presentation about health and illness

Introduction to

Health and Wellness

Learning Targets

As a result of today’s class, you should know:

• The 6 Dimensions of Wellness and how they are interrelated
• How to explain how the decisions you make affect where you fall on th e Health Continuum

Wellness: The New Health Goal

• Health is the combination of physical, mental/emotional, and social well-being.
• Is subject to constant change (i.e. you get sick, an athletic injury, etc.)
• Falls along a continuum (from premature death to high levels of health)
• Wellness refers to an overall state of well- being, total health
• Health differs based on factors beyond your control, such as genes, age, environm ent, media, and family history
• Wellness is determined by the decisions you make about the way you live
• These two words can be used interchangeably and will be throughout this course
• Wellness = an overall state of well-being, total health
• Dimensions of wellness
• Physical wellness
• Avoiding bad habits, making good decisions
• Emotional wellness
• Trust, self-esteem, self-control
• Intellectual wellness
• Openness to new ideas, thinking critically, creativity
• Spiritual wellness
• Set guiding beliefs, principles
• Interpersonal and social wellness
• Healthy relationships, communication
• Environmental, or planetary, wellness
• Tobacco smoke, UV rays

Wellness Continuum

Health/Wellness Continuum

• Your health is always changing
• The Health continuum identifies your level of health at a given moment in time
• The dimensions of wellness all impact your overall health
• The dimensions are not exclusive; when one is affected, most often, others are too.
• Every decision you make affects where you fall on the health continuum
• Man vs. Wild Clip
• Think about the dimensions of wellness present in this clip. Which dimensions are present and how do they affect Bear Grylls in this clip? Consider the context of the situation and the interrelatedness of the dimensions of wellness.

New Opportunities, �New Responsibilities

• Infectious diseases, caused by invading microorganisms, were the leading causes of death a century ago
• Chronic diseases, caused by a variety of lifestyle and other factors, are the leading causes of death today

Public Health Achievements

Leading Causes of Death Overall

• Heart disease
• Chronic lower respiratory diseases (emphysema, chronic bronchitis)
• Unintentional injuries (accidents)

Leading Causes of Death by Age

• Ages 1 0-19
• 1) Accidents
• 3) Homicide
• 5) Congenital Defects
• 1) Heart Disease
• 3) Diseases
• Define health.
• What are 3 factors that impact your health?
• What is the most important factor that impacts your health?
• What are the 6 dimensions of wellness?
• E xplain the Health Continuum.
• Is the average lifespan of a human increasing or decreasing? Why?
• As a result of this class, students should be able to:
• Identify the 8 behaviors that contribute to wellness
• Define risk behavior and be able to identify examples
• Set short and long-term goals that aim at improving health
• Identify reliable sources of information

Actual Causes of Death in the United States

• Smoking 435,000 deaths per year
• Diet and inactivity** 112,000
• Alcohol 85,000
• Microbial agents 75,000
• Toxic agents 55,000
• Motor vehicles 43,000
• Firearms 29,000
• Sexual behavior 20,000
• Illicit drug use 17,000

**Caclulation of the number of deaths due to poor diet and inactivity (obesity) is an area of ongoing controversy and research.

Sources: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2005. Frequently Asked Questions About Calculating Obesity-Related Risk (http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/pressrel/r050614.htm; retrieved June 28, 2005). Mokdad, A. H., et al. 2004. Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. Journal of the American Medical Association 291(10): 1238–1245.

Behaviors That Contribute to Wellness

Partaking in these 8 behaviors will make you a healthier person:

• Be physically active
• Choose a healthy diet
• Maintain a healthy body weight
• Manage stress effectively
• Avoid tobacco and drug use and limit alcohol consumption
• Protect yourself from disease and injury
• Get 8-10 hours of sleep a night
• Abstain from sexual activity before marriage

Lifestyle and Wellness

• More time watching TV = increased risk of obesity and diabetes
• Cigarette smoking = increased risk of lung cancer
• Low intake of fruits and vegetables = increased risk of heart disease
• Few healthy behaviors = increased risk of heart disease

Benefits of Physical Activity

The Role of Other Factors in Wellness

• Heredity – inherent genetic traits
• Risk for certain diseases
• Environment – the sum of your surroundings
• Physical, Social (Peers), Cultural
• Health care
• Better health care, better treatment
• Avoid bad habits

National Wellness Goals

• U.S. government’s national Healthy People initiative sets goals on 10-year agendas
• Major goals of Healthy People 20 2 0 :
• Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.
• Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups.
• Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all.
• Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages.

Making Choices

• Risk behaviors – actions that can potentially threaten your health or the health of others

The CDC Youth Risk Behavior Survey gathers information from youth across the country on behaviors they are involved in. Take a look at the most recent YRBS in 2011.

• What are the 8 behaviors of healthy people.
• Discuss how technology plays a role in your health.
• What is a risk behavior? Give 2 examples.
• Define the acronym SMART
• Explain the key components of assertive communication skills.
• As a result of today’s class, you should be able to:
• Create short and long term goals to make changes to your health
• Evaluate the validity of electronic sources

7 Health Skills

• Accessing information
• Analyzing influences
• Goal setting
• Decision making
• Interpersonal communication
• Self management

Accessing Information

• Reliable sources include :
• Parents, teachers, trusted adults
• Library resources such as encyclopedias and nonfiction books
• RELIABLE websites such as government sites or university sites (.gov, .edu)
• .com websites are NOT considered reliable sources
• Articles by health experts

Evaluating Sources of Health Information: Internet Resources

• What is the source of the information?
• Who is the author or sponsor of the site?
• How often is the site updated?
• What is the purpose of the page? Does the site promote particular products or procedures? Are there obvious reasons for bias?
• What do other sources say about the topic?
• Does the site conform to any set of guidelines or criteria for quality and accuracy?

Evaluating Sources of �Health Information

• Go to the original source
• Watch for misleading language
• Distinguish between individual research reports and public health advice
• Remember that anecdotes are not facts
• Be skeptical and use your common sense

Analyzing Influences

• Internal pressures
• Feelings, beliefs
• External pressures
• People, environment

Goal Setting

• Start with short-term goals which are reached in a short period of time and are very specific
• Create short-term goals with a long-term goal in mind – one that is a big change over a long period of time. Long-term goals are the final, desired outcome
• Short-term goals are steps leading to the long-term goal

See Assignment ‘Source Evaluation’

• http://www.bodybuilding.com/store/creatine.html
• http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/creatine-000297.htm

1. Describe 3 aspects of effective listening skills.

2. What are 3 ways you can demonstrate refusal skills in a situation that you are not comfortable with?

3. What are ‘I-messages?’

4. Describe 3 aspects of healthy relationships.

You are interviewing for a part-time job working with patients at the local hospital.

• How will you dress?
• What type of legwork will you do before the interview?
• What skills and behaviors would be necessary to be successful at the job?
• How will you continue to improve at your job once you have earned the position?
• You have been asked to do research on the internet to find reliable information about tobacco use among teens. Websites with which endings would be considered reliable sources?
• You are dealing with a classmate who is clearly disagrees with your choice for next president of the US. What are 2 things you could say to your classmate using assertive communication skills?
• You have come across a website on nutrition and are wondering if the information on the site is reliable. What are 3 questions you can ask to help determine the sites reliability?
• There is a flu epidemic at Saline High School. What are 3 things you can do to prevent the further spread of disease?
• How much sleep is required for teens to function best throughout the day?
• What are 3 things you can do to help better manage your time?
• What are 3 different things that impact your health on a daily basis?

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

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• v.6(1); 2018 Jan 25

Health and Illness in History, Science and Society

Miriam rovesti.

1 Department of Dermatology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy

Massimo Fioranelli

2 G. Marconi University - Department of Nuclear Physics, Subnuclear and Radiation, Rome, Italy

Paola Petrelli

Francesca satolli.

3 Dermatology, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy

Maria Grazia Roccia

4 University B.I.S. Group of Institutions, Punjab Technical University, Punjab, India

Serena Gianfaldoni

5 Dermatology and Venereology, University G. Marconi of Rome, Rome 00192, Italy

Georgi Tchernev

6 Medical Institute of Ministry of Interior Department of General, Vascular and Abdominal Surgery, Sofia, Bulgaria

Uwe Wollina

7 Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, 01067 Dresden, Germany

Jacopo Lotti

Claudio feliciani, torello lotti.

8 University G. Marconi of Rome, Dermatology and Venereology, Rome, Italy

Health is a fundamental human right. The World Health Organization defines it as a “state of complete physical, psychological and social well - being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. The health of individuals, however, is also linked to the environment in which they live and especially to their ability to adapt and integrate into their life context. The relationship with the environment is extremely important because it is that interaction that outlines the concept of normality compared to pathology. Such normality needs to be contextualised by gender, geographical origin and by the individuals’ living conditions: as a matter of fact, what is normal for a young person may differ from what is normal for a senior one. That is to say, the concept of health is indeed relative and it is the result of an interesting evolution of the concept of illness. From the first approaches - dealing with the mere treatment of the symptoms - to the promise of a free-from-pain society, science and economics have played a significant role in redefining the dualism health/ illness. The article reflects on these two concepts, health and illness, in history and nowadays, and discusses the future of the medical science.

Introduction

Analysing the concept of illness is a rather complex task. Just like for the concept of health – presented by the philosopher Hans - Georg Gadamer as a “[…] general feeling of personal well-being [which] appears mostly when we, in our feeling of personal well-being, are open to new things, are ready to start new business, without considering demands made on us” [ 1 ] - there is an important dimension of relativity that needs to be considered: it could be stated that, in the presence of illness, there is a significant change in the functionality of an organ or the entire organism. W. E. Boyd maintains that “illness is a change of the condition in which the organism is in perfect harmony with its environment […]” [ 2 ].

The concept of illness has evolved. In the past, it was linked to the presence of microbes. Later, the emphasis was placed on the constitution and the environment. Nowadays, illness is seen as a system that the body puts in place to find again its lost balance [ 3 ] In ancient times, feeling ill concerned the individual only; today, a state of illness can be diagnosed by a physician by objective criteria. Therefore the concept of illness can be seen from many different perspectives.

It is interesting to note that, in the English language, there are three terms to indicate a pathological state: illness, which identifies the personal emotional state connected to the loss of health; disease, which refers to the objective, biological and measurable dimension of it - strictly linked to the physician’s activity - and sickness, which refers instead to the public dimension of the disease and highlights the link between illness and society.

Compared to the ontological model, which aims at eliminating the symptoms, the functional/relational model considers the illness as a dynamic event, an endogenous reaction to the break of a balance. In this perspective, body and mind are inseparable: it is the entire organism that becomes ill, not the single organ. In this model, the physician/patient relationship is crucial, and the physician promotes self - healing processes [ 4 ]. Western medicine fully adheres to the so-called scientific method, intended as a set of rules that governs the process of acquiring knowledge. Key elements of the scientific method are the experimental observation of a natural event, the formulation of a general hypothesis in which this event occurs, and the ability to control the hypothesis through subsequent observations.

Science, after a long period in which it was interpreted as true in an absolute sense, completely changed after Albert Einstein, who, with his theory of relativity, laid the basis of quantum physics. Almost simultaneously, the aetiological agents of infectious diseases were discovered, and the first effective remedies to control them were introduced. At first, the arsenical compounds discovered by Paul Ehrlich – which were capable of inhibiting bacterial growth - and then the first antibiotics. Medicine thus became somewhat omnipotent, promising a free-from-pain society. The discoveries of the new physics did not affect the certainties of the twentieth-century medicine. This lack of integration has led the scientific - medical thinking to the reality we experience today.

The relationship between health, nutrition and environment

We cannot speak of health and illness without considering the issue of the environment. As stated by Paul Crutzen – who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995 – we might call the geological age in which we live as Anthropocene, that is the era ruled by men. For thousands of years, human beings used for their nutrition and needs plants, seeds and animals: a whole biological world, the result of millions of years of evolution. The richness and variety of our food is the result of extraordinary natural biodiversity. With the arrival of the Modern Era, a gradual extinction of animal and plant species has begun. Alterations and destructions have become exponential: over the last fifty years, we lost more biological heritage than in any previous era. Furthermore, the disappearance of a plant or an animal involves the impossibility of survival of other species connected to them.

In the nineties, some multinational corporations put on the market a variety of genetically modified (GM) corn, soybean and cotton seeds never seen before in the entire history of farming. To date, no epidemiological investigation has ever been conducted to reassure the general public on the effects of GMOs on human and animal health.

GMOs do not exist in nature: they are the result of a manipulation that - to a certain extent – removes the natural barriers between species. An example of how genetic manipulation might influence the health of entire populations is the one concerning the manipulation of cereals [ 5 ].

In the last few years, the use of hyper-fertilised wheat has led to an artificial increase of its gluten content: plus 12% compared to a standard one. Gluten is a lipoprotein found in wheat flour which mainly derives from the combination, through water, of two molecules: glutenin and gliadin. This increased concentration of gluten proteins, often three times more than the one our ancestors’ organisms were used to, makes the wheat very different from the “old” and best-tolerated ones. The selection of such wheats is surely the cause of many gluten-related health problems. Our organism has not evolved enough to digest a large amount of these substances. Gluten sensitivity and the coeliac disease are only two of several pathologies related to this issue.

The influence of economics on the treatment of illness

Economic sustainability is now an issue to which health policies for prevention and treatment are inextricably linked. In recent decades, the healthcare expenditure in Western countries has shown a steady increase and health today is the most important sector of the economy of a nation. Western countries annually spend on healthcare a significant part of their gross domestic product (GDP). The United States in 2003 spent $ 5,635 - the 14% of GDP - for every single citizen: only $ 1,500 out of this amount were spent for the annual consumption of drugs per capita. Our country in 2005 spent €125 billion that is 7.8% of GPD [ 6 ].

The causes of this huge expenditure for acute and chronic diseases are multiple and complex. According to Voltaire, the physician’s art would be to entertain the patient until nature heals him. Today, instead, we are witnessing the opposite phenomenon: many conditions, once considered as physiological, can now be considered as subject to therapeutic intervention.

Normal phenomena such as shyness, baldness, apathy, ageing, fatigue and unhappiness are considered as conditions that can be cured: new diseases that must be treated, often in a costly way [ 7 ].

Current challenges and future directions in medical science and health care policies and practice

The framework of the current situation is the increase in the number of diagnoses that, in industrialised countries, has reached grotesque dimensions. It is believed that Homo Sapiens had about 40,000 among diseases, syndromes and disorders. Fortunately, there is a remedy for most diseases. Nowadays the pharmaceutical industry keeps investing in research; however, it spends more for marketing than for innovation. About a third of the revenues and a third of the staff are used only to sell medicines [ 8 ].

The issues discussed so far call for a profound reflection about the future of the medical science: a modern health care system will be sustainable only if prevention policies are developed, through the protection of the environment and the promotion of correct eating habits.

It is fundamental, after all, to highlight that - to proceed in this regard - it is necessary to consider the role that culture has always played in the perception that every single person has about taking care of himself/herself. The link between health and care is an interesting topic that is being currently considered by social studies: in particular, the influence that culture and society have on people and their way of keeping healthy is being investigated. Research that starts from the assumption that “culture, as a complex system, is a way of organizing individuals and the relationships that connect them” [ 9 ].

Funding: This research did not receive any financial support

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist

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Powerpoint Presentation for HEALTH WELLNESS AND ILLNESS

WHO defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” Message me for full pptx presentation [email protected] Upload seemed convert to pdf form

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HEALTH & ILLNESS.

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Sickness And Health PPT

Download this sickness and health PPT and use it in class today. This PowerPoint lesson is for teaching English lessons about sickness and health. The presentation includes slides to practice sickness vocabulary in English and slides to practice asking and answering ‘ What’s the matter? ‘ – ‘ I’ve got a (fever) .’ Key vocabulary includes headache, toothache, cold, fever, cough, stomachache, sore throat and rash. See below to preview and download this PPT and check the bottom of the page for related resources.

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For more lesson materials for teaching about sickness and health in English, check out these related resources: Health And Sickness Flashcards Sickness And Health Vocabulary Exercises

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Sociology of Health and Illness

Nov 20, 2014

480 likes | 1.52k Views

Sociology of Health and Illness. Prof Elaine Denny. Key questions you might ask. What accounts for socio-economic inequalities in health? How do social structures, institutions and processes affect the health of individuals? What is the nature of the doctor-patient relationship

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Presentation Transcript

Sociology of Health and Illness Prof Elaine Denny

Key questions you might ask • What accounts for socio-economic inequalities in health? • How do social structures, institutions and processes affect the health of individuals? • What is the nature of the doctor-patient relationship • How do lay people make sense of health and illness? • What impact do health care services have on individuals and society?

You can apply these questions to the topics you will be asked to study

Sociological perspectives • Two broad approaches to study: • MACRO approaches • MICRO approaches

Macro approaches • Emphasise how health and illness is influenced by social structures and institutions outside of the control of individuals • E.g. the government • Education • Income support • housing

Macro approaches • Marxist or political economy perspectives • Structuralist • Functionalist • Feminists

Micro approaches • Emphasis is on how individuals and groups interact, and how this gives rise to shared ideas about health and illness • This occurs through socialisation (shared norms and values)

Micro approaches • Interactionalists • Interpretivists

Contribution of sociology • In contrast to approaches such as physiology or psychology sociology examines the social dimensions of health, illness and health care • Social patterning of health and illness • Inequalities in health – ethnicity, gender, social class

Aboriginality, lifestyle and genetics – obscuring social processes (White 2002) In Australia it is claimed that Aboriginal people have higher rates of diabetes because they freely choose bad western foods such as potato chips, soft drinks and alcohol, for which they are not genetically ‘programmed’. They choose poor food (therefore it is their fault) + they are not genetically capable of processing Western food (the fault of their biology) + they are lazy or indifferent about their health (the fault of their culture) The conclusion that policy makers, informed by this way of approaching the problem then reach is that it is the Aborigines’ problem that they are sicker and die sooner, and nothing can be done about it.

The ‘commonsense’ understanding of the cause of disease portrayal in our culture – especially the idea that lifestyles are freely chosen – individualises and obscures the way in which disease is socially produced. There is little evidence the social structures of class, gender, ethnicity and of inequality have stopped shaping people’s lives. Society has become more unequal and the poor sicker.

Summary • There are two broad approaches in sociology • Sociology examines the social dimensions of health and illness • It is particularly concerned with inequality in health and illness • It considers how social structures influence our chances of becoming ill and receiving health care

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