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How and Why to Write a Great Cover Letter

A cover letter is a one-page business letter that you submit when applying to a job, along with your resume. As a piece of persuasive writing, your cover letter will aim to convey to the employer why you’re a great candidate for the role.

What is the purpose of a cover letter?

Your cover letter complements your resume by making it easy for the employer to see how your experience and interest connect to the position. Your goal is to convince the employer to interview you.

With your cover letter, you’ll aim to:

• Highlight your qualifications:  You’ll show how your skills and experience relate to the employer’s needs for a specific position.
• Showcase your motivation: You’ll demonstrate your enthusiasm for the specific position and the organization.
• Reflect your voice and written communication skills: You’ll give the employer a sense of your personality and writing style.

When should I write a cover letter?

Not all jobs require cover letters. So, how do you decide whether to submit one?

Submit a Cover Letter when…

• The posting explicitly requests that you do so
• You’re applying to an opportunity at a mission-driven organization
• You think that doing so could provide important information to the employer that they wouldn’t get from your resume

Consider Submitting a Cover Letter when…

• It’s marked “optional” in an application, and you have the bandwidth to do so
• You have content that you can easily recycle or repurpose into a tailored cover letter

No Need to Submit a Cover Letter when…

• A posting specifically tells you not to submit one
• There’s no way to submit one in an application portal, and doing so would require a serious workaround

If you’re applying to several similar opportunities, creating a draft cover letter in advance, geared toward that type of opportunity, can be a helpful way to save time in your actual application process.

How do I write a cover letter?

Your cover letter should articulate your qualifications and motivation for the position. Read the job description closely and research the organization. As you craft your cover letter, use examples that demonstrate your relevant skills, knowledge, and interests. The cover letter should be concise, clear, and well-organized.

Before Writing

Research the employer.

Learn enough about the organization to articulate why you are a strong fit for that firm. 

• Review the firm’s website and LinkedIn page.
• Speak with current or previous employees.
• Read articles and social media for current news.

Analyze the job description

Look for skills, duties, and qualifications of the job so you can design your letter to match these as much as possible.

Reflect on your experience and motivation

Identify skills and personal qualities you have developed which will be useful in this role. Ask yourself:

• What attracts you about this role/company/industry?
• What have you have done in your work experiences, classes, internships, activities, projects, volunteer work, travel, etc., that is similar to the duties required of the job? 

Cover Letter Structure

As a business letter, the cover letter should include:

• Heading: Include your name and contact information in the same format as your resume
• Salutation: Address your letter to the specific individual who can hire you, if this is known. If the name is not included in the job description, address the letter to the Hiring Manager or title mentioned in the job description.
• Body Paragraphs:  Discuss your experiences, interests, and skills to show the employer how you can add value to their team. See the section below for more guidance.
• Signature Line: Include a closing and your name.

The cover letter should be one page, about three or four paragraphs, and single spaced. Use 10-12 point font and one inch margins. 

When applying online, upload your cover letter as a PDF file, unless another format is specified. When sending your resume and cover letter by email, you may write a short note or paste your cover letter in the body of your email (without the address header) and also attach the PDF file.

Cover Letter Content

Your cover letter should answer who, what, when, where and why you are applying for the opportunity. 

Introduction

State the position for which you are applying. If you have a referral or spoke with someone from the company, you can mention it in the introduction. Provide some basic information about yourself; this can include your class year and what you’re studying at Columbia. Briefly outline why you’re interested in the organization and what you bring in terms of relevant experience and skills. 

Body Paragraphs

These paragraphs will highlight your qualifications and strengths that are most relevant to the organization and position. Use the job posting and your research as clues to determine what the employer is seeking in a candidate. Have your resume beside you and reflect on what you want the employer to know about you. Are there experiences you want to expand upon that demonstrate your understanding of the role and ability to do the job requirements?

Structure the paragraphs based on relevance, not chronology. Lead with your most relevant skill or strongest experience.

Start each body paragraph with a clear topic sentence.  This can highlight a key skill set, a transferable experience, or a core area of knowledge you’ve built through your studies. Walk the reader through a project or experience, integrating the relevant skills you used and qualities you demonstrated. Provide details about your accomplishments and impact. Connect how these experiences have prepared you for this role and why you are motivated to do this job. There is no need to apologize if you feel you lack experience; focus on the accomplishments that you have.

Recap what you would bring to the organization and your interest in the position. Thank the employer for their consideration. Keep your tone positive and enthusiastic. 

Check out our example of how to structure your cover letter content . 

Editing Tips

Use our  Cover Letter Checklist to make sure your format and content is in line with best practices. 

• Ensure that the content reflects the requirements in the job description
• Keep the cover letter concise, at one page or less
• Correct any errors in grammar, sentence structure, and spelling
• Use the active voice
• Avoid beginning too many sentences with “I”

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9 Smart Answers to “Why Are You Applying for This Position?”

By Status.net Editorial Team on June 22, 2023 — 14 minutes to read

During a job interview, employers often ask, “Why are you applying for this position?” to understand your motivation for seeking the job. Your answer can showcase your enthusiasm, reveal how well you’ve researched the company, and express your compatibility with the role. Since this is a common interview question, it’s essential to be prepared with a well-thought-out response that effectively communicates your suitability for the job.

Employer’s Perspective

When interviewers ask this question, they want to make sure you have a clear idea of why the position interests you and your understanding of the job responsibilities. They also want to assess if you’ll be a good fit for the company culture and if you’re genuinely interested in working with them. Employers often invest substantial time, money, and effort into training new employees, so they want to ensure you’re not only qualified but also motivated to excel in the role.

Decoding the Language

To properly address the question, you should first break it down into smaller components. Here’s how you can do that:

• Why are you interested in the position? Explain what draws you to the role. Be specific about the aspects of the job that inspire or excite you. For example, you could be attracted by the opportunity to apply your skills, face new challenges, or work within a specific industry.
• Why did you apply to this company? Research the company and find out what makes it stand out from its competitors. Consider the company’s values, goals, culture, product line, or industry reputation. When discussing your interest, align your values and ambitions with the company’s.
• What makes you a good fit for the role? Mention your professional skills, experiences, and accomplishments that uniquely qualify you for the position. Provide examples of how you’ve applied similar skill sets in the past and had success, explaining how your expertise can be beneficial to the company.

Remember to keep your response focused and relevant, highlighting how your qualifications and background align with the job description and the company’s values. Preparing a well-crafted answer demonstrates your confidence, knowledge, and commitment, which can resonate with your interviewer and increase your chances of success in the job interview.

Preparation for the Answer

Research the company.

Dive deep into the company you’re applying to by visiting their website, reading news articles, or exploring their social media presence to better understand their mission, values, and overall organization. This knowledge will allow you to speak passionately about why you want to work there and tailor your answer to perfectly match the company’s vision and goals.

Align with Company Values

Learn about the company culture and their core values. You can then confidently discuss how your own personal values align with theirs, demonstrating that you’re a great fit for the team and company culture. Draw on specific examples that embody these values, such as working collaboratively or a commitment to excellence.

Match Skills and Experience

Take time to thoroughly review the job description and identify the required skills and experience. When preparing your answer, think about how your own skills and experience match the role. Consider mentioning specific projects or work experiences that demonstrate your expertise and knowledge in the field.

Know the Industry

Finally, get familiar with the industry that the company operates in to understand key trends, challenges, and market dynamics. This will enable you to discuss how your experience is relevant and your understanding of the industry, providing additional context to why you are applying for the position. Use this research to display your enthusiasm for the industry, making a strong case for why you’re an ideal candidate for the job.

Constructing Your Answer

Show passion for the role.

When crafting your answer, emphasize your passion for the role. Explain what excites you about it, and how it aligns with your interests. For example, if you love working with numbers and solving financial puzzles, a position as a financial analyst would fuel your passion.

Demonstrate Professional Goals

It’s essential to illustrate how the position fits into your overall career goals. Explain how this job will help you achieve both short-term and long-term objectives. For instance, if you’re a recent marketing graduate looking to gain experience in digital marketing, joining a marketing team that’s known for their online presence can help you grow in that particular field. By connecting the role to your long-term aspirations, you show the employer that you’re serious about your career journey.

Connect Personal Reasons

Personal reasons can also be a strong motivator for why you’re applying for a position. Maybe you’ve admired the company’s culture, or you’re fond of the positive impact their products have on the world. Connecting your personal values to the organization demonstrates that you’re a great fit and share their values. Just be sure to keep it professional and focused on the role.

Explain Motivation for Position

Lastly, it’s important to explain your motivation for the position itself, beyond passion and career goals. You might be drawn to it because of a unique challenge it presents or the opportunities for growth and success it offers. Maybe you’ve researched the company and found that they have a history of promoting from within or providing excellent employee training. By highlighting the motivating factors for the role, you’ll show that you have a clear understanding of what the position entails and are committed to long-term success.

Sample Answers in Different Industries

Tech industry.

Before answering this question in the tech industry, think about the specific company and role you’re applying for. You could say:

“I’m excited by emerging technologies and innovative ways companies like yours are using them. I think my experience in software development and my ability to adapt quickly to new languages make me an ideal candidate for this position.”

Sales Industry

In the sales industry, you should highlight your ambition and focus on targets:

“I’ve always been a competitive person, and I see the sales industry as the perfect place to challenge myself. I’m impressed by your company’s growth and commitment to excellent customer service, and I want to contribute my energy and skills to help maintain and improve your reputation.”

Creative Industries

When applying in the creative industries, you can emphasize your passion and creative vision:

“I’ve always been drawn to the world of design, and I’m impressed by your agency’s diverse portfolio. I believe my unique style and experience in collaboration will make a positive impact on your team and clients.”

Hospitality Industry

In the hospitality industry, service quality is a top priority. A potential answer could be:

“I’ve always had a passion for providing outstanding customer experiences. I think my previous experience in the restaurant business and my friendly, people-oriented personality make me a perfect fit for this hotel front desk position.”

Healthcare Industry

Highlight your dedication to patient care when applying for healthcare positions. You might say:

“I want to work in the healthcare industry because I care deeply about helping others and making a difference in their lives. I was inspired by the level of patient care your facility offers, and I believe my skills as a nurse will align with the high standards you maintain.”

Tailoring Answers to Specific Roles

Let’s explore some common types of roles and how to adjust your reply accordingly:

Management Positions

For management positions, you’ll want to emphasize your ability to lead teams, manage resources, and drive overall performance. Speak to your past experiences in managing others and highlight any successes you’ve had. For example:

“As a manager, I’ve successfully led a team of 12 in increasing sales by 25% year-over-year. I’m applying for this position because I believe my skillset aligns well with the job description and your company’s values.”

Leadership Roles

When applying for leadership roles, focus on your vision, strategic thinking, and ability to inspire and motivate others. Showcase examples of your past accomplishments and how you’ve positively influenced others. You could say:

“I have a passion for leading and inspiring others towards a common goal. In my previous role, I played a key part in developing a new marketing strategy that increased brand awareness by 40%. I am excited about the potential growth opportunities within this organization and believe my strengths align well.”

Individual Contributor Roles

For individual contributor roles, the focus should be on your expertise and specialized skills. Show the interviewer that you understand the technical requirements of the position and how you can contribute to the team’s overall success:

“I’m very excited about this role as it aligns with my past experience working in data analytics and my passion for helping businesses make data-driven decisions. In my previous role, I collaborated closely with cross-functional teams, providing insights that helped improve operational efficiency.”

Customer Service Positions

In customer service positions, demonstrate your commitment to excellent service and your ability to create positive experiences for clients or customers. Be sure to mention your patience, active listening skills, and ability to resolve issues effectively. You might say:

“I’m applying for this customer service role because I strive to ensure every customer leaves satisfied, and I believe my communication skills and dedication to problem-solving are a great fit for this position. My experience working in retail has honed my ability to handle difficult situations in a professional and empathetic manner.”

Emphasizing Your Value and Fit

Showcasing relevant skills.

When answering the “Why are you applying for this position?” job interview question, make sure to emphasize your relevant skills. Think about the specific abilities the hiring manager is looking for and how your skills align with their needs. For example, if the job requires strong communication and leadership abilities, explain how your experience in team projects or leading a group demonstrates these qualities. Be sure to offer concrete examples, such as accomplishments or recognition you have received, to support your claims.

Highlighting Previous Experience

Discussing your previous experience is a great way to demonstrate your value and fit for the position. Start by mentioning any past roles or projects that align with the job you’re applying for. Then, focus on the successes and lessons you gained from those experiences. This can help the hiring manager understand the depth of your background and your potential to excel in the role. When possible, quantify your achievements with data or metrics to make a stronger impression.

Mention Benefits You Bring

Remember that your goal is to convince the hiring manager that you are the best candidate for the position. One way to do this is by highlighting the unique benefits you bring. Think about what sets you apart from other candidates, such as specialized knowledge, a unique perspective, or a commitment to the company’s values. Be confident in your ability to contribute positively to the team and company, and explain how your strengths will help the organization achieve its goals. By focusing on the value you can provide, you will make a compelling argument for your suitability for the position.

Challenges and How to Overcome Them

Unfamiliar with the company.

Not knowing much about the company can be a challenge when answering the “Why are you applying for this position?” question. To overcome this, do thorough research on the company before your interview. Look into their mission, values, products, services, and recent news. This knowledge will help you tailor your response to show how you align with the company’s culture and goals.

For example, mention specific aspects of the company’s mission that resonate with you and highlight how your skills and experience can contribute to achieving their objectives.

Changing Industries

Switching industries can present difficulties when explaining why you are applying for a particular position. To tackle this challenge, focus on the skills and experiences that are transferable between industries. Emphasize how your previous experiences have prepared you for this new role, even if it’s in a different industry.

For example, if you previously worked in sales and are now applying for a marketing position, discuss how your ability to build relationships, understand customer needs, and communicate effectively can strengthen their marketing efforts.

First Job or a Career Change

Entering the workforce for the first time or making a significant career change can be intimidating. When asked why you are applying for the position, concentrate on your passion for the field, willingness to learn, and any relevant skills or experiences that have led you down this career path.

For example, if you are a recent graduate pursuing a job in graphic design, talk about your passion for design, how your coursework has prepared you, and any internships or freelance projects you have completed. Even if you lack extensive professional experience, showing enthusiasm and eagerness to grow can make a positive impression.

After you’ve answered the “Why are you applying for this position?” question during your job interview, it’s a great opportunity to ask questions about the role and company. This demonstrates your genuine interest in the position and your eagerness to learn more.

For example, you might ask about the day-to-day responsibilities of the role and how it connects to the organization’s overall objectives. You could also ask about upcoming projects or initiatives that the role will be involved in, to show your enthusiasm for contributing to the company’s goals. Or, you can bring up questions related to career growth, such as opportunities for professional development or how the role might evolve over time. This shows that you’re considering a long-term commitment to the company and are interested in growing as a professional within their organization.

Follow-Up with a Thank You Note

Don’t forget to send a thank-you note after your job interview. This simple gesture can leave a lasting impression on the interviewer and could potentially make the difference between getting the job or being passed over for another candidate.

Your thank-you note should be brief but thoughtful. It should express your gratitude for the opportunity to interview and reinforce your interest in the position. Make sure to mention specific points from the interview, such as a particular aspect of the role that really excites you or a topic that you enjoyed discussing with the interviewer. Learn more: How to Write a Perfect Thank You Email After an Interview

10 Best Examples & Templates of An Interview Thank You Email

Frequently Asked Questions

What are some examples of a strong response.

A strong response to “Why are you applying for this position?” should highlight your skills and experience related to the job, showcase your genuine interest in the company and role, and demonstrate your motivation to grow and succeed. For example: “I am applying for this position because I have five years of experience in managing marketing campaigns, and I am confident in my ability to help your company reach its sales goals. I am particularly drawn to your mission of promoting sustainable practices and products. This aligns well with my personal values, and I am excited to contribute to the success of your team while working on something I am passionate about.”

How can I emphasize my skills for this position?

To emphasize your skills, identify the key requirements mentioned in the job description, and then use specific examples to show how you meet those requirements. For example: “In my previous role as a project manager, I successfully oversaw a team of 20 people where we completed several projects within tight deadlines and under budget. This experience has given me excellent organizational and leadership skills, which I believe are essential for this position as a team lead. Additionally, I have strong communication abilities that have been invaluable in fostering collaboration and resolving conflicts.”

What points should I avoid when answering this question?

Here are some points to avoid when answering this question:

• Giving a generic response or universal statement
• Focusing too much on job perks or personal gains like salary, benefits, or work-life balance
• Talking negatively about a previous employer or experience

How to tailor my answer to the company and job?

Research the company’s values, culture, and mission, and highlight aspects of the role or company that truly excite or resonate with you. Link your skills and experiences to specific requirements of the job and how they will benefit the company. For example: “While researching your company, I discovered that workplace diversity and inclusion are vital to your culture. I have been an active participant in my previous organizations’ diversity initiatives and am excited to continue contributing to this important work. Plus, I am proficient in the use of the software tools listed in the job description for this role, which will allow me to get up to speed quickly and add value to your team.”

What ways can I showcase genuine interest in this position?

To showcase genuine interest in the position, be enthusiastic, and demonstrate knowledge about the company, its industry, and the specific role. Mention any personal experiences that have led you to be drawn to the opening. For example: “My personal passion for sustainable living aligns perfectly with your company’s mission. I have been a customer of your products for years and was excited when I discovered this opportunity to join your team. With my experience in marketing, I am eager to contribute to growing your brand and promoting sustainable practices within the industry.”

How to convey my motivation and enthusiasm effectively?

To convey your motivation and enthusiasm effectively, use positive language and share relevant experiences that showcase your passion for the field, company, or role. Be authentic and sincere in your expressions, highlighting how the opportunity will enable both personal growth and contributions to the company’s success. For example: “Working on a team that’s at the forefront of innovation in the healthtech industry is truly exciting for me. I believe that your company is an ideal environment for me to grow as a software engineer while contributing to the development of cutting-edge solutions that can have a considerable positive impact on people’s lives.”

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60+ Cover Letter Examples in 2024 [For All Professions]

No matter where you are in your career, or what job you’re applying for, submitting a cover letter with your resume is a must . 

Done right, a cover letter will effectively complement your resume and explain to the hiring manager in more detail why you’re the right person for the job.

Writing a cover letter, however, is easier said than done. 

You have to effectively demonstrate that you’ll be able to perform the responsibilities listed in the job description and that you’d be a better fit for the company compared to other candidates. 

And unless you’re a professional writer, this can be a very hard task.

Fortunately, we created these cover letter examples to inspire you and help you get started with your own cover letter!

Let’s dive in!

21 Cover Letter Examples 

#1. career change cover letter example .

Here’s what this cover letter does right:

• Has an ideal length. This cover letter includes all the relevant information for the hiring manager without getting into too much detail.
• Relevant introduction. The candidate explains that they’re changing careers and why they want to work in this new field from the get-go.
• Explains their related experience. The candidate explains how their previous experience in retail sales can help them succeed in PR.

Check out our guide video guide to learn how to write a Cover Letter that gets you HIRED!

#2. Recent Graduate Cover Letter Example 

• Personally greets the hiring manager. The candidate has taken the time to find the hiring manager’s name and address them by it, which makes the opening of the cover letter much more personal.
• Wraps up with a call to action. The candidate wraps up the cover letter by suggesting a meeting with the hiring manager, which makes them more memorable.
• Explains why the candidate is the right person for the internship. In this cover letter for an internship , the candidate explains how they’ve previously interned in a different firm, which gives them the experience to succeed in this role.

Have you just graduated from college? Make sure to check out our guide on writing an entry-level cover letter from start to finish! 

#3. Middle Management Cover Letter Example

• Use of bullet points. The candidate presents the information in a concise and reader-friendly way, making it easy for the hiring manager to find their key achievements. 
• Formal closing. The candidate has used a formal and polite tone to conclude their cover letter, which combined with a call to action makes them look professional and passionate about getting the job. 
• Explains how the company would benefit from hiring them. The candidate outlines exactly what they could do for the company, which not only highlights their skills but also shows they’ve done their research on the company’s needs. 

#4. Business Manager Cover Letter Example

• Detailed header. In addition to the must-have contact details, this candidate has also included their professional Twitter and LinkedIn profiles, making it easy for the hiring manager to look more closely into their career. 
• Concise and to the point. This candidate has used short paragraphs and bullet points to make the cover letter easy to skim through. 
• Wraps up with a call to action. By letting the hiring manager know they’ll be contacting them soon, they’re more likely to make an impression.

Check out this article for a complete writing guide and an inspiring business manager resume sample. 

#5. Ph.D. Cover Letter Example

Here’s what this cover letter does right: 

• Attention-grabbing introduction. In the opening paragraph, this candidate explains why they’re passionate about pursuing a Ph.D. in great detail. 
• Explains the candidate’s qualifications in detail. The candidate builds on their passion by explaining how they’re also qualified for the degree because of their education history and academic achievements. 

#6. Senior Executive Cover Letter Example

• Professional and minimalistic template. This senior executive has used a professional but minimalistic template that lets their work experience do the talking. 
• Achievement-oriented opening paragraph. Right from the get-go, this candidate explains what makes them so good at their job, effectively grabbing the hiring manager’s attention.  
• Wraps up with a call to action. By suggesting to have a meeting and discussing how they can help the company meet its goals, the candidate stands more chance to make a positive lasting impression. 

#7. Architect Cover Letter Example 

• Modern resume template. This architect has picked a template that perfectly matches his industry, as it is professional and modern at the same time. 
• A personal greeting to the HR. They address the hiring manager by their first name, which helps make a better first impression. 
• Measurable achievements. By quantifying their achievements, the candidate proves their achievements instead of just claiming them.

Struggling with your architect resume ? Check out our full guide!

#8. Business Analyst Cover Letter Example 

• Detailed contact information. The candidate has listed both their LinkedIn and Twitter profiles, providing the HR manager an opportunity to learn more about the candidate.  
• Mentions what the candidate can do for the company. This cover letter doesn’t just explain why the job would be great for the candidate, but also how the candidate would benefit the company. Win-win, right? 
• Error-free and reader-friendly. It’s super important for the cover letter to have no spelling or grammatical errors and be reader-friendly. This candidate made sure they did both.

Need a resume alongside your cover letter? Check out our guide on how to write a business analyst resume . 

#9. Consultant Cover Letter Example 

• Professional cover letter template. Being an experienced consultant, this candidate has picked a professional template that doesn’t steal the spotlight from their achievements. 
• Experience and achievement-oriented. The candidate has effectively elaborated on their top achievements relevant to the job. 
• Highlights the candidate’s passion. To show they want the job, this candidate has also explained how passionate they are about their profession.

For more advice on landing a job as a consultant, check out our guide to writing a consultant resume .

#10. Digital Marketing Cover Letter Example

• Creative cover letter template. This digital marketer highlights their originality by picking a creative cover letter template. 
• Lists the candidate’s awards. The candidate has taken advantage of the cover letter to list their most noteworthy awards in the industry. 
• Concludes with a call to action. As they used a call to action to conclude their cover letter, the HR manager will be more likely to remember them.

Want to take your digital marketing resume to the next level? Check out our guide!

#11. Graphic Designer Cover Letter Example 

• Detailed contact information. The candidate has included additional contact information such as their website link, as well as their LinkedIn and Twitter profiles.  
• Ideal length. This cover letter is concise, which means that the HR manager is more likely to read it from start to finish.  
• Draws attention to the candidate’s strong points. Although this candidate is a recent college graduate, they’ve managed to effectively show that they have enough knowledge and experience to do the job right.

Read this guide to write a graphic designer resume that’s just as good as your cover letter!

#12. Administrative Assistant Cover Letter Example

• Minimalistic cover letter template. The candidate picked a well-designed but minimalistic template for their cover letter. 
• Focused on skills and achievements. This cover letter is packed with the candidate’s skills and achievements, proving he can be an excellent employee. 
• Formal closing. Politeness can go a long way and the candidate has used this to their advantage to make an impression. 

Our article on how to write an administrative assistant resume can help you take your job application to the next level.

#13. Front Desk Cover Letter Example

• Modern cover letter template. This template incorporates memorable colors and clear lines, which make the cover letter very visually appealing. 
• Attention-grabbing introduction. Using an attention-grabbing intro, the candidate is more likely to make an impression. 
• Calls the HR to action. By including a call to action, the candidate is reminding the HR of their immediate availability. 

#14. Human Resources Cover Letter Example

• It is concise and to the point. The candidate doesn’t dwell on unimportant details the HR won’t be interested in. 
• Uses a traditional cover letter template. The cover letter design is more on the conventional side, which fits the industry better. 
• Highlights the candidate’s strong points. The candidate has rich work experience and they use the cover letter to elaborate on it. 

This HR resume guide can help you get your resume just right.

#15. Sales Agent Cover Letter Example 

• Attention-grabbing cover letter template. As a salesperson, this candidate knows how important first impressions are, so they’ve picked a catchy cover letter template. 
• Has an ideal length. At the same time, they’ve also made sure to keep their cover letter at just the right length. 
• Lists the candidate’s career highlights. The candidate has made perfect use of the space by mentioning their most impressive professional achievements. 

Check out this sales agent resume guide to create an attention-grabbing sales resume .

#16. Receptionist Cover Letter Example

• Modern but minimalistic cover letter template. The template’s design hints the candidate is creative but professional at the same time. 
• Uses a catchy introduction. The candidate has used an attention-grabbing opening paragraph to catch HR’s attention. 
• Concludes the cover letter formally. The candidate proves that they’re polite and well-spoken, a quality very much important for the role they’re applying for. 

Take your receptionist resume to the next level with this receptionist resume guide .

#17. Information Technology Cover Letter Example

• Mentions measurable achievements. Numbers make an impact, which is why this candidate has included measurable achievements. 
• Lists both soft and hard skills. The candidate has mentioned a great mix of soft and hard skills, showing how well-rounded they are. 
• Contains relevant contact information. The candidate’s GitHub, website name, LinkedIn, and Twitter profiles are all great additions to the resume. 

Looking for tips to help you write a great IT resume ? Check out our guide!

#18. Real Estate Cover Letter Example

• Ideal length. Short and to the point, this cover letter is bound to get noticed by the HR manager. 
• Wraps up with a call to action. This candidate reinforces the HR to call them back through a final call to action. 
• Mentions the right skills. On top of their sales accomplishments, the candidate touch upon important soft skills such as customer service and communication . 

This real estate resume guide will help you take your resume from good to great.

#19. Teacher Cover Letter Example

• Mentions relevant contact information details. This candidate has included optional (but relevant) contact information details, such as their LinkedIn, Quora, and Medium profiles. 
• Achievement-oriented. The candidate has elaborated on their achievements in more detail throughout their cover letter. 
• Highlights the candidate’s passion. For some jobs, being passionate is much more important than for others. Teaching is one of these jobs, which is why this candidate explains their passion for the job. 

Our guide on how to write a teacher resume has all the tips you need to land the job.

#20. Project Manager Cover Letter Example

• Leverages a catchy introduction. Through a catchy introductory paragraph, this candidate is sure to grab the HR’s attention and get them to read the rest of their cover letter.
• Lists measurable accomplishments. This candidate explains exactly what they’ve achieved using numbers and hard data. 
• Personally greets the HR. A personal greeting sounds much better than “Dear Sir/Madam,” and the candidate knows this. 

This guide on how to write a project manager resume can help you perfect your appication.

#21. Paralegal Cover Letter Example

• Minimalistic cover letter template. This cover letter design looks good but doesn’t steal the show from the candidate’s abilities.
• Mentions the candidate’s academic achievements and extracurricular activities. Although the candidate is a recent graduate, they’ve used the cover letter to explain they have enough skills and achievements to do the job.
• Lists measurable achievements. The candidate proves they did well in their internship by mentioning quantifiable achievements.

Check out this paralegal resume guide to perfect yours.

40+ More Cover Letter Examples and Guides 

Couldn’t find a cover letter example for your field? Do not worry.

Below you can find a number of other cover letter examples for different fields and industries:

• Acting Cover Letter Examples
• Accounting Cover Letter Examples
• Administrative Assistant Cover Letter Examples
• Architecture Cover Letter Examples
• Attorney Cover Letter Examples
• Barista Cover Letter Examples
• Bartender Cover Letter Examples
• Business Cover Letter Examples
• Business Analyst Cover Letter Examples
• College Student Cover Letter Examples
• Computer Science Cover Letter Examples
• Construction Cover Letter Examples
• Consultant Cover Letter Examples
• Customer Service Cover Letter Examples
• Data Analyst Cover Letter Examples
• Data Entry Cover Letter Examples
• Dental Assistant Cover Letter Examples
• Digital Marketing Cover Letter Examples
• Elementary Teacher Cover Letter Examples
• Engineering Cover Letter Examples
• Executive Assistant Cover Letter Examples
• Finance Cover Letter Examples
• Graphic Design Cover Letter Examples
• Healthcare Cover Letter Examples
• Human Resources Cover Letter Examples
• IT Cover Letter Examples
• Law Cover Letter Examples
• Management Cover Letter Examples
• Marketing Cover Letter Examples
• Mechanical Engineering Cover Letter Examples
• Medical Assistant Cover Letter Examples
• Nurse Practitioner Cover Letter Examples
• Physician Cover Letter Examples
• Project Manager Cover Letter Examples
• Receptionist Cover Letter Examples
• Retail Cover Letter Examples
• Sales Cover Letter Examples
• Social Work Cover Letter Examples
• Software Engineer Cover Letter Examples
• Substitute Teacher Cover Letter Examples
• Teacher Assistant Cover Letter Examples
• Team Leader Cover Letter Example

What is a Cover Letter? 

A cover letter is a one-page document that you submit as part of your job application, alongside your resume . 

Its purpose is to introduce you and briefly summarize your professional background. On average, your cover letter should be from 250 to 400 words long .

A good cover letter can give the hiring manager more insight into what makes you a good candidate and help them make up their mind about whether they should invite you for an interview. A bad cover letter, though, will get ignored (at best) and lose you the job (at worst).

So, to make sure this doesn’t happen, it’s essential to know how to write a convincing cover letter.

The first thing to remember is that a cover letter is a supplement to your resume, not a replacement. Meaning, you shouldn’t just repeat whatever is mentioned in your resume and call it a day. 

Optimally, you should use your cover letter to shed more light on your skills and qualifications, as well as explain anything you didn’t have space for in your resume (e.g. a career gap or why you’re changing careers).

If you’re writing a cover letter for the first time, though, putting all this together might seem pretty tough. 

Fortunately, you can follow our tried-and-tested format to make the experience much easier:

• Header - Input your contact information.
• Greeting the hiring manager - Open the cover letter with a “Dear Sir or Madam,” or use the hiring manager’s name if you know what that is.
• Opening paragraph - Grab the hiring manager’s attention by getting straight to the point. Mention what your professional experiences are, and what role you’re applying for.
• The second paragraph - Explain why you’re the perfect candidate for the job. Mention your top 2-3 achievements, your top skills, why you want to work in that specific industry, and whatever else is relevant.
• The third paragraph - End your cover letter with a call to action. E.g. “I would love to meet personally and discuss how I can help Company X.”
• Formal closing - Something like this: “Thank you for your consideration. Best, John Doe.”

Here’s what this looks like in practice:

9 Tips to Write a Cover Letter (the Right Way)

Now that we've covered the basics, let's talk about cover letter tips . Below, we'll give you all the knowledge you need to take your cover letter from "OK" to "great."

#1. Pick the right template

A good cover letter is all about leaving the right first impression.

And what’s a better way to leave a good impression than through a professional, well-formatted, and visual template?

You can simply pick one of our tried-and-tested cover letter templates and you’ll be all set!

#2. Add your contact details on the header

The best way to start your cover letter is through a header. 

Here’s what you want to include there:

• Phone Number
• Name of the hiring manager / their professional title
• Name of the company you’re applying to

Optionally, you can also include the following:

• Social Media Profiles - Any type of profile that’s relevant to your field. Social Profiles on websites like LinkedIn, GitHub (for developers), Medium (for writers), etc.
• Personal Website - If you have a personal website that somehow adds value to your application, you can mention it. Let’s say you’re a professional writer. In that case, you’d want to link to your content portfolio site or blog.

#3. Greet the hiring manager the right way

Once you’ve listed all your relevant contact information, it’s time to address the hiring manager reading your cover letter. 

A good practice here is to find the hiring manager’s name and address them directly instead of using the traditional “dear sir or madam.” This shows that you’re really invested in the company and that you took your time to do some research about the job.

So, how can you find out the hiring manager’s name?

One way to do this is by looking up the head of the company’s relevant department on LinkedIn. Let’s say you’re applying for the position of Communication Specialist at Novoresume. The hiring manager is probably the Head of Communications or the Chief Communications Office.

Or let’s say you’re applying for the position of server at a restaurant. In that case, you’d be looking to find out who the restaurant manager is.

If this doesn’t work, you can also check out the “Team” page on the company website; there’s a good chance you’ll at least find the right person there.

If you still can’t find out the hiring manager’s name, here are several other greetings you can use:

• Dear [Department] Hiring Manager
• Dear Hiring Manager
• To whom it may concern
• Dear [Department] Team

#4. Create an attention-grabbing introduction

Recruiters get hundreds, sometimes even thousands, of applications. Chances are, they’re not going to be reading every single cover letter end-to-end.

So, it’s essential to catch their attention from the very first paragraph.

The problem with most cover letter opening paragraphs, though, is that they’re usually extremely generic, often looking something like this: 

Hey, my name is Jonathan and I’d like to work as a Sales Manager at XYZ Inc. I’ve worked as a sales manager at MadeUpCompany Inc. for 5+ years, so I believe that I’d be a good fit for the position.

As you can probably tell, this opening paragraph doesn’t tell the hiring manager anything other than that you’ve worked the job before - and that’s not really helpful in setting you apart from other candidates. 

What you want to do, instead, is start off with 2-3 of your top achievements to really grab the reader’s attention. Preferably, the achievements should be as relevant as possible to the position. 

For example:

My name’s Michael and I’d like to help XYZ Inc. hit and exceed its sales goals as a Sales Manager. I’ve worked with Company X, a fin-tech company, for 3+ years. As a Sales Representative, I generated an average of $30,000+ in sales per month (beating the KPIs by around 40%). I believe that my previous industry experience, as well as my excellence in sales, makes me the right candidate for the role of X at Company Y.

The second example shows how the candidate is a top performer. The first just shows that they’ve worked a sales job before.

Which one are YOU more likely to invite for an interview?

#5. Show you’re the perfect person for the job

One great thing about cover letters is that they allow you to expand more on the top achievements from your resume and really show the hiring manager that you’re the right person for the job. 

A good way to do that is to first read the job ad and really understand what skills/experiences are required, and then to ensure that your cover letter touches upon the said skills or experiences.

In my previous role as a Facebook Marketing Expert at XYZ Inc. I handled customer acquisition through ads, managing a monthly Facebook ad budget of $20,000+. As the sole digital marketer at the company, I managed the ad creation and management process end-to-end. This means I created the ad copy and images, as well as picked the targeting, ran optimization trials, and so on.

Other than Facebook advertising, I’ve also delved into other online PPC channels, including:

• Google Search

#6. Explain why you’re a great company fit

The HR manager doesn’t only look at whether you’ll be good at the job or not. They’re looking for someone that’s also a good fit for the company culture.

After all, employees that don’t fit in are bound to quit, sooner or later. This ends up costing the company a ton of money, up to 50% of the employee’s annual salary . 

To convince the hiring manager that you’re a great company fit, do some research on the company and find out what it is you like about them, or about working there. You want to know things like:

• What’s the company’s business model?
• What’s the company's product or service? Have you used it?
• What’s the culture like? Will someone micro-manage your work, or will you have autonomy on how you get things done?

Then, turn your top reasons for liking to work there into text and add them to your cover letter! 

#7. Wrap up with a call to action

To make the end of your cover letter as memorable as possible, you want to:

• Wrap up any points you couldn't in the previous paragraphs. Mention anything you’ve left out that you think could help the hiring manager make up your mind.
• Thank the hiring manager for their time. After all, it never hurts to be polite. 
• Finish the cover letter with a call to action. A call to action is a great way to make your cover letter ending as memorable as possible. 

#8. Write a formal closing

Once you’re done with the final paragraph, all you have to do is write down a formal “goodbye” and you’re good to go.

Feel free to use one of the most popular conclusions in a cover letter:

• Best Regards,
• Kind Regards,

#9. Proofread your cover letter

Last but not least, make sure to always proofread each and every document that you’ll be including in your job application - cover letter included. 

The last thing you want is to be claiming you’re a great candidate for the job with a cover letter full of typos! 

For an even more comprehensive guide on how to write an impactful cover letter , check out our article ! 

Cover Letter Writing Checklist 

Frequently Asked Questions

Do you still have some questions about cover letters? Check out the answers below:

1. How do I write a simple cover letter? 

To write a cover letter that’s simple but also professional, make sure to include a header with your personal information, a formal greeting to the hiring manager, an attention-grabbing opening paragraph, a second paragraph explaining why you’re a good candidate for the job, and a formal closing (preferably with a call to action). 

2. What are the 3 parts of a cover letter? 

The three parts of a cover letter are: 

• The introduction , namely the header, the greeting to the hiring manager, and the opening paragraph. 
• The sales pitch is usually the body of the cover letter. 
• The conclusion involves a formal closing and a signature line.

3. What makes a great cover letter?

A great cover letter should be personalized for each job you’re applying for, instead of being overly generic. It’s also preferable to address the hiring manager by their name and not use the overly-used “Dear Sir/Madam.”

To make a great first impression, you should mention 1-2 of your top achievements in your opening paragraph - the more job-specific they are, the better. Also, don’t stop at showing the hiring manager why you’re a great candidate for the job. Make sure to also talk about how you’re a good culture fit for the company.

Last but not least, wrap up your closing paragraph with a call to action to give the hiring manager a little extra something to remember you by. 

4. When is a cover letter necessary?

Unless the job ad specifically states otherwise, you should always include a cover letter with your job application .

Even if the hiring manager doesn’t read it, you will look more professional simply by including one.

And that’s a wrap! We hope our cover letter examples and writing tips will inspire you to write a cover letter that will land you your next job.

If you’re looking for more invaluable career advice and articles, make sure to check out our career blog , or any of these related articles: 

• How to Write a Resume
• Cover Letter Mistakes to Avoid at All Costs
• Cover Letter Format (w/ Examples & Free Templates)

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How To Write a Cover Letter With Examples

Cover letters can help differentiate you from other job applicants and be the determining factor of landing your dream job. By taking the time to craft a custom cover letter, a single sheet of paper can help communicate all the human elements that a resume may fall short of capturing about yourself. 

But what do employers and recruiters have to say about how to write a cover letter? What are the best tips they have to offer for graduate students who are writing a cover letter?

We asked 11 employers for their best cover letter tips. Here is what they had to share.

Let it Set the Stage

In many ways, cover letters should provide background information and context to your resume, while simultaneously addressing how that resume addresses the specific requirements of the job opportunity. The cover letter is your opportunity to "set the stage" and to convince the hiring manager why your specific set of skills, experiences and interests will provide value to their team and its objectives.

Andrew Horrigan '11 BSBA (Management Information Systems), Product Manager at Cisco

Research the Hiring Manager

If possible, find out who the hiring manager is and look them up on LinkedIn. Do your research on the company you're applying for. What's their mission statement and how do they portray their company culture? Hopefully what you're looking for in a job is reflected by those things. Make sure the hiring manager knows that and understands who you are and what drives you. A resume is often about as robotic as things can be. Make sure your cover letter is the opposite—personalize it and let yourself shine through.

Joshua Schlag ’05 BS (Computer Science) ’11 MBA, Digital Marketing Manager at Pyramid Analytics

Utilize Career Development Resources

The University of Arizona and Eller College of Management go to great lengths to make sure students are prepared for their impending career journey. Because cover letters are so important to getting your foot in the door, there are several career development resources online and on campus to take advantage of. The university’s cover letter builder serves as a nice template to get started. And of course, it never hurts to make an appointment with an Eller Career Coach through eSMS to have a professional review your letter before submission. 

Brett Farmiloe, ’06 BSBA (Accounting), Founder, Featured

Discover Past Samples of the Position

Do your research on the company and personalize your cover letter to the role for which you are applying. Don't be afraid to Google, "How to write a good cover letter for X position." Seriously, it helps! There is so much information out there from various perspectives—applicants, hiring managers, etc. Most importantly be yourself and let your personality come through. And don't forget to spell check!

Mariam Nikola '17 MS MIS, Consultant at Point B

Highlight Your Soft Skills

When writing a professional cover letter, there are a couple things you can do to set yourself apart from the pack. First, make sure you tailor your letter to the specific position you are applying for. This should not be a general, "one size fits all" letter—be sure to discuss specific details surrounding the role or the company itself. Secondly, this is an opportunity for you to show a little bit of your personality. Obviously, you want to remain professional, but this is a great time to highlight some of your soft skills that might not be fully conveyed through your resume.  

Brian Ellis ’17 BSBA (Management), Staffing Manager at Randstad Office and Administrative Professionals

Fill in the “Why” Gaps

As a talent advisor, I review a lot of applicants and agree that a cover letter can be a great way to stand apart, if it is done correctly. A great cover letter for me covers the ‘why’ that I cannot understand from just a resume alone. It should clearly state why you are interested in the role, what your goals are for utilizing your graduate degree (if recently graduated) and explain any career pivots reflected on your resume. If you answer those questions in a direct, concise manner it will add value to your application.

Monica Larson , ’11 BSBA (Marketing) ‘20 MBA, Talent Advisor

Tell Your Story

A cover letter is your opportunity to tell your story—tying your experience and personal interests into why you want a position and why you are the best candidate for it. Paint the picture of your journey and what about the position excites you personally and professionally. Similar to your resume, keep it short and sweet. No need to repeat what’s already on your resume. Recruiters and hiring managers don’t have time to comb through a novel, so you need to engage them with as few words as possible while also grabbing their attention.

Kelly Castoro, ’06 BA (Spanish, Portuguese), Project Manager at Squarespace

Tailor Each Cover Letter to the Position You Are Applying

Be sure to research the role and customize your cover letter for each position, relating your experience to the particular role you are applying for. Personalization is key—research who you are sending the cover letter to and address the letter to them directly. End your letter with a call to action, stating you will follow up by phone or email if you haven’t heard from anyone. Follow ups are very important! 

Jessica Rosenzweig, ’15 BSBA (Business Management), Account Manager at PeopleWare Staffing

Communicate Bankability and Personality 

Your cover letter answers two crucial questions; are you bankable and are you someone the company will enjoy working with? Communicate bankability with your knowledge of the company, industry and why your skills, capabilities and interests are a great fit. Share your passion for their mission, culture, brand—whatever excites you about becoming a member of their team.  

When conveyed through a concise, well-formulated, well-worded cover letter, you demonstrate the ability to write an effective business case—communicating that you are a ready professional and worthy teammate who will hit the ground running.

Theresa L Garcia, ’83 BSBA (Human Resources), Senior Change Management and Organization Capability Consultant at Boeing

Keep it Concise but Compelling

A cover letter is your chance to speak directly to the hiring team and tell them why you are not only the best match for the position for which you are applying but also give them additional insight into yourself as an individual that is less visible from your experience.

A great cover letter should be attention grabbing and touch upon the qualities that make you stand out from others in the applicant pool, highlight both your recent and most distinguished accomplishments and drive home why you are the right person for the job. Professionalism is always important, but don’t be hesitant to put your voice into the letter to let your personality shine through. Research the company, understand where they currently are, where they are going and show why you are the right person to get them from point A to point B. Recruiters spend a lot of time reviewing applicants and making yourself stand apart from the crowd is key. Keep it concise but compelling!

Matt Reineberg, ’14 BSBA (Marketing), Senior Talent Acquisition Sourcer at Cox Enterprises

Highlight the “Why”

Why are you applying to this company? Why do you want this position? Your cover letter should aim to answer the why behind applying for the job. Conveying an interest and excitement for working specifically for this job at this company, rather than a desire to get any job anywhere that will give you money, can go a long way. Show the company that they should hire you and your passion over someone that might have the skills needed for the job, but doesn’t care about the work as much as you do. 

Ryan Nouis, Trupath 

Ready to Learn More?

FinanceBuzz

11 Reasons You’re Not Landing Job Interviews and How To Turn It Around

Posted: January 1, 2024 | Last updated: January 1, 2024

You’ve updated your resume, written a compelling cover letter, and applied to your dream job. 

Putting all this work into the job hunt can get frustrating when you’re not getting called up for interviews — especially if you’re applying to gigs that could help you stop living paycheck to paycheck .

Some simple things might be standing in the way of your next big career move. Here are 11 reasons you may not get interviews — and how to fix them.

Make Money: 8 things to do if you're barely scraping by financially

You don’t have the right experience

We’ve all heard tales about people who took a shot in the dark, applied for a job when they weren’t qualified, and landed the gig. 

This is a rare occurrence, and a lack of experience could be a big reason you are not getting interviews. It’s important to be realistic when applying for jobs. 

Although some companies might be flexible on some requirements, if a job description says they want a programmer with five years of experience, they probably will not be calling an applicant who has none.

Get expert advice on making more money - sent straight to your inbox.

You’re overqualified

On the other end of the spectrum, you may have too much experience. A hiring manager might worry you won’t be fulfilled by what the job offers, or that you are just taking the job temporarily while you pursue work that matches your skillset more directly.

If you are still interested in a job you may be overqualified for, reach out to the hiring manager and see if any opportunities are opening up in the future that are more in line with your experience.

Typos on your resume

Proofreading your resume — especially if you're making tweaks to it for each job you apply to — can feel very tedious, but it’s important. 

Your resume and cover letter make an impression on a hiring manager. You don’t want to come off as lazy or unorganized by submitting something that wasn’t carefully proofread.

Most programs offer some sort of spell check, and you can also consider running your resume through sites like Grammarly.

Make Money: Discover 17 legit ways to make extra cash

Unexplained gaps in your resume

Applicants are often asked to explain gaps in their resumes during interviews, but this could deter you from even getting to the interview. 

If there's a large gap between your current job and your last job, you might want to explain it briefly in your cover letter. Perhaps you were taking a class or working on a side hustle during that time to pay off debt .

All your eggs are in one basket

Even if you meet every requirement for a job you applied to, that doesn’t mean you’ll land an interview. There could be hundreds of applicants for the exact same position. 

That’s why it’s important to apply to a few different places. Set yourself up with better odds by applying to a few jobs every week.

You’re not customizing your resume

While sending the same resume out to every job may make the process easier, there’s a big benefit to tailoring it each time based on the job description.

Look for keywords in the job description, and then tweak your resume to mimic these responsibilities. 

For example, if the first requirement in the job description mentions “proficient in Adobe Photoshop,” make sure Adobe Photoshop is listed on your resume.

Get Out of Debt for Good: Try these 6 clever ways to crush your debt

You don’t meet the education requirements

Some positions have specific education requirements, like a specific degree or level of education. A hiring manager may not even give your resume a second glance if you don't meet these requirements. 

Education requirements are likely listed in the job posting, so make sure you meet these needs before applying.

Your online presence is unprofessional

If your social media profiles are unprofessional or unflattering, it may be a good choice to wipe them clean or make them private before you continue your job search.

An impressive profile on LinkedIn can be a plus, but a Twitter account where you log your every thought may not be.

You spelled someone's name wrong

It’s easy to simply skim over your resume or cover letter when you’re applying to a bunch of jobs over a short period. But don’t let haste to hit “apply” keep you from carefully reading over your pitch.

Make sure everything is spelled correctly, especially the company name and the name of any employee you need to address directly.

Break the Cycle: 8 moves to escape the paycheck to paycheck grind

The business' needs have changed

Sometimes, you may not hear back from a company simply because their needs have evolved. Maybe they originally thought they would need to replace a team member, but someone else internally moved into the role.

Unfortunately, since this has nothing to do with you as a candidate, there’s nothing you can change here. 

If you think this is the reason you’re not getting an interview, reach out to the hiring manager and ask for an update on the status of the job.

Competition is hot

If you’re applying at a larger company, there’s a good chance the odds are not in your favor. When competition for a job is hot, hiring managers look at hundreds of resumes, so you really need to identify something that will help you stand out.

To avoid getting lost in a sea of applicants, set up job alerts (with sites like LinkedIn or Indeed) so you know right when jobs are posted and can be an early applicant.

Bottom line

A good rule of thumb when applying for jobs is to research the company beforehand and tailor your resume and cover letter to what you think their needs are — and what skills and experience you have to meet those needs. 

If you’re still not getting interviews, review this list and find a new way to change your approach to finally get that “let’s chat” email from a hiring manager.

Finding the right approach for you could be the difference between being stuck in a job you don't like and finding a new one where you can get ahead financially . 

More from FinanceBuzz:

• 7 things to do if you’re barely scraping by financially.
• Can you retire early? Take this quiz and find out.
• 12 legit ways to earn extra cash.
• 9 simple ways to make up to an extra $200/day

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Here's who could be responsible for paying for the Baltimore bridge disaster

• The Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore collapsed after a container ship collided with it.
• Several entities could be on the hook to foot the bill in the aftermath of the disaster.
• The maritime insurance industry will likely be saddled with the highest costs. 

The Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore collapsed on Tuesday after a large container ship ran into it, leading to six presumed deaths and millions of dollars in possible damage.

It's still too early to estimate the total economic impact of the disaster, but between the cost of rebuilding the decades-old bridge, compensating the victims' families , and paying out damages for disruptions to the supply chain, the eventual cost of the disaster is expected to be significant.

Who will pay to rebuild the bridge?

President Joe Biden said on Tuesday the federal government should be responsible for paying to reconstruct the damaged Francis Scott Key Bridge.

"It is my intention that the federal government will pay for the entire cost of reconstructing that bridge, and I expect Congress to support my effort," Biden said.

The bridge was built in the 1970s for about $60 million, but the cost of rebuilding it could be 10 times its original price tag, an engineering expert told Sky News. 

Baltimore is among the busiest ports in the nation , with more than a million shipping containers passing through each year. The collapse — which closed the port to all maritime and most road traffic until further notice — is already beginning to wreak havoc on the supply chain.

The cost of building the bridge back fast enough to offset diversions as much as possible could saddle the government with a more than $600 million bill, David MacKenzie, the chair of the engineering and architecture consultancy COWIfonden, told Sky News.

Who will pay for damages to the ship and its cargo?

The container ship, the Dali , is owned by a Singapore-based firm. The ship's charterer, Maersk, confirmed to Business Insider that vessel company Synergy Group operates the ship. 

However, the companies with cargo aboard the Dali could ultimately be responsible for some of the ship's damages and cargo costs, according to Ryan Petersen , the CEO of the supply-chain-logistics company Flexport, which had two containers on the ship.

Related stories

The Dali was carrying 330 containers that must now be rerouted, Petersen said in an X thread.

An ancient maritime law known as " general average " dictates that companies with even a single container aboard a ship split certain damages pro rata based on the number of containers they had on board, ensuring all the stakeholders benefiting from the voyage are splitting the risk, Petersen said.

General average situations can occur when a ship is stranded or when cargo is damaged or thrown overboard to save the vessel, according to Flexport . The concept helps ensure that all parties who have a vested interest in the vessel share the cost and concern of protecting it.

It's too soon to know whether damages incurred to free the Dali in the coming days will qualify as a case of general average.

Who will pay for everything else?

The majority of the financial fallout is likely to lay primarily with the insurance industry, according to media reports.

Industry experts told the Financial Times that insurers could pay out losses for bridge damage, port disruption, and any loss of life.

The collapse could drive "one of the largest claims ever to hit the marine (re)insurance market," John Miklus, the president of the American Institute of Marine Underwriters, told Insurance Business.

He told the outlet that the loss of revenue from tolls while the bridge is being rebuilt will be expensive, as will any liability claims from deaths or injuries.

The Dali is covered by the Britannia Steam Ship Insurance Association Ltd., known as Britannia P&I Club, according to S&P Global Market Intelligence.

In a statement to Business Insider, Britannia said it was "working closely with the ship manager and relevant authorities to establish the facts and to help ensure that this situation is dealt with quickly and professionally."

Britannia is one of 12 mutual insurers included in the International Group of P&I Clubs, which maintains more than $3 billion of reinsurance cover, sources familiar with the matter told Insurance Business.

Britannia itself is liable for the first $10 million in damages, both FT and Insurance Business reported. Whatever remains is dealt with by the wider mutual insurance group and Lloyd's of London, a reinsurance market in the UK, the FT reported.

Update: March 28, 2024 — This story has been updated to include additional information about general average and clarify that it is too soon to know whether general average will apply in the case of the Dali.

Watch: The container ship that destroyed the Francis Scott Key Bridge has crashed before

• Main content

Baltimore bridge collapse: What happened and what is the death toll?

What is the death toll so far, when did the baltimore bridge collapse, why did the bridge collapse, who will pay for the damage and how much will the bridge cost.

HOW LONG WILL IT TAKE TO REBUILD THE BRIDGE?

What ship hit the baltimore bridge, what do we know about the bridge that collapsed.

HOW WILL THE BRIDGE COLLAPSE IMPACT THE BALTIMORE PORT?

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Writing by Lisa Shumaker; Editing by Daniel Wallis and Bill Berkrot

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Lisa's journalism career spans two decades, and she currently serves as the Americas Day Editor for the Global News Desk. She played a pivotal role in tracking the COVID pandemic and leading initiatives in speed, headline writing and multimedia. She has worked closely with the finance and company news teams on major stories, such as the departures of Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey and Amazon’s Jeff Bezos and significant developments at Apple, Alphabet, Facebook and Tesla. Her dedication and hard work have been recognized with the 2010 Desk Editor of the Year award and a Journalist of the Year nomination in 2020. Lisa is passionate about visual and long-form storytelling. She holds a degree in both psychology and journalism from Penn State University.

Five people were killed by falling trees as strong winds battered southern Poland on Monday, reaching a speed of 155 km (96 miles) an hour in the highest parts of the Tatra mountains.