 by two American engineers “Robert Noyce” & “Jack Kilby” . The integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on small flat pieces of semiconductor that is normally known as silicon. The transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips which are called semiconductors, which drastically increased the efficiency and speed of the computers.

These ICs (integrated circuits) are popularly known as chips. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors built on a single slice of silicon.

This development made computers smaller in size, low cost, large memory, and processing. The speed of these computers is very high and it is efficient and reliable also.

These generations of computers have a higher level of languages such as Pascal PL/1, FORTON-II to V, COBOL, ALGOL-68, and BASIC(Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) was developed during these periods.

Examples are NCR 395 (National Cash Register), IBM 360,370 series, B6500

These computers are smaller in size as compared to previous generations
It consumed less energy and was more reliable
More Versatile
It produced less heat as compared to previous generations
These computers are used for commercial and as well as general-purpose
These computers used a fan for head discharge to prevent damage
This generation of computers has increased the storage capacity of computers
Still, a cooling system is needed.
It is still very costly
Sophisticated Technology is required to manufacture Integrated Circuits
It is not easy to maintain the IC chips.
The performance of these computers is degraded if we execute large applications.

4. FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER: Microprocessor (1971-Present)

The fourth generation of computers is characterized by the use of “Microprocessor”. It was invented in the 1970s and It was developed by four inventors named are “Marcian Hoff, Masatoshi Shima, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor “. The first microprocessor named was the “Intel 4004” CPU, it was the first microprocessor that was invented.

A microprocessor contains all the circuits required to perform arithmetic, logic, and control functions on a single chip. Because of microprocessors, fourth-generation includes more data processing capacity than equivalent-sized third-generation computers. Due to the development of microprocessors, it is possible to place the CPU(central processing unit) on a single chip. These computers are also known as microcomputers. The personal computer is a fourth-generation computer. It is the period when the evolution of computer networks takes place.

Examples are APPLE II, Alter 8800

These computers are smaller in size and much more reliable as compared to other generations of computers.
The heating issue on these computers is almost negligible
No A/C or Air conditioner is required in a fourth-generation computer.
In these computers, all types of higher languages can be used in this generation
It is also used for the general purpose
less expensive
These computers are cheaper and portable
Fans are required to operate these kinds of computers
It required the latest technology for the need to make microprocessors and complex software
These computers were highly sophisticated
It also required advanced technology to make the ICs(Integrated circuits)

5. FIFTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS (Present and beyond)

These generations of computers were based on AI (Artificial Intelligence) technology. Artificial technology is the branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans and allowing the computer to make its own decisions currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligence (that is, can simulate human behavior).

In the fifth generation of computers, VLSI technology and ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology are used and the speed of these computers is extremely high. This generation introduced machines with hundreds of processors that could all be working on different parts of a single program. The development of a more powerful computer is still in progress. It has been predicted that such a computer will be able to communicate in natural spoken languages with its user.

In this generation, computers are also required to use a high level of languages like C language, c++, java, etc.

Examples are Desktop computers, laptops, notebooks, MacBooks, etc. These all are the computers which we are using.

These computers are smaller in size and it is more compatible
These computers are mighty cheaper
It is obviously used for the general purpose
Higher technology is used
Development of true artificial intelligence
Advancement in Parallel Processing and Superconductor Technology.
It tends to be sophisticated and complex tools
It pushes the limit of transistor density.

Frequently Asked Questions

How many computer generations are there.

Mainly five generations are there:

First Generation Computer (1940-1956) Second Generation Computer (1956-1963) Third Generation Computer(1964-1971) Fourth Generation Computer(1971-Present) Fifth Generation Computer(Present and Beyond)

Which things were invented in the first generation of computers?

Vacuum Tubes

What is the fifth generation of computers?

The Fifth Generation of computers is entirely based on Artificial Intelligence. Where it predicts that the computer will be able to communicate in natural spoken languages with its user.

What is the latest computer generation?

The latest generation of computers is Fifth which is totally based on Artificial Intelligence.

Who is the inventor of the Integrated Circuit?

“Robert Noyce” and “Jack Bily”

What is the full form of ENIAC ?

ENIAC Stands for “Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer” .

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Generation of Computers 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th

The Generation of Computer tells about the evolution of technology to distinguish the computers in terms of varying hardware and software. Know everything about the Generation of Computers 1st to 5th.

Table of Contents

For many decades we have relied on computers and now they have become an inseparable part of our lives. We cannot imagine our lives without computers are they have made our work easier. These computers have gone through changes over time and have you ever really wondered what a computer actually is? Today we use Laptops for our office work, and tablets for day-to-day calculations or entertainment purposes. These indicate that computers have evolved and undergone changes in their structure, functions and speed over time.

What is the Evolution of the computer?

The evolution of computers started around the 16th century. The evolution of the computer is the process of which transformation of the oldest vacuum tube-based system to the current model system of today’s computers. Long ago, the early primitive people were trailblazers in the use of counting tools, making use of objects like sticks, stones, and bones for their counting needs. The computer we see today has faced many changes, for the betterment via history of computers . It has continuously improved itself in terms of speed, accuracy, size, and price to urge the form of the computer we have today. Here we have discussed the 5 generations of computers and their characteristics.

Generation of Computer

In computers, we use the term “generation” to show the evolution of technology. Earlier, the generation term was used to distinguish the computers in terms of varying hardware but now it all together includes the hardware and software which makes up a computer system. After centuries of evolution that began in the 16th century, the contemporary computer has taken its current form. There are 5 Generations of computers and all of them have been discussed below along with their features.

1. First Generation Computers

The 1st Generation Computers were introduced using the technology of vacuum tubes which can control the flow of electronics in a vacuum. These tubes are usually used in switches, amplifiers, radios, televisions, etc. The First Generation of Computer was very heavy and large and were not ideal for programming. They used basic programming and didn’t have an operating system, which made it tough for users to do programming on them. The 1st Generation Computers required a big room dedicated to them and also consumed a lot of electricity.

Some examples of main first-generation computers are-

ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, built by J. Presper Eckert and John V. Mauchly which contained 18,000 vacuum tubes.
EDVAC: Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, designed by Von Neumann.
UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Computer, developed by Eckert and Mauchly in 1952.

Characteristics of 1st Generation Computers

These computers were designed using vacuum tubes.
Programming in these computers was done using machine languages.
The main memory of 1st Generation Computers consisted of magnetic tapes and magnetic drums.
Paper tapes and Punched cards were used as input/output devices in these computers.
These computers were very huge but worked very slowly.
Examples of 1st Generation Computers are IBM 650, IBM 701, ENIAC, UNIVAC1, etc.

Generation of Computers 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th_3.1

2. Second Generation Computers

The Second Generation of Computers revolutionized as it started using the technology of transistors instead of bulky vacuum tubes. Transistors are devices made of semiconductor materials that open or close a circuit. These transistors were invented in the Bell Labs which made the Second Generation Computer powerful and faster than the previous ones. Transistors made these computers smaller and generated less heat compared to the vacuum tubes they replaced. The Second Generation of Computers also introduced the use of CPU, memory and input/output units. The programming languages used for the second-generation computers were FORTRAN (1956), ALGOL (1958), and COBOL (1959).

Characteristics of Second-Generation Computers

The Second Generation computers used the technology of Transistors.
Machine language and Assembly Languages were used for these computers.
Magnetic core and magnetic tape/disk were used for memory storage.
The Second Generation Computers were smaller in size, consumed less power and generated less heat.
Magnetic tape and punched cards were used as input/output devices.
Some of the examples are PDP-8, IBM1400 series, IBM 7090 and 7094, UNIVAC 1107, CDC 3600, etc.

Generation of Computers 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th_5.1

3. Third Generation Computers

The evolution of Third Generation Computers took place with a shift from transistors to integrated circuits also called IC. The Third Generation of Computers was very fast and reliable. The ICs used in these computers were made from silicons and were called silicon chips. A single IC has many transistors, registers, and capacitors built on one thin slice of silicon. This generation of computers has increased memory space and efficiency. Higher-level languages like BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) were used and the Minicomputers were introduced in this era.

Characteristics of Third-Generation Computers

These computers were built using Integrated Circuits (ICs).
High-level programming languages were used for programming on these computers.
Large magnetic core and magnetic tape/disk were used for memory storage.
Magnetic tape, monitor, keyboard, printer, etc were used as input/ output devices .
Some of the examples of Third Generation Computers are IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-11, NCR 395, B6500, UNIVAC 1108, etc.

Generation of Computers 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th_6.1

4. Fourth Generation Computers

The period from 1972 to 2010 is considered the period of the fourth generation of computers. Microprocessor technology was used to develop the Fourth Generation of Computers. The foremost advantage of these computers is that the microprocessor can contain all the circuits required to perform arithmetic, logic, and control functions on one chip. In the Fourth Generation, computers became very small in size and also became portable.

Technologies like multiprocessing, multiprogramming, time-sharing, operating speed, and virtual memory were also introduced by then. During the fourth generation, private computers and computer networks became a reality.

Characteristics of Fourth-Generation Computers

The Fourth Generation Computers have been developed using the technology of Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) and the microprocessor (VLSI has thousands of transistors on a single microchip).
Semiconductor memory such as RAM, ROM , etc was used for memory storage.
Input/output devices such as pointing devices, optical scanning, keyboard, monitor, printer, etc were introduced.
Some examples of Fourth Generation Computers are IBM PC, STAR 1000, APPLE II, Apple Macintosh, Alter 8800, etc.

Generation of Computers 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th_7.1

5. Fifth Generation Of Computers

The Fifth Generation of Computers has been built using the technology called Artificial Intelligence (AI). This technology encourages computers to behave like humans. Some of the applications of AI have been seen in features like voice recognition, entertainment, etc. The speed of the Fifth Generation of Computers is the highest while the sizes are the smallest. A big improvement has been noticed so far over the years in the various generations of computers in the aspect of speed, accuracy dimensions, etc.

Characteristics of Fifth Generation of Computers

The 5th Generation Computers have been built based on artificial intelligence, use the Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) technology and parallel processing method (ULSI has millions of transistors on a single microchip and the Parallel processing method uses two or more microprocessors to run tasks simultaneously).
These computers understand natural language (human language).
The Fifth-generation computers are portable and smaller in size.
Trackpad (or touchpad), touchscreen, pen, speech input (recognize voice/speech), light scanner, printer, keyboard, monitor, mouse, etc are used as Input/Output devices.
Examples of 5th Generation Computers are Desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc.

Generation of Computers 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th_8.1

History of Computer Generation

The word ‘computer’ was first used in the 16th century for a person who used to do calculations until the 20th century. Women were hired as human computers to carry out all forms of calculations and computations. By the end of the 19th century, the word ‘computer’ was used for the machines that did calculations. Nowadays we use the word for the programmable digital devices that run on electricity.

Before computers were invented, sticks, stones, and bones were used as counting tools. With the evolution of human intellect and the advancement of technology, more computing devices were produced. There are mechanical calculators used by humans before computers. Some of the most famous mechanical calculators are:

Pascal’s Calculator
Stepped Reckoner
Arithmometer
Comptometer & Comptograph

Difference Engine

Analytical engine.

The Millionaire

Below we have discussed briefly the early-age computing devices used by mankind.

The Chinese are said to have discovered the Abacus some 4,000 years ago. The abacus was built using a wooden rack having metal rods with beads mounted on them. To perform the arithmetic calculations, beads were moved by the abacus operator according to some rules.

Napier’s Bones

John Napier invented Napier’s Bones which was a manually operated calculating device. John used 9 different ivory strips or bones marked with numbers to multiply and divide with the help of this calculating tool. The Napier’s Bone was also the first calculating tool to use decimal points.

A French mathematician-philosopher Biaise Pascal invented the Pascaline between 1642 and 1644. This tool was also called the Arithmetic Machine or Adding Machine and is believed to be the first mechanical and automatic calculator.

Stepped Reckoner or Leibnitz wheel

A German mathematician-philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz developed the Stepped Reckoner or Leibnitz wheel in 1673. This machine was technically an upgrade of Pascal’s invention. The Stepped Reckoner or Leibnitz wheel was a digital mechanical calculator that was made of fluted drums instead of gears.

Charles Babbage, known as the “Father of Modern Computer designed the Difference engine in the early 1820s. The Difference Engine was a mechanical computer that could perform simple calculations. It was a steam-driven calculating machine designed to solve tables of numbers like logarithm tables.

The Analytical Engine was also developed by Charles Babbage in the 1830s. This calculating machine was a mechanical computer that used punch cards as input. These machines were capable of solving any mathematical problem and storing information as a permanent memory.

Tabulating Machine

Herman Hollerith, an American statistician invented the Tabulating Machine in the 1890s which was a mechanical tabulator based on punch cards that was capable of tabulating statistics and recording or sorting data or information.

Differential Analyzer

The Differential Analyzer was the first electronic computer introduced in the United States in 1930. It was an analog device invented by Vannevar Bush. This machine could perform 25 calculations in a few minutes.

The major changes in the history of computers began in 1937 when Howard Aiken aimed to invent a machine that could perform calculations of larger numbers. In 1944, IBM and Harvard partnered to build the Mark I computer. The Mark 1 was the first programmable digital computer.

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Generation of Computers- FAQs

Q1. what is a generation.

In computers, we use the term "generation" to show the evolution of technology. Earlier, the generation term was used to distinguish the computers in terms of varying hardware but now it all together includes the hardware and software which makes up a computer system.

Q2. How many generations of computer are there?

There are a total of 5 generation of computer that exist in the world.

Q3. What technology is used behind the Fifth Generation of Computers?

Artificial Intelligence is used to build the Fifth Generation of Computers.

Q4. Who invented Vacuum Tubes?

The Vacuum Tubes were invented by Lee De Forest.

Q5. Who invented 2nd generation computer?

The 2nd generation computer were invented by Walter H. Brattain (1902-1987), John Bardeen (1908-1991), and William B at at Bell Labs. The second generation computers are based upon transistors, not on vacuum tubes.

Q6. Which computer introduced the concept of the mouse and graphical user interface (GUI)?

Apple Macintosh introduced the concept of the mouse and graphical user interface (GUI)

Q7. Which computer is considered the first true personal computer?

Altair 8800 the first true personal computer.

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Coding for Kids

Generations of Computer

First to fifth generations of computer.

Computers are essential devices that you must have used while growing up. There are also pretty good chances that you still use a computer daily. Have you ever wondered what a computer really is? Do you know what the generation of computers is?

If you are curious to know the answer to these questions, that is great. In this article, we will answer both of these questions in great detail.

Let’s first begin with what the meaning of computers is. According to experts, a computer can be defined as an electronic device used for manipulating information or data. Computers also have the ability to store, retrieve and process information.

These days, people use computers for typing documents, playing games, sending emails and browsing the internet. One can also use these devices to create or edit presentations, spreadsheets and videos.

You might also be interested to know that the evolution of computers began sometime during the 1940s. At that time, the first generation of computers was created. Since then, experts have also developed other generations of computers. As of now, there are five generations of computers.

In the field of electronics and technology, generation is computer terminology. This term refers to the change that a computer goes through. Earlier, the term generation was used to differentiate between different hardware technologies. However, these days, generation can be used to refer to both software and hardware; these together form the entire computer system.

In the rest of the article, we will discuss these five computer generations. Before we jump on to the details, it is important to go through an overview of these generations.

The Generation of Computer Evolution is Generally Divided Into 5 Categories .

The first generation of computers- (the 1940s-1950s).

The main electronic component used in the computers of the 1940s to 1950s era were vacuum tubes.

The main memory storing units were magnetic tapes and magnetic drums.

The machine language was used as the programming language.

The sizes used to be very large which could take up entire rooms and the speed was very slow.

The only input/output devices were paper tape and punched cards.

Around 100 different vacuum tubes were used in order to produce the computers.

Examples are UNIVAC1, ENIAC, IBM 701 and IBM 650, etc.

The Second Generation of Computers- (the 1950s-1960s)

The main electronic component used in the computers of the 1950s to 1960s era were transistors.

The main memory storing units were magnetic tape or disk and magnetic core.

The assembly language was used as the programming language.

The sizes were smaller as compared to those of the first generation and they used to consume low power and generate less heat.

There was an improvement in speed.

The input/output devices were magnetic tape and punched cards.

Examples are IBM 1401, IBM 7094 AND IBM 7090, UNIVAC 1107, and so on.

The Third Generation of Computers- (the 1960s-1970s)

The main electronic components used in the computers of the era 1060s to 1970s were integrated circuits ICs.

The memory storing units were the magnetic disk or take and a large magnetic core.

High-level languages such as BASIC, COBOL, Pascal were used as the programming language.

The sizes were smaller and efficient and the computers were called minicomputers.

There was an improvement in reliability and speed as compared to the second generation of computers.

The input/output devices were keyboards, magnetic tape monitor, printer, etc.

Examples are IBM 370, IBM 360, UNIVAC 1108 and so on.

The Fourth Generation of Computers- (1970s-present)

The main electronic components used in the fourth generation of computers are microprocessors and very large scale integration (VLSI).

When thousands of transistors are attached to a single microchip, it is known as VLSI.

Semiconductor memory storage units such as RAM, ROM, etc were introduced.

RAM (random-access memory)- Temporarily stores the programs and data and the contents are lost when the computer is shut down.

ROM (read-only memory)- Permanently stores the data and programs and the contents are retained even after shutting down the computer.

High-level languages such as C#, JAVA, Python, JavaScript are used as programming languages.

The sizes are smaller and the speed has improved.

The input/output devices are a monitor, mouse, keyboard, printer, and so on.

Examples are STAR 1000, APPLE II, IBM PC, and so on.

The Fifth Generation of Computers- (present and the future)

The main electronic components that are used in the present generation of computers is Artificial Intelligence which uses the parallel processing method and the Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI).

The fifth generation of computers understands the natural human language.

The speeds are really fast and the sizes are also small.

The fifth-generation computers are portable and have a huge storage capacity.

The input/output devices are keyboards, monitors, touchscreen pens, printers, light scanners, and so on.

Examples are laptops, desktops, tablets, smartphones, etc.

FAQs on Generations of Computer

1. What is Artificial Intelligence?

When machines, mainly computer systems, simulate the human intelligence processes, the technology is called artificial intelligence or AI. AI has various applications such as natural language processing, machine vision, expert systems, and speech recognition. The artificial language mimics human intelligence by using machine learning. Artificial Intelligence has intelligent computer programs but it does not confine itself to biologically observable methods. AI adapts by learning progressive algorithms and gives out incredible accuracy. AI techniques can be used to pinpoint cancer on medical images as well with the help of object recognition and deep learning.

2. What are the benefits of using computers?

The benefits of using computers involve multitasking. With the help of computers, people can do multiple works at the same time. Computers have the tendency to perform millions or billions of tasks in 1 second which help the users to finish their tasks in just a few seconds. The data is secured on the computer without any risk. People can store a great number of files on the computer instead of carrying so many paper files. With the use of computers the level of productivity of a person gets doubled or tripled since the work can be done really fast. To learn about computers, students can visit Vedantu or download the app.

3. What are the threats while using a computer?

Everything has a pro and a con at the same time. Computers are expensive and many people can not afford them. Computers can get viruses or get hacked and if they do, it may be a threat to the personal information of an individual or a company or bank, and many other institutions. Computers can create disruptions and since they have high entertainment value as well, they can distract the people as well by spending so many hours on the web.

4. Why is the computer taught in school?

Computers help to improve the performance of students as they help them to engage better with their school work. Computers not only make the work easier for the students but also help with their education by enhancing their mathematical knowledge, problem-solving and critical thinking. Along with all this, students will also learn technical skills which are very important to learn in today's date. Therefore, since computers play an important role in the career development of students it is very important to be taught in schools.

5. Why were computers introduced?

In order to automate the mathematical calculations that were done by people previously, computers were introduced. Charles Babbage who is known as the father of computers saw a need to negate the human errors in computations and the requirement of an automated system that would help with those errors. Before people used to sit for hours to perform mathematical calculations by hand and record them in books and since these calculations were vitally important, there was no possibility of any errors. Therefore, in order to help with those calculations computers were introduced in the first place.

6. How many Generations of Computers are there?

There are five generations of computers. These generations of computers are:

The first generation of computers.

The second generation of computers.

The third generation of computers.

The fourth generation of computers.

The fifth generation of computers.

7. What was the First Computer?

The ENIAC or the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer was the first electronic programmable computer. This computer was built in the United States of America.

8. Who is Known as the Father of Computers?

Charles Babbage is known as the father of computers. He was an English inventor and mathematician. He is credited with having conceived the first automatic digital computer. Charles Babbage also developed the plans for the first Analytical Engine during the mid-1830s.

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What are the Five Generations of Computers? (1st to 5th)
Fifth-generation computer technology, based on artificial intelligence, is still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
1st to 5th Generations of Computer: Complete Information
Generations of Computer From 1st to 5th. Let's discover the series of computer generations in the following list: 1st Generation of Computer (1940-1956) This first generation of computers was based on vacuum tube technology used for calculations, storage, and control, invented in 1904 by John Ambrose Fleming. The vacuum tubes and diode valves ...
Generations of Computers
Third Generation Computers (1964-1971) Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present) Fifth Generation Computers (Present and Beyond) Generations of Computer. Time-Period. Evolving Hardware. First Generation. 1940s - 1950s. Vacuum Tube Based.
Generations of Computer
Here are the five generations of computers: First Generation (1940s-1950s): The first computers used vacuum tubes for processing and magnetic drums for storage. They were large, expensive, and unreliable. Second Generation (1950s-1960s): The second generation of computers replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, making them smaller, faster, and ...
A Comprehensive Guide to Generations of Computers
The first generation of computers, spanning the 1940s to the early 1950s, represents the initial foray into electronic computing. These machines were huge, expensive and marked by the use of vacuum tubes as their primary electronic component. Here are key aspects of the first generation of computers, along with notable examples.
Topic A: Computer generations
The main characteristics of first generation of computers (1940s-1950s) Main electronic component - vacuum tube. Main memory - magnetic drums and magnetic tapes. Programming language - machine language. Power - consume a lot of electricity and generate a lot of heat. Speed and size - very slow and very large in size (often taking up ...
Computer History: Classification of Generations of Computers
This article explains the computer history timeline based on evolving technologies. The 1st had current flowing through vacuum tubes and transistors for the 2nd. The 3rd used IC chips, while the 4th used microprocessor chips. 5th gen computers are meant to be artificially intelligent.
Generations of Computer 1st to 5th, Chart, Notes, PDF Download
Computer Generations 1st to 5th. This long period is often conveniently divided into the subsequent phases called generations of computers. 1. First Generation Computers (1940-1956) 2. Second Generation Computers (1956-1963) 3. Third Generation Computers (1964-1971) 4. Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present) 5.
Computer Generations
Generation of Computers from 1st generation to 5th generaton short assignment with good meterial computer generations contents 1st to 5th computer generations. Skip to document. University; ... Assignment 4 os 2021. Bachelor Science in Computer Science (BSCS) Practical. 100% (3) 10. 5 queries of lab - Lecture notes 5. Bachelor Science in ...
PDF GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS. Zeroth Generation. The term Zeroth generation is used to refer to the period of development of computing, which predated the commercial production and sale of computer equipment. The period might be dated as extending from the mid-1800s. In particular, this period witnessed the emergence of the first electronics ...
Fifth Generation of Computers
Following is the list of computer generations: 1. First Generation of Computers(1940 - 1956): The duration from 1940-1956 changed into the duration of first-generation computer systems. They are essentially primarily based totally on vacuum tubes, and vacuum tubes are used because of the simple components for memory and circuitry for the CPU ...
The five generations of computers presentation
INTRODUCTION The. First Generation -. Second Generation -. Third Generation -. Fourth Generation -. Fifth Generation -. REFERENCE www.library.thinkquest.org. THANK YOU. The five generations of computers presentation - Download as a PDF or view online for free.
Generations of Computer: 1st to 5th
In the fifth generation, computers are particularly based on logic programming and massively parallel computing. All high-level languages are supported in this generation. Some such languages include C, C ++, Java, .NET, etc. Besides, multi-threaded and distributed operating systems are in use.
The Evolution Of Computer
Generations of computer. The generation of classified into five generations: First Generation Computer (1940-1956) Second Generation Computer (1956-1963) Third Generation Computer (1964-1971) Fourth Generation Computer (1971-Present) Fifth Generation Computer (Present and Beyond) Computer Generations. Periods.
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
THIS IS A PPT ON GENERATIONS OF COMPUTEER AND HOW THE COMPUTER WORLD TRANSITTED. 1. Generation of Computers Based on the characteristics of various computers developed from time to time, they are categorized as generation of computers. Generation of Computers First Second Third Fourth Fifth Generation Generation Generation Generation Generation.
PDF The Five Generations of Computers
First Generation Computers (1940-1956) •The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. •They were often enormous and taking up entire room. •First generation computers relied on machine language. •They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat,
Generation of Computers 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th
The Fifth-generation computers are portable and smaller in size. Trackpad (or touchpad), touchscreen, pen, speech input (recognize voice/speech), light scanner, printer, keyboard, monitor, mouse, etc are used as Input/Output devices. Examples of 5th Generation Computers are Desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc.
PDF COMPUTER GENERATIONS
In 1972 the fourth generation began, at which time a whole processor was put on a single substrate. The first modern stored-program computer was probably the Manchester UniverSity prototype and we have a valve (tube, to us) from it-so Prof. Sumner, who sent it to us, said (ifs clearly not from his TV set)_ The first useful stored-program computer
PDF COMPUTER GENERATIONS
The first generation computers had the following unfavorable features. 1. Too bulky in size. 2. Unreliable for excessive heat generation. 3. Air conditioning requirement was too much due to heat generation 4. Non-portable. Second Generation (1955-1964) (IBM - 700) The Second Generation computers used a more advanced technology
Generations of Computer
At that time, the first generation of computers was created. Since then, experts have also developed other generations of computers. As of now, there are five generations of computers. In the field of electronics and technology, generation is computer terminology. This term refers to the change that a computer goes through.
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The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube.
(PDF) History of computer and its generations.
The history of computer dated back to the period of scientific revolution (i.e. 1543 - 1678). The calculating machine invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642 and. that of Goffried Liebnits marked the ...
Fifth Generation Computer Systems
The Fifth Generation Computer Systems (FGCS; Japanese: 第五世代コンピュータ, romanized: daigosedai konpyūta) was a 10-year initiative begun in 1982 by Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) to create computers using massively parallel computing and logic programming.It aimed to create an "epoch-making computer" with supercomputer-like performance and to provide ...

Generations of Computer 1st to 5th Explained with Pictures.

Introduction to Computer Generations

Generations of Computer From 1st to 5th

1st Generation of Computer (1940-1956)

Characteristics of the 1st Generation of Computer:

2nd Generation of Computer (1956-1964)

Characteristics of the 2nd Generation of Computer:

3rd Generation of Computer (1964-1971)

Characteristics of the 3rd Generation of Computer:

4th Generation of Computer (1971-2010)

Characteristics of the 4th Generation of Computer:

5th Generation of Computer (2010-At Present)

Characteristics of the 5th Generation of Computer:

Classification of the computer by generations

How many generations of computers have there been?

What is the 6th generation of computers?

Which is the current modern generation of computers today?

What is the historical development of computers according to generation?

What is the generation of a colossus computer?

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A Comprehensive Guide to Generations of Computers

Generations of Computers

1. First Generation Computers – Vacuum Tubes

Vacuum Tubes – Characteristics

Programming Challenges & Other Issues

Examples of First Generation Computers

Moving to Second Generation

2. Second Generation Computers – Transistors

Prominent Features

Programming & Processing

Examples of Second Generation Computers

Moving to Third Generation

3. Third Generation of Computers – Integrated Circuits

Integrated Circuits (ICs)

Advancements with Third Generation

Examples – Mainframe & MiniComputers

Moving to Fourth Generation

4. Fourth Generation Computers – Microprocessors

Features & Advancements

Networking and the Internet

Examples of Fourth Generation Computers

Moving to Fifth Generation

5. Fifth Generation of Computers

Fifth Generation Computer Systems (FGCS) & Internet

Examples – Mainframe & Minicomputers

Moving to Sixth Generation

6. Sixth Generation of Computers

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Topic A: Computer generations

Basic Terms

First Generation of Computers

The main characteristics of first generation of computers (1940s-1950s)

Second Generation of Computers

Third Generation of Computers

Fourth Generation of Computers

Fifth Generation of Computers

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Generations of Computer 1st to 5th, Chart, Notes, PDF Download

Generations of Computer

How Many Generation of Computer

Computer Generations 1st to 5th

5 Generations of Computer 1st to 5th for Notes

First Generation of Computer (1940s-1950s)

Characteristics of First Generation of Computer

Second Generation of Computer (1950s-1960s)

Characteristics of Second Generation of Computer

Third Generation of Computer (1960s-1970s)