abraham lincoln research paper topics

Abraham Lincoln Research Paper Topics

This page presents a comprehensive collection of Abraham Lincoln research paper topics for students studying history. Abraham Lincoln, one of the most significant figures in American history, provides a rich and varied field for scholarly inquiry. From his early life in rural Kentucky to his presidency during one of America’s most turbulent periods, Lincoln’s life and work offer numerous avenues for study. This page provides a list of 100 thought-provoking topics divided into ten categories, each offering a different perspective on Lincoln’s life, career, and legacy. Additionally, this page offers guidance on how to select an appropriate topic from this vast range and valuable advice on crafting an impactful research paper on Abraham Lincoln. The page also introduces the high-quality writing services of iResearchNet, which offers custom research papers on any Abraham Lincoln topic, meticulously crafted by expert writers to meet the highest academic standards. The call-to-action at the end of the page encourages students to take advantage of iResearchNet’s offerings to ensure success in their academic pursuits.

100 Abraham Lincoln Research Paper Topics

Abraham Lincoln is one of the most revered figures in American history, known for his leadership during a critical period in the nation’s development. If you’re a student of history and have been assigned to write a research paper on Abraham Lincoln, exploring a diverse range of topics can enhance your understanding of his life, presidency, and enduring legacy. Here is a comprehensive list of Abraham Lincoln research paper topics divided into 10 categories, with 10 topics in each category:

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Early Life and Education

• Abraham Lincoln’s Childhood and Family Background
• The Influence of Abraham Lincoln’s Education on His Political Career
• Abraham Lincoln’s Early Career as a Lawyer
• The Role of Abraham Lincoln’s Parents in Shaping His Values and Beliefs
• Lincoln’s Experience Growing Up in a Rural Environment
• Abraham Lincoln’s Academic Pursuits and Intellectual Development
• Lincoln’s Self-Education and Love for Reading
• The Impact of Abraham Lincoln’s Early Life on His Leadership Style
• Childhood Traumas and their Influence on Lincoln’s Personality
• Exploring Abraham Lincoln’s Hobbies and Interests Beyond Politics

Political Career

• Lincoln’s Political Journey: From Local Politics to the Presidency
• The Lincoln-Douglas Debates: Significance and Impact
• Lincoln’s Role in the Republican Party
• Lincoln’s Congressional Career and Legislative Achievements
• Lincoln’s Position on Slavery: Evolution and Political Calculations
• Abraham Lincoln’s Campaign Strategies and Political Rhetoric
• Lincoln’s Election as the 16th President of the United States
• The Impact of the Crittenden Compromise on Lincoln’s Presidency
• The Formation of Lincoln’s Cabinet: Key Appointments and Challenges
• The Role of Abraham Lincoln’s Vice Presidents in his Administration

Presidency and Leadership

• Abraham Lincoln’s Presidency: Challenges and Accomplishments
• The Emancipation Proclamation: Motives and Consequences
• Lincoln’s Leadership Style and Decision-Making Process
• Lincoln’s Relationship with his Generals: Strategies and Conflicts
• The Role of Abraham Lincoln in Shaping the Union Army
• Lincoln’s Use of Presidential Power: Suspension of Habeas Corpus
• The Challenges of Maintaining Civil Liberties During the Civil War
• Lincoln’s Crisis Management: The Baltimore Riots and Other Challenges
• Lincoln’s Economic Policies and the Management of the Treasury
• Abraham Lincoln’s Views on Reconstruction and Reunification
• Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War: Strategies and Policies
• Major Battles and Campaigns of the Civil War: Lincoln’s Role and Influence
• The Gettysburg Address: Analysis and Impact
• The Role of Abraham Lincoln in Shaping Military Strategy
• Lincoln’s Approach to Conscription and the Draft
• The Challenges of Financing the Civil War: Lincoln’s Economic Policies
• The Impact of Lincoln’s Blockade Strategy on the Confederacy
• Lincoln’s Relationship with Union Generals: Grant, McClellan, and Others
• The Role of Abraham Lincoln in Shaping the Union’s Diplomatic Efforts
• Lincoln’s Efforts to Mobilize Public Support for the Union Cause

Slavery and Emancipation

• Lincoln’s Views on Slavery: Evolution and Significance
• The Road to Emancipation: Lincoln’s Role and the 13th Amendment
• African Americans and the Civil War: Their Role and Contributions
• Lincoln’s Engagement with Abolitionists and Radical Republicans
• The Dilemma of Fugitive Slaves: Lincoln’s Policies and Challenges
• The Debate Over Compensated Emancipation: Lincoln’s Position
• The Emancipation Proclamation’s Impact on Slavery and the Confederacy
• The Response of African Americans to Lincoln’s Policies
• The Confiscation Acts and Lincoln’s Conflicting Policies on Slavery
• Lincoln’s Efforts for Colonization and the Back-to-Africa Movement

Assassination and Legacy

• The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln: Events and Conspiracies
• Lincoln’s Legacy: Impact on the Nation and Historical Memory
• Evaluating Lincoln’s Leadership and Legacy
• The Impact of Lincoln’s Assassination on Reconstruction
• The Public Reaction to Lincoln’s Assassination
• Lincoln’s Funeral Procession and National Mourning
• The Trial of Lincoln’s Assassination Conspirators
• The Role of John Wilkes Booth in Lincoln’s Assassination
• Assessing the Impact of Lincoln’s Death on the Civil Rights Movement
• The Construction of the Lincoln Memorial and Commemorating Lincoln’s Legacy

Civil Rights and Equality

• Lincoln’s Efforts for Civil Rights: Policies and Initiatives
• The Influence of Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation on Civil Rights Movements
• Lincoln’s Impact on Racial Equality and the Civil Rights Movement
• The Role of African Americans in Advocating for Civil Rights Post-Lincoln
• Lincoln’s Vision for Reconstruction and African American Citizenship
• The Legacy of Lincoln’s Civil Rights Policies: Successes and Limitations
• Lincoln’s Views on Voting Rights and Political Participation
• The Role of Women’s Rights in Lincoln’s Civil Rights Agenda
• Lincoln’s Engagement with Native American Rights and Policies
• The Continuing Struggle for Civil Rights in the Post-Lincoln Era

Foreign Policy

• Lincoln’s Foreign Policy: Relations with Europe during the Civil War
• The International Response to Lincoln’s Assassination
• Lincoln’s Diplomatic Strategy and Its Impact on the Nation
• The Challenges of International Diplomacy during the Civil War
• The Role of Diplomatic Relations in the Confederacy’s Strategy
• The Impact of the Emancipation Proclamation on Foreign Relations
• The Response of European Nations to Lincoln’s Policies
• Lincoln’s Efforts to Prevent Foreign Intervention in the Civil War
• The Impact of the Trent Affair on Lincoln’s Foreign Policy
• Assessing the Legacy of Lincoln’s Foreign Policy on American Diplomacy

Personal Life and Character

• Abraham Lincoln’s Personal Relationships and Family Life
• Lincoln’s Mental and Emotional State during the Civil War
• The Influence of Abraham Lincoln’s Faith and Religious Beliefs
• Lincoln’s Sense of Humor: Exploring His Wit and Comic Timing
• The Personal Tragedies in Lincoln’s Life: Losses and Grief
• Lincoln’s Literary and Intellectual Interests
• The Evolution of Lincoln’s Political Philosophy and Ideology
• Lincoln’s Use of Language and Rhetoric in Persuasion and Leadership
• The Impact of Lincoln’s Physical Appearance on his Political Career
• Assessing Lincoln’s Leadership Qualities and Charisma

Historical Interpretations and Representations

• The Evolution of Abraham Lincoln’s Historical Reputation
• Assessing the Impact of Lincoln’s Iconography in American Culture
• The Influence of Lincoln’s Image in Political Campaigns and Propaganda
• Lincoln in Popular Culture: Films, Literature, and Artistic Representations
• The Role of Historiography in Shaping Lincoln’s Legacy
• Controversies and Debates in Lincoln Scholarship
• Lincoln’s Representation in Museums and Historical Sites
• Lincoln’s Memorialization and Commemoration Across the United States
• Lincoln’s Influence on Presidential Leadership and Statesmanship
• The Enduring Relevance of Abraham Lincoln’s Legacy

Abraham Lincoln’s life, presidency, and enduring legacy offer a rich and fascinating field of study for students of history. By exploring the comprehensive list of research paper topics across various categories, you can gain a deeper understanding of Lincoln’s early life, his political career, his role in the Civil War, and his lasting impact on the nation. Whether you choose to delve into his speeches, his policies, or his personal life, each topic presents an opportunity to analyze and interpret the complexities of this remarkable leader. The extensive range of research paper topics ensures that you can find an area of study that aligns with your interests and academic goals.

Abraham Lincoln: Exploring His Life, Leadership, and Impact

Abraham Lincoln, widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in American history, continues to captivate the imagination of scholars, historians, and the general public alike. His life, leadership, and impact during the tumultuous 19th century have left an indelible mark on the nation and shaped the course of American history. In this section, we delve into the multifaceted aspects of Abraham Lincoln’s life, his remarkable leadership during the Civil War, and the enduring impact of his legacy.

Abraham Lincoln’s humble origins in rural Kentucky marked the beginning of a remarkable journey. Born on February 12, 1809, in a log cabin, Lincoln spent his formative years in Indiana, where he experienced firsthand the hardships of frontier life. We explore how these early experiences shaped his character and values, instilling in him a deep sense of determination and resilience.

Lincoln’s thirst for knowledge was evident from a young age. Despite limited access to formal education, he pursued self-improvement with relentless determination. We examine his voracious appetite for books and his commitment to self-education, which played a pivotal role in his intellectual development and shaped his worldview.

The influence of Lincoln’s early career as a lawyer and his experiences in the Illinois state legislature are also explored. These formative years laid the foundation for his future political ambitions and provided him with a deep understanding of the legal and political landscape of the time.

Rise to Power: Political Career and Presidency

Abraham Lincoln’s journey from a relatively unknown lawyer to the 16th President of the United States is a testament to his political acumen and unwavering dedication to his principles. We delve into the key moments and milestones of his political career, highlighting the pivotal role he played in shaping the nation’s destiny.

The Lincoln-Douglas debates, a series of seven debates between Lincoln and his Democratic opponent Stephen A. Douglas in the 1858 Illinois senatorial election, catapulted Lincoln into the national spotlight. We analyze the significance of these debates in establishing Lincoln as a formidable political figure and the voice of reason in a nation divided by the issue of slavery.

Lincoln’s role in the formation of the Republican Party, which emerged as a powerful political force advocating for the abolition of slavery, is explored in detail. We examine his contributions to the party’s platform and his ability to galvanize support from diverse factions, leading to his nomination as the Republican candidate for the presidency in 1860.

The election of Abraham Lincoln as the 16th President of the United States in 1860 marked a pivotal moment in American history. We delve into the complexities of his presidency, the challenges he faced, and the transformative policies he implemented to navigate the nation through one of its darkest periods.

Leadership during the Civil War

The American Civil War, one of the bloodiest conflicts in history, tested Lincoln’s leadership skills and moral compass. We examine his unwavering commitment to preserving the Union and the profound impact of his leadership during this tumultuous time.

Lincoln’s strategies and policies to preserve the Union, including the Emancipation Proclamation, are analyzed in detail. We explore the motivations behind the proclamation, its impact on the course of the war, and the subsequent debates surrounding its limitations and implications.

The challenges of maintaining morale and public support during a time of unprecedented crisis are also discussed. Lincoln’s ability to communicate effectively, inspire the nation, and rally support for the Union cause played a crucial role in the war effort.

Additionally, we delve into Lincoln’s relationships with his generals and his efforts to shape military strategy. The dynamic between Lincoln and his generals, such as Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman, influenced the direction of the war and had far-reaching implications for the outcome.

Emancipation and the Fight for Civil Rights

Abraham Lincoln’s evolving views on slavery and his commitment to the cause of abolition are subjects of intense historical scrutiny. We examine the progression of Lincoln’s beliefs and the profound impact of the Emancipation Proclamation on the course of the war and the struggle for civil rights.

We analyze Lincoln’s efforts to secure freedom for enslaved individuals and the challenges he faced in implementing emancipation. The experiences of African Americans during the Civil War and their quest for equality during Lincoln’s presidency provide a critical perspective on the complexities of his approach to racial equality and civil rights.

The Emancipation Proclamation marked a significant turning point in American history, but its limitations and contradictions are also explored. We delve into the debates surrounding the proclamation’s effectiveness, its impact on the war effort, and its implications for the future of race relations in the United States.

On April 14, 1865, Abraham Lincoln’s life was tragically cut short when he was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. We explore the circumstances surrounding his assassination and the profound impact it had on the nation.

The legacy of Abraham Lincoln continues to resonate to this day. We examine the enduring impact of his leadership, his vision for a united and free nation, and his unwavering commitment to the principles of liberty and equality. The construction of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., and the annual observance of Lincoln’s birthday are testaments to his enduring legacy.

Lincoln’s presidency and his contributions to American history have been the subject of extensive scholarly debate and interpretation. We discuss the different perspectives on his leadership style, his decision-making processes, and his place in the pantheon of American presidents.

Impact on American Democracy and Political Culture

Abraham Lincoln’s presidency marked a transformative period in American democracy. We explore his contributions to the evolution of democratic institutions, the expansion of civil liberties, and the preservation of the Union.

Lincoln’s political philosophy and the principles he espoused continue to influence subsequent leaders and political movements. We analyze the ways in which his leadership style, his commitment to preserving the Union, and his unwavering dedication to the cause of freedom have shaped American political culture.

Lincoln’s enduring resonance as a symbol of leadership, integrity, and determination is also discussed. We examine how his personal character traits and his ability to inspire and unite the nation have made him an iconic figure in American history.

International Perspectives: Lincoln’s Global Impact

Abraham Lincoln’s leadership during the Civil War had reverberations far beyond the borders of the United States. We explore Lincoln’s international reputation and his impact on foreign relations during one of the most tumultuous periods in American history.

The global response to Lincoln’s assassination and its implications for international diplomacy are examined. We discuss the ways in which Lincoln’s legacy has influenced global struggles for democracy and human rights, inspiring leaders and movements around the world.

Assessing the significance of Lincoln’s leadership in the context of global history allows us to gain a broader understanding of his impact and the enduring lessons that can be drawn from his experiences.

Personal and Family Life While

Abraham Lincoln is often hailed for his political achievements, his personal and family life offer glimpses into the man behind the iconic figure. We delve into his relationships, his family dynamics, and the emotional toll that the Civil War took on his mental and physical well-being.

We explore Lincoln’s marriage to Mary Todd Lincoln, their shared joys and sorrows, and the challenges they faced as a couple during a turbulent era in American history. The tragedy of losing their sons, including the untimely death of their son Willie, deeply impacted both Abraham and Mary.

Examining Lincoln’s personal character traits, such as his wit, compassion, and resilience, allows us to gain a deeper appreciation for the complexities of his personality and the forces that shaped him as a leader.

Popular Culture and Commemoration

Abraham Lincoln’s enduring legacy has transcended the realm of history and permeated popular culture. We examine his representation in various forms of media, including films, literature, and artwork, and discuss the ways in which these portrayals have shaped public perceptions of Lincoln.

The continued fascination with Lincoln and his legacy in contemporary society is also explored. We analyze the ways in which his life and leadership continue to inspire creative works, spark debates, and resonate with audiences of all ages.

The commemoration of Abraham Lincoln through monuments, memorials, and historical sites is an essential part of his legacy. We discuss prominent landmarks such as the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., and the significance of these sites in preserving his memory for future generations.

Abraham Lincoln in the 21st Century

Assessing the relevance of Abraham Lincoln’s principles and leadership in the modern world allows us to reflect on the enduring lessons that can be drawn from his experiences. We examine how Lincoln’s ideals continue to inform political discourse, shape policy debates, and inspire new generations of leaders.

Exploring the ways in which Lincoln’s legacy has evolved and been interpreted in the 21st century provides valuable insights into the ongoing significance of his contributions. We discuss the ways in which his life and leadership continue to resonate with contemporary audiences and offer valuable lessons for navigating the complexities of the modern world.

This comprehensive exploration of Abraham Lincoln’s life, leadership, and impact provides a rich foundation for research papers that delve into the complexities of his character and the significance of his contributions. By examining these various dimensions, students can gain a deeper understanding of one of America’s most revered historical figures and engage in critical analysis of his enduring legacy.

Choosing Abraham Lincoln Research Paper Topics

Choosing a compelling and research-worthy topic is essential when embarking on an Abraham Lincoln research paper. The vast array of aspects surrounding Lincoln’s life, leadership, and impact provide students with a rich tapestry of subjects to explore. To help you navigate through the vast landscape of Abraham Lincoln research, we offer expert advice on selecting engaging and meaningful topics that will captivate your readers and allow for in-depth analysis. Consider the following tips as you embark on your research paper journey:

• Identify Your Interests : Begin by reflecting on your personal interests within the context of Abraham Lincoln’s life and times. Are you drawn to his leadership during the Civil War, his stance on slavery, or his impact on American democracy? Identifying your passions will enhance your motivation and enthusiasm for the research process.
• Narrow Your Focus : While Abraham Lincoln’s life encompasses a broad range of topics, narrowing your focus is crucial for a comprehensive research paper. Consider examining a specific period, event, or aspect of Lincoln’s life that piques your curiosity. For example, you might explore his role in the Emancipation Proclamation, his political debates with Stephen A. Douglas, or his approach to civil liberties during wartime.
• Delve into Primary Sources : To gain a deeper understanding of Abraham Lincoln, immerse yourself in primary sources such as his speeches, letters, and official documents. Primary sources provide firsthand accounts of Lincoln’s thoughts, beliefs, and actions, allowing for a more nuanced and authentic analysis. Consulting reputable archival repositories and digital collections will provide you with a wealth of primary source material.
• Engage with Secondary Literature : Familiarize yourself with the existing scholarship on Abraham Lincoln to gain insights into the current historiographical debates and gaps in the field. Analyze scholarly books, journal articles, and critical essays that offer different interpretations of Lincoln’s life and impact. This will help you position your research within the broader academic discourse.
• Consider a Comparative Approach : Explore the intersections between Abraham Lincoln and other historical figures, events, or movements. For instance, you might compare Lincoln’s leadership style with that of other presidents, examine his relationship with key Civil War generals, or analyze his impact on the broader abolitionist movement. A comparative approach adds depth and complexity to your research.
• Analyze Different Perspectives : Abraham Lincoln’s legacy is a subject of ongoing scholarly debate. Engage with diverse interpretations and perspectives on his character, actions, and policies. Consider examining contrasting viewpoints and theories to develop a nuanced and well-rounded analysis. This will demonstrate your ability to critically evaluate multiple perspectives.
• Contextualize Lincoln’s Era : To fully comprehend the significance of Abraham Lincoln’s actions and decisions, it is crucial to understand the broader historical context in which he lived. Explore the social, political, and cultural dynamics of 19th-century America, particularly the issues of slavery, sectionalism, and the challenges of preserving the Union. Contextualizing Lincoln’s era will enrich your analysis and provide a broader understanding of his impact.
• Incorporate Multidisciplinary Perspectives : Abraham Lincoln’s life and times transcend the boundaries of history. Consider incorporating insights from related disciplines such as political science, sociology, literature, or even psychology to shed new light on Lincoln’s leadership, impact, and enduring legacy. This interdisciplinary approach will add depth and richness to your research.
• Utilize Comparative Primary Sources : In addition to studying Lincoln’s primary sources, explore relevant primary sources from other key figures and events of the era. This comparative analysis can provide a broader perspective on the historical context, illuminate different viewpoints, and deepen your understanding of Lincoln’s contributions.
• Explore Unexplored Topics : While Abraham Lincoln has been extensively studied, there are still unexplored aspects and untold stories. Consider delving into lesser-known events, individuals, or themes that have received limited attention in existing scholarship. Uncovering hidden narratives can lead to original research and contribute to the broader understanding of Lincoln’s legacy.

In conclusion, choosing the right Abraham Lincoln research paper topic is the first step towards a compelling and impactful study. By identifying your interests, narrowing your focus, engaging with primary and secondary sources, considering different perspectives, and exploring unexplored topics, you will be well-equipped to embark on a fascinating research journey. Remember, the key is to select a topic that genuinely resonates with you, allowing you to delve deep into the complexities of Abraham Lincoln’s life, leadership, and impact.

How to Write an Abraham Lincoln Research Paper

Writing an Abraham Lincoln research paper requires careful planning, diligent research, and effective organization. To help you navigate the process and produce a high-quality paper, we have outlined a step-by-step guide that encompasses key considerations, research strategies, and writing techniques. Follow these tips to ensure your Abraham Lincoln research paper is well-structured, comprehensive, and engaging:

• Define Your Research Question : Begin by clearly defining your research question or thesis statement. What specific aspect of Abraham Lincoln’s life, leadership, or impact do you aim to explore? Ensure that your research question is focused, manageable, and open to critical analysis.
• Conduct In-Depth Research : To build a strong foundation for your research paper, immerse yourself in a variety of primary and secondary sources. Consult reputable books, scholarly articles, biographies, and historical archives that provide reliable information and different perspectives on Abraham Lincoln. Engage with primary sources such as his speeches, letters, and official documents to gain a firsthand understanding of his thoughts and actions.
• Create an Outline : Organize your thoughts and structure your research paper by creating a detailed outline. Start with an introduction that captures the reader’s attention and provides background information on Abraham Lincoln. Develop clear sections for each main point or argument you want to address, ensuring a logical flow of ideas. Include a strong thesis statement that encapsulates your research question and sets the direction for your paper.
• Analyze and Interpret Evidence : As you gather information from your research, critically analyze and interpret the evidence. Examine primary and secondary sources for key insights, patterns, contradictions, and historical context. Consider how different interpretations and perspectives contribute to your understanding of Abraham Lincoln and his significance. Use evidence to support your arguments and develop a cohesive narrative.
• Structure Your Paper : Follow a clear and logical structure in presenting your findings. Start each section with a topic sentence that introduces the main point or argument. Provide evidence, examples, and analysis to support your claims. Ensure smooth transitions between paragraphs to maintain coherence and guide the reader through your paper. End with a strong conclusion that summarizes your key findings and reinforces the significance of your research.
• Use Citations and References : Accurately cite all sources used in your research paper following the appropriate citation style, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago/Turabian. Pay close attention to in-text citations and the formatting of your bibliography or reference list. This ensures academic integrity and allows readers to locate and verify your sources.
• Analyze Different Perspectives : Abraham Lincoln’s life and legacy are subject to varying interpretations and debates among historians. Engage with different scholarly perspectives and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses. Incorporate counterarguments and alternative viewpoints to demonstrate your critical thinking skills and provide a well-rounded analysis.
• Incorporate Primary Sources : To strengthen the authenticity and depth of your research paper, incorporate primary sources whenever possible. Draw from Lincoln’s speeches, letters, and official documents to present firsthand accounts of his thoughts and actions. Analyze primary sources critically, considering their biases, limitations, and historical context.
• Maintain a Clear and Engaging Writing Style : Write in a clear, concise, and engaging manner to captivate your readers. Use language that is appropriate for the academic context, avoiding excessive jargon or complex terminology. Craft well-structured paragraphs with topic sentences and supporting evidence. Vary sentence structure and employ transitions to ensure a smooth flow of ideas.
• Revise and Edit : After completing the initial draft, take the time to revise and edit your research paper. Review the content for clarity, coherence, and logical progression. Check for grammatical and spelling errors, and ensure that your writing adheres to the conventions of academic writing. Seek feedback from peers or professors to gain additional insights and make necessary improvements.

By following these steps, you will be equipped to write a comprehensive and compelling Abraham Lincoln research paper. Remember to maintain a focused research question, conduct thorough research, organize your ideas in a clear structure, analyze evidence critically, and revise your work diligently. With a well-crafted research paper, you will contribute to the ongoing understanding and appreciation of Abraham Lincoln’s life, leadership, and impact.

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124 Abraham Lincoln Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Inside This Article

Abraham Lincoln is one of the most revered figures in American history. As the 16th President of the United States, he played a pivotal role in the preservation of the Union during the Civil War and the abolition of slavery. Given his significant impact on American society, it is no surprise that students are often tasked with writing essays about him. However, coming up with engaging and unique essay topics can be challenging. To help you in your endeavor, we have compiled a list of 124 Abraham Lincoln essay topic ideas and examples.

• The leadership qualities of Abraham Lincoln.
• The impact of Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.
• A comparative analysis of Abraham Lincoln and George Washington.
• Abraham Lincoln's role in the abolition of slavery.
• The significance of Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation.
• The political ideology of Abraham Lincoln.
• The impact of Abraham Lincoln's assassination on American history.
• The role of Abraham Lincoln in the preservation of the Union.
• The personal life of Abraham Lincoln: family, upbringing, and relationships.
• A critical analysis of Abraham Lincoln's presidency.
• Abraham Lincoln's contributions to civil rights.
• The economic policies of Abraham Lincoln.
• The foreign policy of Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War.
• Abraham Lincoln's belief in the concept of Manifest Destiny.
• The role of Abraham Lincoln in shaping the Republican Party.
• The influence of Abraham Lincoln on subsequent presidents.
• The role of Abraham Lincoln in the development of American democracy.
• Abraham Lincoln's approach to handling dissent during the Civil War.
• The impact of Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address.
• The economic impact of the Civil War on Abraham Lincoln's presidency.
• Abraham Lincoln's views on race and racial equality.
• The significance of Abraham Lincoln's Cooper Union speech.
• The role of Abraham Lincoln in the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment.
• The impact of Abraham Lincoln's leadership on the Northern states during the Civil War.
• Abraham Lincoln as a symbol of national unity.
• The role of Abraham Lincoln in the Reconstruction era.
• The impact of Abraham Lincoln's Homestead Act.
• Abraham Lincoln's role in shaping the modern presidency.
• The impact of Abraham Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus during the Civil War.
• The political opposition faced by Abraham Lincoln during his presidency.
• The role of Abraham Lincoln in the formation of the Union Army.
• The impact of Abraham Lincoln's election on the Southern states.
• The significance of Abraham Lincoln's Cooper Union speech in his presidential campaign.
• Abraham Lincoln's approach to diplomacy during the Civil War.
• The role of Abraham Lincoln in the establishment of the Secret Service.
• The impact of Abraham Lincoln's assassination on the Reconstruction era.
• Abraham Lincoln's views on states' rights.
• The legacy of Abraham Lincoln in American politics.
• The role of Abraham Lincoln in the development of the modern Republican Party.
• The impact of Abraham Lincoln's pardons during the Civil War.
• Abraham Lincoln's approach to military strategy during the Civil War.
• The role of Abraham Lincoln in the passage of the Homestead Act.
• The impact of Abraham Lincoln's presidency on the Supreme Court.
• Abraham Lincoln's views on the balance of power between the federal government and the states.
• The role of Abraham Lincoln in the development of the transcontinental railroad.
• The impact of Abraham Lincoln's assassination on the United States' international reputation.
• Abraham Lincoln's approach to handling the border states during the Civil War.
• The significance of Abraham Lincoln's leadership in the Battle of Antietam.
• The role of Abraham Lincoln in the formation of the United States Sanitary Commission.
• The impact of Abraham Lincoln's presidency on the abolitionist movement.
• Abraham Lincoln's approach to dealing with military generals during the Civil War.
• The role of Abraham Lincoln in the development of the Republican Party platform.
• The significance of Abraham Lincoln's role as Commander-in-Chief during the Civil War.
• Abraham Lincoln's views on the expansion of slavery into the western territories.
• The impact of Abraham Lincoln's leadership on the morale of the Union soldiers.
• The role of Abraham Lincoln in the passage of the Morrill Act.
• The significance of Abraham Lincoln's role in the Battle of Gettysburg.
• Abraham Lincoln's approach to handling foreign relations during the Civil War.
• The impact of Abraham Lincoln's presidency on the women's suffrage movement.
• The role of Abraham Lincoln in the development of the United States' military-industrial complex.
• The significance of Abraham Lincoln's role in the Emancipation Proclamation.
• Abraham Lincoln's views on the preservation of the Union versus the abolition of slavery.
• The impact of Abraham Lincoln's leadership on the outcome of the Civil War.
• The role of Abraham Lincoln in the development of the Freedmen's Bureau.
• The significance of Abraham Lincoln's role in the Battle of Vicksburg.
• Abraham Lincoln's approach to handling the Supreme Court during the Civil War.
• The impact of Abraham Lincoln's presidency on the development of American nationalism.
• The role of Abraham Lincoln in the development of the United States' military strategy.
• The significance of Abraham Lincoln's role in the Battle of Shiloh.
• Abraham Lincoln's views on the role of government in the economy.
• The impact of Abraham Lincoln's leadership on the development of the Union Navy.
• The role of Abraham Lincoln in the development of the United States' infrastructure.
• The significance of Abraham Lincoln's role in the Battle of Chancellorsville.
• Abraham Lincoln's approach to handling the issue of slavery in the border states.
• The role of Abraham Lincoln in the development of the United States' military technology.
• The significance of Abraham Lincoln's role in the Battle of Fredericksburg.
• Abraham Lincoln's views on the role of government in education.
• The role of Abraham Lincoln in the development of the United States' transportation system.

We hope this extensive list of Abraham Lincoln essay topics will inspire you to delve into the life and legacy of this influential figure. Whether you choose to explore his leadership qualities, his impact on the Civil War, or his stance on various issues, there are countless angles to approach your essay. Remember to conduct thorough research and present a well-structured argument to make your essay stand out. Good luck!

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107 Abraham Lincoln Essay Topics

🏆 best essay topics on abraham lincoln, ✍️ abraham lincoln essay topics for college, 🎓 most interesting abraham lincoln research titles, 💡 simple abraham lincoln essay ideas, ❓ research questions about abraham lincoln.

• Abraham Lincoln, His Failures and Success
• The Contribution of Abraham Lincoln in American History
• Influence of Abraham Lincoln on My Life
• Lincoln’s and Dickinson’s Rhetorical Discourses
• Lincoln’s Death in “O Captain!” Poem by Walt Whitman
• Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War
• The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
• “Abraham Lincoln and Fredrick Douglass” by Freedman “Abraham Lincoln and Fredrick Douglass: The Story Behind an American Friendship” by Russel Freedman is appropriate to be read by teenagers from ages 13-19.
• Lincoln’s, Obama’s, Biden’s Speeches Analysis The essay analyzes Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, Barrack Obama’s final speech as the US president, and President Joe Biden’s recent speech on the Russian-Ukraine conflict.
• Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address Analysis Lincoln’s second inaugural address contains the essence of the policy that Lincoln wanted to implement in his second presidential term.
• Abraham Lincoln’s “The Emancipation Proclamation” Speech The Emancipation Proclamation speech was given by US President Abraham Lincoln on January 1st, 1863, when the country was engaged in a long-lasting Civil War.
• Abraham Lincoln’s “Second Inaugural Address” Speech President Abraham Lincoln’s “Second Inaugural Address” was delivered on the stage to a crowd of approximately 30,000 to 40,000 people.
• Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural Address and Biblical Perspective Abraham Lincoln’s ideas and expression in speeches reflected the American spirit of the Civil War, horrified by what was happening but retaining his faith.
• Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction After the Civil War, President Lincoln devised a plan that concerned the difficulties of the Southern states’ reunification with the US primarily.
• Abraham Lincoln’s Approach to Reconstruction Regarding the differences between the approaches to reconstruction, it is worth mentioning that Lincoln urged his contemporaries to restore the Union from the onset of the war.
• American Civil War and Abraham Lincoln’s Presidency The American Civil War was a watershed instant in the country’s history. Ten thousand battles were fought across the globe between 1861 and 1865.
• Abraham Lincoln: The Best President of the 19th Century Lincoln is considered by many people the best president of the 19th century because of what he accomplished and how he achieved it.
• Abraham Lincoln: A Historical Leader Lincoln’s legacy as a political leader is immense and undeniable. The very fact that the United States continues to exist until this day is a testimony to his competence
• Reconstruction Under Lincoln, Radical Republicans, and Johnson Although Johnson intended to continue Lincoln’s efforts, he didn’t use the 10 percent plan. Having no support from the former Confederates, Johnson was thwarted by the Republicans.
• Abraham Lincoln and the Second Revolution The first chapter of the book Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution by James M. McPherson touches on the subject of the so-called second Revolution
• Approach to Lincoln’s and Johnson’s Politics Congress’ treatment of Lincoln’s and Johnson’s use of executive power was unfair but expectable. Nevertheless, having a conflict with the Congress, Johnson received much more criticism.
• Abraham Lincoln in Eric Foner’s The Fiery Trial This article is a review of Eric Foner’s book, The Fiery Trial, in which the author describes the life of Abraham Lincoln at the height of racism and slavery in American history.
• Abraham Lincoln’s Policies on Slavery in 1861-1863 Abraham Lincoln was one the most powerful presidents of the United States. The essay explains the evolution of Lincoln’s policies on slavery from July 1861 to November 1863.
• Abraham Lincoln’s “House Divided” Speech Abraham Lincoln’s famous “A House Divided” speech was delivered to the delegates of the Illinois Republican Party Convention in 1858.
• “The Day Lincoln Was Shot” the Film by John Gray The Film takes you back to the black day in the history at Ford’s Theater in downtown Washington, D.C. in 1865.
• American Civil War in Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address The American Civil War occurred between 1861 and 1865. Without a doubt, it is one of the darkest political upheavals in the history of the United States.
• Lincoln’s, Churchill’s, King Jr.’s Leadership This paper examines the leadership characteristics of Abraham Lincoln, Winston Churchill, and Dr Martin Luther King Jr and their differences from those of other leaders.
• 1858 Political Debates Between Sen. Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln
• Abraham Lincoln and the Suspension of the Writ of Habeas Corpus
• Comparing the Differences Between the Ideas of Abraham Lincoln and James Hammond on the Issue of Slavery
• Abraham Lincoln: America’s First Commander in Chief
• Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln: Leadership Styles
• Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address and Winston Churchill’s Iron Curtain
• The Weapon That Killed a Hero: The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
• How Political Cartoons Helped Abraham Lincoln Win Elections?
• Abraham Lincoln: Moral, Just, and Practical and His Views on Slavery
• President Abraham Lincoln’s Role in the US Period of Reconstruction
• Abraham Lincoln’s Tough-Love Letter to His Step-Brother About Laziness and Work Ethic
• Abraham Lincoln: Overcoming Political and Social Obstacles to Preserve the Union and Eliminate Slavery
• Abraham Lincoln Assassination: The Shot That Altered a Nation
• Historical Misconceptions About Abraham Lincoln and John F. Kennedy
• Abraham Lincoln and FDR on War and Social Upheaval
• Controversy About Abraham Lincoln’s First Emancipation
• The Events That Led to the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
• Abraham Lincoln and His Civil War Involvement
• How Abraham Lincoln Overcame Social and Political Obstacles in the Elimination of Slavery and Preservation of the Union
• The Structure and Literary Elements in the Edifying Speech of Abraham Lincoln
• Abraham Lincoln and His Influence on American Culture
• President Abraham Lincoln: The Most Famous Speakers in History
• Abraham Lincoln: Liberty, Equality, and Power
• How Abraham Lincoln Shedded the Constitution to Become the Greatest President the Nation Has Seen?
• Abraham Lincoln: The Man That Changed America History
• Abraham Lincoln and His Battle With His Cabinet
• Reenactment of the Civil War and What if Abraham Lincoln Had Watched It
• Abraham Lincoln and His Impact on the World
• Did Abraham Lincoln Cause the Civil War?
• Abraham Lincoln: Being Worthy of His Title
• Constitutional Change and the Influence of Abraham Lincoln
• American Experience: Abraham Lincoln and Unified Purpose
• How Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address Was Influenced by the Funeral Oration of Pericles
• Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address and Its Cultural Importance
• John Brown and Abraham Lincoln: The Invisibility of Antiracism
• Abraham Lincoln Did Not Free the Slaves
• Leadership Skills and Qualities of President Abraham Lincoln
• Abraham Lincoln: Organizational Culture and Leadership
• Spirits and Abraham Lincoln: Letters to President Lincoln Concerning Spiritualism
• Abraham Lincoln and Robert E. Lee. Saving the Union
• The Brilliant Life and Tragic Death of Abraham Lincoln
• Abraham Lincoln: Emancipation Proclamation vs. Previous Quotes
• Was Abraham Lincoln America’s Greatest President?
• Abraham Lincoln: The Man Behind the Myth
• Abraham Lincoln’s Attitude Towards Slavery and Emancipation
• The Ghost Stories Related to Abraham Lincoln and His Interest in the Occult
• Abraham Lincoln and Slavery During the Civil War
• Abraham Lincoln: Life, Presidency, and Achievements
• The Controversy Surrounding John Wilkes Booth and His Shooting of Abraham Lincoln
• Abraham Lincoln: His Legacy Lives on After Seventy Score and Ten Years Ago
• Is True That Abraham Lincoln Supported Colonization and Compensated Emancipation?
• How Many Times Did Abraham Lincoln Run for Office?
• Did Abraham Lincoln Have a Long-Lasting Effect on the Shaping of America?
• Why Was Abraham Lincoln Significant in the Civil War?
• How Did Lincoln Feel About Slavery Before the Emancipation Proclamation?
• What Amendments Did Abraham Lincoln Pass?
• Did Abraham Lincoln Only Have Six Years of Formal Education?
• Was Abraham Lincoln Conservative or Liberal?
• How Did Abraham Lincoln Improve the U.S. Economy?
• Why Was Abraham Lincoln a Successful Leader?
• Who Designed the Abraham Lincoln Memorial?
• When Was Abraham Lincoln Inaugurated?
• What Was Abraham Lincoln’s Main Argument in His “House Divided” Speech?
• How Did the Confederacy Challenge President Abraham Lincoln?
• Was Abraham Lincoln a Religious Man?
• Why Did Abraham Lincoln Change His Policy About Slavery During the Civil War?
• How Did Abraham Lincoln Get Involved in Politics?
• How Did Abraham Lincoln’s Assassination Impact the Reconstruction After the Civil War?
• Did Abraham Lincoln Own Slaves?
• Was Abraham Lincoln a Founding Father?
• Did Abraham Lincoln Live in the White House?
• What Was the Effect of Abraham Lincoln Winning the Election of 1860?
• When Did Abraham Lincoln Become a Senator?
• What Was Abraham Lincoln’s Primary Motivation for Directly Attacking the Institution of Slavery?
• What Was One of Abraham Lincoln’s Major Frustrations Early in the Civil War?
• What Was Abraham Lincoln’s Goal in Declaring War?
• What Was Abraham Lincoln’s Ethnic Background?
• What Did Abraham Lincoln Believe About the Equality of Whites and Freed Blacks?
• What Did Abraham Lincoln Invent and Patent?
• How Did Abraham Lincoln Expand the Powers of the Presidency?

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StudyCorgi . "107 Abraham Lincoln Essay Topics." October 26, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/abraham-lincoln-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2022. "107 Abraham Lincoln Essay Topics." October 26, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/abraham-lincoln-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Abraham Lincoln were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on January 5, 2024 .

Abraham Lincoln's Classroom

The Lehrman Institute Presents:

Lincoln’s Student Research Topics

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[su_tabs active=”1″] [su_tab title=”Lincoln and Friends”] Mr. Lincoln and Friends reviews the many men and a few women whose friendships helped determine Mr. Lincoln’s political progress and success in the state capital in Springfield, Illinois and the nation’s capital in Washington, D.C.

Overall Topics:

• Why was patronage crucial?
• How did Mr. Lincoln use humor to manage people?
• How did Mr. Lincoln’s sensitivity toward cruelty of any kind influence his personal and political life?

Friends: Generals

• What troubles did conflict between political generals and West-Point-trained officers cause President Lincoln?

Friends: Journalists

• Compare Mr. Lincoln’s relations with journalists in Illinois before the Civil War with journalists in Washington during the Civil War
• How did Mr. Lincoln seek to influence the press before he became President?

Friends: Women

• Why didn’t women play a more prominent part in the political advancement of Mr. Lincoln?

Friends: Boys

• What role did Mr. Lincoln’s physical strength and love of sports play in his political advancement?

[su_tab title=”Lincoln and Freedom”] Mr. Lincoln and Freedom details the progress of Mr. Lincoln’s opposition to slavery from his years in the Illinois State Legislature to the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery:

• How did the Gettysburg Address define Mr. Lincoln’s political beliefs and his presidency
• Describe the consistency (or lack of consistency) in Mr. Lincoln’s positions on slavery throughout the 1850s.
• Why was public opinion a critical factor in determining Mr. Lincoln’s policies on emancipation and slavery?
• How did Mr. Lincoln handle his Republican critics?
• What was it not OK for Generals John C. Fremont and David Hunter to issue orders of emancipation and it was OK for President Lincoln to issue the draft emancipation?

[su_tab title=”Lincoln and New York”] Mr. Lincoln and New York appraises how the center of political, media and economic power in 19th century America interacted with, supported and tormented Mr. Lincoln both before and during his Presidency:

• Why were the opinions of New York journalists and politicians so important to support?
• How did President Lincoln seek to use New York Democrats for his political advantage?

[su_tab title=”Lincoln’s White House”] Mr. Lincoln’s White House examines the people and events who worked with President Lincoln in Washington during the tumultuous years of the Civil War:

• What did people expect of Mr. Lincoln when they visited him in the White House?
• Who was the most influential member of Mr. Lincoln’s Cabinet
• Which Republicans or Republican faction provided the most cultural support for Mr. Lincoln’s war policies?
• How did President Lincoln’s Secretaries seek to promote their agenda?
• How did Mr. Lincoln handle the Cabinet and the conflict which Cabinet members had with him and each other?

[su_tab title=”Lincoln and the Founders”] Mr. Lincoln and the Founders examines the impact of the Founders, the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution on Mr. Lincoln’s life, political thinking and political actions in the 1850s and 1860s:

• What role did the Declaration of Independence play in Mr. Lincoln’s positions on slavery in the 1850s.

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Abraham Lincoln

By: History.com Editors

Updated: February 7, 2024 | Original: October 29, 2009

Abraham Lincoln , a self-taught lawyer, legislator and vocal opponent of slavery, was elected 16th president of the United States in November 1860, shortly before the outbreak of the Civil War. Lincoln proved to be a shrewd military strategist and a savvy leader: His Emancipation Proclamation paved the way for slavery’s abolition, while his Gettysburg Address stands as one of the most famous pieces of oratory in American history. 

In April 1865, with the Union on the brink of victory, Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. Lincoln’s assassination made him a martyr to the cause of liberty, and he is widely regarded as one of the greatest presidents in U.S. history.

Abraham Lincoln's Childhood and Early Life

Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, to Nancy and Thomas Lincoln in a one-room log cabin in Hardin County, Kentucky . His family moved to southern Indiana in 1816. Lincoln’s formal schooling was limited to three brief periods in local schools, as he had to work constantly to support his family.

In 1830, his family moved to Macon County in southern Illinois , and Lincoln got a job working on a river flatboat hauling freight down the Mississippi River to New Orleans . After settling in the town of New Salem, Illinois, where he worked as a shopkeeper and a postmaster, Lincoln became involved in local politics as a supporter of the Whig Party , winning election to the Illinois state legislature in 1834.

Like his Whig heroes Henry Clay and Daniel Webster , Lincoln opposed the spread of slavery to the territories, and had a grand vision of the expanding United States, with a focus on commerce and cities rather than agriculture.

Did you know? The war years were difficult for Abraham Lincoln and his family. After his young son Willie died of typhoid fever in 1862, the emotionally fragile Mary Lincoln, widely unpopular for her frivolity and spendthrift ways, held seances in the White House in the hopes of communicating with him, earning her even more derision.

Lincoln taught himself law, passing the bar examination in 1836. The following year, he moved to the newly named state capital of Springfield. For the next few years, he worked there as a lawyer and served clients ranging from individual residents of small towns to national railroad lines.

He met Mary Todd , a well-to-do Kentucky belle with many suitors (including Lincoln’s future political rival, Stephen Douglas ), and they married in 1842. The Lincolns went on to have four children together, though only one would live into adulthood: Robert Todd Lincoln (1843–1926), Edward Baker Lincoln (1846–1850), William Wallace Lincoln (1850–1862) and Thomas “Tad” Lincoln (1853-1871).

Abraham Lincoln Enters Politics

Lincoln won election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1846 and began serving his term the following year. As a congressman, Lincoln was unpopular with many Illinois voters for his strong stance against the Mexican-American War. Promising not to seek reelection, he returned to Springfield in 1849.

Events conspired to push him back into national politics, however: Douglas, a leading Democrat in Congress, had pushed through the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), which declared that the voters of each territory, rather than the federal government, had the right to decide whether the territory should be slave or free.

On October 16, 1854, Lincoln went before a large crowd in Peoria to debate the merits of the Kansas-Nebraska Act with Douglas, denouncing slavery and its extension and calling the institution a violation of the most basic tenets of the Declaration of Independence .

With the Whig Party in ruins, Lincoln joined the new Republican Party–formed largely in opposition to slavery’s extension into the territories–in 1856 and ran for the Senate again that year (he had campaigned unsuccessfully for the seat in 1855 as well). In June, Lincoln delivered his now-famous “house divided” speech, in which he quoted from the Gospels to illustrate his belief that “this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free.”

Lincoln then squared off against Douglas in a series of famous debates; though he lost the Senate election, Lincoln’s performance made his reputation nationally. 

Abraham Lincoln’s 1860 Presidential Campaign

Lincoln’s profile rose even higher in early 1860 after he delivered another rousing speech at New York City’s Cooper Union. That May, Republicans chose Lincoln as their candidate for president, passing over Senator William H. Seward of New York and other powerful contenders in favor of the rangy Illinois lawyer with only one undistinguished congressional term under his belt.

In the general election, Lincoln again faced Douglas, who represented the northern Democrats; southern Democrats had nominated John C. Breckenridge of Kentucky, while John Bell ran for the brand new Constitutional Union Party. With Breckenridge and Bell splitting the vote in the South, Lincoln won most of the North and carried the Electoral College to win the White House .

He built an exceptionally strong cabinet composed of many of his political rivals, including Seward, Salmon P. Chase, Edward Bates and Edwin M. Stanton .

Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War

After years of sectional tensions, the election of an antislavery northerner as the 16th president of the United States drove many southerners over the brink. By the time Lincoln was inaugurated as 16th U.S. president in March 1861, seven southern states had seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America .

Lincoln ordered a fleet of Union ships to supply the federal Fort Sumter in South Carolina in April. The Confederates fired on both the fort and the Union fleet, beginning the Civil War . Hopes for a quick Union victory were dashed by defeat in the Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) , and Lincoln called for 500,000 more troops as both sides prepared for a long conflict.

While the Confederate leader Jefferson Davis was a West Point graduate, Mexican War hero and former secretary of war, Lincoln had only a brief and undistinguished period of service in the Black Hawk War (1832) to his credit. He surprised many when he proved to be a capable wartime leader, learning quickly about strategy and tactics in the early years of the Civil War, and about choosing the ablest commanders.

General George McClellan , though beloved by his troops, continually frustrated Lincoln with his reluctance to advance, and when McClellan failed to pursue Robert E. Lee’s retreating Confederate Army in the aftermath of the Union victory at Antietam in September 1862, Lincoln removed him from command.

During the war, Lincoln drew criticism for suspending some civil liberties, including the right of habeas corpus , but he considered such measures necessary to win the war.

Emancipation Proclamation and Gettysburg Address

Shortly after the Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg), Lincoln issued a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation , which took effect on January 1, 1863, and freed all of the enslaved people in the rebellious states not under federal control, but left those in the border states (loyal to the Union) in bondage.

Though Lincoln once maintained that his “paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery,” he nonetheless came to regard emancipation as one of his greatest achievements and would argue for the passage of a constitutional amendment outlawing slavery (eventually passed as the 13th Amendment after his death in 1865).

Two important Union victories in July 1863—at Vicksburg, Mississippi, and at the Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania—finally turned the tide of the war. General George Meade missed the opportunity to deliver a final blow against Lee’s army at Gettysburg, and Lincoln would turn by early 1864 to the victor at Vicksburg, Ulysses S. Grant , as supreme commander of the Union forces.

In November 1863, Lincoln delivered a brief speech (just 272 words) at the dedication ceremony for the new national cemetery at Gettysburg. Published widely, the Gettysburg Address eloquently expressed the war’s purpose, harking back to the Founding Fathers, the Declaration of Independence and the pursuit of human equality. It became the most famous speech of Lincoln’s presidency, and one of the most widely quoted speeches in history.

Abraham Lincoln Wins 1864 Presidential Election

In 1864, Lincoln faced a tough reelection battle against the Democratic nominee, the former Union General George McClellan, but Union victories in battle (especially General William T. Sherman’s capture of Atlanta in September) swung many votes the president’s way. In his second inaugural address, delivered on March 4, 1865, Lincoln addressed the need to reconstruct the South and rebuild the Union: “With malice toward none; with charity for all.”

As Sherman marched triumphantly northward through the Carolinas after staging his March to the Sea from Atlanta, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House , Virginia , on April 9. Union victory was near, and Lincoln gave a speech on the White House lawn on April 11, urging his audience to welcome the southern states back into the fold. Tragically, Lincoln would not live to help carry out his vision of Reconstruction .

Abraham Lincoln’s Assassination

On the night of April 14, 1865, the actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth slipped into the president’s box at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C., and shot him point-blank in the back of the head. Lincoln was carried to a boardinghouse across the street from the theater, but he never regained consciousness, and died in the early morning hours of April 15, 1865.

Lincoln’s assassination made him a national martyr. On April 21, 1865, a train carrying his coffin left Washington, D.C. on its way to Springfield, Illinois, where he would be buried on May 4. Abraham Lincoln’s funeral train traveled through 180 cities and seven states so mourners could pay homage to the fallen president.

Today, Lincoln’s birthday—alongside the birthday of George Washington —is honored on President’s Day , which falls on the third Monday of February.

Abraham Lincoln Quotes

“Nothing valuable can be lost by taking time.”

“I want it said of me by those who knew me best, that I always plucked a thistle and planted a flower where I thought a flower would grow.”

“I am rather inclined to silence, and whether that be wise or not, it is at least more unusual nowadays to find a man who can hold his tongue than to find one who cannot.”

“I am exceedingly anxious that this Union, the Constitution, and the liberties of the people shall be perpetuated in accordance with the original idea for which that struggle was made, and I shall be most happy indeed if I shall be a humble instrument in the hands of the Almighty, and of this, his almost chosen people, for perpetuating the object of that great struggle.”

“This is essentially a People's contest. On the side of the Union, it is a struggle for maintaining in the world, that form, and substance of government, whose leading object is, to elevate the condition of men—to lift artificial weights from all shoulders—to clear the paths of laudable pursuit for all—to afford all, an unfettered start, and a fair chance, in the race of life.”

“Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.”

“This nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”

HISTORY Vault: Abraham Lincoln

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The Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association

For over forty years, The Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association has been the single most significant platform for research into, and about, Abraham Lincoln. Its articles and reviews abound in interest for anyone, from the oldest "Lincoln hand" to the newest student of our 16th President, and I never fail to look forward to the arrival of every issue. It has contributed immensely both to my own published work on Lincoln and to that of every other Lincoln scholar. Allen Carl Guelzo, Princeton University

The  Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association ( JALA ) is the only academic journal devoted exclusively to Lincoln scholarship. JALA welcomes manuscripts on any facet of the life of Abraham Lincoln, his family, his close associates, or his legacy. Manuscripts that illuminate the historical context in which Lincoln lived and worked and that examine economic, social, or cultural influences that were brought to bear on Lincoln and his contemporaries are also welcome, as are manuscripts that explore how Lincoln’s reputation has fared over time in the collective memory of the nation and the world. Pertinent unpublished primary source materials are also welcome. Click here for manuscript guidelines.

ALL JOURNAL EXTRACTS: University of Michigan Library

Journal . Volume 43, Issue 1 & 2: 2022

• Abraham Lincoln Association
• Will the Real Mr. Lincoln Please Stand Up?: “Abe: Abraham Lincoln in His Times”, by David S. Reynolds; “Summoned to Glory: The Audacious Life of Abraham Lincoln”, by Richard Striner
• The Cordelia Harvey Manuscript. Part I
• Contributors to this Issue
• “Jackson Redivivus” in Lincoln’s First Inaugural
• The Matter of Fees is Important
• “Amiable Scoundrel: Simon Cameron, Lincoln’s Scandalous Secretary of War”, by Paul Kahan

• Cordelia Harvey Manuscript. Part II
• “The Most Interesting Document Lincoln Ever Wrote”
• Lessons Learned: The Influence on Lincoln of Alexander II’s Emancipation of Russian Serfs
• The Broken Constitution, by Noah Feldman
• A House Built By Slaves, by Jonathan W. White
• An American Marriage, by Michael Burlingame
• The Black Man’s President, by Michael Burlingame
• Extending the Hand of Democracy

Journal . Volume 42, Issue 1 & 2: 2021

• Surveying a New Lincoln Survey
• President Lincoln’s Meetings with African Americans
• “The Animal Himself”: Tracing the Volk Lincoln Sculptures. Part II
• “Lincoln, Seward, and US Foreign Relations in the Civil War Era”, by Joseph A. Fry
• “Gathering to Save a Nation: Lincoln and the Union’s War Governors”, by Stephen D. Engle
• “Lincoln’s White House: The People’s House in Wartime”, by James B. Conroy
• “The Photographer and the President: Abraham Lincoln, Alexander Gardner, and the Images that Made a Presidency”, by Richard S. Lowry
• Expanding the Definition of Freedom: “Lincoln and the Thirteenth Amendment”, by Christian G. Samito; “Lincoln and the Immigrant”, by Jason H. Silverman

• Lincoln and the First Corruption of Illinois
• Abraham Lincoln’s Republic of Rules: The Logic of Labor, the Labor of Logic
• Vindicating Lincoln: Presidential Patronage, the “Sultana” Disaster, and the Cairo Claims Commission
• J. David Hacker’s “A Census-Based Count of the Civil War Dead”
• “Lincoln’s Informer: Charles A. Dana and the Inside Story of the Union War”, by Carl J. Guarneri
• “Arguing until Doomsday: Stephen Douglas, Jefferson Davis, and the Struggle for American Democracy”, by Michael E. Woods
• Works on the Civil War Congress: “Lincoln and Congress”, by William C. Davis; “Congress at War: How Republican Reformers Fought the Civil War, Defied Lincoln, Ended Slavery, and Remade America”, by Fergus M. Bordewich

Journal . Volume 41, Issue 1 & 2: 2020

• The Secession Crisis Diary of Gideon Welles
• Lincoln, Euclid, and the Satisfaction of Success
• How Many “Lincoln Bibles”?
• Lincoln in the Atlantic World, by Louise L. Stevenson
• Mourning Lincoln, by Martha Hodes
• Lincoln before “Lincoln”: Early Cinematic Adaptations of the Life of America’s Greatest President, by Brian J. Snee
• Lincoln and the Abolitionists: John Quincy Adams, Slavery, and the Civil War, by Fred Kaplan

• “My Beau Ideal of a Statesman”: Abraham Lincoln’s Eulogy on Henry Clay
• “The Animal Himself”: Tracing the Volk Lincoln Sculptures. Part I
• African Americans at White House Receptions During Lincoln’s Administration. Part I
• Lincoln and Shakespeare, by Michael A. Anderegg
• Six Encounters with Lincoln: A President Confronts Democracy and Its Demons, by Elizabeth Brown Pryor
• A Just and Generous Nation: Abraham Lincoln and the Fight for American Opportunity, by Harold Holzer and Norton Garfinkle
• Lincoln’s Last Speech: Wartime Reconstruction and the Crisis of Reunion, by Louis P. Masur
• Lincoln’s Body: A Cultural History, by Richard Wightman Fox
• Lincoln’s Autocrat: The Life of Edwin Stanton, by William Marvel
• Old Whigs: Burke, Lincoln, and the Politics of Prudence, by Greg Weiner
• Lincoln’s Last Trial: The Murder Case that Propelled Him to the Presidency, by Dan Abrams and David Fisher

Journal . Volume 40, Issue 1 & 2: 2019

• The Dedication of the Living: Augustus Saint-Gaudens’s Abraham Lincoln in Chicago and London
• Belonging to the Ages: The Enduring Relevance of Aaron Copland’s Lincoln Portrait
• Roundtable: Lincoln and Public History
• Lincoln’s Sense of Humor, by Richard Carwardine
• A Lincoln Dialogue, by James A. Rawley
• Lincoln’s Political Thought, by George Kateb
• Lawyer Lincoln, Case By Case Abraham Lincoln’s Most Famous Case: The Almanac Trial, by George R. Dekle, Sr. and Lincoln’s Greatest Case: The River, the Bridge, and the Making of America, by Brian McGinty
• Tearing Down Slavery and the Confederacy Lincoln and the Military, by John F. Marszalek and Lincoln and Emancipation, by Edna Greene Medford
• Abraham Lincoln Association 2018 Members

• Contributors to This Issue
• The Meaning of Lincoln’s “Such a Sucker as Me”
• Lincoln’s New Salem, Revisited
• Lincoln’s New Salem, Reconstructed
• Redeeming the Great Emancipator, by Allen C. Guelzo
• The Quartermaster: Montgomery C. Meigs: Lincoln’s General, Master Builder of the Union Army, by Robert O’Harrow, Jr.
• Who Freed the Slaves? The Fight over the Thirteenth Amendment, by Leonard L. Richards
• A Woman’s Place in the Nineteenth Century – Fanny Seward: A Life, by Trudy Krisher; and Mary Lincoln: Southern Girl, Northern Woman, by Stacy Pratt McDermott
• Books Received

Journal . Volume 39, Issue 1 & 2: 2018

• New Year’s Day 1841: A Puzzling Triptych
• “A Just Application of Democratic Principles”: The Fiscal Conservatism of Salmon P. Chase
• Reconstruction as a Pure Bourgeois Revolution
• Founders’ Son: A Life of Abraham Lincoln, by Richard Brookhiser
• Lincoln’s Citadel: The Civil War in Washington, D.C., by Kenneth J. Winkle
• Abraham Lincoln Association 2017 Members
• Evaluating Lincoln’s Patented Invention
• Seeking God’s Will: President Lincoln and Rev. Dr. Gurley
• The Presidential Pardon Records of the Lincoln Administration
• Lincoln & Liberty: Wisdom for the Ages, edited by Lucas A. Morel
• Abraham Lincoln, the Quakers, and the Civil War: “A Trial of Principle and Faith”, by William C. Kashatus
• Our One Common Country: Abraham Lincoln and the Hampton Roads Peace Conference, by James B. Conroy
• Fortune’s Fool: The Life of John Wilkes Booth, by Terry Alford
• Herndon on Lincoln: Letters, edited by Douglas L. Wilson and Rodney O. Davis

Journal . Volume 38, Issue 1 & 2: 2017

• Robert Todd Lincoln’s “Gettysburg Story”
• “Home is the Martyr”: The Burial of Abraham Lincoln and the Fate of Illinois’s Capital
• “Had Mr. Lincoln Lived”: Alternate Histories, Reconstruction, Race, and Memory
• The Drama of Liberty, Equality, and Self-Government at Gettysburg
• Lincoln’s Last Days
• A Finger in Lincoln’s Brain: What Modern Science Reveals about Lincoln, His Assassination, and Its Aftermath, by E. Lawrence Abel
• Abraham Lincoln Association 2016 Members
• “The Spirit Which You Have Aided to Infuse”: A. Lincoln, Little Mac, Fighting Joe, and the Question of Accountability in Union Command Relations
• McClellan Redux? The Often-Reported, Imminent Return of Little Mac
• The Lincoln-McClellan Relationship in Myth and Memory
• Here I Have Lived
• A (Suppressed) Ballot is Stronger than the Bullet

Journal . Volume 37, Issue 1 & 2: 2016

• Lincoln’s Legacy of Justice and Equality of Opportunity: Our Challenge a Century and a Half Later
• Native Americans and the Origins of Abraham Lincoln’s Views on Race
• Building a Twenty-First Century Lincoln Memorial: The Digital Revolution in Lincoln Studies Scholarship
• Your Friend, As Ever, A. Lincoln: How the Unlikely Friendship of Gustave Koerner and Abraham Lincoln Changed America, by Donald Allendorf
• From Latin America to the Battle of the Crater Slavery, Race, and Conquest in the Tropics: Lincoln, Douglas, and the Future of Latin America, by Robert E. May and Lincoln and the U.S. Colored Troops, by John David Smith
• The War Worth Fighting For: Abraham Lincoln’s Presidency and Civil War America, edited by Stephen D. Engle
• Getting Right with Lincoln vs. Getting Lincoln Right Loathing Lincoln: An American Tradition from the Civil War to the Present, by John McKee Barr and Lincoln’s Boys: John Hay, John Nicolay, and the War for Lincoln’s Image, by Joshua Zeitz
• All The Great Prizes: The Life of John Hay, from Lincoln to Roosevelt, by John Taliaferro
• Abraham Lincoln Association (2015)
• Gone and Forgotten: Abraham Lincoln through the English Eyes of Tom Taylor and John Drinkwater
• Harriet Monroe’s Abraham Lincoln
• Harry V. Jaffa’s Contribution to Lincoln Studies and American Statesmanship
• We Called Him Father Abraham: Lincoln and American Jewry, a Documentary History, by Gary Phillip Zola; Lincoln and the Jews: A History, by Jonathan D. Sarna and Benjamin Shapell
• The Civil War Diaries of Gideon Welles, Lincoln’s Secretary of the Navy: The Original Manuscript Edition, by William E. and Erica L. Gienapp, eds.
• 1863: Lincoln’s Pivotal Year, by Harold Holzer and Sara Vaughn Gabbard

Journal . Volume 36, Issue 1 & 2: 2015

• Abraham Lincoln’s Cyphering Book and the Abbaco Tradition
• In the Shadow of the Little Giant: Lincoln before the Great Debates
• When Lincoln Borrowed a Book He Didn’t Like
• Abraham Lincoln, Philosopher Statesman by Joseph R. Fornieri
• The Mary Lincoln Enigma: Historians on America’s Most Controversial First Lady, edited by Frank J. Williams and Michael Burkhimer
• Lincoln in the World: The Making of a Statesman and the Dawn of American Power, by Kevin Peraino
• Abraham Lincoln Association (2014)
• The Founding Fathers and the Election of 1864
• Icy Blasts to Balmy Airs: British North America and Lincoln’s Assassination
• Roundtable: The Better Angels
• Publishing by Littles: Lincoln by “Littles” by Lewis E. Lehrman, Lincoln and Religion by Ferenc Morton Szasz, and Margaret Connell Szasz
• Lincoln and the Power of the Press: The War for Public Opinion by Harold Holzer
• Lincoln’s Code: The Laws of War in American History by John Fabian Witt
• Negotiating and Navigating: Lincoln, the Union Governors, and Reconstruction; Lincoln and the Union Governors by William C. Harris; Lincoln and Reconstruction by John C. Rodrigue
• With Malice Toward Some: Treason and Loyalty in the Civil War Era by William A. Blair

Journal . Volume 35, Issue 1 & 2: 2014

• Classical Rhetoric as a Lens for Reading the Key Speeches of Lincoln’s Political Rise, 1852–1856
• F. Lauriston Bullard: Lincoln Scholar, Pulitzer Prize Winner, Book Thief
• Holding Up a Flawed Mirror to the American Soul: Abraham Lincoln in the Writings of Lerone Bennett, Jr.
• The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery, by Eric Foner
• Lincoln’s Battle with God: A President’s Struggle with Faith and What it Meant for America, by Stephen Mansfield
• An Afflicted Hero? Lincoln and Medicine, by Glenna Schroeder-Lein and Lincoln as Hero by Frank J. Williams
• Abraham Lincoln Association (2013)
• William H. Herndon on Lincoln’s Fatalism
• “Simply a Theist”: Herndon on Lincoln’s Religion
• “Not Even Wrong”: Herndon and His Informants
• Why a New Biography of William Herndon Is Needed
• Exploring Lincoln the Lawyer: Lincoln’s Ladder to the Presidency: The Eighth Judicial Circuit, by Guy C. Fraker and Lincoln’s Forgotten Friend: Leonard Swett, by Robert S. Eckley
• The Mind of Abraham Lincoln, Philosopher Statesman, by David Lowenthal
• Revisiting the Irrepressible Conflict: We Have the War Upon Us: The Onset of the Civil War, November 1860–April 1861, by William J. Cooper and Washington Brotherhood: Politics, Social Life, and the Coming of the Civil War, by Rachel Sheldon
• Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865, by James Oakes
• Killing Lincoln: The Shocking Assassination That Changed America Forever, by Bill O’Reilly and Martin Dugard

Journal . Volume 34, Issue 1 & 2: 2013

• Does Lincoln Still Belong to the Ages?
• The Lost Cause of the North: A Reflection on Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address and the Second Inaugural
• Abraham Lincoln’s Religion: The Case for His Ultimate Belief in a Personal, Sovereign God
• Lincoln and His Books: Reading with Lincoln, by Robert Bray
• Lincoln in New Orleans: The 1828–1831 Flatboat Voyages and Their Place in History, by Richard Campanella
• Abraham Lincoln Association (2011)
• “A Death-shock to Chivalry, and a Mortal Wound to Caste”: The Story of Tad and Abraham Lincoln in Richmond
• “Mechem” or “Mack”: How a One-Word Correction in the Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln Reveals the Truth about an 1856 Political Event
• “Solving a Lincoln Literary Mystery: ‘Little Eddie’”
• Lincoln’s Worldwide Audience: The Global Lincoln, edited by Richard Carwardine and Jay Sexton
• Lincoln and the Civil War, by Michael Burlingame
• Abraham Lincoln and Horace Greeley, by Gregory Borchard
• Abraham and Mary Lincoln, by Kenneth J. Winkle
• Usher the Influence?: Lincoln Apostate: The Matson Slave Case, by Charles R. McKirdy
• The Assassin’s Accomplice: Mary Surratt and the Plot to Kill Abraham Lincoln, by Kate Clifford Larson

Journal . Volume 33, Issue 1 & 2: 2012

Journal . Volume 32, Issue 1 & 2: 2011

• His Loyal Opposition: Lincoln’s Border States’ Critics
• The Fire-Eaters and Seward Lincoln
• Lincoln’s Critics: The Copperheads
• How Great Was Lincoln? Two New Biographies Abraham Lincoln, by James M. McPherson, and Lincoln: A Very Short Introduction, by Allen C. Guelzo
• Rebel Giants: The Revolutionary Lives of Abraham Lincoln and Charles Darwin, by David R. Contosta, and Angels and Ages: A Short Book about Darwin, Lincoln, and Modern Life, by Adam Gopnik
• Lincoln’s Political Generals, by David Work
• Abraham Lincoln Association (2010)
• Battle for the War Department Rewards for the Capture of John Wilkes Booth
• Herndon’s “Auction List” and Lincoln’s Interest in Science
• James Mitchell and the Mystery of the Emigration Office Papers
• A New Lincoln Legal History: The First Generation. A. Lincoln Esquire, a Shrewed, Sophisticated Lawyer in his Time, by Allen D. Spiegel, An Honest Calling: the Law Practice of Abraham Lincoln, by Mark E. Steiner, and Lincoln the Lawyer, by Brian Dirck
• The Papers of Abraham Lincoln: Legal Documents and Cases, by Daniel W. Stowell et al.
• Abraham Lincoln: The Image of His Greatness, by Fred Reed

Journal . Volume 31, Issue 1 & 2: 2010

• The Other Lincoln-Douglas Debate: The Race Issue in a Comparative Context
• A Bill of Lading Delivers the Goods: The Constitutionality and Effect of the Emancipation Proclamation
• Telling the Story of “The Ages”: Looking for Lincoln: The Making of an American Icon, by Philip B. Kunhardt III, Peter W. Kunhardt, and Peter W. Kunhardt Jr., and Abraham Lincoln in the Post-Heroic Era: History and Memory in Late Twentieth-Century America, by Barry Schwartz
• Vindicating Lincoln: Defending the Politics of Our Greatest President, by Thomas L. Krannawitter
• The Lincoln-Douglas Debates: The Lincoln Studies Center Edition, edited by Rodney O. Davis and Douglas L. Wilson
• “What Shall We Do with the Negro?” Lincoln, White Racism, and Civil War America, by Paul D. Escott
• Lincoln at Peoria: The Turning Point, by Lewis E. Lehrman
• Abraham Lincoln Association (2009)
• Views of the Wigwam Convention: Letters from the Son of Lincoln’s 1856 Candidate
• “One of the Best Women I Ever Knew”: Abraham Lincoln and Rebecca Pomeroy
• The Ann Rutledge Story: Case Closed?
• The Challenge of Biography: What do they know of Lincoln who only Lincoln know?
• Lincoln and His Admirals, by Craig L. Symonds
• Lincoln President-Elect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter, 1860–61, by Harold Holzer

To observe each anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln; to preserve and make more readily accessible the landmarks associated with his life; and to actively encourage, promote and aid the collection and dissemination of authentic information regarding all phases of his life and career.

The Abraham Lincoln Association   |   All Rights Reserved ©

American Civil War & Reconstruction: Abraham Lincoln

• American Civil War

Abraham Lincoln

• African American Soldiers
• Emancipation Proclamation
• Underground Railroad
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• Robert. E Lee
• Women in the Civil War
• Help This link opens in a new window
• Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln became the United States’ 16th President in 1861, issuing the Emancipation Proclamation that declared forever free those slaves within the Confederacy in 1863.
• Abraham Lincoln- Miller Center When Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860, seven slave states left the Union to form the Confederate States of America, and four more joined when hostilities began between the North and South. A bloody civil war then engulfed the nation as Lincoln vowed to preserve the Union, enforce the laws of the United States, and end the secession.
• Abraham Lincoln Association Between 1940 and 1952, the Abraham Lincoln Association published fifty-two issues of The Abraham Lincoln Quarterly, a journal with original articles regarding all facets of Abraham Lincoln's life and the world in which he lived. According to ALA President G. W. Bunn Jr., "Some were factual and contained new material; some were a working over of old material from a new approach or with a conclusion that differed somewhat from the traditional point of view; some were interpretative and valuable for saying better what had been said before." Through the efforts of the Abraham Lincoln Association, all of the issues of The Abraham Lincoln Quarterly are now available in electronic form.
• Abraham Lincoln Biography Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States. He preserved the Union during the U.S. Civil War and brought about the emancipation of slaves.
• Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress The papers of Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), lawyer, representative from Illinois, and sixteenth president of the United States, contain approximately 40,550 documents dating from 1774 to 1948, although most of the collection spans from the 1850s through Lincoln’s presidency (1861-1865). Roughly half of the collection, more than 20,000 documents, comprising 62,000 images, as well as transcriptions of approximately 10,000 documents, is online. Included on this website in their entirety are Series 1-3 of the Lincoln Papers and the original materials in Series 4. Excluded from this online presentation is a sizeable portion of Series 4, which consists of printed material and reproductions of government and military documents made from originals in the holdings of the National Archives and Records Administration.
• Papers of Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln Speeches

Abraham lincoln: his life and his legacy.

April 14th, 1865, just 5 days after Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered at the Appomattox Courthouse, ending the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth and would die the next day. This one violent act shocked a nation that for the previous 4 years had struggled through the deadliest conflict in its history. Abraham Lincoln, the man, had died. But, today, every human being who values their freedom, who respects and honors their inalienable rights, understands that the legacy of Lincoln lives on. Thus begins the incomparable story of America's 16th president, forever to be known as "The Great Emancipator." In this biographical documentary we explore the life story of this historical icon, born in a one-room log cabin in Kentucky, largely self-educated, who became an able and respected lawyer in Illinois; involved himself in politics, which led to the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates; then, in 1860, to his election as president, where his leadership as Commander-in-Chief held the Union together during the nation's bloodiest conflict. We visualize his strength of character in issuing The Emancipation Proclamation, which declared the end of slavery in America, during the height of the Civil War; we call to mind the events prior to and after his assassination; we reflect on his famous House Divided speech, as well as The Gettysburg Address; and in the context of Civil Rights, Women's Right to Vote, and the U.S. Constitution, we pay tribute to Lincoln's greatest legacy: freedom.

The Life of Abraham Lincoln

Perspectives

Marking the two-hundredth anniversary of Lincoln's birth, this marvelous short biography by a leading historian offers an illuminating portrait of one of the giants in the American story. It is the best concise introduction to Lincoln in print, a must-have volume for anyone interested in American history or in our greatest president. Best-selling author James M. McPherson follows the son of Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks from his early years in Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois, to his highly successful law career, his marriage to Mary Todd, and his one term in Congress. We witness his leadership of the Republican anti-slavery movement, his famous debates with Stephen A. Douglas (a long acquaintance and former rival for the hand of Mary Todd), and his emergence as a candidate for president in 1860. Following Lincoln's election to the presidency, McPherson describes his masterful role as Commander in Chief during the Civil War, the writing of the Emancipation Proclamation, and his assassination by John Wilkes Booth. The book also discusses his lasting legacy and why he remains a quintessential American hero two hundred years after his birth, while an annotated bibliography permits easy access to further scholarship. With his ideal short account of Lincoln, McPherson provides a compelling biography of a man of humble origins who preserved our nation during its greatest catastrophe and ended the scourge of slavery.

1988 Newbery Medal Winner Abraham Lincoln stood out in a crowd as much for his wit and rollicking humor as for his height. This Newbery Medal-winning biography of our Civil War president is warm, appealing, and illustrated with dozens of carefully chosen photographs and prints. Russell Freedman begins with a lively account of Abraham Lincoln's boyhood, his career as a country lawyer, and his courtship and marriage to Mary Todd. Then the author focuses on the presidential years (1861 to 1865), skillfullly explaining the many complex issues Lincoln grappled with as he led a deeply divided nation through the Civil War. The book's final chapter is a moving account of that tragic evening in Ford's Theatre on April 14, 1865. Concludes with a sampling of Lincoln writings and a detailed list of Lincoln historical sites. This title has been selected as a Common Core Text Exemplar (Grades 2-3, Read Aloud Informational Text).

The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

On March 4, 1865, at the United States Capitol, a crowd of fifty thousand listened as President Lincoln delivered his classic second inaugural address, urging charity and forgiveness to a nation in the final throes of war. Just two months later, a train, nine cars long and draped in black bunting, pulled slowly out of a station in Washington, D.C. Dignitaries and government officials crowded the first eight cars. In the ninth rode the body of Abraham Lincoln. As the funeral train made its way across nine states and through hundreds of cities and towns, the largest manhunt in history was closing in on Lincoln's assassin, the famous actor John Wilkes Booth. This American experience film recounts a great American drama: two tumultuous months when the joy of peace was shattered by the heartache of Lincoln's death. At the heart of the story are two figures who define the extremes of character: Lincoln, who had the strength to transform suffering into infinite compassion, and Booth, who allowed hatred to curdle into destruction.

Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words that Remade America (Simon & Schuster Lincoln Library)

"The power of words has rarely been given a more compelling demonstration than in the Gettysburg Address. Lincoln was asked to memorialize the gruesome battle. Instead he gave the whole nation "a new birth of freedom"--by tracing its first birth to the Declaration of Independence (which called all men equal) rather than to the Constitution (which tolerated slavery). In the space of a mere 272 words, Lincoln brought to bear the rhetoric of the Greek Revival, the categories of Transcendentalism, and the imagery of the "rural cemetery" movement. His entire life and previous training, his deep political experience, went into this, his revolutionary masterpiece." "As Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel has been restored to its bold colors and forgotten details, Garry Wills restores the Gettysburg Address. Lincoln at Gettysburg combines the same extraordinary quality of observation that defines Wills's previous best-selling portraits of modern presidents, such as Reagan's America and Nixon Agonistes, with the iconoclastic scholarship of his studies of our founding documents, such as Inventing America. By examining both the Address and Lincoln in their historical moment and cultural frame, Wills breathes new life into words we thought we knew and reveals much about a President so mythologized but often misunderstood. Wills shows how Lincoln came to change the world, to effect an intellectual revolution, how his words had to and did complete the work of the guns." "The Civil War is, to most Americans, what Lincoln wanted it to mean. Now Garry Wills explains how Lincoln wove a spell that has not, yet, been broken."--BOOK JACKET.Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Civil War in Color

A champion of the American Union in its darkest hour, Abraham Lincoln's unbreakable faith in the United States and his role in ending slavery earn him a place on Mount Rushmore.

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College Minor: Everything You Need to Know

14 fascinating teacher interview questions for principals, tips for success if you have a master’s degree and can’t find a job, 14 ways young teachers can get that professional look, which teacher supplies are worth the splurge, 8 business books every teacher should read, conditional admission: everything you need to know, college majors: everything you need to know, 7 things principals can do to make a teacher observation valuable, 3 easy teacher outfits to tackle parent-teacher conferences, fascinating essay topics about abraham lincoln.

Fascinating Research Questions About Abraham Lincoln

• Is Abraham Lincoln a Moral Unifier?
• Critical Examination of a Book on the Death of Abraham Lincoln, an American President
• Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt: War and Social Upheaval
• Comparison Between John F. Kennedy and Abraham Lincoln
• The Impact of Abraham Lincoln on the Civil War
• Abraham Lincoln And His Impact On American Culture
• Dream a Reality in the New Thousand years?
• Abraham Lincoln And Martin Luther King Jr
• Abraham Lincoln And John F. Kennedy
• Comparison Between Barack Obama and Abraham Lincoln
• Abraham Lincoln and the News Media: The White House And The Press During The American Civil War
• Abraham Lincoln and the Fight for Emancipation and the Union
• Comparison of the Constitutional Interpretations of James Buchanan, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln and Their Effects
• Abraham Lincoln: The Most Influential World Figure Since 1815
• Abraham Lincoln: From A Blameless Kid To The Head Of A Ridiculous Conflict
• Comparison of the Authentic Precision of the Book Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution by James McPherson and the Film Lincoln
• Is Abraham Lincoln a Hero or a Racist?
• Effects of the Emancipation Proclamation on the Southern Economy
• The Gettysburg Address by Abraham Lincoln and Iron Curtain by Winston Churchill
• The War Objectives of Abraham Lincoln in Comparison to William Sherman and Walt Whitman
• Study Of Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address
• Comparing the Distinctions Between the Thoughts of Abraham Lincoln and James Hammond on Slavery
• How Should African Americans See Abraham Lincoln and his Activities?
• Leadership Assessments Of Abraham Lincoln And Jefferson Davis
• Rhetorical Investigation Of Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg
• Two Sides Of The Civil War: Perspectives Of Robert E. Lee And Abraham Lincoln
• What Would Have Happened if President Abraham Lincoln Had Lived?
• Was Abraham Lincoln an Effective President?
• When Alluding To Abraham Lincoln During His Administration?
• Reasons for Abraham Lincoln’s Election Victory
• Why Is It Important to Study Abraham Lincoln’s and Socrates’ Speeches?

 Interesting Lincoln Assassination Essay Topics

• Abraham Lincoln: A Biography of One of America’s Greatest Presidents
• Abraham Lincoln, an Observed Figure in American History
• Abraham Lincoln’s Speech on the Repeal of the Missouri Compromise
• Abraham Lincoln: America’s Most Memorable President
• Opinion and Activity on Slavery
• Abraham Lincoln and the Concept of National Identity
• Success in Abraham Lincoln’s The Black Codes
• The Second American Revolution and Abraham Lincoln
• Abraham Lincoln And The Utilization Of African American Soldiers
• The Courage, Strength, And Perseverance Of Abraham Lincoln
• Lincoln: A Visionary And Moral Pioneer
• Abraham Lincoln: The Emancipation Proclamation
• Leadership and Organizational Culture Under Abraham Lincoln
• How Abraham Lincoln Reaffirmed the Principles of Our Forefathers
• Comparison Between Julius Caesar and Abraham Lincoln
• Abraham Lincoln’s Mastery of the Spoken Word and Application of Biblical Construction
• The Second Inaugural Address of Abraham Lincoln

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Abraham Lincoln Highlights

By the gilder lehrman institute.

The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History and the HISTORY® Channel invite you to watch Abraham Lincoln , then explore Lincoln’s world through primary sources. The items below highlight some of the many resources, programs, and materials focusing on Abraham Lincoln.

At the Institute’s core is the Gilder Lehrman Collection, an archive of more than 80,000 historical documents. Each of the Spotlights from the Gilder Lehrman Collection provides explanatory text, questions for discussion, a transcript, and an image of the featured document. Questions for classroom discussion are provided for K–12 teachers.

“Abraham Lincoln, Inventor, 1849” This Spotlight on a Primary Source discusses Abraham Lincoln’s patent for a device for “buoying vessels over shoals” and provides questions for discussion.

“The ‘House Divided’ Speech, ca. 1857–1858” This Spotlight on a Primary Source discusses Abraham Lincoln’s “House Divided” speech from his US Senate campaign and provides questions for discussion.

“Lincoln speech on slavery and the American Dream, 1858” This Spotlight on a Primary Source discusses Abraham Lincoln’s speech on slavery and the American dream from his US Senate campaign and provides questions for discussion.

“Lincoln on abolition in England and the United States, 1858” This Spotlight on a Primary Source discusses a speech fragment from his US Senate race in which Abraham Lincoln compared the ongoing struggle to end slavery in the United States to the successful abolition movement in Great Britain and provides questions for discussion.

“President Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address, 1861” This Spotlight on a Primary Source discusses President Abraham Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address and provides questions for discussion.

“The Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863” This Spotlight on a Primary Source discusses Abraham Lincoln and the enactment of the Emancipation Proclamation and provides questions for discussion.

Inside the Vault is a free, monthly online program that highlights unique primary sources from the Gilder Lehrman Collection. From iconic historical treasures to personal letters that reveal the contributions of ordinary American citizens, each session investigates primary sources and discusses their background, impact, and potential use in the classroom.

“Highlights from the Collection,” April 3, 2020 In the first episode of Inside the Vault, curators discuss a rare copy of Abraham Lincoln’s second inaugural address. The discussion begins at minute mark 8:50.

“Abraham Lincoln,” November 12, 2020 In a conversation with educators and Gilder Lehrman Institute curators, this video highlights a selection of Lincoln’s most well-known documents in the Gilder Lehrman Collection, including the Thirteenth Amendment, Gettysburg Address, and “House Divided” speech.

“The Emancipation Proclamation and Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Advice to High School Students,” September 3, 2020 In a conversation with educators and Gilder Lehrman Institute curators, this video highlights Abraham Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation. The discussion begins at minute mark 5:14.

Many essays pertaining to Abraham Lincoln have been published on the Gilder Lehrman Institute website and in History Now , the online journal of the Gilder Lehrman Institute. Selected essays are available here, to provide historical perspective for teachers, students, and general readers.

“ Douglass and Lincoln: A Convergence” by James Oakes In this essay, Professor James Oakes discusses Frederick Douglass’s relationship with Abraham Lincoln as Lincoln’s views on slavery and abolition evolved.

“‘To give all a chance’: Lincoln, Abolition, and Economic Freedom” by Lewis E. Lehrman In this essay, Lewis E. Lehrman, co-founder of the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, discusses Lincoln’s focus on economic policy and abolition during his presidency.

“‘In the end you are sure to succeed’: Lincoln on Perseverance” by Harold Holzer In this essay, Harold Holzer discusses a letter written by Abraham Lincoln to George Clayton Latham to encourage him in his college entrance exams writing, “in the end you are sure to succeed.”

To read the following essays subscribe to History Now (free for Gilder Lehrman Affiliate School teachers and their students; to join for free visit this page: Affiliate School Program ).

History Now , “Abraham Lincoln in His Time and Ours,” Winter 2008 In this issue of History Now , historians Sean Wilentz, Manisha Sinha, James Oakes, and Richard Carwardine share essays on Jacksonian Democracy, abolition, states’ rights, and Lincoln’s religion.

Video Lectures

Learn more about Abraham Lincoln from such leading historians as David Blight, Eric Foner, and Harold Holzer.

“Abraham Lincoln’s Inaugural Journey” by Harold Holzer (17:30) In this video, Harold Holzer discusses Abraham Lincoln’s path to the presidency.

“The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery” by Eric Foner and James G. Basker (36:12) In this video, Professor James G. Basker, president of the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, sits down with Professor Eric Foner to discuss Professor Foner’s book The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery .

“Hating and Loving the ‘Real’ Abe Lincoln: Lincoln and the American South” by David W. Blight (38:31) In this video, Professor David W. Blight discusses the ways the American South has “used, appropriated, hated, loved, and remembered Abraham Lincoln,” recognizing the truism that there are “many, many Souths.”

“Learning from Lincoln” by Lewis E. Lehrman (28:46) In this video, Lewis E. Lehrman, co-founder of the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, discusses the lessons to be learned from the writings of Abraham Lincoln.

“Lincoln and the Rights of Black Americans” by Eric Foner (33:50) In this video, Professor Eric Foner discusses the evolution of Abraham Lincoln’s attitudes and policies on slavery and race.

Online Exhibitions

The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History has sixty-five online exhibitions and twelve traveling exhibitions  that cover American history from the colonial era to the present day. The selection below explores the life of Abraham Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln in His Own Words This exhibition provides an intimate view of our greatest president, based on the exhibition of documents from the Gilder Lehrman Collection previously on display at the New-York Historical Society exploring Lincoln’s legacy through letters and speeches written in his own hand.

Abraham Lincoln: A Man of His Time, A Man for All Times This exhibition highlights Abraham Lincoln as a man of his time—humbly born, self-taught, and ambitious—he seized the opportunities of an expansive society to rise to the country’s highest office. A man for all times, Lincoln’s strong principles, timeless rhetoric, and resolute leadership have contributed to his status as a globally recognized figure.

Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation In this exhibition, a timeline traces Abraham Lincoln’s evolution from anti-slavery advocate to emancipator through speeches, letters, and acts from the speech at Peoria in 1854 to his Second Inaugural Address in 1865.

Lincoln, Douglas, and Their Historic Debates This exhibition discusses the Lincoln-Douglas debates: a series of seven joint discussions between Abraham Lincoln, a Republican, and Stephen A. Douglas, a Democrat, held during the summer and fall of 1858 in Illinois.

Wilberforce, Lincoln, and the Abolition of Slavery This exhibition presents a variety of original documents and images highlighting the story of the abolition of slavery between 1787 and 1865 in England and America. Each item has its own historic significance as well as a place in the broader progress of abolitionist thinking, from the moment William Wilberforce joined the British abolition campaign through the enactment of the Emancipation Proclamation.

These two lesson units explore the life and work of Abraham Lincoln. A variety of primary sources and pedagogical strategies are built into these lessons designed for use in classrooms

The Gettysburg Address: Identifying Text, Context, and Subtext This lesson highlights the importance of teaching literacy through history as it has students carefully analyze the Gettysburg Address in order to understand context, subtext, and argument formation.

Lincoln’s First and Second Inaugural Addresses In this lesson, students will develop comparison and contrast skills through the analysis of Lincoln’s First and Second Inaugural Addresses.

Student Research

Students can sign up for free trial access to  American History: 1493–1945 , a database containing more than 60,000 digitized documents from the Gilder Lehrman Collection. Each school—and its students—will have free access during the trial window. Need help getting started? Read our  Guide to  American History: 1493–1945 , which includes essay ideas, advice for navigating the database, links to thematic resources, and more.

Please contact Jillian Tweet at Adam Matthew Digital if you have any questions about  American History, 1493–1945  or the trial process.

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Learn how the Institute impacts history education through our work guiding teachers, energizing students, and supporting research.

Ciphering Book, [1819-1826] (Legislative Digital Edition)

Petition of Reuben Brown and Others to the Macon County Commissioners' Court, 26 May 1830 (Legislative Digital Edition)

Appraisal of an Estray by Abraham Lincoln and John W. Reed, 16 December 1830 (Legislative Digital Edition)

Petition of Hiram Watson and Others to the Sangamon County Commissioners' Court, 11 March 1831 (Legislative Digital Edition)

Bill of Sale from James A. Richerson to John Ferguson, 20 October 1831 (Legislative Digital Edition)

Bond of James Estep to Solomon Teter, 12 November 1831 (Legislative Digital Edition)

Account of William Odam to James Rutledge, [1831] (Legislative Digital Edition)

Bill of Sale from John Ferguson to Alexander Trent, 25 January 1832 (Legislative Digital Edition)

Receipt of Denton Offutt to James Rutledge, 8 March 1832 (Legislative Digital Edition)

Abraham Lincoln to the People of Sangamon County, 9 March 1832 (Legislative Digital Edition)

Receipt of Denton Offutt to William Barnett, 26 March 1832 (Legislative Digital Edition)

Receipt of Denton Offutt to William Sampson, 21 April 1832 (Legislative Digital Edition)

Order to Provide Muskets, 28 April 1832 (Legislative Digital Edition)

Certificate of Appointment for William Carpenter as Paymaster, 30 April 1832 (Legislative Digital Edition)

Certificate of Discharge for Royal Potter, 13 May 1832 (Legislative Digital Edition)

Muster Roll of Abraham Lincoln's Company of Mounted Volunteers, 27 May 1832 (Legislative Digital Edition)

Muster Roll of Captain Jacob M. Early's Company of Mounted Volunteers, 10 July 1832 (Legislative Digital Edition)

Certificate of Discharge for Nathan Drake, 24 July 1832 (Legislative Digital Edition)

Certification of Abraham Lincoln, John Brannen, and Hugh Armstrong, July 1832 (Legislative Digital Edition)

Search Tips

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You may also search for documents based on creation date. Enter a date in the Exact field to search for that exact date. Enter Earliest and Latest dates to search for documents which were created during that date range. Most American date formats are accepted. Documents with uncertain creation dates which MAY have been created during a requested interval will also be returned.

Articles on Abraham Lincoln

Displaying 1 - 20 of 48 articles.

Why Franklin, Washington and Lincoln considered American democracy an ‘experiment’ – and were unsure if it would survive

Thomas Coens , University of Tennessee

Americans in former Confederate states more likely to say violent protest against government is justified, 160 years after Gettysburg

Alauna Safarpour , Northeastern University

Reparations over formerly enslaved people has a long history: 4 essential reads on why the idea remains unresolved

Howard Manly , The Conversation

What really started the American Civil War?

Robert Gudmestad , Colorado State University

Presidential greatness is rarely fixed in stone – changing attitudes on racial injustice and leadership qualities lead to dramatic shifts

George R. Goethals , University of Richmond

Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s pending promotion sheds new light on his overlooked fight for equal rights after the Civil War

Anne Marshall , Mississippi State University

Why virtue signaling isn’t the same as virtue – it actually furthers the partisan divide

Christopher Beem , Penn State

Juneteenth celebrates just one of the United States’ 20 emancipation days – and the history of how emancipated people were kept unfree needs to be remembered, too

Kris Manjapra , Tufts University

The US Civil War drastically reshaped how Americans deal with death – will the pandemic?

Gary Laderman , Emory University

All American presidents have lied – the question is why and when

Michael Blake , University of Washington

Old statues of Confederate generals are slowly disappearing – will monuments honoring people of color replace them?

Frederick Gooding Jr. , Texas Christian University

How the Vietnam War pushed MLK to embrace global justice, not only civil rights at home

Anthony Siracusa , University of Colorado Boulder

Stephen Sondheim’s ‘Assassins’ lays bare the bizarre role of guns in American culture

Jennifer Tucker , Wesleyan University and Peter Rutland , Wesleyan University

From haute cuisine to hot dogs: How dining out has evolved over 200 years – and is innovating further in the pandemic

Hannah Cutting-Jones , University of Oregon

Revisiting reparations: Is it time for the US to pay its debt for the legacy of slavery?

Anne C. Bailey , Binghamton University, State University of New York

There was a time reparations were actually paid out – just not to formerly enslaved people

Thomas Craemer , University of Connecticut

John Brown was a violent crusader, but he blazed a moral path that the cautious Lincoln followed to end slavery

Adam Seagrave , Arizona State University

Five reasons Trump’s challenge of the 2020 election will not lead to civil war

Alexander Cohen , Clarkson University

In appealing to ‘give each other a chance,’ Biden recalls the democratic charity of Abraham Lincoln

Post-election grief is real, and here are 5 coping strategies – including getting back into politics

Christopher Ojeda , University of Tennessee

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Great American History

Research paper topic for the Civil War: Abraham Lincoln and the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment

The only way slavery could be permanently ended was via passage of an amendment to the Constitution.  But when Lincoln took office in 1861, the passage of an amendment to end slavery was an extremely remote possibility.  Even with the departure of the South’s elected representatives from the US Congress, and the election of a Republican president that opposed slavery, the anti-slavery forces in Congress still had an uphill fight.  Not only did a large percentage of northern Democrats support the continuation of slavery, but the majority of northern soldiers did not want to risk their lives for freedom for the slaves.  Many had enlisted to fight for the Union, and no more.

Although he hated slavery, Lincoln recognized how most of the northern people felt about slavery when he took office, and made the primary purpose of the war effort to put down the rebellion and preserve the union of the states.  But he watched for an opportunity to end slavery as well.

Ending slavery would require all of Lincoln’s leadership skills.  First of all, he had to convince thousands of northern soldiers to be willing to fight, suffer, and possibly die to end slavery.  He had to convince the northern public that freedom for the slaves was worth the potential sacrifice of the lives of their sons, fathers, and husbands.  He had to convince the northern congressional democrats to go against their own reluctance to end slavery.  He had to do all of this in the course of the most costly, bitterly-fought war the nation would ever endure.

After the Battle of Antietam, nearly eighteen months after the war began, Lincoln saw his opportunity.  He decided to make use of his war powers as president to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, which promised freedom to slaves in the southern states.  How he gained support for this is an interesting story in itself.  He had to not only to secure the support of the soldiers, but also overcome the doubt of many of the influential members of his own political party.

Lincoln's issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation was a huge step towards freedom for the slaves, but the amendment was still necessary to guarantee it. Surprisingly, the first effort to pass the Thirteenth Amendment, ending slavery, suffered a defeat in the House of Representatives by a vote of 93 to 65.  Only four democrats voted in favor of eliminating slavery.

After this defeat, Lincoln took personal charge of the effort to reverse the vote of the reluctant democrats, and managed to sway enough votes that the Thirteenth Amendment succeeded in Congress the second time.  It was passed in January, 1865 by a vote of 119-56 and sent to the states for ratification.

Questions that could be researched on the subject of Lincoln and the Thirteenth Amendment are: (1) Why did northern democrats oppose the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, and who were the democrats that switched their vote?  (2) How did Lincoln convince them to change sides? (3) What would have happened if Lincoln had not quickly intervened, or had been assassinated before the Thirteenth Amendment passed–would slavery have been left intact at the war’s close?  (4) Finally, and this is probably the most complicated, how did Lincoln convince the northern soldiers and northern people to lay aside their personal interests and make the sacrifices necessary to free the slaves?

Great American history has numerous resources on these subjects, including The Thirteenth Amendment , Lincoln the Transformational Leader , and the Outline of the Civil War .

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Abraham Lincoln: Political Review Research Paper

Abraham Lincoln was among the most influential leaders that the world has ever seen. He was the sixteenth president of the USA. He was instrumental in dealing with the civil war. He showed America a new road during the Civil War which is also considered by many as the toughest period America ever faced. This paper will throw light upon the contribution of Abraham Lincoln. The paper will also present a comprehensive analysis of why he became such an influential leader in America.

“Lincoln warned the South in his Inaugural Address: “In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you…. You have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to preserve, protect and defend it.” (Abraham Lincoln, 2008).

“”I think Slavery is wrong, morally, and politically. I desire that it should be no further spread in these United States, and I should not object if it should gradually terminate in the whole Union.” (Abraham Lincoln, 2008). He was one of the most instrumental in abolishing slavery in America, he cared and though about the people, his selflessness made him very popular and adorable among the people. Lincoln played a very huge role in avoiding a war with Britain in the year 1861, he believed in peaceful coexistence. America had a very strong army at that time and an even stronger navy even though Abraham Lincoln settled all the issues amicably. Had it been someone else in his position the conditions at that time would not have been the same. He made efforts to safeguard the interests of the people; abolishment of slavery is just a small example which he did. In addition to this he did numerous other things like he promoted the passage of the thirteenth amendment, he was instrumental in issuing the Emancipation proclamation and the same was declared in the year 1863. Lincoln had a knack of handpicking people who were supposed to work with him, he made sure that the people he picked were sensible and stuck to him when it came to decision making. This enabled Lincoln to work freely without coming under the pressure of anyone else.

“Abraham believed that the government should be a positive force, whose goal was to serve the people. He reasoned that in order for him to have significant influence and impact on the government, he must achieve a high position in government — preferably the position of the President of the United States. This goal eventually became his burning desire.” (The Compelling Story of Abraham Lincoln, 2008). Lincoln faced hardship almost all his life before taking charge as the president of the USA. His mother died of milk sickness when he was just nine years old. Lincoln never got along with his Father; he got along very well with his Step Mother but never got along with his Father. Lincoln faced bankruptcy early on in his life but these small challenges only made him stronger and doubled his will to achieve his goal.

He was elected as the President in the year 1860, his hard work and dedication paid off and he achieved his goal of becoming the President and serving the people. His speech better known as the Gettysburg address shaped the proceedings which were to take place in America. Unfortunately when the civil war was about to end, he was shot while watching a play with his wife. It is very fair to say that Abraham Lincoln was persistence personified; ignoring the defeats he had to face in life he marched on to reshape America. He gave a new dimension to America and even till date he is regarded as one of the finest leaders the world has ever seen. This is some achievement which takes a lot to achieve.

“The Emancipation Proclamation , announced on September 22 and put into effect on January 1, 1863, freed slaves in territories not under Union control. As Union armies advanced south, more slaves were liberated until all of them in Confederate hands (over three million) were freed. Lincoln later said: “I never, in my life, felt more certain that I was doing right, than I do in signing this paper.” The proclamation made the abolition of slavery in the rebel states an official war goal. Lincoln then threw his energies into passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to permanently abolish slavery throughout the nation” (Letter to Albert, 2008).

“I would save the Union. I would save it the shortest way under the Constitution. The sooner the national authority can be restored; the nearer the Union will be “the Union as it was.”… My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. What I do about slavery and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would help to save the Union. I shall do less whenever I shall believe what I am doing hurts the cause, and I shall do more whenever I shall believe doing more will help the cause. I shall try to correct errors when shown to be errors; and I shall adopt new views so fast as they shall appear to be true views. I have here stated my purpose according to my view of official duty; and I intend no modification of my oft-expressed personal wish that all men everywhere could be free.” (Letter to the Horace Greely, 22 November 2008). This is a passage taken from the great proclamation which was made by him. The most significant contribution of his was to abolish slavery in America. This was really a very commendable job which was very difficult to complete, many criticized him for being too slow in abolishing slavery but he finally managed to do it. The people who criticized him were very demanding; it is very obvious that a social evil takes a lot of time to get rid off and hats off to Lincoln for doing exactly the same.

Lincoln was a great leader and there are no two ways about this, his persistence stood out and was an example for everyone to learn from, he was a born leader who inspired many a people. America witnessed prosperity and growth during his presidency. This goes to show that he was very good at managing people and this is a very important quality a leader must possess and Abraham Lincoln certainly had many more qualities in addition to this.

• Abraham Lincoln. In Showcase.
• The Compelling Story of Abraham Lincoln . In Cybernation. Web.
• Abraham Lincoln. In The White House.
• Letter to Horace Greely. In Abraham Lincoln Online.
• Letter to Albert G Hodges. In Abraham Lincoln Online.
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

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Bibliography

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Choose Your Test

Sat / act prep online guides and tips, 113 great research paper topics.

General Education

One of the hardest parts of writing a research paper can be just finding a good topic to write about. Fortunately we've done the hard work for you and have compiled a list of 113 interesting research paper topics. They've been organized into ten categories and cover a wide range of subjects so you can easily find the best topic for you.

In addition to the list of good research topics, we've included advice on what makes a good research paper topic and how you can use your topic to start writing a great paper.

What Makes a Good Research Paper Topic?

Not all research paper topics are created equal, and you want to make sure you choose a great topic before you start writing. Below are the three most important factors to consider to make sure you choose the best research paper topics.

#1: It's Something You're Interested In

A paper is always easier to write if you're interested in the topic, and you'll be more motivated to do in-depth research and write a paper that really covers the entire subject. Even if a certain research paper topic is getting a lot of buzz right now or other people seem interested in writing about it, don't feel tempted to make it your topic unless you genuinely have some sort of interest in it as well.

#2: There's Enough Information to Write a Paper

Even if you come up with the absolute best research paper topic and you're so excited to write about it, you won't be able to produce a good paper if there isn't enough research about the topic. This can happen for very specific or specialized topics, as well as topics that are too new to have enough research done on them at the moment. Easy research paper topics will always be topics with enough information to write a full-length paper.

Trying to write a research paper on a topic that doesn't have much research on it is incredibly hard, so before you decide on a topic, do a bit of preliminary searching and make sure you'll have all the information you need to write your paper.

#3: It Fits Your Teacher's Guidelines

Don't get so carried away looking at lists of research paper topics that you forget any requirements or restrictions your teacher may have put on research topic ideas. If you're writing a research paper on a health-related topic, deciding to write about the impact of rap on the music scene probably won't be allowed, but there may be some sort of leeway. For example, if you're really interested in current events but your teacher wants you to write a research paper on a history topic, you may be able to choose a topic that fits both categories, like exploring the relationship between the US and North Korea. No matter what, always get your research paper topic approved by your teacher first before you begin writing.

113 Good Research Paper Topics

Below are 113 good research topics to help you get you started on your paper. We've organized them into ten categories to make it easier to find the type of research paper topics you're looking for.

Arts/Culture

• Discuss the main differences in art from the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance .
• Analyze the impact a famous artist had on the world.
• How is sexism portrayed in different types of media (music, film, video games, etc.)? Has the amount/type of sexism changed over the years?
• How has the music of slaves brought over from Africa shaped modern American music?
• How has rap music evolved in the past decade?
• How has the portrayal of minorities in the media changed?

Current Events

• What have been the impacts of China's one child policy?
• How have the goals of feminists changed over the decades?
• How has the Trump presidency changed international relations?
• Analyze the history of the relationship between the United States and North Korea.
• What factors contributed to the current decline in the rate of unemployment?
• What have been the impacts of states which have increased their minimum wage?
• How do US immigration laws compare to immigration laws of other countries?
• How have the US's immigration laws changed in the past few years/decades?
• How has the Black Lives Matter movement affected discussions and view about racism in the US?
• What impact has the Affordable Care Act had on healthcare in the US?
• What factors contributed to the UK deciding to leave the EU (Brexit)?
• What factors contributed to China becoming an economic power?
• Discuss the history of Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies  (some of which tokenize the S&P 500 Index on the blockchain) .
• Do students in schools that eliminate grades do better in college and their careers?
• Do students from wealthier backgrounds score higher on standardized tests?
• Do students who receive free meals at school get higher grades compared to when they weren't receiving a free meal?
• Do students who attend charter schools score higher on standardized tests than students in public schools?
• Do students learn better in same-sex classrooms?
• How does giving each student access to an iPad or laptop affect their studies?
• What are the benefits and drawbacks of the Montessori Method ?
• Do children who attend preschool do better in school later on?
• What was the impact of the No Child Left Behind act?
• How does the US education system compare to education systems in other countries?
• What impact does mandatory physical education classes have on students' health?
• Which methods are most effective at reducing bullying in schools?
• Do homeschoolers who attend college do as well as students who attended traditional schools?
• Does offering tenure increase or decrease quality of teaching?
• How does college debt affect future life choices of students?
• Should graduate students be able to form unions?

• What are different ways to lower gun-related deaths in the US?
• How and why have divorce rates changed over time?
• Is affirmative action still necessary in education and/or the workplace?
• Should physician-assisted suicide be legal?
• How has stem cell research impacted the medical field?
• How can human trafficking be reduced in the United States/world?
• Should people be able to donate organs in exchange for money?
• Which types of juvenile punishment have proven most effective at preventing future crimes?
• Has the increase in US airport security made passengers safer?
• Analyze the immigration policies of certain countries and how they are similar and different from one another.
• Several states have legalized recreational marijuana. What positive and negative impacts have they experienced as a result?
• Do tariffs increase the number of domestic jobs?
• Which prison reforms have proven most effective?
• Should governments be able to censor certain information on the internet?
• Which methods/programs have been most effective at reducing teen pregnancy?
• What are the benefits and drawbacks of the Keto diet?
• How effective are different exercise regimes for losing weight and maintaining weight loss?
• How do the healthcare plans of various countries differ from each other?
• What are the most effective ways to treat depression ?
• What are the pros and cons of genetically modified foods?
• Which methods are most effective for improving memory?
• What can be done to lower healthcare costs in the US?
• What factors contributed to the current opioid crisis?
• Analyze the history and impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic .
• Are low-carbohydrate or low-fat diets more effective for weight loss?
• How much exercise should the average adult be getting each week?
• Which methods are most effective to get parents to vaccinate their children?
• What are the pros and cons of clean needle programs?
• How does stress affect the body?
• Discuss the history of the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians.
• What were the causes and effects of the Salem Witch Trials?
• Who was responsible for the Iran-Contra situation?
• How has New Orleans and the government's response to natural disasters changed since Hurricane Katrina?
• What events led to the fall of the Roman Empire?
• What were the impacts of British rule in India ?
• Was the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki necessary?
• What were the successes and failures of the women's suffrage movement in the United States?
• What were the causes of the Civil War?
• How did Abraham Lincoln's assassination impact the country and reconstruction after the Civil War?
• Which factors contributed to the colonies winning the American Revolution?
• What caused Hitler's rise to power?
• Discuss how a specific invention impacted history.
• What led to Cleopatra's fall as ruler of Egypt?
• How has Japan changed and evolved over the centuries?
• What were the causes of the Rwandan genocide ?

• Why did Martin Luther decide to split with the Catholic Church?
• Analyze the history and impact of a well-known cult (Jonestown, Manson family, etc.)
• How did the sexual abuse scandal impact how people view the Catholic Church?
• How has the Catholic church's power changed over the past decades/centuries?
• What are the causes behind the rise in atheism/ agnosticism in the United States?
• What were the influences in Siddhartha's life resulted in him becoming the Buddha?
• How has media portrayal of Islam/Muslims changed since September 11th?

Science/Environment

• How has the earth's climate changed in the past few decades?
• How has the use and elimination of DDT affected bird populations in the US?
• Analyze how the number and severity of natural disasters have increased in the past few decades.
• Analyze deforestation rates in a certain area or globally over a period of time.
• How have past oil spills changed regulations and cleanup methods?
• How has the Flint water crisis changed water regulation safety?
• What are the pros and cons of fracking?
• What impact has the Paris Climate Agreement had so far?
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• What impact has climate change had on coral reefs?
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How to Write a Great Research Paper

Even great research paper topics won't give you a great research paper if you don't hone your topic before and during the writing process. Follow these three tips to turn good research paper topics into great papers.

#1: Figure Out Your Thesis Early

Before you start writing a single word of your paper, you first need to know what your thesis will be. Your thesis is a statement that explains what you intend to prove/show in your paper. Every sentence in your research paper will relate back to your thesis, so you don't want to start writing without it!

As some examples, if you're writing a research paper on if students learn better in same-sex classrooms, your thesis might be "Research has shown that elementary-age students in same-sex classrooms score higher on standardized tests and report feeling more comfortable in the classroom."

If you're writing a paper on the causes of the Civil War, your thesis might be "While the dispute between the North and South over slavery is the most well-known cause of the Civil War, other key causes include differences in the economies of the North and South, states' rights, and territorial expansion."

#2: Back Every Statement Up With Research

Remember, this is a research paper you're writing, so you'll need to use lots of research to make your points. Every statement you give must be backed up with research, properly cited the way your teacher requested. You're allowed to include opinions of your own, but they must also be supported by the research you give.

#3: Do Your Research Before You Begin Writing

You don't want to start writing your research paper and then learn that there isn't enough research to back up the points you're making, or, even worse, that the research contradicts the points you're trying to make!

Get most of your research on your good research topics done before you begin writing. Then use the research you've collected to create a rough outline of what your paper will cover and the key points you're going to make. This will help keep your paper clear and organized, and it'll ensure you have enough research to produce a strong paper.

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Christine graduated from Michigan State University with degrees in Environmental Biology and Geography and received her Master's from Duke University. In high school she scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT and was named a National Merit Finalist. She has taught English and biology in several countries.

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The Motives Behind Lincoln’s Assassination

This essay about why John Wilkes Booth killed Abraham Lincoln explores the motives behind one of the most tragic events in American history. It identifies Booth’s unwavering support for the Confederacy and his view of Lincoln as a tyrant undermining southern states’ rights as central factors. The essay discusses Booth’s belief that his act would catalyze a Confederate resurgence, a miscalculation that instead branded him a traitor. It also considers Booth’s theatrical background, suggesting his dramatic assassination attempt was influenced by a desire for infamy and a misjudgment of its potential impact. Ultimately, the essay concludes that Booth’s actions, far from reviving the Confederate cause, immortalized Lincoln as a martyr and unified the nation in its commitment to reconstruction and healing, leaving Booth’s legacy forever tarnished by his deed.

How it works

The slaying of President Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865, orchestrated by John Wilkes Booth, stands as a monumental and sorrowful episode in American annals. Booth, a renowned thespian and zealous advocate of the Confederate cause, perpetrated one of the most astonishing deeds of his era. Comprehending the rationale behind Booth’s deed necessitates delving into the intricate nexus of his personal convictions, the tumultuous backdrop of the Civil War, and the societal schisms of the epoch.

At the core of Booth’s motivation lay his steadfast allegiance to the Confederacy.

As the Civil War neared its denouement, with General Robert E. Lee’s capitulation mere days preceding the assassination, Booth found himself in a state of desperation and disillusionment. He perceived Lincoln, who had steered the Union to triumph in the Civil War and championed the abolition of slavery, as a despot who trampled upon the rights and freedoms of the southern states. Booth’s sympathies for the South were exacerbated by Lincoln’s recent proposition to bestow suffrage upon select cohorts of emancipated slaves, a move Booth interpreted as the final affront in a litany of grievances.

Booth’s actions were not born solely of personal vendetta; he harbored the belief that his dramatic act would incite a resurgence of the Confederate cause and overturn the Union’s conquest. He fancied himself a heroic figure, delivering a blow for the South’s emancipation. However, this proved to be a grave miscalculation. Instead of rallying support for the South, Booth’s deed rendered him an outcast and a murderer, further bolstering the North’s determination to reconcile the nation and advance Reconstruction efforts.

Moreover, Booth’s background in the theater contributed to his deluded conviction that a theatrical gesture could alter the course of history. Accustomed to the potency of performance in captivating audiences, he may have overestimated the impact his “performance” at Ford’s Theatre could have on the national stage. His penchant for the dramatic and quest for notoriety influenced his decision to assassinate Lincoln in such a conspicuous and theatrical manner.

In the aftermath, Booth’s machinations failed to yield the desired outcome. Instead of achieving his aims, the assassination plunged the nation into deeper mourning and enshrined Lincoln as a martyr for unity and liberty. It hastened the erosion of any lingering sympathy for the Confederacy and underscored the imperative of reconciliation and healing in the post-war era.

In summation, John Wilkes Booth’s assassination of President Lincoln was propelled by a complex amalgamation of political ideology, misguided allegiance to the Confederate cause, and personal aspirations for fame. His deeds, driven by a distorted conception of despotism and freedom, ultimately misfired, immortalizing Lincoln as a paragon and unifying the nation in its determination to reconstruct and forge ahead. Booth’s legacy, far from that of a Confederate champion, is tarnished by the violence that terminated one of the most momentous presidential tenures in American history, paving the way for the nation’s arduous odyssey towards conciliation and equality.

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Lincoln’s lost lecture

What the log-splitter president said about technology’s influence on democracy.

By Bret Stephens

“All creation is a mine, and every man, a miner.”

So begins one of the least-known speeches by Abraham Lincoln, the “ Lecture on Discoveries and Inventions ,” versions of which were delivered on at least six occasions between April 1858 and April 1860. We generally think of Lincoln as an American prophet, a redeemer president who freed the slaves, saved the Union and ennobled the cause of liberty with magnificent oratory. We only rarely think of him as a philosopher-statesman, a man who had enduringly relevant things to say about the hidden vulnerabilities of democratic institutions in the face of change: generational, ideological and, not least, technological.

He was. And much of his thinking on the subject was deeply rooted—as it would have been for most Americans in the 19th century—in the Hebrew Bible.

Not that Lincoln saw himself as some sort of scholar. “I am not a professional lecturer,” Lincoln confessed. “Have never got up but one lecture; and that I think, a rather poor one.” What we have today of the lecture exists only in fragmentary form, lacks a proper conclusion, is redundant in places and was probably delivered with a fair amount of extemporizing—probably the result of a writing process described by his law partner William Herndon as “noting down ideas on stray pieces of paper, which found lodgment inside his hat.”

Still, for all his engagement with pressing political and legal issues, Lincoln was repeatedly forced to reckon with questions that went beyond the merely contemporary. Was the United States founded in 1776 as a single nation with a unifying set of moral convictions, or in 1787, as a compact of states with distinct legal rights? Was the Declaration of Independence’s claim that “all men are created equal” a self-evident truth or, as John C. Calhoun put it, a “self-evident lie”? Could a republic founded by one revolutionary generation resist the revolutionary impulse of succeeding generations to overthrow it?

Could invention itself, for all its potential benefits, sometimes pose a fatal danger to the cause of human freedom?

Lincoln also had a lifelong fascination with science and technology. In 1849, he received a patent for a mechanism to lift boats over shoals, making him the only president in history to ever get one. A legal acquaintance from the 1850s, Charles Zane, was with Lincoln the first time the future president saw a self-raking reaping machine. “He examined it with much interest,” Zane recalled, “and then I listened to him explaining, in the fewest words but with great clearness, how power and motion were communicated to the different appliances, especially to the sickle, the revolving rake, and the reel.”

But it was as president that Lincoln had the best opportunity, and the greatest need, to explore his technological fixations fully. He corresponded with Richard Gatling, inventor of the eponymous gun, and pushed the army to adopt it. He urged the creation of the Union Army Balloon Corps and appointed Thaddeus S.C. Lowe to its command: In June 1861, Lowe telegraphed the president, from a height of 500 feet, a message “acknowledging indebtedness to your encouragement for the opportunity of demonstrating the availability of the science of aeronautics in the service of the country.” A lawn south of the White House became an informal testing ground for new weapons, many of which Lincoln liked to try out or see for himself. “The inventors were more a source of amusement than of annoyance,” recalled John Hay, Lincoln’s personal secretary. “They were usually men of some originality of character, not infrequently carried to eccentricity. Lincoln had a quick comprehension of mechanical principles, and often detected a flaw in an invention which the contriver had overlooked.”

In all this, Lincoln was typically American: practical, curious and enthusiastic about the capacity of science and technology to improve everyday life, ease suffering and advance the common interests of mankind. But he also had doubts: Could invention itself, for all its potential benefits, sometimes pose a potentially fatal danger to the cause of human freedom?

Here is where the enduring interest of his “Lecture on Discoveries and Inventions” lies. Americans tend to think that political freedom and technological innovation are not merely complementary but also mutually reinforcing; that is, that liberalism supplies the political and economic conditions in which inventive people are most likely to flourish, and that the products of invention strengthen the foundations of liberalism by making society richer and happier. This is the blasé confidence that leads us to believe that the benefits of technological progress invariably outweigh its costs, whatever turbulence it occasionally produces.

But what if that isn’t always true—if, that is, Lincoln’s doubts are well founded? What if certain technologies transform not merely the way we produce goods and services but also how we treat other human beings, relate to our government and understand our shared rights? Can a nation that sees itself as the greatest invention of all time—Novus ordo seclorum, “a new order of the ages”—preserve any sense of reverence for the ideas and ideals that came before it? Can a restlessly inventive people restrain their taste for the new, and thus their eagerness to discard the old, even if the new threatens the foundations of their own liberty?

What if certain technologies transform not merely the way we produce goods and services but also how we treat other human beings

Lincoln begins his talk by observing that invention is a defining feature of human nature: “Man is not the only animal who labors; but he is the only one who improves his workmanship.” What follows is a catalog, based on biblical references, of ancient inventions and inventors. Tubal-cain, seventh in descent from Adam, was, in the words of Genesis, “an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron.” Thread—suggesting spinning and weaving—is also mentioned in Genesis, as is the saddle. (“Abraham rose up early in the morning, and saddled his ass.”) There is a mention of a chariot “upon the occasion of Joseph being made Governor by Pharaoh,” implying the prior invention of the wheel and axle.

Lincoln cites at least 24 specific passages from the Books of Moses. Other than demonstrating his deep familiarity with the Bible, there’s a hidden purpose to these references. “I think I can show, at least in a fanciful way, that all the modern inventions were known centuries ago,” he explained to Louis Agassiz in January 1865, when the great natural scientist came to the White House and asked about the lecture. Not everything that is new is necessarily better: The ancients, Lincoln is saying, weren’t our inferiors when it came to doing the sorts of things we value most about ourselves. In important ways, they might have been much better.

The full meaning of Lincoln’s remark to Agassiz becomes clearer in the second half of the speech, which begins with such a startling turn that, until the 1990s, historians thought it constituted a completely different lecture. “We have all heard of Young America,” Lincoln says. “He is the most current youth of the age. Some think him conceited, and arrogant; but has he not reason to entertain a rather extensive opinion of himself? Is he not the inventor and owner of the present, and sole hope of the future?”

Young America was the name of a cultural, artistic and political movement, formed in the 1840s and connected to the Democratic Party, which believed that America had to make a decisive break with everything deemed old. “All history is to be re-written; political science and the whole scope of all moral truth have to be considered and illustrated in the light of the democratic principle,” wrote the magazine columnist John Louis O’Sullivan, a champion of the movement. “All old subjects of thought and all new questions arising, connected more or less directly with human existence, have to be taken up again and re-examined.”

The animating political spirit of Young America was a kind of self-confident jingoism that found expression in the policies that led to the Mexican-American War—which Lincoln had opposed on the grounds that it was both unjust and dangerous, since it opened up new lands for the expansion of slavery. Young America also believed in unfettered capitalism, including free trade, which Lincoln opposed in favor of a tariff system, and a kind of self-serving morality that disguised its greed in professions of faith in humanity. Its greatest political champion was Stephen Douglas, who defeated Lincoln in the 1858 Illinois Senate race and later lost to him in the 1860 presidential election.

“In knowledge he is particularly rich,” Lincoln says of Young America with obvious sarcasm. “He knows all that can possibly be known; inclines to believe in spiritual rappings and is the unquestioned inventor of ‘Manifest Destiny,’” the phrase for which O’Sullivan is most famous. “His horror is for all that is old, particularly ‘Old Fogy’; and if there be any thing old which he can endure, it is only old whiskey and old tobacco.”

Technology is not merely a tool to be shaped by its users for better or worse. It is itself a shaper that can turn people into tools, whether as slaves or, in the case of social media, “users.”

Now Lincoln has a bit of fun. If Young America despises Old Fogy, then how does he feel about “the first of all fogies, father Adam”? Adam, Lincoln says, was probably “ignorant, and simple in his habits.” Yet he had certain advantages over his successors. He was “a very perfect physical man.” He had “dominion over all the earth.” He is the inventor of clothing, speech and “the art of invention” itself. And even then, there is a prior inventor—that is, Adam’s own creator. Lincoln pauses to marvel at “the great activity of the tongue, in articulating sounds,” and then “the wonderful powers of the eye, in conveying ideas to the mind from writing.” No modern machine, Lincoln implies, could possibly match these.

In other words, the greatest inventor is God, a point that would not have been lost on Lincoln’s pious audiences (whom he was tacitly courting as voters). This does not mean that human beings should not invent—otherwise, God would not have endowed human beings with inventive natures. But it does suggest that invention involves a form of gratitude to the Divine, and perhaps a conviction that the way he invented us is how we should invent in turn: lovingly, humanely, ethically.

For Lincoln, the ethical invention par excellence is the printing press, because it helped liberate human potential as nothing else before it or since. “It is very probable—almost certain—that the great mass of men, at that time (before the invention of the press), were utterly unconscious, that their conditions, or their minds were capable of improvement,” Lincoln says.

“They not only looked upon the educated few as superior beings; but they supposed themselves to be naturally incapable of rising to equality. To emancipate the mind from this false and under estimate of itself, is the great task which printing came into the world to perform. It is difficult for us, now and here, to conceive how strong this slavery of the mind was; and how long it did, of necessity, take, to break its shackles, and to get a habit of freedom of thought, established.”

If the printing press is the paradigmatic good invention, what is the paradigmatic bad one? A single telling line gives away his thinking:

“I have already intimated my opinion that in the world’s history, certain inventions and discoveries occurred, of peculiar value, on account of their great efficiency in facilitating all other inventions and discoveries. Of these were the arts of writing and of printing—the discovery of America, and the introduction of Patent-laws. The date of the first, as already stated, is unknown; but it certainly was as much as fifteen hundred years before the Christian era; the second—printing—came in 1436, or nearly three thousand years after the first. The others followed more rapidly—the discovery of America in 1492, and the first patent laws in 1624. Though not apposite to my present purpose, it is but justice to the fruitfulness of that period, to mention two other important events—the Lutheran Reformation in 1517, and, still earlier, the invention of negroes, or, of the present mode of using them, in 1434.”

The date appears to be a reference to the origins of the African slave trade, initially by Portuguese slavers selling their captives to Spanish buyers. But the power of the line—the only reference to American slavery in the entire lecture—rests in its argument that the idea of “negro” as a category has nothing to do with nature and everything to do with invention; that is, that racialized slavery, if not the very idea of race, is a contrivance of relatively modern times. Invention, after all, is not just about the making of devices but also the minting of ideas and the creation of institutions—in this case, the idea of racial inferiority, and the institution of slavery to profit from it.

It would have been difficult for Lincoln to convince his listeners that nothing fundamental distinguished them from their Black servants or slaves. That’s probably why he touches on it only glancingly. But the radicalism of what he is saying should not be missed: He is arguing that concepts of race and racial superiority are, to use the argot of 21st-century academia, “social constructs.” What appeared so completely natural to a white, 19th-century American audience was, Lincoln believed, an invention of the mind—and one that, within a few years of Lincoln’s speech, would have to be violently undone.

Technology is among the most fundamental issues in all of politics. To think otherwise is to perpetuate an illusion, if not a deception, that leaves us at the mercy of technological “advances” that we can scarcely control.

What Lincoln called “the present mode” of using Black people wasn’t just a function of ideas about race. Technology was pivotal, too. One of the surprising omissions in the “Lecture on Discoveries and Inventions” (though quite possibly because we don’t have the full text) is any reference to Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, invented in 1793, which transformed the economic incentives of the American South by making cotton plantations immensely profitable.

Even so, we know the cotton gin was very much on Lincoln’s mind. In July 1858, shortly after he first delivered his “Lecture on Discoveries and Inventions,” he gave a speech in Springfield explaining how his views about slavery had evolved over time. As a younger man, Lincoln explained, he had opposed slavery while believing it was on a gradual course to extinction. But with the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, he concluded that his hopes had “been resting in delusion.” One point of evidence was a speech given by South Carolina Congressman Preston Brooks, remembered by history as the man who caned Sen. Charles Sumner, the Massachusetts abolitionist, on the floor of the Senate. “Mr. Brooks,” Lincoln said, “what I think, that the framers of our Constitution placed the institution of slavery where the public mind rested in the hope that it was on the course of ultimate extinction. But he went on to say that the men of the present age, by their experience, have become wiser than the framers of the Constitution; and the invention of the cotton gin had made the perpetuity of slavery a necessity in this country.”

Simply put, the cotton gin gave wealthy white Southerners motives far more powerful than their moral scruples to perpetuate the institution of slavery: power, wealth, ease. The convictions that uphold a free society, which Jefferson named so memorably in the Declaration of Independence, simply collapsed in the face of those temptations. Because of the cotton gin, every political impulse in the South sought to entrench slavery; every economic instinct to expand it; and every ideological tendency to justify it. The fact that the justifications were ludicrous—”although volume upon volume is written to prove slavery a very good thing,” Lincoln scoffed in yet another speech, “we never hear of the man who wishes to take the good of it, by being a slave himself”—did almost nothing to diminish their power. Technology and the perverse incentives it creates warp reason.

The cotton gin is a technology of the distant past. But it’s worth asking: What is our own cotton gin? What technology warps our relationship to other citizens, sows distrust in democratic institutions, atomizes the individual, polarizes politics, disseminates conspiracy theories, empowers bigots and embitters personal relationships? And—in doing all this damage—reaps immense profits for its inventors, innovators and investors?

There’s more than one answer, no doubt. But little compares to social media in its consequences for democratic norms. When Mark Zuckerberg took Facebook public in 2012, he told investors that his company would “rewire the way people spread and consume information” and “once again transform many of our core institutions and industries.” As the social psychologist Jonathan Haidt has pointed out, he was right — just not in the way he thought. The algorithms of social media “encouraged dishonesty and mob dynamics,” Ha idt wrote a decade later in The Atlantic. They have “magnified and weaponized the frivolous” and are “almost perfectly designed to bring out our most moralistic and least reflective selves.”

“It was just this kind of twitchy and explosive spread of anger,” Haidt adds, “that James Madison had tried to protect us from as he was drafting the U.S. Constitution.”

This isn’t the place to speculate about how much additional damage social media will do to the fabric of a free society. The central point, which Lincoln saw so clearly, is that technology is not merely a tool to be shaped by its users for better or worse. It is itself a shaper that can turn people into tools. The idea that technology should or can be separated from politics—a central conceit of liberal-democratic ideology—is wrong: Technology is among the most fundamental issues in all of politics. To think otherwise is to perpetuate an illusion, if not a deception, that leaves us at the mercy of technological “advances” that we choose naïvely and, once they take hold, can scarcely control.

Lincoln is not asking us to resist the technological trend by becoming a society of Luddites, which would only harm the interests of a free society and its people. Nor is he insisting that we predict all the potential dangers of powerful new technologies or kill them in their infancy. He is, however, suggesting that a task of democratic statesmanship is to ask whether a new technology is likelier to lead to the emancipation of the mind than to its enslavement. And, should we answer in the negative, he suggests, we can put limits on those technologies, whether it’s through regulation or education or the deliberate cultivation of a habit of reverence for the old amid our infatuation with the new.

The core of all of Lincoln’s teachings is that democracies fail when people become careless about what it means to be human. And the test of any technology is whether it makes us more human, not less.

This essay originally appeared in Sapir, a journal of Jewish thought. Bret Stephens is the editor in chief of Sapir and a columnist for The New York Times.

This story appears in the April 2024 issue of Deseret Magazine . Learn more about how to subscribe .