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Young University Rankings 2023
The Times Higher Education Young University Rankings list the world’s best universities that are 50 years old or younger.
The table is based on the same 13 performance indicators as the flagship THE World University Rankings, but the weightings have been adjusted to give less weight to reputation.
The universities are judged across all their core missions – teaching, research, knowledge transfer and international outlook – to provide the most comprehensive and balanced comparisons available.
The 2023 ranking includes 605 universities, up from 539 in 2022. A further 358 institutions are listed with “reporter” status, meaning that they provided data but did not meet our eligibility criteria to receive a rank.
View the Young University Rankings 2023 methodology
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore tops the league table again after dropping to second place last year.
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology moves up to the second spot, while last year’s front-runner Paris Sciences et Lettres – PSL Research University Paris falls to third place.
Hong Kong has three institutions in the top 10, more than any other territory, while France is the most-represented country in the top 20, with five institutions in this group.
Italy’s Humanitas University is the highest new entry in the ranking, in 29th place.
Overall, Turkey leads as the most-represented nation with 47 institutions, followed closely by India with 45. Iran surpasses the UK to become the third most-represented nation, with 39 institutions.
The number of territories featured in the table rises to 78, from 74 last year. Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Namibia are among the countries that make their debuts.
Read our analysis of the Young University Rankings 2023 results
To raise your university’s global profile with Times Higher Education , contact [email protected]
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Nanyang Technological University in Singapore ranked second in 2022, losing its first-place spot. Image: UNSPLASH/Pang Yuhao
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- Young universities are thriving, providing excellent education and research.
- The latest rankings of institutions less than 50 years old includes some new entries.
- Africa has the most entries on the list, followed by Oceania and Asia.
Which is the world’s oldest university? If you said Bologna or Oxford, you were on the money. But could you name the youngest? Now a new survey has ranked the world’s universities that are under 50 years old.
Top of the Times Higher Education Young Universities 2022 rankings is Paris Sciences et Lettres - PSL Research University, Paris. Founded in 2010, one of its constituent colleges dates back to the 16th century , so it's no novice. It’s also the first French university to hold the top spot.
Hardly surprising then that the institution counts 28 Nobel laureates among its alumni . According to Times Higher Education (THE), PSL accounts for more than a tenth of all research conducted at universities in France, having no fewer than 140 laboratories.
PSL, which was ranked second in the 2021 young university rankings , has 20,500 students, a female-to-male student ratio of 47:53 and offers nine bachelor’s and 48 master’s degrees in all disciplines of which about 20 are taught in English.
Second-placed Nanyang Technological University, Singapore swapped places with PSL in 2022 having come first in the 2021 rankings. The two institutions’ ranking scores were just 0.5% apart .
Founded in 1991, Nanyang has 25,000 students from more than 100 countries and maintains close academic ties with leading international universities including Imperial College, London, Stanford and Peking.
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, established in 1991, retained its third place from the 2021 rankings. One of the university’s life sciences professors, Angela Wu , was named as one of the World Economic Forum’s Young Scientists of the Year in 2018 .
New young entries
Fourth place in the rankings was taken by Erasmus University Rotterdam, a new entry in the 2022 rankings. Erasmus has been a university since 1973 although its history can be traced back to the foundation of the Netherlands School of Commerce in the city in 1913.
The university describes itself as offering “notoriously reasonable tuition” with undergraduate fees for European students of around €2,200 ($2,500) a year. It has 39,000 students and researchers across bachelor, masters and doctoral programmes.
Another new entrant in 2022, going straight into the rankings at number six is the Institut Polytechnique de Paris with 8,500 students, a third of whom come from outside of France. The Polytechnic was founded as recently as 2019 although it incorporates schools with over 200 years of history .
The regional view
Hong Kong has three institutions in the top 10 of the 2022 Young University Rankings, with France and the Netherlands each having two and Australia, Belgium and Singapore fielding one apiece.
Across all the universities listed, India and Turkey, both with 40 in the rankings, have the largest number of rated institutions less than 50 years old. Iran and the UK each have 37 followed by Spain with 32, France with 24 and Australia with 23.
The Young University Rankings are based on an evaluation of each institution against 13 criteria grouped into five key areas: teaching; research; citations (research influence); international outlook (staff, students and research); and industry income (or knowledge transfer).
Viewed from a regional perspective, Africa has the most universities in the 2022 rankings with over two thirds of the world’s youngest universities followed by Oceania, Asia, Europe, South and North America.
Exclusive club
A total of 790 institutions submitted data for this year’s league table but many were not ranked because they had either not published at least 1,000 papers in reputable publications over a five-year period or because they only teach in a single subject area, or don’t teach undergraduates.
Those universities that did not meet the eligibility criteria for ranking are simply listed as having ‘reporter’ status in the league table.
“Every year… we have to exclude some universities from the rankings because our World University Rankings methodology has very strict criteria for entry. This makes the ranking a very exclusive club, but one that many universities strive to be part of,” said THE Head of Data Science, David Watkins.
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Times Higher Education Young Universities Ranking: another look
by Anand Kulkarni
Dr Anand Kulkarni is a higher education professional at Victoria University. This article is based on his article, ‘ Times Higher Education Young Universities Ranking: another look ’, which was published in Campus Review on 2 March 2022. The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the view of AAIR.
Times Higher Education produces the Young Universities Rankings annually to capture the performance of newer Universities and as a contrast to its World University Rankings. The Young University Rankings 2022 captures institutions under the age of 50 years, and the recently released 2022 Times Higher Education Young Institution Rankings shows some interesting results.
In 2021, 475 young institutions were ranked around the world, in contrast to 539 in 2022. This indicates the growing international competition for rankings as more institutions meet the thresholds for inclusion. The Young University Rankings comprise the same metrics and pillars as the Times Higher Education World University Rankings; however, there are differences in weightings. In the Young University Rankings, reputational indicators are worth less in the overall score compared to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, because it takes time for institutions to develop strong reputations.
Countries that have the most ranked young institutions include India (40), Iran (37), Turkey (40), Spain (32), and the UK (37). Australia punches above its weight with 23 ranked institutions. What is instructive is that in some measure, developing or emerging economy institutions are very well represented in these young institution rankings, reflecting the challenge that younger institutions in these nations present. For example, Pakistan has 14 and Malaysia has 13 young universities ranked. A clear exception is China, which has only 11 institutions represented in the Young University Rankings, compared to 97 (out of 1,662) institutions in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings. Put simply, China accounts for 5.8% of ranked institutions in the World University Rankings compared to only 2.0% of the Young University Rankings.
The US presents an interesting case as well. There are only 6 US institutions ranked in the Young University Rankings, indicating that most of the ranking activity in the US is associated with older universities. For example, the US accounts for just 1.1% of ranked young institutions compared to a very significant 11.0% in the World University Rankings (183 institutions out of 1,662). The US is the overall leader in the World University Rankings; thus, older institutions in the US continue to dominate the rankings.
As indicated, there are 23 ranked young Australian institutions, which is the same as last year. Australia accounts for 4.3% of the globally ranked young institutions compared to 2.2% (37 ranked institutions) in the World University Rankings. Australia in general has a high proportion of young institutions, which will hold it in good stead as these institutions continue to mature and develop.
In 2022, 10 Australian institutions improved their rankings in the Young University Rankings compared to 2021. The most significant gains have been for the University of Southern Queensland, Charles Darwin University, Swinburne University and Deakin University, while other institutions—including for example Western Sydney University, Australian Catholic University, and RMIT—have experienced gains. In 2022, the top 5 institutions are the University of Technology Sydney (8th), the University of Canberra (17th), Queensland University of Technology (21st), the University of Wollongong (24th), and Western Sydney University (31st).
In looking at the scores by pillar across the ranked young universities, it is evident that the best scoring areas are in international outlook and citations. Australian institutions continue to be highly internationalised, although the full impact of COVID-19 has yet to be felt. Scores are strong, generally indicating that young institutions are highly regarded around the world.
To what extent are young institutions in Australia posing a challenge to older, more established institutions?
One way to assess this is to examine the performance of young institutions in the overall World University Rankings. We find that for the World University Rankings, two young institutions (the University of Technology Sydney and the University of Canberra) are represented in the top 10 Australian institutions in the World University Rankings. Thus, the top echelons of the World University Rankings are still dominated by the older, more established institutions.
If we look at the next 10 Australian institutions in the World University Rankings, i.e. numbers 11–20, the pattern changes and we find that 7 of these institutions are young universities. These young universities range from 193 to 251–300 globally. Beyond the top 20 Australian institutions in the World University Rankings, young institutions dominate. From all of this we can say that at this point young Australian universities tend to be in the middle to lower reaches in the World University Rankings.
The Times Higher Education Young University Rankings reveal that Australia has a strong rankings performance amongst these newer institutions, even if at this point they do not definitively challenge the established status quo.
Anand Kulkarni
AAIR member, 2022
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Times Higher Education releases its Young University Rankings for 2021
By renee aoun, on june 28, 2021.
This year’s Young University Rankings was released by Times Higher Education (THE) on Wednesday, June 23rd. The results feature 475 relatively young universities which were founded up to 50 years ago. According to THE, as soon as an institution reaches its 51st birthday, it drops out of the ranking. In total, the rankings feature universities from 68 nations and territories worldwide. This year’s Young University Rankings feature more Asian universities than the previous years, with South Korea securing three universities within the top then. Still steadily advancing, Asian universities populated this year’s top ten, outnumbering universities from the rest of the world.
THE Young University Ranking – Top ten for 2021
Below is the list of colleges and institutions that made it into the top ten:
- 1st Nanyang Technological University – Singapore – founded in 1991 2nd Paris Sciences et Lettres – PSL Research University Paris – France – founded in 2010 3rd The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology – Hong Kong – founded in 1991 4th Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology – South Korea – founded in 1971 5th City University of Hong Kong – Hong Kong – founded in 1984 6th Maastricht University – Netherlands – founded in 1976 7th Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa – Italy – founded in 1987 8th Pohang University of Science and Technology – South Korea – founded in 1986 9th University of Technology Sydney – Australia – founded in 1988 10th Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology – South Korea – founded in 2009
Both Nanyang Technological University in Singapore and Paris Sciences et Lettres climbed up a rank from last year; from 2nd to 1st place and 3rd to 2nd place respectively, while the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology dropped to 3rd place from 1st. Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology is up to 4th place from 5th place last year; the University of Hong Kong is up to 5th place from 7th last year; while Maastricht University maintained its position in 6th place. Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies in Italy lost its 4th place to 7th this year, with Pohang University of Science and Technology securing its rank for the second year in a row in 8th place. 9th and 10th place were occupied by the University of Technology Sydney and Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology in South Korea. Both universities have come a long way from 15th and 17th place last year to earn their spots in this year’s top ten.
THE Young University Ranking – Top 50 for 2021
Two universities from the GCC made it to the top 50; Al Faisal University in Saudi Arabia in 36th place and Qatar University in 43rd place. From France and Germany, five universities from each country were listed in the top 50. Even more impressive were the universities in Australia. The country ingrained its presence in this year’s list with ten institutions placing within the top 50.
THE top five most represented countries in THE Young University Rankings for 2021
According to THE, “The UK is still the most represented territory in the ranking, with 37 institutions, but India is now second (up from joint third) with 34”. The third most represented country is Spain, with 33 universities and colleges on the list. Turkey follows closely after in 4th place with 31 universities, and France places 5th with 27 universities making it to the list.
THE Young University Rankings – Assessment methodology
The Times Higher Education Young University Rankings 2021 follows the same evaluation methodology as the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, examining 13 performance indicators grouped under these five areas:
- Teaching and learning environment
- Research (volume, income, and reputation)
- Citations or research influence
- International outlook (staff, students, and research)
- Industry income and knowledge transfer
THE Young University Rankings 2021
Young University Rankings 2021 – Digital edition
THE Young University Rankings Methodology
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The 2021 Times Higher Education (THE) Young University Rankings edition has been published
The UPC is ranked 188th globally.
The Times Higher Education (THE) Young University Rankings ranks the 475 best universities in the world founded 50 or less years ago.
The rankings analyse the same 13 indicators as the THE World University Rankings, although they adjust the weight of indicators that refer to reputation that tend to give older institutions an advantage.
The UPC is ranked 188th in the 2021 edition.
For further information click on the following link.
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IIT Ropar, IIT Indore Among Top 100 Young Universities: Times Rankings
The young university rankings 2021: iit ropar is 63rd and iit indore is 76th among 50 years old or younger universities across the world, according to the rankings..
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Ropar is the 63rd best young university in the world, and IIT Indore is 76th, according to the Times Higher Education Young Universities Rankings 2021. THE Young University Rankings list the world's best universities that are 50 years old or younger. It has the same 13 performance indicators used in the flagship World University Rankings.
Thirty-four Indian universities have made it to the list, including Mahatma Gandhi University (142), IIT Gandhinagar (155), IISER Kolkata (157), IIT Hyderabad (169) and IIIT Delhi (185). India's representation on his list is second only to the United Kingdom's.
No Indian university has made it to the top ten or the top 50. While IIT Ropar has lost one spot from its last year's rank (62), IIT Indore has slipped by 12 positions since 2020 (64).
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, has become the first Singaporean university to achieve the number one spot, according to an official statement. Paris Sciences et Lettres – PSL Research University Paris and The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology have been ranked second and third.
“This year, we have seen more universities join the rankings than ever before, and witnessed Nanyang Technological University, Singapore – at barely 30 years old – become the first Singaporean university to achieve the number one spot. The dynamism of these younger institutions is reflected throughout the rankings, but maybe most obviously in the top ten, where we see a record seven countries and regions represented in the group for the first time,” said Phil Baty, Chief Knowledge Officer at THE.
“Despite youth often being paralleled with ‘inexperience' in a centuries old university sector, these institutions have the ability to be proactive and flexible in the everchanging higher education environment, not held back by tradition or expectation and are offering world class education, research and teaching across their missions. They are well poised to shake up traditional higher education hierarchies,” Mr Baty added.
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Transforming the future: New visions of young universities
22–23 june 2021.
The seventh annual THE Young Universities Summit assessed the global outlook for higher education and identify opportunities for new growth and explore how young universities can expand their spheres of influence both globally and locally.
The summit heard leaders of young universities – defined as higher education institutions established since 1945 – discuss opportunities to further consolidate their reputation and impact at home and abroad. It showcased thought leadership from both young and long-established institutions, as well as industry and government leaders.
Agenda themes:
- Building a world-class reputation post-Covid
- World-leading research with impact
- Localism and the global university
- Brave new world: Digital transformation and the young university
The summit also featured an exclusive preview of the THE Young University Rankings 2021, accompanied by a detailed masterclass examining the latest data.
Log in to watch the session recordings, or register below for post-event access if you are not yet registered.
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Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2021
The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2021 evaluated over 1,500 institutions from around the world to create a comprehensive rating for universities. We explore and analyse the results.
The highly anticipated Time Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings 2021 have been revealed. The 2021 edition represents the most extensive evaluation of higher learning institutions around the world for the THE rankings. With a focus on inclusion and diversity, THE examined over 1,500 universities in 93 countries across the world. Sometimes it can seem challenging to make sense of what it all means, how the rankings are calculated and which study destinations performed best. We’ve got the inside information for you with an analysis of the top performers, the up and comers and how judgement is passed on the institutions.
Which universities ranked in the top 10?
It was once again a battle of the perennial high achievers in the UK and U.S. with an arm wrestle for first place between the University of Oxford and Stanford University, with the former bagging the top honour for 2021. This is the fifth year in a row that sees the UK institution lead the pack, however, for Stanford University it represents a two-place improvement from 2020, knocking last year's second-placed institution, the California Institute of Technology, out of the runners-up spot.
Third place for 2021 was awarded to another Ivy League institution in the U.S., namely Harvard University, which saw their stock rise considerably from a disappointing 7th spot in 2020. Rounding out the top five were another pair of universities from the U.S., with California Institute of Technology sitting in fourth and Massachusetts Institute of Technology in fifth.
The 2021 rankings reveal a strong showing for institutions in the U.S. with eight of the top ten institutions being based in the country. The UK also features significantly in the top 20 global universities with four institutions making the list. One of the biggest jumps in the top 20 was for the University of California Berkeley who moved from 15 th in the previous rankings to 7 th for 2021.
Significantly three institutions from Asia remain in the top 25 in 2021 including Tsinghua University (+20), Peking University (23) and National University of Singapore (25). Tsinghua University rose from the 23 rd spot in 2020 to take up a position in the top 20 for the first time, while Peking University improved by one spot. The top ten universities in the world for 2021, according to the THE World University Rankings 2021 are:
1. University of Oxford (UK)
2. Stanford University (US)
3. Harvard University (US)
4. California Institute of Technology (US)
5. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
6. University of Cambridge (UK)
7. University of California Berkeley (US)
8. Yale University (US)
9. Princeton University (US)
10. University of Chicago (US)
How are the rankings calculated?
The THE World University Rankings use 13 key indicators by which a university is assessed, judged and evaluated. They are designed to examine a university’s performance in the critical areas of teaching, research, internationalisation and knowledge transfer. The rankings also conduct extensive interviews with students, over 22,000 worldwide, and research university citations, which for the 2021 rankings amounted to over 80 million.
The indicators used by THE are divided into five areas each weighted with a relative percentage:
- Reputation survey (15 per cent)
- Student to staff ratio (4.5 per cent)
- Doctorate to bachelor’s student ratio (2.25 per cent)
- Doctorates awarded to academic staff (6 per cent)
- Institutional income (2.25 per cent)
- Reputation survey (18 per cent)
- Research income (6 per cent)
- Research productivity (6 per cent)
- Citations (influence of research) 30 per cent
- The proportion of international students (2.5 per cent)
- The proportion of international staff (2.5 per cent)
- International collaboration (2.5 per cent)
- Industry income (transfer of knowledge - 2.5 per cent)
It’s clear from the top-ranked institutions that being able to maintain a high academic standard and reputation is essential. Universities that find a balance between teaching and quality, influential research, with a focus on student-centred curricula tend to perform better.
The top three institutions in the world all scored extremely highly in the teaching and research (including citations) categories. What is also notable is that the University of Oxford scored very highly when it came to a positive international outlook.
This is something that marks UK institutions out with both Imperial College London and the University of Cambridge having a significant number of international students. In addition, seven of the top ten institutions boasted student to staff ratios lower than 10:1, underlining the individualised attention students receive at these universities.
Which universities are in the top 50?
To kick off let’s take a look at the universities that took spots 11 to 25. The rankings feature eight universities from the U.S., two from the UK, two from China and one from Switzerland and Singapore respectively. One of the notable inclusions was Imperial College London that dropped out of the top ten to sit in 11 th spot and a two ranking spot rise for the University of California, Los Angeles to 15 th . Places 11 to 25 went to:
11. Imperial College London (UK)
12. Johns Hopkins University (US)
13. University of Pennsylvania (US)
14. ETH Zurich (Switzerland)
15. University of California, Los Angeles (US)
16. UCL (UK)
17. Columbia University (US)
18. University of Toronto (Canada)
19. Cornell University (US)
20. Tsinghua University (China)
21. Duke University (US) (= 20th)
22. University of Michigan-Ann Arbor (US)
23. Peking University (China)
24. Northwestern University (US)
25. National University of Singapore (Singapore)
Looking at the universities that are ranked between 26 and 50 you will notice that there is more diversity in the countries that are represented. Although the institutions in the United States still dominate, with nine universities ranked, there are also universities from the UK, Germany , Australia , Canada , Sweden , Belgium , Japan , Hong Kong , France , Switzerland and Singapore . The universities ranked 26 to 50 are:
26. New York University (US)
27. London School of Economics and Political Science (UK)
28. Carnegie Melon University (US)
29. University of Washington (US)
30. University of Edinburgh (UK)
31. University of Melbourne (Australia)
32. LMU Munich (Germany)
33. University of California, San Diego (US)
34. University of British Columbia (Canada)
35. King’s College London (UK)
36. Karolinska Institute (Sweden)
37. The University of Tokyo (Japan)
38. Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
39. University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong)
40. McGill University (Canada)
41. Technical University Munich (Germany)
42. Heidelberg University (Germany)
43. École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (France)
44. University of Texas , Austin (US)
45. KU Leuven (Belgium)
46. Paris Sciences et Lettres - PSL Research University Paris (France)
47. Nanyang Technological University (Singapore)
48. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (US)
49. University of Wisconsin, Madison (US)
50. Washington University in St Louis (US)
The 2021 rankings saw a gain for New York University which jumped three spots to 26, while the Hong Kong University of Technology and Australia National University dropped out of the top 50. There were also an additional 141 new entries onto the rankings in 2021, of which Paris-Saclay University in France was the top-rated, sitting at number 178.
If you want to check out what other rankings and league tables have to say be sure to take a look at our articles on the QS World University Rankings , WhatUni Student Choice Awards , Complete University Guide League Tables and U21 Higher Education System rankings .
Now that you have a better idea of which destinations and universities received the plaudits, as well as how they were judged you’ll have very useful insights to inform your own decision making.
Don’t forget that league tables are not the final authority on whether a university is worth attending, but a useful way of evaluating potential options in combination with other factors. Be sure to check out our guide on how to understand league tables , how to use league tables and reviews to inform your study choices and how to research universities online .
What is a university prospectus?
Part of the package of being an international student is spending time researching and evaluating your university options. You’ll be looking for the most up to date information on courses, degrees, fees, accommodation and everything you can expect at a particular university. It’s good to have all of this information in one document, which is why a university prospectus is important. We explore what a university prospectus is, why they’re important and how you can
Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024
Not sure where to study? The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2024 can help. Now in its 20th year, the list compares almost 2,000 universities from more than 100 regions and countries, providing you with one of the most respected reviews of higher education institutions around the world. Wherever you are looking to apply, this can be a great support to your decision-making. Find out how as we explore the latest THE Rankings .
The top 10 reasons to study abroad
Why study abroad? 5.3 million international students choose to study abroad each year (UNESCO 2019). This leads us to wonder, why do so many students study outside of their home country? In this article, we explore some of the top reasons why students choose to qualify abroad. This list should help you decide on your next steps in higher education. Whether you’re thinking about studying at the undergraduate, postgraduate or PhD level, use our list of the top 10
How to compare universities?
When researching universities, you can’t help but compare and that’s a great way to find what’s right for you. By considering the pros and cons of each institution you are interested in, you will gradually discover what matters to you most. For example, has the university heavily invested in sports facilities or do they provide work placements and study abroad options? You need to think about what matters most to you. Perhaps you have several
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- The (Times Higher Education) Young University Rank...
The (Times Higher Education) Young University Rankings 2021
by StudyMalaysia.com on July 2, 2021 | Top Stories , University Rankings
The Times Higher Education YOUNG UNIVERSITY Rankings list the world's best universities that are 50 years or younger. The universities are judged on criteria based on the core business that any university aims at - teaching, research, knowledge transfer and international outlook. These rankings provide comprehensive and balanced comparisons for students as well as other stakeholders. The 2021 ranking includes 475 universities.
Students searching for a course or university can use these rankings as a guide.These rankings benefit universities because they serve as a catalyst to attract the best brains and talent looking for a place to teach. Besides this, they provide international partners with information on universities for the purpose of affiliation.
When choosing which university to attend, it can be easy to get distracted by old established universities that have been around for way more than 50 years such as Harvard, Oxford, Cambridge and the like. Students should not miss the wood for the trees. Attention should also be given to younger universities as their assessment is also based on the same methodology used for THE's World University Rankings with adjustments made to reflect on the strength and aspirations of these emerging young universities.
So, are university rankings important? The answer is yes. It can be well worth your time to carefully study how different universities rank in different subjects. Often, the right university for you wont be the one with the highest overall ranking. Rankings can be a useful guide to making a decision about whether an institution is going well in a specific academic area compared with its counterparts in any parts of the world.
The table below shows where some of the participating Malaysian universities stand in the world under THE ranking:
Young University Rankings 2021 by The Times Higher Education (THE)
Source: www.timeshighereducation.com
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