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Damien Elsing Copywriter

Copywriting & Marketing Consulting

How to Write a Case Study (with Bonus Template)

March 27, 2014 By Damien

This article was originally published in 2014 – last updated August 2020. 

A lot of people over-think case studies and panic at the mere mention of them.

I know this because as a freelance copywriter I’m forever gently nudging clients to collect case studies – a process that’s a lot like pulling teeth sometimes!

But a case study doesn’t need to be long — it just needs to explain the result that your product or service achieved for your customer. It can be as short as a paragraph or two, provided it checks all the boxes we’ll look at below. In fact, the shorter it is, the more people will read it. Who wants to sit down and read a 1000-word document about how great your business is?

I’m going to explain how to write a great case study quickly, and I’ll also include a simple template for gathering case studies you can simply fill in the blanks and present to your customers.

But first…

What are case studies and why should you use them?

A case study is like a testimonial on steroids. It takes random client feedback that everyone uses as “testimonials” and puts it into a real world, relevant context in the form of a story.

They work because they allow customers to see first hand how your product or service specifically helped others in the same situation as they now find themselves.

The format for a case study should be a story. It should follow a structure of beginning, middle, and end.

The “beginning” is the challenge facing your customer. The “middle” is the way you approached solving this problem or challenge. The “end” is the result experienced by the customer.

Where to use case studies

There are a few points to keep in mind when using case studies:

Terminology – Firstly, don’t call a case study a “case study”. Call it a “success story”. “Case study” sounds boring. Success story, on the other hand, promises not only a story, but a story about somebody’s success! We all love stories, and we all love success – especially when it’s success we too could be experiencing really soon (do you see where this is going?).

Placement – You should make your existing case studies as prominent as possible when making initial contact with prospects. This includes on important pages of your website and in sales and marketing collateral such as a price list or brochure. There’s also a place for creating separate case studies for lead generation – you can position these like a “How to” – showing the way you solved the client’s problem. In general though, case studies are best used when integrated with other material as supporting information rather than used in isolation.

Relevance – Ideally you’ll have more than one case study, and then you can figure out the best place to use them. For example, if you offer three distinct services, include a success story about a particular service on the relevant service page of your website (or when in sales conversations with that persona). Try not to lump them all in together (although there’s nothing wrong with also  having a section on your website called “success stories” that repeats the information).

How to gather the raw information for the case study

There are three ways you can get the information you need to write a case study:

1. Phone – Calling your customer for a chat is going to yield great results. Make sure you use hands free so you can type notes, or better yet record the call so you can go over it later at your leisure. The great thing about a phone (or face to face) chat is that you can prompt them to go into more detail about certain points. Also, people are naturally more effusive verbally than they are when writing. Of course, explain you’re going to be using this information in a case study and make sure they’re okay with that before you start asking questions. Also reassure them they will get final say and you won’t put words in their mouth – this will make them more relaxed about what they say.

2. Email/Survey – This is not as good as using the phone, but if you can’t call your customers or have a lot of customers and simply want to ask them all for case studies (call it “feedback” though) then text/email will have to do. Use the questions outlined below, and when you’ve got the answers back, choose the ones you’ll be using and follow up to say thank you, we loved the feedback so much we’d like to use the information in an individual case study.

3. Video   (advanced tactic) – this is where you film the customer answering the questions. Yep, this is the granddaddy of customer success stories. You’ll basically be making a mini documentary about your customer and how you helped them. Nothing beats that face to face connection of seeing and hearing the person talk about how you helped them achieve their desired outcome. If they are willing, you can do this via a Zoom call, or they can just record some video on their phone running through the questions below.

You can then upload this video to Youtube (with the customer’s permission of course) and use it on your website, in the footer of emails, in pitches/presentations, online PDFs, and anywhere else you can think of. If you have the budget then hire a videographer to make this as professional as possible, or just record it on your phone or tablet, which is still far better than no video at all.

Questions to ask

This isn’t set in stone, but this is the loose flow of questions you want to take your customer through:

• What challenge were you facing when you went looking for [name of solution]?
• What made you choose [business name] to overcome this challenge?
• What concerns (if any) did you have about using a [general product/service name]?
• What was it like using [specific product/service name]? Describe the process.
• What was the outcome of using [specific product/business name]?
• What would you say to other people considering using [specific business/product name]?

(Click here to download these questions as a case study template in a Google doc (no opt-in required))

You might not want to use all these questions if they don’t quite fit. It’ll depend on the nature of your product or service, but you want to be asking at least four of the above six questions, and 1, 2, 4, and 5 are crucial for getting the whole picture.

Writing your case study

Once you’ve got the answers to the above questions, you want to put it all together in a narrative. It’s not going to work as well if you use a Q&A format because it takes away from the flow of the story, so this is where some creativity is required in putting it all together. You can use some creative license here, provided you capture the spirit of what the person was trying to say and don’t twist their intention. Remember, you’ll be getting their permission before publishing this so don’t worry too much about writing what they say word for word.

Another thing to consider is whether you want to make it first or third person. For example, first person would be from the customer’s perspective (“I found they were really easy to work with…”) and third person would be “Judy loved how easy ABC Widgets were to work with…”. I think first person is always stronger because it sounds like the praise is coming from the customer, not you. You might use third person for a more detailed case study and just include elements of the first person story.

Let’s look at a real world example for a client I worked with…

Here’s the raw data that the customer sent back to my client, a property investment and buyer’s advocacy firm, via email:

1)      What make you seek out a Buyer’s / Vendor’s Advocate. What problem were you having? To get an advantage over other buyers in the market.  I engaged [business] due to their unique group block buying strategy.  The strategy is market leading in my view as I was able to purchase an apartment below market value, in a blue chip location, and with the attraction of adding immediate value from renovations. The issues I was experiencing prior to engaging [business] was competing against too many emotional buyers who were constantly driving up prices, particularly at auction.  Using the services of [business] gave me an advantage over my competition. 2)      What were your concerns about using a Buyers / Vendor’s Advocate to solve these problems? Whether the apartment purchased would be renovated in a timely manner.  My other concern was whether my apartment would be tenanted quickly given that other investors would be renting out their apartment (within the same block) at the same time.  As usually these type of purchases attract investors. 3)      Why did you choose Advantage? For the reasons outlined above.  Plus [business owner’s] reputation in the market.  [business owner] has the runs on the board which makes my decision easy every time. 4)      What did you enjoy about working together? One word, they got the results over and over again.  I have now purchased 3 properties via the group block strategy and each time they have outperformed the market. 5)      What results did you get from the service? Outstanding.  This also includes the property management service [business] provide.  The guys who manage my properties are sharp, proactive and treat my investments as if it was their own.

And here’s how we can weave this into a success story:

“They outperform the market every time…” “As an experienced investor, I was looking for a way to get an advantage over the market. I found I was constantly competing against emotional buyers who were driving up prices. I needed to find an edge over the competition. I chose [business name] because of their reputation. They have the runs on the board, which made the decision easy. My only concerns were whether the apartment we purchased would be renovated fast, and whether we’d be able to rent it out, given that there were several other investors in the same block.  But not only did [business name] get a great return for me, they even managed the property for me! And the guys who manage the property are sharp, proactive, and treat my investment like it was their own. I’ve now used [business name] three times, and they’ve outperformed the market for me every time.”

See how putting this into a story format makes it much more engaging and easy to read?

You could approach the “story” part in any number of ways, leading with whatever is most important to your customers. But the important thing is that it has a clear structure: problem, solution, result. 

Points to keep in mind

Note the headline – you want to take the most impressive (or relevant) quote from your entire case study and use it as the headline to grab attention. Keep your customer in mind. In the above example it’s property investors, so they’ll be most interested in a strong return on their investment.

Stick to the structure of the questions – use the original questions to guide you. The customer will often answer the questions out of order and add irrelevant information, so it’s up to you to do some fancy editing and just keep the good stuff, sticking to the original flow of questions as you go.

Include the customer’s concerns – you might be wondering “why add the negative concerns the person had?” It might seem counter-intuitive to do this, but it’s important to keep them in. Here’s why: it’s likely the reader has the exact same concerns , so acknowledging these objections and addressing them will help overcome them. It’s important to address your customer’s objections in any type of sales or marketing, not just ignore them and hope the’ll go away.

Come back with fresh eyes – as with any sort of writing or editing, it’s important that you come back to your case study a day or two later and just make sure it all makes sense and you haven’t left anything out. Better yet, show it to a friend or colleague for their feedback and ask them for any suggestions to make the story more compelling.

Add a photo and the person’s full name – You need to make the case study as real as possible. Anonymous success stories aren’t going to cut it, and neither will a last initial such as “John B.”. These look made up. So you need to at least add the person’s full name (and their company name/position if it’s B2B – suburb or city if it’s B2C). It can be weird asking, but also try to get a photo of the person to use with the case study. The worst that can happen is that they say no and you’ll be no worse off than you are now!

The bottom line on gathering and writing case studies

Case studies are a valuable and relatively cheap and easy way to convince customers that your product or service will work for them. These type of success stories should be part of your overall business story, and should be used strategically so that they’re relevant to the customer and used at the right stage of the buying cycle.

Share your own case study tips and experiences in the comments section below!

Reader Interactions

March 31, 2014 at 8:02 am

Great article! I really appreciate your idea to call the case study a “success story”. It really helps frame the piece. Afterall, that’s what it is! Also, many companies use e-mail surveys regularly (possibly with an incentive at the end) to get honest feedback from clients. I think that could still be a good alternative to making phone calls, where the customer may feel like they’re being put on the spot. The survey would allow you to get exact quotes for the case study content, and maybe even find some areas for improvement, too. Thanks for all of these ideas — and for posting the template! I’m definitely going to be using this.

March 31, 2014 at 10:35 am

Good points, Annie. The phone call option is really for people who have a fairly personal relationship with the clients, such as a service business or consultancy.

Yeah surveys would be great for any kind of business where you don’t have a one-to-one relationship with the customer. Also a great way to gather constructive criticism, killing two birds with one stone.

Thanks for your feedback!

March 31, 2014 at 7:02 am

April 2, 2014 at 1:45 pm

I never wrote a case study but I have seen a lot of them through my day job. They are usually pretty interesting reads. Always wondered if I need to have case studies for my illustration business but wasn’t sure.

April 2, 2014 at 2:08 pm

Hey BD, I think they can be really useful for any business in an industry where people are making decisions about hiring you or buying your product. Give it a go!

January 2, 2016 at 5:44 pm

Enjoyable article but template cannot be found and image of answers to case study questions missing.

August 3, 2020 at 1:36 pm

All fixed now, sorry about that Lsai.

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7 Essential Tips for Writing in the Third Person

Table of contents

Alana Chase

Whether you’re a student, business professional, or writer, knowing how to write well in the third person is an essential skill.

But you may not be sure of all the rules or how to make your third-person writing shine.

As an editor and writing coach of 11 years, I’ve taught students and writers at all levels how to master the third-person point of view (POV). All you need to get started is a good understanding of third-person pronouns and a bit of practice for consistency. 

By the end of this article, you’ll know when and how to use third-person perspective. You'll also find helpful tips for taking your third-person writing to the next level.

Key takeaways 

• In the third-person perspective, the narrator is separate from the story. 
• Third-person perspective uses he/him/his, she/her/hers, and they/them/their pronouns. 
• Consistency is key: Don’t switch between perspectives in a single document.
• Practicing third-person writing and editing your work is vital to improving your skills.

What is third-person point of view (POV)?

In writing, there are three ways to tell a story: first-person, second-person, or third-person POV. 

First-person POV is from the narrator’s perspective: 

“ I saw the bird steal my sandwich, and I ran after it.”

Second-person POV is from the reader’s perspective: 

“ You saw the bird steal your sandwich, and you ran after it.”

Third-person POV, however, separates the narrator from the story and uses third-person pronouns (like he/him, she/her, and they/them) to describe events, actions, thoughts, and emotions. Characters are referred to by name or one of these pronouns: 

“ Alex saw the bird steal his/her/their sandwich, and he/she/they ran after it.”

Third-person POV is used in all kinds of writing — from novels to research papers, journalistic articles, copywriting materials, and more. Check out some examples below.

Examples of third-person perspective

• In a novel: “Robb and Jon sat tall and still on their horses, with Bran between them on his pony, trying to seem older than seven, trying to pretend that he’d seen all this before.” (From A Game of Thrones by George R. R. Martin)
• In a news article : “This weekend, Iceland experienced nearly 2,000 earthquakes within 48 hours. And they’ve kept coming since then – in swarms.” (From “Thousands of earthquakes have scientists watching for a volcanic eruption in Iceland” on NPR’s website )
• In copywriting : “Balm Dotcom’s formula has antioxidants and natural emollients to nourish dry lips.” (Website copy describing Glossier’s Balm Dotcom lip product )

7 tips for writing in the third person

Just like the first and second person, you’ve probably already written in the third person before. But to do it well , you’ll need some key tips and tricks in your writing toolkit. 

Let’s dive into the seven essentials for third-person writing.

Tip 1: Use third-person determiners and pronouns 

In grammar, determiners introduce and modify nouns. They’re used to specify what a noun refers to (like “ my laptop”) or the quantity of it (like “ many sandwiches”). 

Meanwhile, pronouns are substitutes for nouns, referring to people, places, or things. For example, “Caroline [noun] is a skilled musician, and she [pronoun] especially loves playing the piano.”

When you write in the third person, use only third-person determiners and pronouns. Let’s take a look at the different types of pronouns. 

Tip 2: Use names for clarity

In third-person writing, using names is crucial for clarity, especially when multiple people/characters share similar pronouns. Strategically incorporate names into your writing to help readers keep track of who’s who. 

For example:

‍ “She submitted the script draft to her, and she made suggestions for changes.”

‍ “Mira submitted the script draft to Lynn, and Lynn made suggestions for changes.”

Tip: Use a character or person’s name when introducing them in your writing. Then, alternate between using pronouns and their name to prevent confusion.

Tip 3: Keep the narration neutral

When you write in the third person, your narrator is an uninvolved observer. They have no opinions on the people, places, things, or events they describe. Their words and tone should be neutral (but not boring).

To achieve this in your writing:

• Think of your narrator as a reporter. Their job is to detail what’s happening, when and why it’s occurring, who’s involved, and any background information that can give context. They don’t offer a personal interpretation of events. Instead, they provide facts and supporting details.
• Save the judgment for characters. Rather than having your narrator share their critique of events or individuals, have a character offer their opinion — either through dialogue, actions, or reactions. For instance, instead of writing, “Dr. Shaw was a courageous woman,” let a character convey admiration by telling Dr. Shaw, “I’ve always admired your fearlessness.”
• Be objective with your descriptions. Avoid subjective adjectives and focus on observable features. For example, instead of describing a landscape as “breathtaking,” write that it’s “marked with snow-capped mountains and patches of tall pine trees.” 

Tip 4: Use descriptive language

Showing — and not just telling — is essential when writing in the third person. Instead of stating emotions and experiences outright, immerse your reader in your character’s reality. Create vivid descriptions of their thoughts, feelings, and surroundings. Use language that engages the senses: sight, sound, smell, touch, and taste. 

For example: 

“Aisha was nervous.”

‍ “Aisha’s hands trembled, and her tongue felt dry against the roof of her mouth. The spotlight above the stage shone white-hot, causing beads of sweat to form along Aisha’s hairline.”

Tip 5: Be consistent

Once you establish a third-person POV, stick to it . Avoid switching from the third person to the first or second person. Otherwise, you’ll confuse the reader and disrupt the flow of your writing.

“Hannah felt a surge of excitement when her telephone rang, anticipating good news about her mortgage application. I felt my heart rate quicken as I answered.” (Switches from the third person to the first person)

“Hannah felt a surge of excitement when her telephone rang, anticipating good news about her mortgage application. She felt her heart rate quicken as she answered.” (Remains in the third person)

Tip 6: Practice

Writing in the third person might feel strange at first, especially if you’re used to using the first or second person. However, it’ll come more naturally to you with practice.

Here are two writing exercises you can try right now:

Writing Exercise #1

Take an excerpt from an article or book written in the first or second person and rewrite it in the third person. Below is an example using The Catcher in the Rye , whose main character is named Holden.

Before: “The other reason I wasn’t down at the game was because I was on my way to say good-by to old Spencer, my history teacher.”

After: “The other reason Holden wasn’t down at the game was because he was on his way to say good-by to old Spencer, his history teacher.”

Writing Exercise #2

Turn on a movie or television show, mute the sound, and closely observe two characters. Give them each a name. Using third-person pronouns and their names, describe the characters’ actions and what you believe they’re thinking and feeling. 

Above all, write in the third person as often as possible , following the tips in this guide. Remember, your writing skills are like muscles: The more you exercise them, the stronger they become. 

Tip 7: Carefully revise 

After you’ve written something in the third person, carefully review and revise your work. 

Check that your writing :

• Uses third-person determiners and pronouns accurately and consistently
• Incorporates names where pronouns may cause confusion
• Maintains a neutral tone, where your narrator doesn’t offer personal opinions or interpretations
• Doesn’t shift to the first or second person

Make changes where necessary, then read through your work a final time.

AI tip: Wordtune can help you self-edit and help improve your writing overall.

Paste your work into Wordtune’s Editor, or write in it directly, and use the features to shorten or expand your sentences, make your tone more casual or formal, and more. Wordtune will also automatically flag spelling and grammar errors and suggest ways to improve concision, clarity, and flow.

Get Wordtune for free > Get Wordtune for free >

Bonus tip (advanced): Learn the different types of third-person POV

Did you know there are three types of third-person POV? Getting familiar with them can help you make your writing even more impactful.

• Third-person objective , where the narrator is “a fly on the wall”: They provide an objective account of events without exploring people/characters’ emotions or thoughts.
• Third-person omniscient , where the narrator has unlimited knowledge of all events and characters’ thoughts and feelings. 
• Third-person limited , also called “close third,” where the narrator has access to just one character’s emotions, thoughts, and experiences. 

With this knowledge, you can choose the right perspective for your writing depending on its purpose, tone, and goals. 

For instance, use third-person omniscient to show readers what’s happening with everyone in your novel. Or, you could go for third-person objective in an academic paper where you must present facts without sharing your interpretation of them.

Writing well in the third person takes thought and effort. You must use third-person determiners and pronouns, weave in descriptive language, and keep your narration neutral. You also need to be consistent with your POV, ensuring you don’t accidentally switch to the first or second person. Finally, review and revise your work to make sure it’s clear and error-free. 

Using this guide — and Wordtune’s tools to polish your writing — you’ll get the hang of the third-person perspective in no time.

To continue sharpening your writing skills, read our articles on mastering tone of voice and writing concisely (with help from AI). Then, check out our proofreading guide to keep your work flawless . 

What is a third-person word example?

Third-person words are pronouns like “he,” “her,” “they,” “it,” “hers,” and “theirs.”

Should I write in the first or third person?

It depends on the closeness you want to create with your audience. The first person allows for a personal connection between the narrator and the reader, while the third person creates distance between the narrator and the audience.

What are the disadvantages of writing in the third person?

Third-person writing can lead to a lack of intimacy with the reader. This can be a disadvantage for some writers but an advantage for others, like those in academic and professional settings.

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Writing Case Studies – a How To Guide

Matt Archer

December 31, 2020, what is a case study.

A case study is a descriptive, exploratory or explanatory document that analyzes a person, object, event, situation, or idea.   People may find themselves writing case studies in different industries for different purposes.  Some examples include:

• Marketing or sales case study to highlight a product or service and its benefits
• Educational or learning case study that highlights a situation and a resolution
• Life or social science case study that explores causation and principles
• Medical case study to record clinical interactions with patients

Marketing or Sales Case Study

Marketing and sales case studies are success stories of a product or service used with a customer. The case study explains how the product or service was used and its return on investment. Most marketing and sales case studies have the following three sections:

• Challenge or problem (introduction and description of the business or customer’s problem)
• Solution (how was the solution selected and implemented)
• Results and benefits (benefits and return on investment for the customer, use data)

Determine the Goal

One of the first steps in creating a case study is determining the purpose and goal. The following questions can help you determine the goals you want to accomplish:

• Who is the audience?
• What product or service are you featuring?
• What is it that you want the reader to know?
• What do you want the reader to learn or do after reading this document?

Capture the Information

A marketing and sales case study is usually a story of success. Once you determine the purpose, you will decide the topic or subject area you want to highlight. Be sure to stick to one topic, as addressing multiple topics in one case study can be confusing.  For the chosen topic, you will need the following information:

• Rationale for the case study and information about the customer
• Background information, data and description about the challenge or problem experienced by the customer. Any data, stats, or numbers that relate to the problem.
• The service or product you used to solve the problem. This can include why it was chosen, the process and methodology used for implementation.
• Details and data about the results and benefits. Data with measurable results is essential for this section.

Next, you will need to determine if you have all the information. In many cases, you may have to interview the customer and/or others to get all the pertinent information and data to support the case study. When interviewing others, make sure you are prepared with a list of specific questions to ask the customer and others. You want to be sure that you are getting the specific data you need to write the case.

Depending on the case study, in general it can vary from 1 – 3 pages long with 1 – 3 paragraphs for each section. Often, each page has a graphic or picture for visual interest. The font and colors should be easy for printing the case study. A white background with a standard font is best, especially if potential customers and others are downloading the case study.

Sample Marketing or Sales Case Study

Educational or Learning Case Study

Writing Case Studies for Educational or Learning purposes often involves a type of problem-based teaching where a situation or challenge is presented along with a resolution or various resolution options. The document will include information about the situation, background information, challenges highlighted, data presented, and solutions evaluated. Sections may include:

• Project or situation summary
• Challenges/Key Issues
• Team/Individual Activity

Determine the Learning Goal

One of the first steps in writing this type of case study is determining the objective or learning goals. The following questions can help you determine the learning goals:

• What do you want the reader to know or do after reading this document?
• Do you want the reader to learn about multiple aspects of a problem or solution or just a single solution?
• Do you want to present all of the data or do you want the learner to determine what additional data or information is needed?
• How will the case study be presented? Will it be part of a learning classroom with group discussion and team exercises? Will it be part of a team meeting and discussion? Will it be a stand-alone document that an individual can read without an instructor?

The information for the case study can be ascertained from your own professional experience, from current or historical events, from books or other resources. In writing an educational or learning case study, you will need the following:

• A structured and engaging story that tells an interesting situation or challenge.
• Understanding of the key issues or challenges. In many cases there are no clear solutions or may have more than one solution.
• Data and background information about the people, location, situation, actions, etc.
• A scenario that provokes questions and encourages the reader to analyze the situation and solutions.
• Information about the key decision makers and stakeholders in the case and their roles and perspective.

Determine if you have all the necessary information or if you will need to conduct research or interviews. When interviewing others, make sure you are prepared with a list of specific questions to be sure you are getting the specific data you need to write the case.

The case study can vary in depth from one to 20 pages or more. The font and colors should be easy for printing the case study. A white background with a standard font is best, especially if the case study is downloaded and printed numerous times.

Sample Learning Case Study

Project or situation summary.

Consultant met with a client who was struggling to determine the proper path to move their business due to some key factors and issues.  The Client Company is 17 years old with 51 employees, 10 of which are sales, 24 are in operations, and the rest in administration.  The company has been struggling to determine the best method to manage all aspects of its human resource, accounting, operations, and sales systems.

The Client Company worked with an IT firm over a 2-year period with little success in integrating all key solutions.

Challenges and Key Issues

• Already invested nearly $100k into current infrastructure
• Losing productivity because systems are not well integrated
• Poor internal selection processes of solutions
• Staff is not trained on the current applications and their cross functionality
• Accounting and Operations applications are not communicating which leaves staff double entering data
• Cross-over of duplicated functionality in various systems which makes determination of where to enter data challenging

Consultant met with his key team members to determine which solutions were most reliable to create integration of software solutions, reduction in IT overhead, improvement in system processing and better training for The Client Company personnel.

The solution offered by Consultant cost $150k, plus the total cost of year-over-year ownership of $35k in recurring software licensing fees.  The solution could be implemented within 6-months from a signed statement of work.

In addition, the Consultant offered a phased implementation approach to help reduce the initial financial start-up burden.

The solution virtually reduces the client’s software applications from 7 internal and external facing applications to 5.  Of the five applications, four exist in the infrastructure and one is a new application to eliminate the gaps in the Accounting and Operations department.

The new application is expected to reduce wasted employee hours by 25% through the elimination of double entry, improved synchronicity, and better notifications when tasks are complete.  This reduction in wasted time equals nearly workforce cost savings of $200k per year.

Client Company decided to stay with the existing infrastructure because they had invested so much money over a two-year period that they felt an additional $150k outlay of capital was cost prohibitive. While there was a real ROI for the Accounting and Operations system, they felt it was important to preserve existing jobs and would consider a more reliable solution in 18-months.

Team Discussion

• What additional challenges should have been uncovered during the business analysis phase?
• Determine which challenges were the most significant impact to their current pain points?
• Discuss how those challenges could have been used to sell the consultant’s solution with more persuasion.
• What other solution could you have offered that may have been successful in off-setting more of the cost?
• What different approach may have been taken to create a different outcome (e.g. working with their existing applications and improving process?)

General Tips for Writing Case Studies

• Grab the reader’s attention with a catchy and descriptive title
• Write the case study in first person (“I”) or third person (“he/she”).
• Make the case study easy to read and scan. Use bulleted lists, short paragraphs, and highlight your point.
• Consider the reader’s point of view and what information is important to them.
• Write out acronyms and consider your audience when using industry-specific terms and jargon.
• Always include the author or your business contact information.
• If you gathered data or information from others in helping you write the case study, send them a copy to review. They should be checking to make sure the information is correct.
• Use professional-looking photographs, graphics, layouts, etc.
• Have someone proofread and edit the case study.
• Decide how you will use and share the case study once it is complete.

Final Thoughts

When writing case studies, they should be customized to your needs. It could include additional sections such as background or evaluation sections.  It can contain graphics and pictures related to the specific topic. It should also reflect your company’s branding.

If you have additional questions or need support, contact us at:

Positive Results™ Custom Business Solutions

440.499.4944

https://PositiveResults.com

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• Citation Styles

How to write in third-person

Although there are three narratives you can use in any form of writing when it comes to your papers and anything academic you produce, it’s best to choose the third-person. It’s pretty simple with a bit of practice, but if you’re completely new to this writing style, here’s what you need to know about how to write in third-person.

What does writing in third-person mean?

Writing in third-person is one of the three styles you can use when describing a point of view. Even though you might not know it, chances are you’ve used first, second and third person in writing projects throughout your education.

It’s a narrative where you’re totally independent of the subject you’re analyzing and writing about. You don’t take sides. You don’t try to influence what readers feel. It’s a completely unbiased, objective way of writing that tells a story or dissects a topic right down the middle.

There’s a lot of information out there about how you can differentiate between the three in roundabout ways, making it unnecessarily complicated. Here’s a quick breakdown to understand the differences for when you write your following paper:

First-person

This is from the I/we perspective. It’s where we talk about us , ourselves, and our opinions. If we go down the first-person route, writing will include pronouns like I , me , myself, and mine .

Second-person

This point of view belongs to the person you’re addressing — so its a you perspective. In your writing, you’d use second-person pronouns such as you , your, and yourselves .

Third-person

The third-person point of view is aimed at the person or people being talked about, which is the type of writing you’d find in stories. In this perspective, you’d use pronouns like he , she , him , her , his , hers , himself , herself , it , them , their, and themselves . Or, you’d use a name. But that tends to happen more in stories than research papers.

Notice the difference between the three?

When to write in third-person

The third-person point of view tells the reader a story and it’s often the go-to when you’re taking an authoritative stance in your papers, which is why it’s so common in academic writing.

So, always choose the third-person stance when writing academic copy, such as essays and research papers.

The reason for this is it’ll make your papers less personal and more objective, meaning the objectivity will make you come across as more credible and less biased. Ultimately, this will help your grades as the third-person view keeps you focused on evidence and facts instead of your opinion.

You can break third-person perspectives into three other types, including omniscient, limited, and objective. Although they’re more associated with creative writing than academic work and essays, your writing is likely to fall under the third-person objective point of view.

A third-person objective point of view is about being neutral and presenting your findings and research in an observational way, rather than influencing the reader with your opinions.

How to use the third-person point of view

Rule number one: Never refer to yourself in your essay in the third-person. That’s a no-no.

For instance, here’s how you shouldn’t write a sentence in your essay if you’re writing about virtual learning as an example.

“I feel like students perform better at home because they have more freedom and are more comfortable.”

It’s a simple sentence, but there’s a lot wrong with it when you’re talking about research papers and adopting a third-person narrative. Why? Because you’re using first-person pronouns and, as it sounds like an opinion, you can’t back up your claims with a stat or any credible research. There’s no substance to it whatsoever.

Also, it isn’t very assertive. The person marking your work won’t be impressed by “I feel like,” because it shows no authority and highlights that it came from your brain and not anywhere of note.

By including terms like “I think” or “I feel” like in the example above, you’re already off to a bad start.

But when you switch that example to the third-person point of view, you can cite your sources , which is precisely what you need to do in your essays and research papers to achieve higher grades.

Let’s switch that sentence up and expand it using the third-person point of view:

“A psychological study from Karrie Goodwin shows that students thrive in virtual classrooms as it offers flexibility. They can make their own hours and take regular breaks. Another study from high school teacher, Ashlee Trip, highlighted that children enjoy freedom, the ability to work at their own pace and decide what their day will look like.”

With a third-person narrative, you can present evidence to the reader and back up the claims you make. So, it not only shows what you know, but it also shows you took the time to research and strengthen your paper with credible resources and facts — not just opinions.

6 tips for writing in third-person

1. understand your voice won’t always shine in your essays.

Every single piece of writing tends to have a voice or point of view as if you’re speaking to the reader directly. However, that can’t always happen in academic writing as it’s objective compared to a novel, for example. Don’t try to ‘fluff’ up your piece to try and cram your personality in, as your academic work doesn’t need it.

2. Don’t focus on yourself or the reader — focus on the text

An academic piece of work always has a formal tone as it’s objective. When you write your next paper, focus on the writing itself rather than the writer or the reader.

3. Coach yourself out of using first-person pronouns

This is easier said than done if all you’ve ever done is first- or second-person writing. When you write your next paper, scan through it to see if you’ve written anything in first-person and replace it with the third-person narrative.

Here are a few regular offenders that pop up in academic papers — along with how you can switch the statements to third-person:

• I argue should be this essay argues
• I found that should be it was found that
• We researched should be the group researched
• I will also analyze should be topic X will also be analyzed

The same applies to second-person, as there are plenty of cases where it tends to slip through in academic writing. Again, it’s pretty straightforward to switch the more you practice. For instance:

• Your paper will be marked higher if you use a citation tool should be the use of a citation tool will improve one’s grades

4. Be as specific as possible

This is where things can get a little bit confusing. Writing in third-person is all about including pronouns like he, she, it, and they. However, using them towards the beginning of sentences can be pretty vague and might even confuse the reader — this is the last thing you want from your essay or paper.

Instead, try using nouns towards the beginning of sentences. For example, use the actual subject, such as the interviewer or the writer, rather than he, she, or they when you begin the sentence.

The same applies to terms like it. Start the sentence with the ‘it’ is that you’re describing. If it’s a citation tool, begin the sentence by referencing what you’re discussing, so you aren’t vague. Clarity is key.

5. Write in the present tense when using third-person

In any form of academic writing, you need to write your reports, essays, and research papers in the present tense, especially when introducing different subjects or findings.

So, rather than saying “This paper analyzed” (which does seem correct as technically that part was in the past and the writing is in the present), you should write “This report analyzes” — as if you’re analyzing right here and now.

However, the difference is when you highlight how you did the research, that should be in the past tense. This means you’d use third-person phrases like “The equipment that was used” or “The results were analyzed by”, for instance.

6. Avoid adding your own thoughts

If your report is on a subject that’s close to your heart, it can be super tempting to sprinkle in your own thoughts. It’s a challenge, but you need to coach yourself out of it.

In academic writing, you aren’t a commentator. You’re a reporter. You need to let readers draw their conclusions without over-analyzing them or making the reader lean one way or another.

The easiest way to get to grips with writing your academic papers in the third-person is to be consistent and practice often. Criticize your work and analyze it until it becomes the norm. Yes, it can be a little complex in the early days, but before you know it, you’d have mastered the technique, helping you take your papers and reports up a level.

Frequently Asked Questions about writing in third-person

In third-person, you’d use pronouns like he , she , him , her , his , hers , himself , herself , it , them , their, and themselves . Or, you’d use a name.

You is used in second person and is therefore not used in third person. The second person is used for the person that is being addressed.

The third-person point of view is aimed at the person or people being talked about, which is the type of writing you’d find in stories. When writing in third-person view, make sure to write in the present tense and avoid adding your own thoughts.

When writing in third person, you should actually always write in the present tense since you are mostly presenting results in this view.

The second person point of view belongs to the person you’re addressing — so its a you perspective. In your writing, you’d use second-person pronouns such as you , your, and yourselves .

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5 Common Mistakes When Writing A Case Study And How To Avoid Them

by Aaron Larson | Nov 18, 2015 | Marketing , Weekly Articles | 0 comments

Case studies are a powerful marketing tool, and even better piece of content that can positively impact your businesses sales.

Case studies are excellent at creating trust and credibility with customers and prospects, as well as excellent ways for your sales team to better target your audience.

Case studies are great for PR, too.

In reality, however, most case studies fail. They fail because they are either mind numbingly boring, or devoid of any quantitative information that aids buyers in understanding your company’s benefits.

For your pleasure, we’re counting the five most common case study mistakes companies make, how to avoid them, and most importantly how to write compelling, yet persuasive copy in order to publish case studies that your prospects will love.

1) You don’t tell a story (or don’t tell a good story)

Storytelling is the defining difference between other marketing tools such as testimonials. Testimonials talk about how great your company is, rather than making the focus on what you can do for another business. Case studies should be written in third person adding a credibility that first person can’t replicate. By shifting the role of protagonist onto someone else, you gain trust from your audience.

Your company should model the classic story telling arch.

• Conflict/Challenge : Set the scene by introducing the “hero” or company you’re using. Establish their business briefly and what obstacle they were facing. A story has no tension or sakes if there are no obstacles to overcome.
• Climax/Solution: The climax is usually the highest moment of tension in a story. It’s when the humans in The Two Towers are making a final stand against Sauron’s army, when the Rebels are making their life or death strike on the Death Star in Star Wars IV. It’s the moment in the case study when the business has made the choice to switch to your business. Explain why they made the choice, let them know from the previous conflict what was on the line for their business.
•  Resolution/Results: Describe what your solution did for the company, what they were able to achieve after implementing your help. Did they save money? Have better organization? Whatever the result, make sure to showcase it.

When a potential client reads your case study, they should be able to insert themselves into the hero’s shoes and image what results you can bring them, rather than flaunting your own company’s glory.

2) You provide no details

As listed in the Resolution/Results above, make sure you spell out in detail what your business did for the case study business. Whether it be “They were able to grow their business from the $300 a week they saved after using…” or, “They had more time to train their walrus army due to the time saved by using…”

Use graphs, pie charts, or any visual images that will highlight benefits.

Providing details like these will help potential clients visualize measurable results for their own business to replicate.

3) You aren’t addressing your audience

It is important when writing a case study to select just one audience to speak to. If you cater to multiple types of clients; tailor each case study to address one persona.

When writing, focus only on the details that this persona would care about, and address their needs and concerns.

4) You don’t have focus

Many times case study writers want to talk about all the aspects they’re working at fixing, but without focus you will confuse your readers and you’ll come across salesy.

Much like focusing on one persona, choose an angle that will highlight your company the best. Even if your company solved five problems for that business, pick the two strongest (or one) and emphasis that aspect.

Possible angles you might choose include:

• Customer Service

5) You don’t have customer quotes

You can tell the most epic story in your case study, but if it doesn’t have a quote from your client the case study will lack a sense of humanity. It’s also vital that you interview real customers, do not lie or make them up, even if your customer is going to approve them.

Quotes generated by a marketing team will sound flat and artificial compared to what your customer will say in his or her own words. Get your case study quotes in your customers own words, as this is the most impactful for those reading it.

Not sure how to develop an effective case study?

If you want to see how your peers have solved their marketing and website problems, take a look at our portfolio , and see what others have said about the result.

And if your IT firm wants to learn more about what steps to take with your own marketing initiatives, or would like a free consultation, contact us here .

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What Is a Case Study?

Weighing the pros and cons of this method of research

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Cara Lustik is a fact-checker and copywriter.

Verywell / Colleen Tighe

• Pros and Cons

What Types of Case Studies Are Out There?

Where do you find data for a case study, how do i write a psychology case study.

A case study is an in-depth study of one person, group, or event. In a case study, nearly every aspect of the subject's life and history is analyzed to seek patterns and causes of behavior. Case studies can be used in many different fields, including psychology, medicine, education, anthropology, political science, and social work.

The point of a case study is to learn as much as possible about an individual or group so that the information can be generalized to many others. Unfortunately, case studies tend to be highly subjective, and it is sometimes difficult to generalize results to a larger population.

While case studies focus on a single individual or group, they follow a format similar to other types of psychology writing. If you are writing a case study, we got you—here are some rules of APA format to reference.  

At a Glance

A case study, or an in-depth study of a person, group, or event, can be a useful research tool when used wisely. In many cases, case studies are best used in situations where it would be difficult or impossible for you to conduct an experiment. They are helpful for looking at unique situations and allow researchers to gather a lot of˜ information about a specific individual or group of people. However, it's important to be cautious of any bias we draw from them as they are highly subjective.

What Are the Benefits and Limitations of Case Studies?

A case study can have its strengths and weaknesses. Researchers must consider these pros and cons before deciding if this type of study is appropriate for their needs.

One of the greatest advantages of a case study is that it allows researchers to investigate things that are often difficult or impossible to replicate in a lab. Some other benefits of a case study:

• Allows researchers to capture information on the 'how,' 'what,' and 'why,' of something that's implemented
• Gives researchers the chance to collect information on why one strategy might be chosen over another
• Permits researchers to develop hypotheses that can be explored in experimental research

On the other hand, a case study can have some drawbacks:

• It cannot necessarily be generalized to the larger population
• Cannot demonstrate cause and effect
• It may not be scientifically rigorous
• It can lead to bias

Researchers may choose to perform a case study if they want to explore a unique or recently discovered phenomenon. Through their insights, researchers develop additional ideas and study questions that might be explored in future studies.

It's important to remember that the insights from case studies cannot be used to determine cause-and-effect relationships between variables. However, case studies may be used to develop hypotheses that can then be addressed in experimental research.

Case Study Examples

There have been a number of notable case studies in the history of psychology. Much of  Freud's work and theories were developed through individual case studies. Some great examples of case studies in psychology include:

• Anna O : Anna O. was a pseudonym of a woman named Bertha Pappenheim, a patient of a physician named Josef Breuer. While she was never a patient of Freud's, Freud and Breuer discussed her case extensively. The woman was experiencing symptoms of a condition that was then known as hysteria and found that talking about her problems helped relieve her symptoms. Her case played an important part in the development of talk therapy as an approach to mental health treatment.
• Phineas Gage : Phineas Gage was a railroad employee who experienced a terrible accident in which an explosion sent a metal rod through his skull, damaging important portions of his brain. Gage recovered from his accident but was left with serious changes in both personality and behavior.
• Genie : Genie was a young girl subjected to horrific abuse and isolation. The case study of Genie allowed researchers to study whether language learning was possible, even after missing critical periods for language development. Her case also served as an example of how scientific research may interfere with treatment and lead to further abuse of vulnerable individuals.

Such cases demonstrate how case research can be used to study things that researchers could not replicate in experimental settings. In Genie's case, her horrific abuse denied her the opportunity to learn a language at critical points in her development.

This is clearly not something researchers could ethically replicate, but conducting a case study on Genie allowed researchers to study phenomena that are otherwise impossible to reproduce.

There are a few different types of case studies that psychologists and other researchers might use:

• Collective case studies : These involve studying a group of individuals. Researchers might study a group of people in a certain setting or look at an entire community. For example, psychologists might explore how access to resources in a community has affected the collective mental well-being of those who live there.
• Descriptive case studies : These involve starting with a descriptive theory. The subjects are then observed, and the information gathered is compared to the pre-existing theory.
• Explanatory case studies : These   are often used to do causal investigations. In other words, researchers are interested in looking at factors that may have caused certain things to occur.
• Exploratory case studies : These are sometimes used as a prelude to further, more in-depth research. This allows researchers to gather more information before developing their research questions and hypotheses .
• Instrumental case studies : These occur when the individual or group allows researchers to understand more than what is initially obvious to observers.
• Intrinsic case studies : This type of case study is when the researcher has a personal interest in the case. Jean Piaget's observations of his own children are good examples of how an intrinsic case study can contribute to the development of a psychological theory.

The three main case study types often used are intrinsic, instrumental, and collective. Intrinsic case studies are useful for learning about unique cases. Instrumental case studies help look at an individual to learn more about a broader issue. A collective case study can be useful for looking at several cases simultaneously.

The type of case study that psychology researchers use depends on the unique characteristics of the situation and the case itself.

There are a number of different sources and methods that researchers can use to gather information about an individual or group. Six major sources that have been identified by researchers are:

• Archival records : Census records, survey records, and name lists are examples of archival records.
• Direct observation : This strategy involves observing the subject, often in a natural setting . While an individual observer is sometimes used, it is more common to utilize a group of observers.
• Documents : Letters, newspaper articles, administrative records, etc., are the types of documents often used as sources.
• Interviews : Interviews are one of the most important methods for gathering information in case studies. An interview can involve structured survey questions or more open-ended questions.
• Participant observation : When the researcher serves as a participant in events and observes the actions and outcomes, it is called participant observation.
• Physical artifacts : Tools, objects, instruments, and other artifacts are often observed during a direct observation of the subject.

If you have been directed to write a case study for a psychology course, be sure to check with your instructor for any specific guidelines you need to follow. If you are writing your case study for a professional publication, check with the publisher for their specific guidelines for submitting a case study.

Here is a general outline of what should be included in a case study.

Section 1: A Case History

This section will have the following structure and content:

Background information : The first section of your paper will present your client's background. Include factors such as age, gender, work, health status, family mental health history, family and social relationships, drug and alcohol history, life difficulties, goals, and coping skills and weaknesses.

Description of the presenting problem : In the next section of your case study, you will describe the problem or symptoms that the client presented with.

Describe any physical, emotional, or sensory symptoms reported by the client. Thoughts, feelings, and perceptions related to the symptoms should also be noted. Any screening or diagnostic assessments that are used should also be described in detail and all scores reported.

Your diagnosis : Provide your diagnosis and give the appropriate Diagnostic and Statistical Manual code. Explain how you reached your diagnosis, how the client's symptoms fit the diagnostic criteria for the disorder(s), or any possible difficulties in reaching a diagnosis.

Section 2: Treatment Plan

This portion of the paper will address the chosen treatment for the condition. This might also include the theoretical basis for the chosen treatment or any other evidence that might exist to support why this approach was chosen.

• Cognitive behavioral approach : Explain how a cognitive behavioral therapist would approach treatment. Offer background information on cognitive behavioral therapy and describe the treatment sessions, client response, and outcome of this type of treatment. Make note of any difficulties or successes encountered by your client during treatment.
• Humanistic approach : Describe a humanistic approach that could be used to treat your client, such as client-centered therapy . Provide information on the type of treatment you chose, the client's reaction to the treatment, and the end result of this approach. Explain why the treatment was successful or unsuccessful.
• Psychoanalytic approach : Describe how a psychoanalytic therapist would view the client's problem. Provide some background on the psychoanalytic approach and cite relevant references. Explain how psychoanalytic therapy would be used to treat the client, how the client would respond to therapy, and the effectiveness of this treatment approach.
• Pharmacological approach : If treatment primarily involves the use of medications, explain which medications were used and why. Provide background on the effectiveness of these medications and how monotherapy may compare with an approach that combines medications with therapy or other treatments.

This section of a case study should also include information about the treatment goals, process, and outcomes.

When you are writing a case study, you should also include a section where you discuss the case study itself, including the strengths and limitiations of the study. You should note how the findings of your case study might support previous research. 

In your discussion section, you should also describe some of the implications of your case study. What ideas or findings might require further exploration? How might researchers go about exploring some of these questions in additional studies?

Need More Tips?

Here are a few additional pointers to keep in mind when formatting your case study:

• Never refer to the subject of your case study as "the client." Instead, use their name or a pseudonym.
• Read examples of case studies to gain an idea about the style and format.
• Remember to use APA format when citing references .

Crowe S, Cresswell K, Robertson A, Huby G, Avery A, Sheikh A. The case study approach .  BMC Med Res Methodol . 2011;11:100.

Crowe S, Cresswell K, Robertson A, Huby G, Avery A, Sheikh A. The case study approach . BMC Med Res Methodol . 2011 Jun 27;11:100. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-11-100

Gagnon, Yves-Chantal.  The Case Study as Research Method: A Practical Handbook . Canada, Chicago Review Press Incorporated DBA Independent Pub Group, 2010.

Yin, Robert K. Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods . United States, SAGE Publications, 2017.

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

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How to Write in Third Person

Last Updated: March 27, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Alicia Cook . Alicia Cook is a Professional Writer based in Newark, New Jersey. With over 12 years of experience, Alicia specializes in poetry and uses her platform to advocate for families affected by addiction and to fight for breaking the stigma against addiction and mental illness. She holds a BA in English and Journalism from Georgian Court University and an MBA from Saint Peter’s University. Alicia is a bestselling poet with Andrews McMeel Publishing and her work has been featured in numerous media outlets including the NY Post, CNN, USA Today, the HuffPost, the LA Times, American Songwriter Magazine, and Bustle. She was named by Teen Vogue as one of the 10 social media poets to know and her poetry mixtape, “Stuff I’ve Been Feeling Lately” was a finalist in the 2016 Goodreads Choice Awards. There are 7 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 1,135,078 times.

Writing in third person can be a simple task, with a little practice. For academic purposes, third person writing means that the writer must avoid using subjective pronouns like “I” or “you.” For creative writing purposes, there are differences between third person omniscient, limited, objective, and episodically limited points of view. Choose which one fits your writing project.

Writing in Third Person Academically

• Third person helps the writing stay focused on facts and evidence instead of personal opinion.

• Third person pronouns include: he, she, it; his, her, its; him, her, it; himself, herself, itself; they; them; their; themselves.
• Names of other people are also considered appropriate for third person use.
• Example: “ Smith believes differently. According to his research, earlier claims on the subject are incorrect.”

• First person pronouns include: I, me, my, mine, myself, we, us, our, ours, ourselves. [3] X Research source
• The problem with first person is that, academically speaking, it sounds too personalized and too subjective. In other words, it may be difficult to convince the reader that the views and ideas being expressed are unbiased and untainted by personal feelings. Many times, when using first person in academic writing, people use phrases like "I think," "I believe," or "in my opinion."
• Incorrect example: “Even though Smith thinks this way, I think his argument is incorrect.”
• Correct example: “Even though Smith thinks this way, others in the field disagree.”

• Second person pronouns include: you, your, yours, yourself. [4] X Research source
• One main problem with second person is that it can sound accusatory. It runs to risk of placing too much responsibility on the shoulders of the reader specifically and presently reading the work.
• Incorrect example: “If you still disagree nowadays, then you must be ignorant of the facts.”
• Correct example: “Someone who still disagrees nowadays must be ignorant of the facts.”

• Indefinite third person nouns common to academic writing include: the writer, the reader, individuals, students, a student, an instructor, people, a person, a woman, a man, a child, researchers, scientists, writers, experts.
• Example: “In spite of the challenges involved, researchers still persist in their claims.”
• Indefinite third person pronouns include: one, anyone, everyone, someone, no one, another, any, each, either, everybody, neither, nobody, other, anybody, somebody, everything, someone.
• Incorrect example: "You might be tempted to agree without all the facts."
• Correct example: “ One might be tempted to agree without all the facts.”
• This is usually done in an attempt to avoid the gender-specific “he” and “she” pronouns. The mistake here would be to use the “they” pronoun with singular conjugation. [5] X Research source
• Incorrect example: “The witness wanted to offer anonymous testimony. They was afraid of getting hurt if their name was spread.”
• Correct example: “The witness wanted to offer anonymous testimony. They were afraid of getting hurt if their name was spread.”

Writing in Third Person Omniscient

• For instance, a story may include four major characters: William, Bob, Erika, and Samantha. At various points throughout the story, the thoughts and actions of each character should be portrayed. These thoughts can occur within the same chapter or block of narration.
• Writers of omniscient narratives should be conscious of “head-hopping” — that is, shifting character perspectives within a scene. While this does not technically break the rules of Third Person Omniscience, it is widely considered a hallmark of narrative laziness.

• In a sense, the writer of a third person omniscient story is somewhat like the “god” of that story. The writer can observe the external actions of any character at any time, but unlike a limited human observer, the writer can also peek into the inner workings of that character at will, as well.
• Know when to hold back. Even though a writer can reveal any information they choose to reveal, it may be more beneficial to reveal some things gradually. For instance, if one character is supposed to have a mysterious aura, it would be wise to limit access to that character's inner feelings for a while before revealing his or her true motives.

• Do not use first person and second person points of view in the narrative or descriptive portions of the text.
• Correct example: Bob said to Erika, “I think this is creepy. What do you think?”
• Incorrect example: I thought this was creepy, and Bob and Erika thought so, too. What do you think?

Writing in Third Person Limited

• The thoughts and feelings of other characters remain an unknown for the writer throughout the duration of the text. There should be no switching back and forth between characters for this specific type of narrative viewpoint.
• Unlike first person, where the narrator and protagonist are the same, third person limited puts a critical sliver of distance between protagonist and narrator. The writer has the choice to describe one main character’s nasty habit — something they wouldn’t readily reveal if the narration were left entirely to them.

• In other words, do not use first person pronouns like “I,” “me,” “my,” “we,” or “our” outside of dialog. The main character's thoughts and feelings are transparent to the writer, but that character should not double as a narrator.
• Correct example: “Tiffany felt awful after the argument with her boyfriend.”
• Correct example: “Tiffany thought, “I feel awful after that argument with my boyfriend.”
• Incorrect example: “I felt awful after the argument with my boyfriend.”

• Note that the writer can offer insight or guesses regarding the thoughts of other characters, but those guesses must be presented through the perspective of the main character.
• Correct example: “Tiffany felt awful, but judging by the expression on Carl's face, she imagined that he felt just as bad if not worse.”
• Incorrect example: “Tiffany felt awful. What she didn't know was that Carl felt even worse.”

• Correct example: “Tiffany watched from the window as Carl walked up to her house and rang the doorbell.”
• Incorrect example: “As soon as Tiffany left the room, Carl let out a sigh of relief.”

Writing in Episodically Limited Third Person

• Limit the amount of pov characters you include. You don't want to have too many characters that confuse your reader or serve no purpose. Each pov character should have a specific purpose for having a unique point of view. Ask yourself what each pov character contributes to the story.
• For instance, in a romance story following two main characters, Kevin and Felicia, the writer may opt to explain the inner workings of both characters at different moments in the story.
• One character may receive more attention than any other, but all main characters being followed should receive attention at some point in the story.

• Multiple perspectives should not appear within the same narrative space. When one character's perspective ends, another character's can begin. The two perspectives should not be intermixed within the same space.
• Incorrect example: “Kevin felt completely enamored of Felicia from the moment he met her. Felicia, on the other hand, had difficulty trusting Kevin.”

• In a novel-length work, a good time to switch perspective is at the start of a new chapter or at a chapter break.
• The writer should also identify the character whose perspective is being followed at the start of the section, preferably in the first sentence. Otherwise, the reader may waste too much energy guessing.
• Correct example: “Felicia hated to admit it, but the roses Kevin left on her doorstep were a pleasant surprise.”
• Incorrect example: “The roses left on the doorstep seemed like a nice touch.”

• For instance, if Kevin had a talk with Felicia's best friend about Felicia's feelings for him, Felicia herself would have no way of knowing what was said unless she witnessed the conversation or heard about it from either Kevin or her friend.

Writing in Third Person Objective

• There does not need to be a single main character to focus on. The writer can switch between characters, following different characters throughout the course of the narrative, as often as needed.
• Stay away from first person terms like “I” and second person terms like “you” in the narrative, though. Only use first and second person within dialog.

• Imagine that you are an invisible bystander observing the actions and dialog of the characters in your story. You are not omniscient, so you do not have access to any character's inner thoughts and feelings. You only have access to each character's actions.
• Correct example: “After class, Graham hurriedly left the room and rushed back to his dorm room.”
• Incorrect example: “After class, Graham raced from the room and rushed back to his dorm room. The lecture had made him so angry that he felt as though he might snap at the next person he met.”

• Correct example: “When no one else was watching her, Isabelle began to cry.”
• Incorrect example: “Isabelle was too prideful to cry in front of other people, but she felt completely broken-hearted and began crying once she was alone.”

• Let the reader draw his or her own conclusions. Present the actions of the character without analyzing them or explaining how those actions should be viewed.
• Correct example: “Yolanda looked over her shoulder three times before sitting down.”
• Incorrect example: “It might seem like a strange action, but Yolanda looked over her shoulder three times before sitting down. This compulsive habit is an indication of her paranoid state of mind.”

Examples of Third Person POV

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• ↑ https://stlcc.edu/student-support/academic-success-and-tutoring/writing-center/writing-resources/point-of-view-in-academic-writing.aspx
• ↑ http://studysupportresources.port.ac.uk/Writing%20in%20the%20third%20peson.pdf
• ↑ http://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/third_person.htm
• ↑ https://www.grammarly.com/blog/use-the-singular-they/
• ↑ Alicia Cook. Professional Writer. Expert Interview. 11 December 2020.
• ↑ https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/point-of-view-first-second-third-person-difference
• ↑ https://ojs.library.dal.ca/YAHS/article/viewFile/7236/6278

About This Article

To write in third person, refer to people or characters by name or use third person pronouns like he, she, it; his, her, its; him, her, it; himself, herself, itself; they; them; their; and themselves. Avoid first and second person pronouns completely. For academic writing, focus on a general viewpoint rather than a specific person's to keep things in third person. In other types of writing, you can write in third person by shifting your focus from character to character or by focusing on a single character. To learn more from our Literary Studies Ph.D., like the differences between third person omniscient and third person limited writing, keep reading the article! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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Writing A Case Study

Case Study Examples

Brilliant Case Study Examples and Templates For Your Help

15 min read

People also read

A Complete Case Study Writing Guide With Examples

Simple Case Study Format for Students to Follow

Understand the Types of Case Study Here

It’s no surprise that writing a case study is one of the most challenging academic tasks for students. You’re definitely not alone here!

Most people don't realize that there are specific guidelines to follow when writing a case study. If you don't know where to start, it's easy to get overwhelmed and give up before you even begin.

Don't worry! Let us help you out!

We've collected over 25 free case study examples with solutions just for you. These samples with solutions will help you win over your panel and score high marks on your case studies.

So, what are you waiting for? Let's dive in and learn the secrets to writing a successful case study.

• 1. An Overview of Case Studies
• 2. Case Study Examples for Students
• 3. Business Case Study Examples
• 4. Medical Case Study Examples
• 5. Psychology Case Study Examples 
• 6. Sales Case Study Examples
• 7. Interview Case Study Examples
• 8. Marketing Case Study Examples
• 9. Tips to Write a Good Case Study

An Overview of Case Studies

A case study is a research method used to study a particular individual, group, or situation in depth. It involves analyzing and interpreting data from a variety of sources to gain insight into the subject being studied. 

Case studies are often used in psychology, business, and education to explore complicated problems and find solutions. They usually have detailed descriptions of the subject, background info, and an analysis of the main issues.

The goal of a case study is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject. Typically, case studies can be divided into three parts, challenges, solutions, and results. 

Here is a case study sample PDF so you can have a clearer understanding of what a case study actually is:

Case Study Sample PDF

How to Write a Case Study Examples

Learn how to write a case study with the help of our comprehensive case study guide.

Case Study Examples for Students

Quite often, students are asked to present case studies in their academic journeys. The reason instructors assign case studies is for students to sharpen their critical analysis skills, understand how companies make profits, etc.

Below are some case study examples in research, suitable for students:

Case Study Example in Software Engineering

Qualitative Research Case Study Sample

Software Quality Assurance Case Study

Social Work Case Study Example

Ethical Case Study

Case Study Example PDF

These examples can guide you on how to structure and format your own case studies.

Struggling with formatting your case study? Check this case study format guide and perfect your document’s structure today.

Business Case Study Examples

A business case study examines a business’s specific challenge or goal and how it should be solved. Business case studies usually focus on several details related to the initial challenge and proposed solution. 

To help you out, here are some samples so you can create case studies that are related to businesses: 

Here are some more business case study examples:

Business Case Studies PDF

Business Case Studies Example

Typically, a business case study discovers one of your customer's stories and how you solved a problem for them. It allows your prospects to see how your solutions address their needs. 

Medical Case Study Examples

Medical case studies are an essential part of medical education. They help students to understand how to diagnose and treat patients. 

Here are some medical case study examples to help you.

Medical Case Study Example

Nursing Case Study Example

Want to understand the various types of case studies? Check out our types of case study blog to select the perfect type.

Psychology Case Study Examples 

Case studies are a great way of investigating individuals with psychological abnormalities. This is why it is a very common assignment in psychology courses. 

By examining all the aspects of your subject’s life, you discover the possible causes of exhibiting such behavior. 

For your help, here are some interesting psychology case study examples:

Psychology Case Study Example

Mental Health Case Study Example

Sales Case Study Examples

Case studies are important tools for sales teams’ performance improvement. By examining sales successes, teams can gain insights into effective strategies and create action plans to employ similar tactics.

By researching case studies of successful sales campaigns, sales teams can more accurately identify challenges and develop solutions.

Sales Case Study Example

Interview Case Study Examples

Interview case studies provide businesses with invaluable information. This data allows them to make informed decisions related to certain markets or subjects.

Interview Case Study Example

Marketing Case Study Examples

Marketing case studies are real-life stories that showcase how a business solves a problem. They typically discuss how a business achieves a goal using a specific marketing strategy or tactic.

They typically describe a challenge faced by a business, the solution implemented, and the results achieved.

This is a short sample marketing case study for you to get an idea of what an actual marketing case study looks like.

 Here are some more popular marketing studies that show how companies use case studies as a means of marketing and promotion:

“Chevrolet Discover the Unexpected” by Carol H. Williams

This case study explores Chevrolet's “ DTU Journalism Fellows ” program. The case study uses the initials “DTU” to generate interest and encourage readers to learn more. 

Multiple types of media, such as images and videos, are used to explain the challenges faced. The case study concludes with an overview of the achievements that were met.

Key points from the case study include:

• Using a well-known brand name in the title can create interest.
• Combining different media types, such as headings, images, and videos, can help engage readers and make the content more memorable.
• Providing a summary of the key achievements at the end of the case study can help readers better understand the project's impact.

“The Met” by Fantasy

“ The Met ” by Fantasy is a fictional redesign of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, created by the design studio Fantasy. The case study clearly and simply showcases the museum's website redesign.

The Met emphasizes the website’s features and interface by showcasing each section of the interface individually, allowing the readers to concentrate on the significant elements.

For those who prefer text, each feature includes an objective description. The case study also includes a “Contact Us” call-to-action at the bottom of the page, inviting visitors to contact the company.

Key points from this “The Met” include:

• Keeping the case study simple and clean can help readers focus on the most important aspects.
• Presenting the features and solutions with a visual showcase can be more effective than writing a lot of text.
• Including a clear call-to-action at the end of the case study can encourage visitors to contact the company for more information.

“Better Experiences for All” by Herman Miller

Herman Miller's minimalist approach to furniture design translates to their case study, “ Better Experiences for All ”, for a Dubai hospital. The page features a captivating video with closed-captioning and expandable text for accessibility.

The case study presents a wealth of information in a concise format, enabling users to grasp the complexities of the strategy with ease. It concludes with a client testimonial and a list of furniture items purchased from the brand.

Key points from the “Better Experiences” include:

• Make sure your case study is user-friendly by including accessibility features like closed captioning and expandable text.
• Include a list of products that were used in the project to guide potential customers.

“NetApp” by Evisort 

Evisort's case study on “ NetApp ” stands out for its informative and compelling approach. The study begins with a client-centric overview of NetApp, strategically directing attention to the client rather than the company or team involved.

The case study incorporates client quotes and explores NetApp’s challenges during COVID-19. Evisort showcases its value as a client partner by showing how its services supported NetApp through difficult times. 

• Provide an overview of the company in the client’s words, and put focus on the customer. 
• Highlight how your services can help clients during challenging times.
• Make your case study accessible by providing it in various formats.

“Red Sox Season Campaign,” by CTP Boston

The “ Red Sox Season Campaign ” showcases a perfect blend of different media, such as video, text, and images. Upon visiting the page, the video plays automatically, there are videos of Red Sox players, their images, and print ads that can be enlarged with a click.

The page features an intuitive design and invites viewers to appreciate CTP's well-rounded campaign for Boston's beloved baseball team. There’s also a CTA that prompts viewers to learn how CTP can create a similar campaign for their brand.

Some key points to take away from the “Red Sox Season Campaign”: 

• Including a variety of media such as video, images, and text can make your case study more engaging and compelling.
• Include a call-to-action at the end of your study that encourages viewers to take the next step towards becoming a customer or prospect.

“Airbnb + Zendesk” by Zendesk

The case study by Zendesk, titled “ Airbnb + Zendesk : Building a powerful solution together,” showcases a true partnership between Airbnb and Zendesk. 

The article begins with an intriguing opening statement, “Halfway around the globe is a place to stay with your name on it. At least for a weekend,” and uses stunning images of beautiful Airbnb locations to captivate readers.

Instead of solely highlighting Zendesk's product, the case study is crafted to tell a good story and highlight Airbnb's service in detail. This strategy makes the case study more authentic and relatable.

Some key points to take away from this case study are:

• Use client's offerings' images rather than just screenshots of your own product or service.
• To begin the case study, it is recommended to include a distinct CTA. For instance, Zendesk presents two alternatives, namely to initiate a trial or seek a solution.

“Influencer Marketing” by Trend and WarbyParker

The case study "Influencer Marketing" by Trend and Warby Parker highlights the potential of influencer content marketing, even when working with a limited budget. 

The “Wearing Warby” campaign involved influencers wearing Warby Parker glasses during their daily activities, providing a glimpse of the brand's products in use. 

This strategy enhanced the brand's relatability with influencers' followers. While not detailing specific tactics, the case study effectively illustrates the impact of third-person case studies in showcasing campaign results.

Key points to take away from this case study are:

• Influencer marketing can be effective even with a limited budget.
• Showcasing products being used in everyday life can make a brand more approachable and relatable.
• Third-person case studies can be useful in highlighting the success of a campaign.

Marketing Case Study Example

Marketing Case Study Template

Now that you have read multiple case study examples, hop on to our tips.

Tips to Write a Good Case Study

Here are some note-worthy tips to craft a winning case study 

• Define the purpose of the case study This will help you to focus on the most important aspects of the case. The case study objective helps to ensure that your finished product is concise and to the point.
• Choose a real-life example. One of the best ways to write a successful case study is to choose a real-life example. This will give your readers a chance to see how the concepts apply in a real-world setting.
• Keep it brief. This means that you should only include information that is directly relevant to your topic and avoid adding unnecessary details.
• Use strong evidence. To make your case study convincing, you will need to use strong evidence. This can include statistics, data from research studies, or quotes from experts in the field.
• Edit and proofread your work. Before you submit your case study, be sure to edit and proofread your work carefully. This will help to ensure that there are no errors and that your paper is clear and concise.

There you go!

We’re sure that now you have secrets to writing a great case study at your fingertips! This blog teaches the key guidelines of various case studies with samples. So grab your pen and start crafting a winning case study right away!

Having said that, we do understand that some of you might be having a hard time writing compelling case studies.

But worry not! Our expert case study writing service is here to take all your case-writing blues away! 

With 100% thorough research guaranteed, our professional essay writing service can craft an amazing case study within 6 hours! 

So why delay? Let us help you shine in the eyes of your instructor!

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Dr. Barbara is a highly experienced writer and author who holds a Ph.D. degree in public health from an Ivy League school. She has worked in the medical field for many years, conducting extensive research on various health topics. Her writing has been featured in several top-tier publications.

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Third Person

What is third person.

• I am speaking to you about her .
• The policeman is speaking to the teacher about Anne .

Table of Contents

"Third Person" Explained

Third person in grammar, examples of third person pronouns in different cases, first, second, and third person pronouns, why the third person is important, video lesson.

• Third Person Narrative . A third-person narrative is a story told using the pronouns "he," "she," "it," or "they" or using nouns. In other words, the story is not told from a personal perspective. A third-person narrative contrasts with a first-person narrative, which is a story told from a personal perspective using the pronoun "I" (and sometimes "we").
• To Write in the Third Person . "To write in the third person" means to use nouns or the pronouns "he," "she," "it," or "they." It is common in business writing.
• Third Party Insurance . Third-party insurance protects against the claims of others. Look at the following sentence: I (the first party) am ensured by you, the insurer (the second party), to protect me against them (the third party).
• First person : "I" and "we"
• Second person : "you"
• Third person: "He/She/It" and "They"

• Masculine gender : He, him, his
• Feminine gender : She, her, hers
• Neuter gender : It, its

(Reason 1) Understanding the person categories is useful for learning a foreign language.

(reason 2) using the third person presents a formal air..

• Avro Corps will handle your complaint within 48 hours.
• We will handle your complaint within 48 hours.

(Reason 3) Using the third person for storytelling can make you seem all-knowing.

• In business, write in the first person for a personal touch.
• When writing fiction, write in the first person to engage your audience quickly.
• Don't say or write "between you and I"...ever.

(Reason 4) The third-person possessive determiner "its" not "it's."

Are you a visual learner? Do you prefer video to text? Here is a list of all our grammar videos .

This page was written by Craig Shrives .

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Essential Skills For Your VET Diploma Studies

Case study assessments.

• Short answer assessments
• Skills practice session and reflection assessments
• Professional documentation assessments
• Project assessments
• Presentation assessments
• Creating a strong paragraph
• Incorporating information from sources
• Using bullet points and sentences
• Revising and editing your assessments
• ACAP VET Student Calendar

Content The main part of the case study assignment involves applying the concepts and theories you have learnt about to the case study. You should also incorporate information from your course materials and other sources when writing your case study assignment to support your ideas. A case study might also require you to provide examples of what you would say to a client or another person in the case, and what they might say. 

Structure Some case study assignments are in short answer style, so it is a good idea to include the numbered questions in your assignment so it is clear exactly which question you are responding to. Other case study assignments need to be structured with an introduction, a series of body paragraphs and a conclusion. When presenting case studies in this way, you can use headings which can often be ‘created’ from information in the task description.  

Style Case studies require you to write in the third person (people’s names, he/she/they, ‘the case manager’, ‘the client’ etc) when discussing the theories or research of authors, or the client, the professional or the organisation in the case. A case study might require you to use first person (‘I’, ‘my’ etc) to provide your own reflections about the case, its personal impact on you, or how you would apply theories and skills to the case. 

Make sure you have a good balance between describing your case study and analysing it. Many students fall into the trap of being too descriptive when writing about their case. Some ways to include analysis are:

• Explaining and giving reasons
• Comparing and contrasting
• Making suggestions and recommendations
• Supporting your ideas with information from sources

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A case study Exploring the use of 3rd person singular –s in English in written register

2018, RUMELIDE

The acquisition of the 3rd person singulars in English is considered as an introductory concept for second/foreign language learners because it is one of the basic grammatical rules instructed by teachers to L2 learners of English. Therefore, it has been analyzed through different perspectives and theoretical frameworks in order to find a proper interpretation to understand why it is one of the most challenging grammatical rules to be acquired by English L1 and L2 learners. The study aims to analyze the use of third person singular present tenses by the students who are undergraduate Turkish speakers learning English as a foreign language at a state university in Blacksea region of Turkey. The study gathered data from 39 students' writing exams in 2017-2018 academic year. The writings were transcribed by the researchers and the students' uses of 3sg-s were analyzed. The results comprised 40 grammatically/correctly inflected items, 43 omission item (OI) and 13 wrongly/incorrectly inflected items (WI). Compatible with the results in relevant literature, the findings of the study suggest that students learning English seem to have difficulty mastering the use of the 3sg-s. The findings of this study have both pedagogical implications for EFL classroom practices and for foreign language teachers and researchers. Key words: English as a foreign language, third person singulars , Morpheme, L1 interference.

Related Papers

Proceedings of the 1st UMGESHIC International Seminar on Health, Social Science and Humanities (UMGESHIC-ISHSSH 2020)

yanti linarsih

samaneh eslamdoost

In this study researchers sought to find a relationship between second language instruction and learners" productive use of 3 rd person singulars. Researchers collected written data from 151 participants in two phases in three different proficiency groups. Analysis of data showed that elementary learners are less developed in their interlanguage and are in lower levels of development based on Processability theory (1998, 2003). Advanced and intermediate learners are in fact in higher levels of processing capacity and can provide grammatical structures systematically.

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences

Sinan Nisanci

Second language learners have the most difficulty in acquiring the third person s morpheme. Ironically, however, this morpheme continued to occupy the beginning stages of language learning until very recently. Our interest in studying the third person s morpheme is not only because it creates complexity for learners but also as much of the prior research is descriptive. In this research we wished to unearth whether or not this difficulty also applied to Turkish language learners of English, and if so, we would make an attempt to explain why it was so. We additionally wanted to see what factors, if any, cause this intricacy for Turkish learners of English. Another significance of this study lies in the fact that although the related literature abounds in research on the acquisition of 3rd person singular morpheme, there is little research particularly focusing on Turkish EFL learners. The existing few research on this s.

International Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Research (IJFLTR)

Mahmood Hashemian

Based on the controversial beliefs among L2 teachers about effective corrective feedback (CF) strategies, recast and prompts as 2 kinds of CF have drawn the attention of L2 researchers (e.g., Braidi, 2002; Iwashita, 2003; Loewen & Philp, 2006; Panova & Lyster, 2002; Sheen, 2004). Despite these numbers of studies, debate continues to exist about their usefulness as a CF technique. Whereas recasts provide a correct reformulation of L2 learners’ nontarget utterance, the other alternative type of feedback in L2 classroom settings is referred to as prompts (Lyster, 2004) because they provide signals that prompt L2 learners to self-repair rather than provide them with a correct reformulation of their nontarget utterance. Hence, the focus of this study was to examine the effect of recasts in comparison to prompts on the learning of English third person singular marker “s” by Iranian preintermediate L2 learners. Two CF techniques of recasts and prompts were utilized in 2 experimental groups in response to their errors in using the correct form of the verb for third person singular subject. In the third group as the control group, No-CF was provided by the L2 teacher. The results revealed that the Prompts Group had outperformed the Recast Group and No-CF Group. Thus, it could be concluded that prompts as a CF strategy led to more gains than CF that provided the L2 learners with the correct form (recast), and also than No-CF.

Ingatan Gulö

Grammatical rule is among other difficulties found in the process of learning other languages. This truth also applies to those who are studying English in different levels of education. Second language learners usually make mistakes in certain grammatical rules. This research aimed to identify and analyse such grammatical difficulties in order to give a contribution to the study of linguistics and help teachers in identifying grammatical errors commonly made by second language learners of English. The data taken for the purpose of this research were from second language students. The writings of the students were copied both from them and from their teachers to be analysed. Reading the papers to find grammatical errors was the first thing to do. After underlining those mistakes, the next step was to take notes on the kinds of the errors found. This led the present researchers to group the data into smaller classifications, based on the characteristics the data showed. The data were then analysed in details in order to answer the research question. The result of this research shows that the major kinds of errors made by the students are related to plural markers, articles, verbs, and tenses. Hopefully these findings would be beneficial to those studying and teaching English to foreign language learners.

International Journal of English Studies

International Journal of English Studies (IJES) , María del Pilar García Mayo

This study compares focus on form in Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) and mainstream English as a Foreign Language (EFL) contexts in the production of a specific morphological feature, the English 3rd person singular present tense marker –s. Research conducted in CLIL contexts to date examining morphosyntactic features has yielded disparate results. Thus, little is known about how this methodology affects learners’ attention to form while completing a dictogloss task (Wajnryb, 1990). In the study 116 adolescent learners (CLIL, n = 54; mainstream EFL, n= 62) in the Basque Autonomous Community completed a dictogloss collaboratively and individually. Results showed that CLIL learners noticed and produced more instances of the 3rd person singular -s than mainstream learners, but not in a significant manner, and that those working in pairs in the CLIL group obtained significantly better results.

YAVUZ ERİŞEN , ali ejder , irfan sari

Learners of a second language have always been struggling to acquire the 3rd person agreement morphemes. The present study investigated the factors, whether over regularization or L1 interference, that EFL learners face while acquiring the of 3rd person agreement morphemes. The participants of the current study were 40 elementary level 7th graders students composed of 20 males and 20 females whose ages ranged from 12 to 14 and studying at a state school in Istanbul/Turkey. There were basically two instruments for this study which are written and oral outputs of the learners in the form of in-class and performance assignments. Activities have been prepared carefully to canalize the students to use all the personal pronouns. Oral part of the activities are recorded and each incidences of wrong use of 3rd person agreement morphemes counted; and same for writing. The results show that the errors made by students are mostly due to over regularization of the rule and L1 interference is not observed too much.

International Journal of Linguistics

Faisal Amir

International Journal of English Linguistics

Sidoní López Pérez

This study is aimed at analyzing subject-verb agreement (SVA) errors with third person singular lexical verbs in the Present Simple by Spanish higher-education students in a computerized learner corpus from Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR). The corpus is composed of 155 participants and 246 writing samples and it consists of the students' spontaneous writings in response to a compulsory online forum from the nonlinguistic subject, ICT Tools Applied to the Learning of English, which is included in the curriculum of the Degree in Early Years Education. The SVA errors found in the corpus were classified according to Dulay, Burt and Krashen's (1982) Surface Strategy Taxonomy, which groups language errors into four different types: omission, addition, misformation and misordering. The results show that the most frequent type of error made by the students is misformation, followed by misordering and by addition, which account for almost 95% of the total number of errors, whereas omission is the least frequent type of error, accounting for only 5% of all the errors. At the same time, the analysis indicates that the errors produced by the students are mainly intralingual, reflecting an inadequate or incomplete learning of the target language, and also interlingual since some errors committed by the learners are related to native language (NL) transfer. These results suggest some pedagogical implications for the teaching and learning of SVA rules which are also included in the paper.

Language Learning

Johanne Paradis , Elma Blom , Tamara Sorenson Duncan

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