thesis translate to chinese

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What is the translation of "thesis" in Chinese?

"thesis" in chinese, thesis {noun}.

volume_up 学位

(thesis) oral defense {noun}

volume_up 论文答辩

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dissertation
thermometric
thermonuclear warhead
thermoplastic
thermosphere
thermostabilization
thick aroma
thick as hail
thick eyebrows

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Translations for „ thesis “ in the English » Chinese Dictionary (Go to Chinese » English )

Thesis <theses [ˈθiːsiːz] > [ˈθiːsıs] n, usage examples with thesis, monolingual examples (not verified by pons editors).

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thermos bottle
thermos flask

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Home > HFA > LLC > ASIANLAN > CHINESE_THESES

Chinese Masters Theses Collection

Theses from 2023 2023.

Insights into Chinese Second Language Acquisition: The Relationship between Glossing and Vocabulary Recall in Reading , Steven S. DeVellis, Chinese

Acquisition of Chinese Measure Words by Chinese as Second Language Learners: A Corpus-based Study of Lexical, Semantic, and Syntactic Characteristics , Yutong Feng, Chinese

Between Verb and Preposition: Diachronic Stages of Coverbs in Mandarin Chinese , Glynis Jones, Chinese

The Near-Synonymous Classifiers in Mandarin Chinese: Etymology, Modern Usage, And Possible Problems in L2 Classroom , Irina Kavokina, Chinese

Voices Against an Era: Alternative Voices, Cultural Heroics, and the Impact of He Yong and Zhang Chu on Chinese Rock Music , Peter J. Moncur, Chinese

Theses from 2022 2022

Second Language Competence and Translation Ability: An Investigation of English-native Speakers Learning Chinese as a Second Language , Chensimeng Pan, Chinese

The Different Waves of "Chineseness": Analysis of Culture References and Lyrics in Zhongguofeng Music , Austin S. Ye, Chinese

An Investigation into American University Students’ Motivation for Chinese Learning: A Case Study , Qingqing Zhang, Chinese

Theses from 2021 2021

The Acquisition of Advanced Level Chinese Heritage Language (CHL) Learners：A Comparative Analysis Concerning The Aspect Marker “LE了” , Jingjing Ao, Chinese

Self-representation in Selected Poems of Gu Taiqing (1799-1877) , Li-Ting Chang, Chinese

On Shattered Ruins: The Cultural Practices and Production of the Great Tanghsna Earthquake in Post-Mao Literature and Film , Jinhui Chen, Chinese

TBLT in Virtual L2 Classroom: Challenges, Actions and Insights , Jianan He, Chinese

Women in a Fallen City: The Rape of Nanking and The Flowers of War , Tianle Wang, Chinese

Theses from 2020 2020

LITERARY PORTRAYALS OF RELIGIOUS AWAKENING THROUGH SUFFERING AND LOSS - BUDDHIST, DAOIST, AND CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVES , Robert Canning, Chinese

INVESTIGATION OF THE CONSONANT ENDINGS OF THE CHAOSHAN DIALECT: A RESULT OF LANGUAGE CONTACT AND HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION , Jin Chen, Chinese

A Textbook-Based Study on Cultural Knowledge Acquisition in Learners of Chinese as a Foreign Language , Feng Gao, Chinese

Urbanlization and Internet Literature: Zhang Jiajia and His Healing Story , Shayue Qi, Chinese

Perfective Marker Dao in the Nanjiang Dialect , Kun Yue, Chinese

The Sutras as Poetry: Wang Wei's Use of Buddhist Philosophy as Poetic Image , Yan Zhang, Chinese

Theses from 2019 2019

READING AND TRANSLATING “NOW-NESS” AND “CONTINUITY” IN THE IMAGISTIC LANGUAGE OF TANG POEMS , Mei Du, Chinese

Translation Issues in Modern Chinese Literature: Viewpoint, Fate and Metaphor in Xia Shang's "The Finger-Guessing Game" , Jonathan Heinrichs, Chinese

The Morality Of Chinese Legalism: Han Fei’s Advanced Philosophy , Yuan Ke, Chinese

A Study on English-speaking Learners' Acquisition of Three Chinese Modal Auxiliary Verbs: NENG, HUI ,And KEYI , Anqi Li, Chinese

NEW WINE IN AN OLD BOTTLE: PROPAGANDA AND ADAPTATION OF THE WHITE-HAIRED GIRL IN POST-SOCIALIST CHINA , Ha Yeon Shin, Chinese

A Triad of Dilemmas in Sylvia Chang’s Films: Women in Love, Family and Society , Fanzhe Yang, Chinese

Reconsidering Diasporic Literature: "Homeland" and "Otherness" in The Lost Daughter of Happiness , Qijun Zhou, Chinese

Theses from 2018 2018

Probing into the Historical and Geographical Variants of Mandarin: A Computational Approach , Annie Chen, Chinese

Psychological with a Xuanyi Afterthought: A Translation of Cai Jun's "Kidnapped" and a Critical Introduction to His Popular Suspense Fiction , Katherine G. Holtrop, Chinese

A Study of the Intertexts in The Stone Of Goddess Nüwa (Nüwa Shi 女娲石) , Zhimo Li, Chinese

Studies on L2 Acquisition of Chinese Verbs of 'Change' by English Speakers , Baoqing Qian, Chinese

Decentralization in Wei Te-sheng's Film , Ji Wang, Chinese

ROLE-PLAY IN THE CHINESE CLASSROOM , Matthew Werth, Chinese

QUEST FOR PURE LOVE AND EQUAL RELATIONSHIP: THE GENESIS AND MEANING OF CHINESE DANMEI NOVEL , Mengwu Yun, Chinese

Theses from 2017 2017

Second Language Acquisition of Chinese Verb-Noun Collocations , Ying Cai, Chinese

Storytelling in the Age of Post-socialism: Wang Xiaoshuai’s “Third Front Trilogy” , Xuesong Shao, Chinese

A Linguistic Study on the Four Editions of Bǎijiā xìng 百家姓 in hP’ags-pa Script , Sicheng Wang, Chinese

Theses from 2016 2016

The Phonological System of A Xin'an Idiolect , Shuiying Lu, Chinese

THE HARMONIOUS CONCLUSIONS OF PEONY PAVILION & THE LUTE , Alexander McCartin, Chinese

Buddhist Depiction of Life in the Verse of the Tang Dynasty Poet Han Shan , Sijia Niu, Chinese

A Study On the Mutual Replacements of Three des in Chinese Blogs , Hui Sha, Chinese

A Textbook-Based Study on Measure Word Acquisition in Learners of Chinese as A Second Langauge , Shaofang Wang, Chinese

Genuineness and Love: A Study of Feng Menglong's Collection of Mountain Songs (Shan'ge 山歌) , Yujia Ye, Chinese

Youth Narrative in Feng Tang's The Beijing Trilogy , Mingjia Zhang, Chinese

Theses from 2015 2015

Building a Democratic Consciousness in Taiwan: An Analysis of Lung Ying-tai’s Political Essays Over Three Decades (1984–2003) , Conrad W. Bauer, Chinese

Analyzing Two Key Points of the Huaihai Campaign Using Sun Tzu's Net Assessment , Jimmy Chien, Chinese

Dwelling in the Vision of Utopia: A Politico-Religious Reading of Tao Qian , Jiani Lian, Chinese

THE LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF CHINESE EMOTICON , Xiangxi Liu, Chinese

The Effectiveness of Explicit Instruction Versus Implicit Instruction Method on Chinese Grammar Acquisition , Fuyang Peng, Chinese

Theses from 2014 2014

An Investigation of Native and Non-Native Chinese Language Teachers and Their Pedagogical Advantages , Thomas Burns, Chinese

Acoustic Analysis of the Tones in the Shantou Dialect , Danni Li, Chinese

A Study on the Acquisition of Chinese Directional Complements , lin lin, Chinese

Inferring Word-Meaning, Morpheme-Based, and Word-Based Second Language Vocabulary Teaching Methodologies , Qingli Liu, Chinese

An Investigation of Chinese Learners' Acquisition and Understanding of Bushou and Their Attitude on Formal In-Class Bushou Instruction , Yan P. Liu, Chinese

THE PHONOLOGICAL CHARACTERITICS AND THE HISTORICAL STRATA OF THE QIANJIANG DIALECT , Liyan Luo, Chinese

Theses from 2013 2013

The Reflexes of Middle Chinese Zhi and Zhao Initials in Modern Mandarin and Wu Dialect , Yu-jung Liang, Chinese

Study on Shan Gui: From Religious Text to Visual Representations , Le Lu, Chinese

The History of the Introduction of Chinese Language and Culture into the American Higher Education System , Chelsea H. Nakabayashi, Chinese

The Foundations of Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language: An Investigation of Late 19th Century Textbooks , Lena Pearson, Chinese

The plural forms of personal pronouns in Modern Chinese , Baoying Qiu, Chinese

A Translation of Qiu Miaojin's "The Crocodile Diaries" , Alexandra Valencik, Chinese

The Use of Multimedia Material in Teaching Chinese as a Second Language and Pedagogical Implications , Zhongyuan Williams, Chinese

Dialects into Films----The Element of “Dialect” in Chinese Films , Shun Yao, Chinese

The Comparison Of Meaning-inferred, Meaning-given, And Sentence Translation Methods For Chinese Vocabulary Teaching , Yani Zeng, Chinese

A Comparative Study of the Effectiveness of Input-based Activities And Output-based Activities on the Acquisition of Chinese Language , Xiaolei Zhang, Chinese

Theses from 2012 2012

A Diachronic and Synchronic Examination of the Disposal Construction in Min and Mandarin Chinese , Chunching Chang, Chinese

The Artist as Creator: The Theory of Art in Du Fu's Poems about Paintings , James H. Edwards, Chinese

Danmei Literature as Indicator of Social Change: A Sociocultural Analysis of Xiao Chun’s Collide , Patrick l. Hamilton, Chinese

Xunzian Political Philosophy: Pioneering Pragmatism , Brandon King, Chinese

Motivation of Chinese Language Learners: A Case Study in a Intermediate Chinese Class , Hong Yan, Chinese

The Phonological Features of Sino-Khitan and Its Relations to the Origin of Northern Mandarin , Man Zhang, Chinese

Theses from 2011 2011

The Phonological Features and the Historical Strata of the Heyang Dialect , Xiaoying Li, Chinese

The Effects of Recasts and Explicit Feedback on Chinese Language Acquisition in the Task-based Classroom , Lei Yang, Chinese

Theses from 2010 2010

Teaching Character Formation Rationales with a Computer-Assisted Courseware , Bo Feng, Chinese

Expressions of Self in a Homeless World: Zhang Dai (1597-1680?) and His Writings in the Ming-Qing Transition Period , Wenjie Liu, Chinese

Readings Of Chinese Poet Xue Tao , Lu Yu, Chinese

Theses from 2009 2009

A Record of the Defense of Xiangyang's City Wall, 1206-1207 , Julie J. Avery, Chinese

The Pursuit and Dispelling of Holy Heterosexual Love: from "Love Must Not Be Forgotten" to Wu Zi , Li Li, Chinese

Bai Juyi's poems about women/ , Xiaohua Liu, Chinese

Formation Of The Xikun Style Poetry , Jin Qian, Chinese

The Cfl Students’ Perspective of the Chinese Ambiguous Sentences , Ting Juan Song, Chinese

Theses from 2008 2008

Integrating multimedia into Chinese character teaching and learning for Cfl beginners/ , Weijia Li, Chinese

The Moral and Racial Socialization of Children: The Image of Wu Feng in Taiwan School Readers , Claire R. Maccabee, Chinese

A study of the standardization of Chinese writing/ , Ying Wang, Chinese

Theses from 2007 2007

Reinventing the wheel or creating a tale's genealogy? :: a comparison of twelve versions of the tale of Mulan/ , Julie Anne Lohr, Chinese

The variegated blossoms :: studies on the children characters in the literary productions of Chi Zijian/ , Xuebo Sun, Chinese

Theses from 2006 2006

A comparison of the Guodian and Mawangdui Laozi texts/ , Dan Murphy, Chinese

Theses from 2005 2005

The images of Jiangnan in Zhao Mengfu's (1254-1322) poetry/ , Li E, Chinese

Uniting the ancestors :: Cheng Minzheng (1445-1499) and the creation of the Comprehensive Genealogy of the Xin'an Cheng (Xin'an Chengshi Tongzong Shipu)/ , Neil E. Mcgee, Chinese

Theses from 2004 2004

An annotated translation of "Accounts of supernatural retribution"/ , Elliot Meier Billings, Chinese

Theses from 2003 2003

Toponyms of the Nanzhao periphery/ , John C. Lloyd, Chinese

Theses from 2002 2002

Chinese color word evolution/ , Mary E. Franck, Chinese

We undergo, we experience and we write :: an analysis of contemporary Chinese women writers and their writings/ , Yujie Ge, Chinese

Theses from 2000 2000

Role models in the contemporary Chinese essay :: Ba Jin and the post-cultural revolution memorial essays in Suixiang lu/ , Larissa Castriotta, Chinese

The 1977-1978 archaeological excavations of the Lu cemeteries at Qufu, Shandong/ , James Patrick Draine, Chinese

Purity, modernity, and pessimism :: translation of Mu Shiying's fiction/ , Rui Tao, Chinese

Theses from 1999 1999

Li Zhi (1527-1602) and his literary thought/ , Qingliang Chen, Chinese

Theses from 1998 1998

Opening the Lancang (Mekong) River in Yunnan :: problems and prospects for Xishuangbanna/ , Merrick Lex Berman, Chinese

The single-child policy and its impact on Chinese kinship terms among kindergarten children in Shanghai/ , Xiaoxue Dai, Chinese

Theses from 1996 1996

Translation of Yuan Qiongqiong's Fever, with introduction/ , Julie Felice Marcus, Chinese

Theses from 1993 1993

New features of Confucianism as seen in Lu Jia's Xinyu/ , Shaodan Luo, Chinese

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Li, J. "Translating Chinese political discourse : a functional-cognitive approach to English translations of Chinese political speeches." Thesis, University of Salford, 2013. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/29385/.

Yeung, Ka-wai, and 楊家慧. "Pragmatics and translation: with reference toEnglish-Chinese and Chinese-English examples." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38280097.

Ip, Chi-yin, and 葉志硏. "Translating America." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29753223.

Sio, In San. "Translating Chinese humor in movie subtitles : a case study." Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2525504.

Kuok, Sio Man. "Estudo da traducao de notas de imprensa do Comissariado contra a Corrupcao : analise do processo das formas passivas." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2552506.

Sorby, Stella Lanxing. "Translating Western musicals into Chinese: texts, networks, consumers." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2014. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/113.

Moore, Emily Olive. "Translating Greek Mythology in Contemporary Chinese Science Fiction." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8764.

Kuang, Ping. "Translating for specific purposes : a review of web portal translations of Chinese Mainland universities." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2456310.

Wang, Yifang. "Translating linguistic metaphors in both directions : a process-oriented study on English-Chinese translation." Thesis, Durham University, 2017. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7291/.

Yung, Lawrence Kwan-chee. "The China which is here : translating classical Chinese poetry." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1998. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/36378/.

Cheong, Sin Wan. "From language of a HCC to a LCC : a study of Chinese-Eenglish translation of MAM articles." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2525835.

Zikpi, Monica. "Translating the Afterlives of Qu Yuan." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18362.

Lee, Ken-fang. "Yellow skin, white masks : translating cultures in Chinese American literature." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310669.

Yeung, Ka-wai. "Pragmatics and translation with reference to English-Chinese and Chinese-English examples /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38280097.

An, Shi Mo. "In search of the origin of four-character structures with er (而) in literary translation from English into Chinese :a descriptive study of A Passage to India." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3954314.

Mak, Kit-man, and 麥潔雯. "A functional approach to subordinate relations in legal translation (Chinese-English)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43959209.

Pan, Han Ting. "A comparative study of conjunctive cohesion in bilingual legal documents : a corpus-based study of three Hong Kong listed prospectuses and the Hong Kong companies ordinance." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2525531.

Sayols, Lara Jesús. "Translating as transculturating: a study of Dai Wangshu's translation of Lorca's poetry from an integrated sociological-cultural perspective." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2015. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/281.

Kuan, Nga Iam Joanna. "Investigating the practicability of using CAT system and TM :a case study of C-E translation of informative text by SDL Trados 2015." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3954469.

Lei, Yan Bo. "Metaphors in Chinese literary translation : a case study of Fortress Besieged." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2525529.

Zhou, Yuan Hua Claire. "A Chinese-English translation project :General Secretary Xi Jinping's growth story." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3954268.

Choi, Chi Ha. "Translating animal verbs from English to Chinese :a corpus-assisted study." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3953658.

Shi, Hong Yu. "O horoscopo Chines :relato de uma experiencia de traducao do Chines para o Portugues." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3954489.

Siu, Wai-fun Anita, and 蕭惠芬. "Yu Kwang-chung as a self-translator: a case study of the Night Watchman." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50605811.

李雪伊. "愛麗絲的華文之旅: 兒童文學翻譯中的譯者角色研究= Alice's travels in the Chinese language: the role of the translator in translating children's literature." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2018. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/492.

U, Man Ieng. "A comparative study on translations of daily and banquet menus." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2525842.

Chung, Lung-shan Peter, and 鍾龍山. "Public administration translation in Hong Kong: a sociolinguistic perspective." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47849678.

Lei, Sin I. Cindy. "Applying the equivalent theory to a translation project :Lore of Running into Chinese." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3954270.

Mai, Guan Hui Jennifer. "A report on a C-E technical translation project using Google Translate." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3954279.

Chen, Binghua. "A corpus-based study of Chinese and English translation of international economic law : an interdisciplinary study." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/26321.

Cheung, Yu-kit, and 張宇傑. "A critical study of Frederick Tsai's approaches to translation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45870834.

Hu, Helen Oi-wah Chau. "A pedagogical model of translating : with special reference to English and Chinese." Thesis, Institute of Education (University of London), 1991. http://eprints.ioe.ac.uk/7394/.

Choy, Maria Po-suen Cheng. "The role of translation in bilingual editing of magazines." Phd thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/70434.

Chan, Hung-chong, and 陳虹莊. "A comparison of the English and Chinese patterns of modification of noun phrases and the difficulties created by the differences betweenthe two patterns in translation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3195120X.

利幗勤 and Kwok-kan Gloria Lee. "Chinese translations of Wilde's plays and fairy tales: a reappraisal." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31222961.

Young, Hiu-tung, and 楊曉彤. "Problems of translating contemporary Japanese comics into Chinese: the case of Crayon Shinchan." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39848863.

Guan, Qiu Yao Amber. "Repositioning of political stance in news trans-editing :a case study of E-C news reports on the THADD issue." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3954323.

Wang, Hui. "A postcolonial perspective on James Legge's Confucian translation focusing on his two versions of the Zhongyong /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3266749.

Young, Hiu-tung. "Problems of translating contemporary Japanese comics into Chinese the case of Crayon Shinchan /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B39848863.

Marsden, Rachel E. M. "The transcultural curator : translating networked curatorial practices in the Chinese context since 1980." Thesis, Birmingham City University, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.743084.

Kong, Chung-yan. "Translating destination images as a re-presentation of multiple identities : comparing the Chinese-to-English translations of four tourism websites." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5607.

Che, Wai Lam. "A study of the culture-oriented approach adopted by Robert Morrison in A dictionary of the Chinese language." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2000. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/237.

Lam, Chou I. "A descriptive study of how culture-specific terms are glossed in a Chinese translation of Angels and Demons." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2586620.

Xu, Fang Zhou. "A estetica literaria no ato tradutoriao a luz da teoria de Levy :uma analise da traducao do conto A Memoia de Grande Nur ;Xu Fangzhou." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3954484.

Ng, Y. L. E. "A systemic approach to translating style : a comparative study of four Chinese translations of Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/18012/.

Feng, Lei. "Two English translations of the Chinese epic novel Sanguo yanyi : a descriptive and functionalist study." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71732.

倪秀華. "民族國家建構、意識形態與翻譯 : 建國"十七年"中國文學英譯研究(1949-1966) = Nation-building, ideology and translation : a study on English translations of Chinese literature in the first seventeen years of the PRC(1949-1966)." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2012. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1378.

Wong, Kim Fan. "The "invention" of different English Tao-te-chings (1868-1905)." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2001. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/306.

Li, Boya. "Translating Feminism in 'Systems': The Representation of Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in the Chinese Translation of Our Bodies, Ourselves." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37813.

Poon, Wai Yin Vera. "English influence on Chinese lexicon and syntax : transference and translationese in an selected text related to information technology." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2001. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/373.

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I wrote my thesis on literacy strategies for boys .
Her main thesis is that children need a lot of verbal stimulation .

(Translation of thesis from the Cambridge English-Chinese (Simplified) Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)

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Quoting and Translating Languages Other than English in PhD Theses

Posted by Rene Tetzner | Nov 11, 2021 | PhD Success | 0 |

8.4 Quoting and Translating Languages Other than English

Many doctoral candidates will need to quote material from languages other than modern English in their theses, so some advice on quoting and translating such material may prove useful. Generally speaking, the rules, principles and practices used when quoting passages in English should be applied when quoting foreign languages as well, so all that I have said about quotations in the earlier sections of this chapter applies here as well. There may, however, be special characters, diacritics and particular conventions to follow for certain languages: for more information on the use of foreign languages in English texts, see Butcher et al. (2006, Section 6.6 and Appendices 5, 7, 9 and 10), the Chicago Manual of Style (2003, Chapter 10) and Ritter (2005, Chapter 12), all of which contain lists of the alphabets and special characters used in particular languages. The assumption behind quoting material in languages other than English is that the quotations will be understood by the intended audience, which means that those readers will need to be fluent or specialists in the language quoted and/or the topic discussed: in a literary study of a German author, for instance, it can usually be assumed that interested readers will understand the original language, and in a thesis aimed at classicists, it is most likely that passages in Greek and Latin will be accessible to those readers. You should therefore have a good idea of who your intended readers are and what languages they are likely to read; if you think English translations will help your readers understand the quotations you use and thus your argument and thesis as a whole, it is wise to provide such translations.

In many cases, providing an English translation of a passage originally in a foreign language is more appropriate than quoting the original language. You should, however, inform readers that they are reading a translation, which is usually done by quoting from a reliable published English translation and providing an appropriate reference. As a general rule, only if an available translation is unsuitable for your purposes should the passages you wish to quote be newly translated. If you do use your own translations in your thesis, you should include some indication that the translation is your own. This can be achieved most easily immediately after a translated quotation by adding in parentheses along with the reference or in a note ‘my translation’ or ‘translation mine.’ If you have yourself translated all of the quotations from non-English texts (or from any one non-English text) that you use in your thesis, an explanation in conjunction with the first instance (whether with the parenthetical reference or in a note) can explain the situation: ‘All translations of passages quoted from foreign languages are my own’ would work or perhaps ‘Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Les Misérables are my own.’ Remember that while previously published English translations and your own new English translations of foreign texts are acceptable for quotation in scholarly writing, retranslations are not: for example, if a book was originally published in English, but you have used it in a German translation, any quotations from that book should nonetheless be taken from the original English, not translated back into English from the German translation (the German translation might be included along with the original source in your reference list, however).

If language is a focus in your thesis or quotations are discussed in detail, you may want to provide both the original language and a translation of any quotations. There are various different ways of supplying this combination: the foreign language or the translation might precede the other; the original might be provided in full with only partial translations or the translation might be complete with only occasional words from the original; the original and the translation might both be embedded or set as block quotations, or one might appear in the text in one of these forms while the other is relegated to a note; translations of poetry might take the form of verse or prose, and for quotations from Middle or Old English texts, a more modern version of difficult words might be provided as glosses. The following are common formats and practices for providing foreign-language and translated quotations:

Original and translation of an entire quotation: whether the original language or the translated version is provided first in the text, the other should normally follow and be enclosed in either parentheses or square brackets. University or department guidelines will rarely indicate a preference for square brackets or parentheses in such situations, but style guides seem to recommend parentheses more often than square brackets, as in the following example: In Watts (1912, p.462) the line reads ‘Dicebam haec, et flebam, amarissima contritione cordis mei (I was saying these things and weeping in the bitterest contrition of my heart).’ When square brackets are used, they tend to be used more often in displayed quotations, while parentheses are the usual choice for the second version in embedded quotations. Occasionally, a slash with spaces on both sides is used between the original and translated versions of a quotation, in which case no brackets are necessary – ‘Dicebam haec, et flebam, amarissima contritione cordis mei / I was saying these things and weeping in the bitterest contrition of my heart’ – but this is rare compared with the use of brackets and parentheses. If the second version in a block quotation is the original language, it can be set in italics instead of brackets, and while this may be acceptable for distinguishing the original language in such situations, quotations in any language should not usually be set in italic font. If the second version of a quotation (either in the original language or a translation) is presented in a note instead of in the main text, no brackets are used in the note; instead, the passage in the note should be placed in quotation marks.

Original, translation and reference: if a second version of a quotation, whether it is the original or a translation, is needed as well as a parenthetical reference, there are four possibilities. The second version of the quotation can be provided in square brackets and the reference in parentheses; both can be provided in the same set of parentheses with a semicolon separating the two; each can be provided in a separate set of parentheses with the closing parenthesis of the first backing onto the opening one of the second; or either the second version or the reference can be provided in a note instead. The first and last of these methods are probably the best in terms of both clarity and style, with the first taking this form: ‘Dicebam haec, et flebam, amarissima contritione cordis mei [I was saying these things and weeping in the bitterest contrition of my heart]’ (Watts, 1912, p.462).
Entire original or translation with partial translation or original: when either the original language or the translation of an entire quotation is provided along with only certain words of the translation or the original, parentheses or square brackets are used inside the main quotation to enclose the words provided from the other version. This method is also the preferred method for providing modern equivalents of Old and Middle English words. The added words often appear in italic font, especially if they represent the foreign language, in which case italics allow you to use the nominative form of a word from an inflected language (see Section 6.2.2 above), but roman font and/or quotation marks can be used instead, particularly for translated words. Parentheses seem to be the most common choice for such interpolated words, whether they are in the original language or translations – ‘I was saying these things ( haec ) and weeping in the bitterest contrition of my heart ( cor )’ – and parentheses in such situations have the advantage of distinguishing the foreign or translated words from other interpolations or comments that you may need to add in square brackets. Though used less frequently than parentheses for adding original or translated words, square brackets are nonetheless appropriate for this purpose because the words from the second version are interpolated into the quotation, and such brackets are especially appropriate if you wish to offer any comments along with the words from the second version. If, however, either parentheses or square brackets are used for other purposes in the quoted passage (parentheses for parenthetical information provided by the original author, for example, or square brackets for variant readings that you include), it will be clearest not to use that type of bracket for words from the original text or a translation as well.
Quotation marks: when quoting and translating foreign languages in the form of block quotations in the main text of a thesis, no quotation marks are necessary around either the original or the translation. If, however, original and translated versions are embedded in your text or presented in a note, quotation marks should be placed around both. Often the quotation marks enclose the whole structure, with the opening quotation mark placed at the beginning of the first version quoted and the closing quotation mark placed after the closing parenthesis or bracket surrounding the second version, as in this example: In Watts (1912, p.462) the line reads ‘Dicebam haec, et flebam, amarissima contritione cordis mei (I was saying these things and weeping in the bitterest contrition of my heart).’ This is certainly the format that should be adopted if square brackets are used to enclose the second version, and it is also the best approach when partial translations or occasional original words are interpolated (either in parentheses or square brackets) in an embedded quotation (see my example using the same Latin passage in the preceding bulleted paragraph). When, however, an original version or translation follows the other and is enclosed in parentheses, two sets of quotation marks are sometimes used, with the first surrounding the first version and the second appearing within the parentheses and enclosing the second version: ‘Dicebam haec, et flebam, amarissima contritione cordis mei’ (‘I was saying these things and weeping in the bitterest contrition of my heart’).

Although it may be appropriate in a single thesis to use one format for quoting a foreign language in one situation and a different one in another, or to provide more of the original or more of the translation in one case than in another in order to communicate whatever might be necessary to enable readers to understand the quotations you use, consistency of style and practice should be observed as much as possible throughout a thesis. The consistent use of brackets (parentheses or square) for the same purposes in all quotations presented in a thesis is particularly important for ensuring that the source is accurately represented and the reader is able to determine what is intended in each case, so their use needs to be carefully planned to accommodate all the situations presented by the quoted passages, and any remaining anomalies should be clearly explained. Finally, your own translations of any quotations should represent the original as faithfully as possible, achieve a scholarly standard of correct English (with allowances for informal speech or writing if that is what you happen to be quoting) and present the material in the way that best serves your particular purposes and supports or advances your overall argument.

PRS Tip: If your thesis contains your own translations of quotations (or even a selection of words or phrases) borrowed from a language other than English and you are planning to engage the services of a professional proofreader, it is always a good idea to let the proofreader know that the translations are your own. An acknowledgement of the kind I have recommended above indicating that the translations are your own will communicate this fact to your proofreader as it does to other readers, but you may want to make your translating activities more explicit in any instructions you provide for your proofreader so that he or she feels free to check and correct if necessary the English of your translations. This is especially important if your first language is not English, because it is often difficult to express in a language with which you are less familiar the subtleties or profundity of the quotations that you have deemed worthy of use. If you also quote a passage in its original language, your proofreader may be able to judge how accurately you have conveyed the original author’s meaning (many of the proofreaders used by PRS, for instance, read and work in other languages as well as English), but even if the original is not available to your proofreader, he or she will be able to determine whether your translation is clear and grammatically correct, and also whether it expresses what other aspects of your text suggest the quotation should express. You can then compare your proofreader’s suggestions with the original text and make whatever adjustments might be necessary. Dealing with translated material is only one among many reasons to treat yourself to the proofreading services offered by PRS, which are quick, affordable and completely confidential. The PRS drop box at https://www.hightail.com/u/CEDS offers a safe and efficient way to submit your writing for proofreading, and the PRS team is more than happy to answer questions and provide any help you may need 24 hours a day from Monday to Friday. Please visit the PRS web site at http://www.proof-reading-service.com for further information.

Why PhD Success?

To Graduate Successfully

This article is part of a book called "PhD Success" which focuses on the writing process of a phd thesis, with its aim being to provide sound practices and principles for reporting and formatting in text the methods, results and discussion of even the most innovative and unique research in ways that are clear, correct, professional and persuasive.

The assumption of the book is that the doctoral candidate reading it is both eager to write and more than capable of doing so, but nonetheless requires information and guidance on exactly what he or she should be writing and how best to approach the task. The basic components of a doctoral thesis are outlined and described, as are the elements of complete and accurate scholarly references, and detailed descriptions of writing practices are clarified through the use of numerous examples.

The basic components of a doctoral thesis are outlined and described, as are the elements of complete and accurate scholarly references, and detailed descriptions of writing practices are clarified through the use of numerous examples. PhD Success provides guidance for students familiar with English and the procedures of English universities, but it also acknowledges that many theses in the English language are now written by candidates whose first language is not English, so it carefully explains the scholarly styles, conventions and standards expected of a successful doctoral thesis in the English language.

Individual chapters of this book address reflective and critical writing early in the thesis process; working successfully with thesis supervisors and benefiting from commentary and criticism; drafting and revising effective thesis chapters and developing an academic or scientific argument; writing and formatting a thesis in clear and correct scholarly English; citing, quoting and documenting sources thoroughly and accurately; and preparing for and excelling in thesis meetings and examinations.

Completing a doctoral thesis successfully requires long and penetrating thought, intellectual rigour and creativity, original research and sound methods (whether established or innovative), precision in recording detail and a wide-ranging thoroughness, as much perseverance and mental toughness as insight and brilliance, and, no matter how many helpful writing guides are consulted, a great deal of hard work over a significant period of time. Writing a thesis can be an enjoyable as well as a challenging experience, however, and even if it is not always so, the personal and professional rewards of achieving such an enormous goal are considerable, as all doctoral candidates no doubt realise, and will last a great deal longer than any problems that may be encountered during the process.

Interested in Proofreading your PhD Thesis? Get in Touch with us

If you are interested in proofreading your PhD thesis or dissertation, please explore our expert dissertation proofreading services.

Rene Tetzner

Rene Tetzner's blog posts dedicated to academic writing. Although the focus is on How To Write a Doctoral Thesis, many other important aspects of research-based writing, editing and publishing are addressed in helpful detail.

PhD Success – How To Write a Doctoral Thesis

October 1, 2021

Table of Contents – PhD Success

October 2, 2021

The Essential – Preliminary Matter

October 3, 2021

The Main Body of the Thesis

October 4, 2021

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Explaining the politics behind Chinese language translation: The year of “Loong”

Public domain image via Karen Arnold from publicdomainpictures.net . Free to use

After mainland Chinese official media outlets started calling 2024 “the Year of Loong” instead of the Year of the Dragon, the word “loong” and its homophones have become a popular meme among Hongkongers on social media, representing the government's shift toward nationalistic policies and language.

The Year of “Loong”

This year, major Chinese state-affiliated media outlets have abandoned the term “dragon” and adopted the word “loong”, an uncommonly used transliteration of the Chinese word 龍 (dragon in English), to refer to the 2024 Chinese Zodiac. The alteration was later explained in numerous media commentaries, including the Chinese state-sponsored China Daily.

These commentaries argued that in Chinese culture, the image of the mythological animal is very positive and divine, while its Western counterpart is a negative “monster”. They also contended that the mistranslation of the Chinese word into “dragon” is a cultural distortion and misinterpretation.

In recent years, China has started using standard Putonghua pinyin to replace the English translation of Chinese words in its public signs in major cities in order to symbolize the country's cultural confidence and strength under leader Xi Jinping. For example, “road” was replaced by “lu” and “museum” by “Bó wù guǎn” on public signs — leading to confusion among foreigners who do not speak Putonghua:

Beijing residents noticed that metro station signs are being changed to replace the English word “station” with the pinyin “zhan.” Some say that it will confuse tourists. Beijing Metro said that the new translations are mandated by China’s latest regulations on place names. pic.twitter.com/b7lZNAU7ws — Sixth Tone (@SixthTone) December 29, 2021

The argument of state-funded media outlets won popular support from mainland Chinese online nationalists. Some even suggested that “loong” should become a standard English term to refer to a Chinese dragon. On X, formerly Twitter, many pro-China social media influencers, such as Shanghai Panda, also promoted the new term to non-Chinese speakers:

The following year is the Chinese Loong Year, not the Dragon Year. #龍 #龙 #loongyear pic.twitter.com/rk92n3QB4J — ShanghaiPanda (@thinking_panda) February 9, 2024

However, there were also disagreements and pushback.

Nick Kapur pointed out on X that in Chinese mythology, the dragon is associated with natural disasters:

There are historical accounts of dragons falling from the sky and local peasants angrily beating them to death with farm implements. Whatever they were, these dragons were not universally benevolent or universally loved. 9/ — Nick Kapur (@nick_kapur) February 15, 2024

China Digital Times highlighted a comment circulated on WeChat by Chén-fēng lao-yuàn (晨楓老苑) criticizing the official argument:

龙？龍？Lóng？Loong？Dragon？ #每日一语 pic.twitter.com/hiAm0Atcq2 — 中国数字时代 (@CDTChinese) February 14, 2024

Discursive power is important, but it should come from strength, not volume; from respect, not insistence. In the case of Loong and Dragon, the ambiguity comes not from the Chinese and Western signification of the dragon symbol, but from deliberate misuse [of the symbol]. It is China's image that determines whether the Chinese dragon is good or bad, not the other way around.

Linguistic confusion

Moreover, the politically correct choice has resulted in linguistic confusion. First, it has confused the function of translation and transliteration — the process of representing a word or phrase in a different script — as pointed out by X user @languagediarya1:

Also they totally don’t get what is translation versus transliteration. Like if their logic of using Long is valid than that mean “sau pei laa pok kaai zai” is translation of Cantonese to English lol. — 芝娃娃愛好人士傳揚芝愛 (@languagediarya1) February 9, 2024

“Sau pei lass pok kaai zai” is written as 收皮啦仆街仔. The Chinese words don't make sense to non-Cantonese speakers as the phrase is Cantonese slang which means “Fuck off, asshole.”

Such confusion was ridiculed by the following viral cartoon, which suggests that the translation of the English word “Dragon” into Cantonese should be 姐緊 “jie-gan”, a nonsensical term that means “sister-ing”:

姐緊與龍 Dragon vs Loong pic.twitter.com/rNHfnwwx1l — 羽蛇神 (@G6pDvOW9rnuOrKc) February 14, 2024

Even if people accept using transliteration for the English translation of the word 龍, the romanization of “loong” still causes confusion. In the mainland Chinese standard pinyin, 龍 is romanized as “long” instead of “loong” — a transliteration originated from British missionary Joshua Marshman (1768–1837) . However, most contemporary sinologists have shifted to mainland Chinese standard pinyin in recent years to avoid confusion.

Currently, “loong” as the transliteration of 龍 is mostly used among overseas Chinese in Hong Kong and other Southeast Asian countries, including Malaysia and Singapore. Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong’s name is one such example.

Yet, this “loong” transliteration has little to do with daily interaction among overseas Chinese as the pronunciation of the word 龍 in Hokkien, a popular Chinese dialect spoken by more than 47 million people in Fujian, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong and the Philippines, is transliterate as lêng, liâng or liông. As for Cantonese, while the pronunciation of “loong” is similar to 龍, the standard romanization is lung4 or long2 (the number represents the nine Cantonese intonations).

The pick of the fading transliteration “loong” is likely to avoid the misinterpretation of the Putonghua pinyin “long” into the common English word “long”. Yet, it does not really facilitate cross-cultural communication. After all, English speakers often use the word “long” in their everyday expressions.

“Loong”: overburnt, loan and alone

When Hong Kong Chief Executive John Lee used the term “the year of ‘Loong’” in his welcoming address at a tourism event during the Lunar New Year, many Hongkongers raised their eyebrows as they perceived the choice of political correctness would further harm the reputation of the international city which is coined as a conduit of Western and Chinese culture.

Instead of open criticisms, some started using “loong” homophones that have negative connotations, such as 燶 (overburnt) , “loan”, and “alone” on their social media posts. Even now, some still use “loong” as a hashtag for economic bad news as the Cantonese term 燶 is often used to describe losing money in the stock market:

Year of the Dragon is now Year of the Loong, according to China — Radio Free Asia https://t.co/JY0gawcnCC “In Hong Kong, many ridiculed ‘loong’ as sounding like being burnt in Cantonese, and loan – indebted – in English” — David Mulroney (@David_Mulroney) February 14, 2024

Below is a viral image on this year's Valentine's Day depicting a dragon being left “a-loong”:

happi valentines from a龍 (loong) pic.twitter.com/jOSK3iYlxt — paps ECCC N16!! (@papricots) February 14, 2024

Sometimes destructive and horrific images of dragons can bring happiness and laughter to people, as suggested by Surrealhk’s Photoshop image of the Japanese dragon Godzilla:

Happy New Year of the “Loong” ! ! ! 祝大家「燶」年快樂 ! #godzilla #dragon #loong #fireworks #龍 #Photoshop #MadeWithPhotoshop #PhotoManipulation #NotAI #HongKong #surrealhk pic.twitter.com/VZlpYfTMqf — surrealhk® (@surrealhk_) February 11, 2024

For now, it seems the Chinese government will continue to politicize the Chinese language and its transliteration, meaning it will be a “loong” year.

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