occupational health thesis topics

99 Occupational Health Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best occupational health topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on occupational health, ⭐ simple & easy occupational essay titles, ❓ essay questions on occupational health and safety.

• Occupational Health and Safety: The Need and Importance Occupation Health and Safety can be termed as the rules, legislation, policies, procedures and activities intended to care for the health, safety and welfare of the workers and all the individuals in an organization.
• Theories of Occupational Health and Safety One of the significant developments in the study of occupational health and safety was the shift from concentrating on the measures put in place by employers to the role of the employees in the safety […] We will write a custom essay specifically for you by our professional experts 808 writers online Learn More
• Occupational Health and Safety: Accident Causation Models The implementation of any of these models in an organizational setting or even through legislation such as the OHS that seeks to reduce hazards or ensure the safety of workers requires the understanding of differences […]
• Contribution of Occupational Health and Safety to Human Resources Environment Management Occupational health and safety is an integral part of the proper functioning and running of an organisation since it affects the employees’ level of performance and their overall conduct in their areas of work.
• Occupational Health and Safety Theories: La_Camera Restaurant The recommendations offered for La_Camera include the use of more positive methods of enforcing occupational health policies, reduction in the use of the punitive measures, and the implementation of the measures to mitigate not just […]
• Occupational Health and Safety The security management and occupation health and safety officers recommend risk assessment of the possibility of violence and provide possible measures and programs that may significantly assist in the prevention of their occurrence of workplace.
• Occupational Health: Safety and Human Resources Law Providing important facets of the case, Mendelson, discussed important matters concerning the employer’s negligence and circumstances leading to reasonable ‘Foreseeability’ in the case of ‘psychiatric injuries’ in the workplace.
• Occupational Health and Safety and Workplace Accidents A Hazard refers to an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon within the workplace that is a source of danger and can cause an event to result in one way or another. One of the nightmares that […]
• Multitasking and Occupational Health and Safety It was concluded that gender differences, which influence the success in multitasking, manifest themselves depending on the nature and the type of the assignment.
• Occupational Health and Toxicology: Mercury Poisoning As a result, the paper first elaborates the scientific details of the nature and effects of mercury, outlines the historical background of the problem in the workplace, identifies the sources of the problem, and assesses […]
• Occupational Health Safety in Nursing It is no secret that the healthcare industry is one of the most dangerous ones due to the high prevalence of potentially harmful organisms, chemicals, and other hazards.this formal research report aims to catalog the […]
• Occupational Health Hazards at a Factory The occurrence of particular health hazards in a confined space entry can be identified by a range of signs and symptoms that may be present in a person.
• Silica Exposure and Occupational Safety and Health Administration In this research, the main focus is to investigate whether the exposure rate on a worker at the Iron Foundry is above the set standard by the OSHA.
• German Approach to Occupational Safety and Health The main goal of improving working conditions in production is to reduce diseases and accidents at work, to preserve the life and health of workers.
• Occupational Health: Workplace Stress To avoid noise-related stress, Ruth handles her job with a positive attitude and this makes it easy to enjoy work. In conclusion, work-related stress is a major cause of poor performance by employees due to […]
• Emergency Action Plan: Occupational Safety and Health Administration Company Name: Company Name. Company Contact: Name: Your Name Title: Position Telephone/Cell: Email: In the event of an emergency, employees are alerted by:
• Amazon’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration The story of one of the Amazon workers presents the company as a firm that does not value ethics in its strategic scheme. It is a matter of ethics to prioritize the employee’s well-being and […]
• Fundamentals of Occupational Safety and Health Being a Chinese-Canadian physician, Margaret Chan Fung Fu-Chun was the Director of Health in Hong-Kong, a representative of the WHO Director-General for Pandemic Influenza and the WHO Assistant Director-General for Communicable Diseases.
• Problems of Occupational Health in the Oil and Gas Industry Workers’ exposure to silica dust is one of the most prevalent occupational health concerns facing the oil and gas industry. Thousands of workers in the oil and gas industry are subjected to unreasonably high concentrations […]
• Occupational Safety and Health Act: Source of Funding and Future Changes in Its Operation Since this agency is part of the Department of Labor, It is headed by the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health.
• Occupational Health and Safety: Case Foster’s Abbotsford The report intends to elaborate on the facts surrounding the fatal incident and how the court proceedings were conducted up to the delivering of a ruling.
• Occupational Health Assessments The essay discusses occupational health assessment and how it can be used to enhance the quality of health. Occupational health refers to a specialty in the field of medicine which is concerned with understanding the […]
• Management of Occupational Health and Safety in Schools in Libya Tripoli How effective are the current strategies in facilitating the implementation and management of occupational health safety in Libyan primary schools? The following sub-objectives were created: To contribute new knowledge on effective management and implementation of […]
• Toxicological Applications: Occupational Safety and Health Professional The various types of data that could assist one to re-assess the WHO policy based on the toxicology include; quantity of the DDT applied, individual exposure period to the chemical, effectiveness of the DDT, routes […]
• Warehouse Safety and Occupational Health Materials/goods should be well placed on the forks and lifted correctly to avoid slipping and falling on people. Forklift should be driven slowly and both the fork and the loads should be kept low while […]
• Occupational Health and Safety Knowledge Dissemination The research is narrowed down to the analysis of the effects to which the members of German companies are exposed. Furthermore, the significance of inspections is explained.
• Occupational Safety and Health Act There are quite many exempts from the Occupational Safety and Health Act as the management is often free from many provisions of the act due to the peculiarities of the industry companies operate in.
• Occupational Health and Toxicology in the UAE The problem stems from the continuous economic growth which has triggered the influx of tourists and migrant workers in the country.
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration In population, the mental state of people that arises from the need of space in excess of the available supply is referred to as crowding.
• Managing Occupational Health and Safety: A Multidisciplinary Approach However, it is indeed worthy to ensure that management systems are structured and efficient in such a way that the occupational safety and health of workers are guaranteed.
• The Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000 The Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000 is founded on international labor laws that require that employees should be protected from unhealthy and unsafe working environments; in Section 8 of Part 2, division 2, the […]
• NSW Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000 Again, employees have a duty to work co-operatively with their employers or any other person involved in ensuring that the provisions of the Act as regards health, safety as well as welfare matters are taken […]
• Occupational Health and Safety Procedures at Swinburne University of Technology The university has a comprehensive and formalized occupational health and safety policy and procedures to ensure the safety of the employees and students.
• Occupational Health and Safety Regulations These programs have to be effectively monitored by the government to ensure equity and fairness in the generation of this revenue, which is quite useful for the development of a country.
• Occupational Health Information Systems
• Visiting and Office Home Care Workers’ Occupational Health
• Occupational Health for Health Care Providers
• Aims and Functions of Occupational Health Services
• Problems in Occupational Health Psychology
• Current Status and Issues for the Role of Occupational Health
• The Effect of Occupational Health Risk Perception on Job Satisfaction
• Occupational Health of Finnish Dairy Farmers Using Automatic Milking Systems
• Managing Occupational Health and Safety in the Workplace
• Implementation of Occupational Health Management in the German Armed Forces
• Ethics and Occupational Health in the Contemporary World
• Role of Occupational Health in Managing Non-Communicable Diseases
• Physical Activity and Inactivity: Implications in Occupational Health
• Influential Personality as a Protective Factor in Teachers’ Occupational Health
• Occupational Health Among Immigrants in Europe and Canada
• Planning for Occupational Health Needs in a Health Service
• The Current Status of Occupational Health in China
• The Occupational Health of Female Immigrant Caregivers
• Risk Level and Occupational Health Insurance Expenditure
• Basic Occupational Health Services
• Occupational Health Surveillance of Healthcare Workers During COVID-19 Pandemic
• The Aims and Benefits of Occupational Health
• Occupational Health Nurses’ Personal Attitudes Toward Smoking
• Systems for Occupational Health and Safety Management
• Occupational Health Among Swedish Occupational Therapists
• Tim Hortons’ Occupational Health and Safety Policy
• Ethics in Occupational Health
• A New Paradigm for the Occupational Health Service
• Workers’ Risk Underestimation and Occupational Health
• Occupational Health Outcomes Among Sanitation Workers
• Relationship Between Occupational Health Psychology and Work-Related Stress
• The Current Policies Placed on Occupational Health
• Occupational Health Hazards Associated With Chemicals
• Occupational Health and Safety in the Petroleum Industry
• The Teaching of Occupational Health in US Medical Schools
• American Association of Occupational Health Nurses
• Contemporary Occupational Health and Safety
• 5 Things to Look for in an Occupational Health Provider
• Occupational Health as a Component of Primary Health Care
• The Roles and Responsibilities of an Occupational Health and Safety Manager
• What Is the Study of Occupational Health and Safety?
• What Is the Primary Goal of Occupational Health and Safety?
• How Do Occupational Health and Safety Affect Employees?
• What Are the Five Occupational Health and Safety Guidelines?
• What Are Some Occupational Health and Safety Issues?
• How Do Occupational Health and Safety Affect Workers at the Workplace?
• Is HR Responsible for Occupational Health and Safety?
• How Can Employee Involvement Contribute to Improving Occupational Health and Safety?
• What Are the Four Aims of Occupational Health and Safety?
• How Long Does It Take to Study Occupational Health and Safety?
• Why Occupational Health and Safety Is Important?
• How Do We Measure and Report Occupational Health and Safety Information?
• What Is the Primary Aim of Occupational Health and Safety?
• Where Can Occupational Health and Safety Work?
• What Are Occupational Health and Safety Regulations and Law Enforcement?
• Who Is Responsible for Occupational Health and Safety?
• What Are the Five Main Objectives of Occupational Health and Safety Procedures?
• Is Occupational Health and Safety in Demand?
• What Is Occupational Health and Safety in Simple Words?
• What Is Meant by Occupational Health and Safety?
• What Power Do Occupational Health and Safety Have?
• What Are the Examples of Occupational Health and Safety?
• What Are the Critical Concepts of Occupational Health and Safety?
• What Are the Aims and Objectives of Occupational Health and Safety?
• What Are Three Common Meanings of Occupational Health and Safety?
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Home » Blog » Dissertation » Topics » Occupational Health and Safety » 80 Occupational Health and Safety Research Topics

80 Occupational Health and Safety Research Topics

FacebookXEmailWhatsAppRedditPinterestLinkedInWelcome to the world of Occupational Health and Safety research, where the well-being and safety of workers take centre stage. As a student seeking engaging research topics in occupational health and protection for your undergraduate, master’s, or doctoral-level studies, you’ve come to the right place. Occupational Health and Safety is as critical as it is […]

Welcome to the world of Occupational Health and Safety research, where the well-being and safety of workers take centre stage. As a student seeking engaging research topics in occupational health and protection for your undergraduate, master’s, or doctoral-level studies, you’ve come to the right place.

Occupational Health and Safety is as critical as it is diverse, encompassing various issues impacting individuals and organizations. In this blog post, we embark on a journey through the rich landscape of research opportunities in this field. Whether you’re intrigued by workplace safety strategies, employee well-being, technological advancements, or the intricate interplay between human factors and safety outcomes, these research topics will ignite your curiosity and provide a solid foundation for your academic exploration. Your insights and discoveries have the potential to shape safer and healthier workplaces, making a profound impact on the lives of workers worldwide.

A List Of Potential Research Topics In Occupational Health and Safety:

• Guiding resilience: investigating how organizations navigate safety challenges.
• Principles of resilience: guiding organizations in navigating evolving safety challenges.
• Exploring the link between occupational health and safety and employee productivity
• Investigating the effectiveness of safety leadership development programs
• The influence of occupational stress on decision-making and safety performance
• Tech talk: assessing the interplay between technology and traditional safety practices.
• Is employee empowerment crucial for fostering a culture of safety, and how is it achieved? A comprehensive study.
• Can the principles of resilience guide organizations in adapting to changing safety challenges? A comprehensive examination.
• The role of occupational health and safety in enhancing employee resilience
• Virtual horizons: assessing the efficacy of virtual reality in safety training.
• Investigating the impact of automation and robotics on occupational health and safety
• Behind the mask: understanding the impact of remote work on employee safety.
• The psychological and physiological impacts of occupational burnout on employee safety
• Striking a balance: the intersection of human-centric and technology-driven safety approaches.
• Enhancing safety culture in construction projects: best practices and challenges
• Can occupational health and safety programs align with environmental sustainability efforts? An exploratory inquiry.
• Building bridges: exploring the synergy between safety Incentive programs and employee behaviour.
• Tech-tonic shift: evaluating the role of technology in enhancing or hindering occupational health and safety.
• Can technology-driven safety monitoring systems enhance organizational safety culture? A thought-provoking study.
• Can safety incentive programs drive a culture of continuous safety improvement? A comprehensive analysis.
• Analyzing the role of leadership in navigating occupational health and safety during crises
• Is there a connection between mental health support and employee engagement in safety practices? A thought-provoking analysis.
• Game on: assessing the efficacy of gamification in enhancing safety awareness among employees.
• Is mental health support adequately integrated into occupational health and safety frameworks? An exploratory study.
• Does the use of technology in safety training effectively engage and educate employees? A comprehensive analysis.
• Can technology-driven safety monitoring systems enhance employee well-being? A critical examination.
• Promoting psychological safety in the workplace: strategies and implementation
• Cultivating safety: the dynamic relationship between leadership styles and safety culture.
• Can leadership communication effectively promote safety as a shared value? An exploratory study.
• Exploring the integration of health promotion programs with occupational safety
• Is there a link between employee empowerment and a culture of safety innovation? An exploratory study.
• Does occupational health and safety intersect with corporate social responsibility initiatives? An exploratory inquiry.
• Safety beyond borders: analyzing the link between occupational health and safety and corporate social responsibility.
• Are organizational crisis management strategies aligned with occupational health and safety requirements? A critical review.
• Communicating safety: navigating how leadership communication shapes safety practices.
• Does the use of wearable technology enhance employee safety and well-being? A critical examination.
• Is the fear of repercussions hindering employees from reporting safety concerns? A comprehensive analysis.
• Psychological safety and reporting: unpacking the dynamics of speaking up for safety.
• Is there a connection between diversity and inclusion efforts and occupational health and safety outcomes? An in-depth analysis.
• Analyzing the relationship between occupational health and safety and employee engagement
• Safety through empowerment: investigating the connection between employee empowerment and safety behaviour.
• Can psychological safety at work significantly impact employee willingness to report safety concerns? A thought-provoking study.
• Embracing mental health: analyzing how mental health support programs impact safety outcomes.
• A matter of trust: investigating how safety training bridges the gap between compliance and behaviour.
• Does technology enhance or hinder occupational health and safety efforts? A comprehensive exploration.
• Assessing the effectiveness of personal protective equipment in hazard mitigation
• Investigating the effectiveness of safety training programs in reducing workplace accidents
• Exploring the Link between job insecurity and Safety Performance
• Are personal protective equipment (PPE) and safety gear effective in mitigating workplace hazards? A meticulous analysis.
• Is strict compliance with safety protocols enough, or should a safety-conscious mindset be emphasized? An investigation.
• Virtual boundaries: analyzing the role of wearable technology in safety enhancement.
• Analyzing the impact of work-from-home arrangements on employee well-being and safety
• Is employee engagement linked to a heightened commitment to occupational health and safety? A critical inquiry.
• Addressing mental health challenges in high-pressure work environments.
• Assessing the mental health implications of high-stress occupations and safety measures.
• Mental well-being and safety: unpacking the intricate relationship.
• Analyzing the role of safety climate in preventing occupational injuries
• Is the role of safety committees undervalued, and how do they contribute to a safer workplace? An exploratory analysis.
• Can gamification effectively promote safety awareness and compliance among employees? A comparative study.
• The role of leadership styles in shaping occupational health and safety culture
• Is the integration of human psychology critical in designing effective safety programs? A critical examination.
• The influence of leadership communication on occupational health and safety culture
• Can leadership communication positively influence the adoption of safety practices? A comprehensive analysis.
• Is the role of leadership styles in shaping safety behaviour underemphasized? A critical exploration.
• Beyond wearable tech: assessing the impact of wearable technology on employee safety and well-being.
• Does mental health stigma impede the reporting of safety concerns in the workplace? An in-depth analysis.
• Does the normalization of remote work hinder the implementation of traditional safety practices? A thought-provoking study.
• Is there a tension between human-centric and technology-driven safety practices? A thought-provoking analysis.
• Leading through adversity: exploring how leadership styles guide safety behaviour in challenging times.
• Can the integration of health promotion programs foster a safer work environment? A thorough examination.
• Lighting the path: assessing how leadership communication drives a culture of safety.
• The role of employee empowerment in enhancing safety awareness and compliance
• Evaluating the efficacy of safety communication strategies in enhancing workplace safety
• Bridging the gap: investigating the link between leadership styles and occupational health and safety practices.
• Well-being and wisdom: exploring the relationship between employee well-being and safety practices.
• Can promoting work-life integration enhance overall employee health and safety outcomes? A holistic analysis.
• Empowering resilience: how organizations embrace change to enhance safety practices.
• Is there a connection between perceived job security and employee commitment to safety? A thought-provoking analysis.
• Does the use of virtual reality enhance safety training effectiveness? A critical examination.
• Safety on the line: investigating the relationship between employee engagement and safety adherence.

In closing, the provided Occupational Health and Safety research topics encapsulate the vital realm of workplace well-being. As you explore these areas through your undergraduate, master’s, or doctoral dissertations, remember the lasting influence your contributions can have on workplace safety and employee welfare. Your research is a decisive step toward building safer, healthier work environments and shaping the future of occupational health practices.

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Health and safety refers to the study of various aspects of maintaining health and securing the safety of the people. Health and safety are crucial duties of the state. Doctors keep people healthy and soldiers provide security. Research in this field is important for people's well-being. Thus, students must choose quality health and safety dissertation topics for their research modules.

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Home > College of Public Health > Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health > Theses & Dissertations

Theses & Dissertations: Environmental Health, Occupational Health, and Toxicology

Theses/dissertations from 2023 2023.

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Investigation of Environmental Lead Exposures in Children at A Midwestern City with Superfund Site , Zijian Qin

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Modulation of Estrogen Metabolism and Prevention of Pathologies , Bodhisattwa Mondal

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Hearing Loss and Hearing Protection Use Among Midwestern Farmers , Josie J. Ehlers

An Assessment of Preparations Made in the United States for Highly Hazardous Communicable Diseases Following the 2014-2016 Ebola Virus Disease Epidemic , Jocelyn J. Herstein

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

Organizational Effects of Defeminizing Toxicants: Lessons Learned From an Environmental Sentinel Organism, The Fathead Minnow. , Jonathan Ali

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

Aldehyde Adducts and Lung Injury , Muna Sapkota

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

Postural Responses to Perturbations of the Vestibular System During Walking in Healthy Young and Older Adults , Jung Hung Chien

Risk factors for agricultural injury : an evaluation using systematic review and injury surveillance , Rohan Mahadeo Jadhav

Risk Factors for Agricultural Injury: An Evaluation Using Systematic Review and Injury Surveillance , Rohan Mahadeo Jadhav

Occupational exposure to isoflurane anesthetic gas in the research environment , Andrea R. Mulvenon

Community, environmental, and occupational health risks associated with fossil fuel energy production , Mark A. Shepherd

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

Functional and proteomic study of KIAA1199 in breast cancer , Hong Peng

Characterization of 3-Dehydroquinate Dehydratase from Francisella tularensis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Scott Reiling

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

Perception and production of complex movement variability , Joshua Lewis Haworth

Quantifying stride-to-stride fluctuations in amputee gait: implications for improved rehabilitation , Shane R. Wurdeman

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release by human lung fibroblasts through TGF-beta/Smad3 pathway , Maha Farid

Quantitative proteomics and its application in studying the functions of microrna-155 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma , Xin Huang

Biomarkers for organophosphorus agent exposure , Wei Jiang

Exposure to tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate as a possible explanation of aerotoxic syndrome , Mariya Sergeyevna Liyasova

Reducing the impact of distraction using augmented feedback on robot-assisted surgical skills training , Irene H. Suh

Theses/Dissertations from 2011 2011

Protein drug delivery using block ionomer complexes , Andrea Rose Mulvenon

Theses/Dissertations from 2010 2010

Inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) on the chemosensitivity of mantle cell lymphoma to agents that induce DNA strand breaks , Radha M. Golla

Evaluation of the mode of action and human relevance of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma agonist-induced hemangiosarcomas in mice , Satoko Kakiuchi-Kiyota

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The XRCC1 Arg399GIn polymorphism in breast cancer , Mohamed Fouad Irbrahim Ali

Theses/Dissertations from 2007 2007

Critical role of estrogen metabolizing enzymes in breast cancer initiation via a direct genotoxic mechanism , Fang Lu

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29 Occupational Health And Safety Dissertation Topics

Health is an area that undergoes changes on regular basis because new issues keep on emerging regularly. Same is the case with occupational health and safety area. Therefore, the need for research is quite persistent in this domain. Occupational health and safety dissertation topics cover all the health-related aspects that are functional in the occupational domain. Health and safety dissertation topics also focus on how different measures are taken in different parts of the world. The arrival of different epidemics and pandemic issues are also studied under this subject line.

Best Occupational Health And Safety Dissertation Topics for masters and undergrad students

We have distributed different interesting health and safety research topics in the form of an extensive list for you as below:

• Implementation of occupational health and safety legislature in developed versus developing countries.
• Occupational health and safety and dairy industry: challenges and interventions involved.
• Studying the role played by social workers in promoting occupational health and safety in the society.
• Pregnant women working in industrial areas: implications for occupational health and safety practices.
• Occupational health and safety regulations for migrant workers: a UK-based study.
• Occupational health and safety practices in small versus large-scale organizations.
• Research in occupational health and safety: challenges and opportunities available.
• Occupational health and safety practices in the construction industry: developed versus developing countries.
• Occupational health and safety for the night-shift workers in UK: a systematic analysis.
• Investigating the occupational health and safety concerns for workers involved in cannabis production: a review of literature.
• Female workers working in hard rock mines: uncovering the occupational health and safety challenges and interventions.
• Occupational health and safety regulations and workplace lactation programs: a systematic analysis.
• Importance of surveillance data in the implementation of occupational health and safety measures in an organization.
• Postpartum health of employed mothers: an occupational health and safety perspective.
• Studying the effects of occupational health and safety measures on the health of Black minority workers.
• Investigation of the factor of discrimination in the context of occupational health and safety practices.
• Occupational health and safety practices for local versus immigrant population: a case study from Canada.
• Occupational health and safety practices for workers with disabilities: a systematic analysis.
• Work disability: evaluation, management and prevention.
• Risk of occupational disability in construction industry: occupational health and safety regulations.
• Improper hospital waste management and occupational health and safety measures.
• Occupational health and safety concerns of nurses for breastfeeding mothers working in industrial areas.
• Occupational health and safety issues in the nursing profession: a descriptive analysis.
• International occupational health and safety practices: an ethical perspective.
• Investigation of the occupational health and safety hazards for home healthcare workers.
• Occupational health and safety concerns in the agricultural sector of the developing countries of the world.
• Factors leading to effectiveness of the occupational health and safety management in organizations: a systematic analysis.
• International occupational health and safety practices: a review of literature.
• Towards a combined approach of environmental management, occupational health and safety management and quality management.

These are 29 Occupational Health And Safety Dissertation Topics also check our related posts for Dissertation Topics In Community Health and Public Health Dissertation Topics.

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Our researchers focus on understanding the relationship between exposure and disease, evaluating clinical and population health interventions and providing scientific information to support decisions for workers, employers, policymakers, regulatory bodies and health care providers and institutions.

Current research areas include precarious work and stress, occupational health effects of climate-related hazards, air pollution and cardiovascular disease, work-related musculoskeletal disorders and injuries, occupational lung disease, occupational infectious diseases and the health and safety of animal workers.

Dr. June Spector's research focuses on the prevention and management of adverse health outcomes from climate-related hazards in working populations. She is also actively engaged in interdisciplinary research to evaluate health benefits of conservation interventions. Dr. Spector is currently conducting a study, funded by the National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety, that is working with workers, growers and other stakeholders to develop and evaluate a multilevel approach to the prevention of adverse health effects of heat exposure for agricultural workers. Dr. Spector's publications can be found here .

Dr. Joel Kaufman is an international authority on air pollution and cardiovascular disease. He leads the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution (MESA Air) project, which examines the relationship between air pollution exposures and the progression of cardiovascular disease over time. He is the principal investigator on a large study that investigates the relationship between air pollutants and cardiovascular risk with pooled cohorts. Dr. Kaufman is an elected member of the Washington State Academy of Sciences. Dr. Kaufman's publications can be found here .

Dr. Peter Rabinowitz directs the UW Center for One Health Research. The center explores linkages between human, animal and environmental health in a "One Health" paradigm, including zoonotic infectious diseases at the human-animal interface, animals as "sentinels" of environmental health hazards and clinical collaboration between human health care providers and veterinarians in a species-spanning approach. A goal of the center is to serve as an incubator and organizer of research, training and clinical activities at the University of Washington related to the human-animal-ecosystem interface. Dr. Rabinowitz's publications can be found here .

Dr. Cora Sack's research focuses on occupational and environmental pulmonary disease. Her research centers on epidemiologic, controlled exposure and translational studies on the cardiopulmonary effects of air pollution exposure. Dr. Sack is the recipient of a NIH K23 award through the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences that aims to assess the role of airway morphology as an effect modifier in environmental lung disease. Dr. Sack's publications can be found here .

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Public Health Theses and Dissertations

Theses/dissertations from 2023 2023.

Needs Assessment for a Web-Based Support Resource for Patients with a Pathogenic Variant in LMNA , Dylan M. Allen

Evaluation of a Story-telling Approach to Educate Minority Populations About Inherited Cancer , Celestyn B. Angot

Using the Genetic Counseling Skills Checklist to Characterize Prenatal Genetic Counseling , David A. Cline

Reframing Resistance, Resilience, and Racial Equity in Maternal Health: A Mixed Methods Exploration of Paternal Involvement and the Racial Disparity in Severe Maternal Morbidity , Marshara G. Fross

Student Perceptions of the Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants and Preferences for Health Education , Ana Gutierrez

Relationships between Leading and Trailing Indicators at Construction Sites in Yanbu Industrial City, Saudi Arabia , Anas H. Halloul

Variability of Air Sampling Results Using Air-O-Cell Cassettes , Christina M. Haworth

Use of Silica Dust and Lunar Simulants for Assessing Lunar Regolith Exposure , Layzamarie Irizarry-Colon

The Aging Workforce: How it Relates to Incident Rates within a Distribution Warehouse and a Chemical Manufacturing Building , Elisabeth V. Jones

Fuzzy KC Clustering Imputation for Missing Not At Random Data , Markku A. Malmi Jr.

Piloting a Spanish-language Web-based Tool for Hereditary Cancer Genetic Testing , Gretter Manso

Development of a ddPCR Multiplex to Measure the Immune Response to Borrelia burgdorferi. , Kailey Marie McCain

A Healthcare Claims Investigation of Parasomnia Epidemiology, Associations with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Correlates , Anh Thy Ha Nguyen

Diet and Salivary Microbiome on Cardiovascular Risk and Glycemic Control in Participants with and without Type 1 Diabetes: The CACTI Study , Tiantian Pang

Evaluation of Two Methods to Estimate Wet Bulb Globe Temperature from Heat Index , Stephi Pofanl

Intimate Conversations: A Mixed-Methods Study of African American Father-Adolescent Sexual Risk Communication , Shanda A. Vereen

Assessment of ISO Heart Rate Method to Estimate Metabolic Rate , Karl Williams

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Outcomes of a Periodic Exposure Assessment of Workers at a University Campus , Logan M. Armagast

Evaluating the Effect of Public Health Governance Structure and Public Opinion on COVID-19 Disease Control Interventions , Daniel Chacreton

Alpha Synuclein: A therapeutic target and biomarker for Parkinson’s Disease , Max Chase

A Study of Noise Exposures for Amusement Park Employees by Positions and Ride Categories , Danielle M. Dao

Bayesian Network-based Diagnostic Support Tool with Limited Point-of-Care Ultrasound for Work-related Elbow Injuries , Cristina Maria Franceschini Sánchez

Host-Pathogen Coevolution Between Tasmanian Devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) and Devil Facial Tumor Disease , Dylan Garret Gallinson

Measurements of Generalizability and Adjustment for Bias in Clinical Trials , Yuanyuan Lu

Examining the Relationship between Racial Respect among Black Early Childhood Professionals and their Perceptions of Black Children , Kayla Nembhard

Etiology of sterile intra-amniotic inflammation: An exploratory study , Zoe M. Taylor

Evaluating and Improving a Novel Toolkit for Implementation and Optimization of Lynch Syndrome Universal Tumor Screening , Tara M. Wolfinger

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

Exploring Adult Attachment in Intimate Relationships among Women who Were Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence in Childhood: A Convergent Mixed Methods Approach , Ngozichukwuka C. Agu

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Disinfectant-Impregnated Wipes Versus Detergent Wipes for Surface Decontamination , Jacob Amadin

Limited Point of Care Ultrasound Clinical Decision Support Model for Work-related Injuries of the Shoulder Utilizing Bayesian Network , Gwen Marie Ayers

Synthesis of a Multimodal Ecological Model for Scalable, High-Resolution Arboviral Risk Prediction in Florida , Sean P. Beeman

Feasibility of a Virtual Group Nutrition Intervention for Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder , Acadia W. Buro

Defining Codes Based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research in the Context of the Implementing Universal Lynch Syndrome Screening , Jasmine A. Burton-Akright

Americans’ Familiarity, Interest, and Actions with Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing , Riley L. Carroll

Does Better A1C Control Worsen Osteoarthritis? An Electronic Health Record Cross-Sectional Study , Sarah C. Cattaneo

Analysis of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Gene Expression Profiles in a Prospective, Community-based Cohort , Jan Dahrendorff

Differential Privacy for Regression Modeling in Health: An Evaluation of Algorithms , Joseph Ficek

Does Time-Weighted Averaging for WBGT and Metabolic Rate Work for Work-Recovery Cycles? , John W. Flach

Screening of Pregnant Women with Opioid Use Disorder: Identifying Factors Impacting Implementation of Screening Recommendations Using the Theoretical Domains Framework , Tara R. Foti

Epigenetic Potential in an Introduced Passerine , Haley E. Hanson

Face Mask Use to Protect Against COVID-19; Importance of Substrate, Fit, and User Tendencies , Evelyn Kassel

Novel Educational Material for Patients with a Variant of Uncertain Significance (VUS) in a Cancer Risk Gene , Meghan E. Kelley

Mechanisms and Mitigation: Effects of Light Pollution on West Nile Virus Dynamics , Meredith E. Kernbach

Seasonality in Competence to Transmit West Nile Virus for a Widespread Reservoir , Kyle L. Koller

Mealtimes in Early Childhood Education Centers During COVID-19: A Mixed-Methods Assessment of Responsibilities, Interactions, and Best Practices , Joanna Mackie

Development and Validation of an Isothermal Amplification Assay for Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus , Mikayla D. Maddison

Evaluating the Development and Implementation of Campus-based Sexual and Interpersonal Violence Prevention Programming , Robyn Manning-Samuels

Bait-and-Kill: Targeting a Novel Heme Biochemical Pathway in Hundreds of Cancers , Christopher G. Marinescu

Acclimatization Protocols and Their Outcomes , Ayub M. Odera

Promoting HPV vaccination with vaccine-hesitant parents using social media: a formative research mixed-method study , Silvia Sommariva

Sleep Diagnoses and Low Back Pain in U.S. Military Veterans , Kenneth A. Taylor

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

Journey Mapping the Minority Student’s Path Toward Genetic Counseling: A Holistic Picture , Tatiana E. Alvarado-Wing

Using Observations from the UAW-Ford Ergonomic Assessment Tool to Predict Distal Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Disorders , Zachariah T. Brandes-Powell

Do Similar Exposure Groups (SEG) differ from Air Force base to Air Force base? A Combat Arms Training and Maintenance (CATM) noise exposure comparison of Moody AFB and MacDill AFB. , Miriam F. Escobar

Predictors of Premature Discontinuation from Behavioral Health Services: A Mixed Methods Study Guided by the Andersen & Newman Model of Health Care Utilization , Shawna M. Green

Non-invasive Sex Determination and Genotyping of Transgenic Brugia malayi Larvae , Santiago E. Hernandez Bojorge

Does Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Increases the Risk of Preeclampsia Among Primigravid Women? , Astha Kakkad

Evaluating Effects of Cancer Genetic Counseling on Several Brief Patient Impact Measures , Alyson Kneusel

Impact of Heat-Related Illness and Natural Environments on Behavioral Health Related Emergency and Hospital Utilization in Florida , Natasha Kurji

The Quantification of Heavy Metals in Infant Formulas Offered by the Florida WIC Program , Naya Martin

Differences in Knowledge Acquisition, Perceived Engagement and Self-Efficacy in Latino Promotores Delivering the Heart Disease Prevention Program Su Corazόn, Su Vida , Samuel Matos-Bastidas

Spatial and Temporal Determinants Associated with Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Activity in Florida , Kristi M. Miley

Using Observations from the UAW-Ford Ergonomic Assessment Tool to Predict Low Back Musculoskeletal Disorders , Colins Nwafor

On the Importance of Context: Examining the Applicability of Infertility Insurance Mandates in the United States Using a Mixed-Methods Study Design , Nathanael B. Stanley

Exploration of Factors Associated with Perceptions of Community Safety among Youth in Hillsborough County, Florida: A Convergent Parallel Mixed-Methods Approach , Yingwei Yang

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

The Ability of the U.S. Military’s WBGT-based Flag System to Recommend Safe Heat Stress Exposures , David R. Almario

The Relationship between Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) Derived Metrics and Indices of Glycemic Control , Ryan Bailey

“Man plans but ultimately, God decides”: A Phenomenological Investigation of the Contextual Family Planning Beliefs of Recently Resettled Congolese Refugee Women in West Central Florida. , Linda Bomboka Wilson

‘If He Hits Me, Is That Love? I Don’t Think So’: An Ethnographic Investigation of the Multi-Level Influences Shaping Indigenous Women’s Decision-Making Around Intimate Partner Violence in the Rural Peruvian Andes , Isabella Li Chan

An Assessment of the Role of Florida Pharmacists in the Administration of Inactivated Influenza Vaccine to Pregnant Women , Oluyemisi O. Falope

Epidemiological Analysis of Malaria Decrease in El Salvador from 1955 until 2017 , Tatiana I. Gardellini Guevara

Self-Collected Sampling Methods for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Screening Among College Women: Exploring Patient-Centered Intervention Characteristics , Stacey B. Griner

The Relationship Between Hand and Wrist Musculoskeletal Disorders and Hand Activity and Posture , Warren M. Henry

Speeding Diagnosis and Saving Money Using Point of Care Ultrasound Rather Than MRI for Work-related MSK Injuries , Jared A. Jeffries

Mitigating Barriers to Chronic Disease Risk Factor Prevention and Management in Disadvantaged Communities , Krys M. Johnson

Comparing Family Sharing Behaviors in BRCA Carriers with PALB2 Carriers , Joy E. Kechik

Investigating Air Pollution and Equity Impacts of a Proposed Transportation Improvement Program for Tampa , Talha Kemal Kocak

Exploring Young Women’s Choice to Initiate Use of Long-acting Reversible Contraception: A Mixed Methods Approach , Helen Mahony

Evaluation of Clinical Practices and Needs about Variants of Uncertain Significance Results in Inherited Cardiac Arrhythmia and Inherited Cardiomyopathy Genes , Reka D. Muller

Effects of Medications with Anticholinergic Properties and Opioids on Cognitive Function and Neural Volumetric Changes in Elderly Australians , Malinee Neelamegam

Sundaas Story: A Mixed-Methods Study of Household Sanitation Provisioning in Urban Informal Housing in India , Sarita Vijay Panchang

A Retrospective Study of the Opioid Epidemic and Fentanyl Related Overdose Fatality Cases in a Florida West Coast Medical Examiner District Population , Anne Terese Powell

Using Predicted Heat Strain to Evaluate Sustainable Exposures , Samantha L. Thacker

Isokinetic Sampling Efficiency Differences for Blunt Edge vs Sharp Edge Sampling Probes , Cory A. Treloar

Using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research to Investigate Daily Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (emtricitabine/tenofovir DF) Implementation via Community-based HIV Testing Sites in Florida , Deanne E. Turner

“We can learn some things from them, but they can learn some things from us too”: Intergenerational Perceptions of Shared Infant Feeding Information , Alexis L. Woods Barr

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

Comparison of Modeled and Measured Pesticide Concentrations in Air , Trenell Davis Boggans

Effectiveness of Biocide Substitution and Management Plan Implementation for the Control of , Adelmarie Bones

Design, Construction, and Characterization of the University of South Florida Wind Tunnel , Jason S. Garcia

Characterization of Scanning Mobility Particle Sizers For Use With Nanoaerosols , Michael R. Henderson

Validation of the Thermal Work Limit (TWL) Against Known Heat Stress Exposures , Danielle L. Kapanowski

Validation of a New Concept for Measuring Respirable Dusts , Xiao Liu

Occupational Noise Exposure Evaluation of Airline Ramp Workers , Adekunle Ogunyemi

Reduction in Needlestick Injuries Using a Novel Package of Interventions , Kamal Thakor Patel

Ability of the ISO Predicted Heat Strain Method to Predict a Limiting Heat Stress Exposure , Edgar Prieto

Developing the Evidence Base for Mental Health Policy and Services: Inquiries into Epidemiology, Cost-Benefits, and Utilization , Joseph L. Smith

Occupational Sharps Injuries in Medical Trainees at the University of South Florida: A Follow-up Study , Kourtni L. Starkey

Particles in Welding Fumes , Rebecca T. Williams

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

The Effects of Maternal Folate on Fetal Brain and Body Size among Smoking Mothers , Korede K. Adegoke

The Influence of Tropical Forests and Climate Change on the Fates of Select Organic Pollutants in a Jamaican Watershed , Kayon Barrett

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Prize-Winning Thesis and Dissertation Examples

Published on September 9, 2022 by Tegan George . Revised on July 18, 2023.

It can be difficult to know where to start when writing your thesis or dissertation . One way to come up with some ideas or maybe even combat writer’s block is to check out previous work done by other students on a similar thesis or dissertation topic to yours.

This article collects a list of undergraduate, master’s, and PhD theses and dissertations that have won prizes for their high-quality research.

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Table of contents

Award-winning undergraduate theses, award-winning master’s theses, award-winning ph.d. dissertations, other interesting articles.

University : University of Pennsylvania Faculty : History Author : Suchait Kahlon Award : 2021 Hilary Conroy Prize for Best Honors Thesis in World History Title : “Abolition, Africans, and Abstraction: the Influence of the “Noble Savage” on British and French Antislavery Thought, 1787-1807”

University : Columbia University Faculty : History Author : Julien Saint Reiman Award : 2018 Charles A. Beard Senior Thesis Prize Title : “A Starving Man Helping Another Starving Man”: UNRRA, India, and the Genesis of Global Relief, 1943-1947

University: University College London Faculty: Geography Author: Anna Knowles-Smith Award:  2017 Royal Geographical Society Undergraduate Dissertation Prize Title:  Refugees and theatre: an exploration of the basis of self-representation

University: University of Washington Faculty:  Computer Science & Engineering Author: Nick J. Martindell Award: 2014 Best Senior Thesis Award Title:  DCDN: Distributed content delivery for the modern web

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University:  University of Edinburgh Faculty:  Informatics Author:  Christopher Sipola Award:  2018 Social Responsibility & Sustainability Dissertation Prize Title:  Summarizing electricity usage with a neural network

University:  University of Ottawa Faculty:  Education Author:  Matthew Brillinger Award:  2017 Commission on Graduate Studies in the Humanities Prize Title:  Educational Park Planning in Berkeley, California, 1965-1968

University:  University of Ottawa Faculty: Social Sciences Author:  Heather Martin Award:  2015 Joseph De Koninck Prize Title:  An Analysis of Sexual Assault Support Services for Women who have a Developmental Disability

University : University of Ottawa Faculty : Physics Author : Guillaume Thekkadath Award : 2017 Commission on Graduate Studies in the Sciences Prize Title : Joint measurements of complementary properties of quantum systems

University:  London School of Economics Faculty: International Development Author: Lajos Kossuth Award:  2016 Winner of the Prize for Best Overall Performance Title:  Shiny Happy People: A study of the effects income relative to a reference group exerts on life satisfaction

University : Stanford University Faculty : English Author : Nathan Wainstein Award : 2021 Alden Prize Title : “Unformed Art: Bad Writing in the Modernist Novel”

University : University of Massachusetts at Amherst Faculty : Molecular and Cellular Biology Author : Nils Pilotte Award : 2021 Byron Prize for Best Ph.D. Dissertation Title : “Improved Molecular Diagnostics for Soil-Transmitted Molecular Diagnostics for Soil-Transmitted Helminths”

University:  Utrecht University Faculty:  Linguistics Author:  Hans Rutger Bosker Award: 2014 AVT/Anéla Dissertation Prize Title:  The processing and evaluation of fluency in native and non-native speech

University: California Institute of Technology Faculty: Physics Author: Michael P. Mendenhall Award: 2015 Dissertation Award in Nuclear Physics Title: Measurement of the neutron beta decay asymmetry using ultracold neutrons

University:  Stanford University Faculty: Management Science and Engineering Author:  Shayan O. Gharan Award:  Doctoral Dissertation Award 2013 Title:   New Rounding Techniques for the Design and Analysis of Approximation Algorithms

University: University of Minnesota Faculty: Chemical Engineering Author: Eric A. Vandre Award:  2014 Andreas Acrivos Dissertation Award in Fluid Dynamics Title: Onset of Dynamics Wetting Failure: The Mechanics of High-speed Fluid Displacement

University: Erasmus University Rotterdam Faculty: Marketing Author: Ezgi Akpinar Award: McKinsey Marketing Dissertation Award 2014 Title: Consumer Information Sharing: Understanding Psychological Drivers of Social Transmission

University: University of Washington Faculty: Computer Science & Engineering Author: Keith N. Snavely Award:  2009 Doctoral Dissertation Award Title: Scene Reconstruction and Visualization from Internet Photo Collections

University:  University of Ottawa Faculty:  Social Work Author:  Susannah Taylor Award: 2018 Joseph De Koninck Prize Title:  Effacing and Obscuring Autonomy: the Effects of Structural Violence on the Transition to Adulthood of Street Involved Youth

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History, Current Advances, Problems, and Pitfalls of Nephrology in Russia

The anatomy and physiology of kidneys as well as kidney diseases have been studied in Russia since the 18th century. However, there was a surge in interest in the 1920s, with numerous researchers and clinicians making substantial advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology, pathology, and diagnostics of kidney diseases. The field of nephrology as clinical practice can be traced back to 1957–1958, when the first beds for patients with kidney diseases became available and the first hemodialysis procedure was performed. Nephrology and hemodialysis units were opened soon after, offering kidney biopsy, corticosteroid and immunosuppressive therapies, and dialysis for acute renal failure and end stage of renal disease. In 1965 kidney transplantation commenced. Between 1970 and 1990, the number of centers providing care for patients with kidney diseases increased; however, they were insufficient to meet the demands of native kidney disorders and renal replacement therapy. To address this, several educational institutions established postgraduate programs in nephrology and dialysis, and professional societies and journals were funded. While economic changes at the end of the 1990s resulted in a rapid increase of dialysis service, kidney transplantation and pathology-based diagnostics of kidney diseases remained underdeveloped. During the last 2 decades cooperation among international professional societies, continuing medical education courses, and the translation and implementation of international guidelines have resulted in substantial improvements in the quality of care provided to patients with kidney diseases.

We describe the history and development of clinical nephrology, dialysis, kidney transplantation, education in nephrology and dialysis, professional societies and journals, and registry of patients on renal replacement therapy in Russia during almost 60 years. We also present the most recent registry data analysis, address current problems and difficulties, and stress the role of incorporation into the international nephrology community.

Key Message

Nephrology in Russia, despite currently experiencing many difficulties, made great advances during the 60 years of its development. General nephrology, nephropathology, and renal replacement therapy are developing fast; implementation of international guidelines, access to modern educational tools, and cooperation with international professional societies are improving the quality of care of renal patients and ensuring further progress.

Historical Aspects

Russian scientists have been interested in the anatomy and physiology of kidneys as well as kidney diseases since the 18th century. Professor Shumlansky investigated renal anatomy and defended his thesis entitled “De structura renum: Tractatus physiologicoanatomicus” in 1776; the paper was republished in Strasburg in 1788 [ 1 ]. In 1853 Professor Polunin [ 2 ] described acute renal failure in patients with cholera, and Professor Zakharyin [ 3 ] published his paper entitled “Association between protein-containing urine and convulsions in pregnant women,” which was one of the first descriptions of eclampsia. Professor Bogolybov [ 4 ] defended his PhD thesis entitled “Renal pathology of parenchymal inflammation (Bright's disease)” in 1862, and in 1876 Professor Stolnykov [ 5 ] designed the quantitative method to detect protein levels in the urine. He also studied hemoglobinuria [ 6 ], and he published the association between renal ischemia and left ventricular hypertrophy in 1880 [ 7 ]. In 1882, Professor Ivanovsky [ 8 ] published his paper entitled “Bacterial inflammation of kidneys as a consequence of erysipelas.”

The first widely recognized historical case of kidney disease in Russia was the illness of Czar Alexander III, who suffered from severe edema, ascites, itching, dyspnea, and hemoptysis. His urinalysis showed the presence of proteins and casts, and he was diagnosed with “chronic interstitial inflammation of kidneys” and died from pulmonary edema on October 20, 1894. Among the attending doctors of Czar Alexander III during his last fatal illness were Professor Ernst Viktor von Leyden from Germany and Professor Grigory Zakharyin [ 9 ].

The most important achievement in the field of kidney diseases in 19th century Russia was the first model of nephrotoxic nephritis, developed by Professor Lindemann while working in Professor Mechnikov's laboratory. Lindemann [ 10 ] published his research entitled “Sur le mode d'action de certains poisons renaux” in the Annals of Institute Pasteur in 1900, in which he demonstrated the nephrotoxicity of heterologous anti-kidney sera in experimental animals. This model remains the most widely used animal model of crescentic glomerulonephritis.

The next phase of research commenced in the 1920s. In 1921, Professor Zymnitsky [ 11 ] implemented a simple kidney function test, based on the relative density of urine, which was known as the modified Volhard test. In 1929, Professor Tareev [ 12 ] published his book entitled “Anemia in Bright's disease.” He later published several monographs, summarizing his clinical experience, and highlighting the most important issues of pathophysiology, pathology, and clinical presentation of kidney diseases: “Kidneys and the Body” (1932), “Hypoproteinemic syndrome” (1933), “Kidney diseases” (1936), “Nephritis” (1958), “Fundamentals of Nephrology” (1972) [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ], and many others, all of which became handbooks for several generations of nephrologists. In 1950, Professor Lang [ 18 ] published the monograph “Hypertensive disease,” in which he stressed the role of essential hypertension in kidney damage. In 1963, Professor Gynetsynsky [ 19 ] published “Physiological mechanisms of water-electrolyte balance,” where he described the details of water reabsorption in the distal nephron.

Development of Nephrology in Russia

General nephrology.

Nephrology as a field of medical practice started its development in Russia (which was then the Soviet Union) in 1957. An initiative of Professor Woffsy, one of the most recognized internists, introduced the first beds for patients with kidney diseases in the internal diseases unit of Moscow City Hospital No. 52 [ 20 ]. Professor Ratner, who as a resident studied internal medicine with Professor Lang in the then Leningrad (now known as Saint Petersburg), was invited to manage the patients and played a leading role during the fledging years of nephrology in Russia. Under her direction the nephrology beds transformed into the first nephrology unit in 1964, and in the same year, the first kidney biopsy in the Soviet Union was performed in the unit. Professor Ratner was also the first to successfully use corticosteroids to treat glomerulonephritis at the end of 1950s. The patient was a child with severe nephrotic syndrome. Immunosuppressants were first used by the initiative of Professor Tareev in 1959, and in 1961, Professors Woffsy and Ratner [ 21 ] published a paper entitled “Corticosteroid therapy of glomerulonephritis” in the Annals of Academy of Medical Science.

The first pediatric nephrology unit at the National Medical Research Center of Children's Health (the Research Institute of Pediatrics) was opened in 1965 by the initiative of Professor Studenikin, again headed by Professor Ratner. In 1970, Professor Veltischev started the division of inherited and acquired kidney diseases in the Research Clinical Institute of Pediatrics (which was then the Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children's Surgery), headed by Professor Ignatova till 2006 [ 22 ].

The second nephrology unit opened in Moscow City Hospital No. 52 in 1971, followed soon after with nephrology units opened in Moscow City Hospital No. 24 and the Moscow City Hospital n.a. S.P. Botkin (first headed by Dr. Alexander Lokshin). Other hospitals in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and most big cities used the Moscow City Hospital No. 52 experience as a model when opening their respective units.

Professor Ratner was active as the leader of the rapidly growing renal service in Moscow until the end of 1980s. Her main interests were glomerulonephritis, transplanted kidney issues, and tubulointerstitial disorders, on which along with Professors Serov and Tomilina, she published a book entitled “Renal dysfunctions” in 1977 [ 23 ]. She also established a school of clinical nephrology, which is currently headed by Professor Tomilina.

In 1993 Professor Tomilina initiated the merging of two nephrology units - one for patients with native kidney diseases and the other for recipients of transplanted kidney - with the dialysis and outpatient units to create the Moscow City Nephrology Center, based in Moscow City Hospital No. 52. In 1998, the first intensive care unit for patients with kidney diseases opened in this center. The Moscow City Nephrology Center provides high-quality care for patients with any type of native and transplanted kidney diseases, not only to Moscow citizens, but also to referred patients. Professor Tomilina [ 24 ] recently summarized her clinical experience and published a monograph entitled “Selected Chapters in Nephrology.” The nephrology unit of the Moscow City Hospital n.a. S.P. Botkin also became a tertiary referral center at the beginning of 2000. The main priority of both centers is kidney biopsy with high-quality pathology diagnostics for a wide range of renal diseases. The nephropathology unit, which performs kidney biopsy readings for a vast majority of the population in Moscow, the surrounding area, and referred patients from other regions, is actually part of the Moscow City Nephrology Center.

Leading the intense development of clinical and research nephrology in Leningrad were Professor Ryabov, Professor Stavskaya, Dr. Jdanova, and Professor Bagrov - the successor of Professor Gynetsynsky, representing the Novosibirsk physiology school. For almost 50 years Professor Bagrov worked in the field of renal physiology and pathophysiology in close association with clinical practice. His monograph entitled “Water-electrolyte balance in Heart Failure” was published in 1984 [ 25 ]. A complex nephrology service, including the first outpatient unit for patients with kidney diseases, was organized in Leningrad in 1977 by Professor Ryabov. In 2003, several outpatient nephrology units in Saint Petersburg were merged under Professor Komandenko, and in 2008, the Saint Petersburg City Nephrology Center was opened. Currently, there are many nephrology units in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and other big cities actively treating patients with glomerulonephritis, systemic diseases, diabetes, amyloidosis, chronic kidney disease (CKD) complications, and even orphan diseases such as atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, Fabry disease, and cystinosis.

Unfortunately, the exact disease spectrum for CKD is not known, because general statistics, based on the main diagnosis only, does not represent CKD epidemiology. However, the database of the nephrology unit of the Moscow City Hospital n.a. S.P. Botkin provides some information and gives an impression of the disease spectrum. Table ​ Table1 1 represents unpublished data analysis.

Spectrum of CKD causes

Nephrology unit of Moscow City Hospital n.a. S.P. Botkin, 1994–2017 ( n = 18,368 cases).

The care and management of CKD include (1) CKD diagnostics and stratification; (2) monitoring of proteinuria, eGFR, and blood pressure; (3) treatment of underlying kidney diseases and measures for prevention of CKD progression; and (4) diagnostics, evaluation, and treatment of anemia, metabolic bone disease, cardiovascular complications, etc. Nephroprotection strategies, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, iron supplementation, and phosphate binders are widely used. Diagnostic approaches and treatment of glomerulonephritis, including use of corticosteroids, immunosuppressants (cyclophosphamide, calcineurin inhibitors, mycophenolates, rituximab), and plasmapheresis are in agreement with international and national guidelines.

Of note, the International KDIGO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease - Mineral and Bone Disorder; for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease; for Lipid Management in Chronic Kidney Disease; for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease; and for Glomerulonephritis were translated to Russian and widely implemented [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. The translation of KDIGO 2017 Clinical Practice Guideline Update for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease - Mineral and Bone Disorder is currently in progress.

Hemodialysis (HD) techniques, invented and developed in western countries, immediately raised great interest in the Soviet Union. The first paper presenting an international experience of “artificial kidney” use was published by Dr. Parin [ 31 ] in 1955. The first Soviet “Artificial Kidney Apparatus” (AKA-60) was invented in 1957 by Yury Kozlov and his colleagues in the Research Institute of Experimental Surgical Technologies; production of the AKA-60 commenced in the Factory of Medical Equipment in Kazan [ 32 ].

In 1958, the first HD procedure using the Moeller dialysis machine was performed by Professors Pytel, Lopatkin, and Djavadzade at the University Clinic of Russian National Research Medical University n.a. N.I. Pyrogov (then the 2nd Moscow Medical Institute), based in Moscow City Hospital No. 1. Professor Pytel, a recognized urologist, was specifically interested in nephrology and had already studied crush syndrome and hepatorenal syndrome. In 1961, he published a monograph entitled “Artificial kidney and its clinical usage”, which was the first Russian monograph in the field [ 33 ].

Between 1958 and 1960 four “Experimental renal laboratories” for the treatment of patients with acute renal failure (ARF) opened: one in the Hematology Research Center (then the Research Institute of Blood Transfusion), one in Moscow Hospital No. 1, one in the Moscow City Hospital n.a. S.P. Botkin, and one in the 1st Moscow Medical University n.a. I.M. Sechenov (then the 1st Moscow Medical Institute). In 1960, the department of HD for patients with ARF, working in cooperation with the “Laboratory of Artificial Kidney” headed by Professor Gert Kulakov, was opened in the Moscow City Hospital n.a. S.P. Botkin. It was headed by Dr. Melikyan, who was one of the pioneers of HD in Russia and worked actively for 4 decades.

The year 1962 saw the first ever procedure not using donor blood with AKA-60 [ 34 ]. In 1964, the modified AKA-140 was invented, with production starting in Leningrad in 1969. HD was primarily used for the treatment of ARF in the setting of obstetric and surgical complications, poisoning, Hanta virus hemorrhagic fever, and crush syndrome. By 1971 more than 50 HD centers, equipped with AKA machines were successfully implemented throughout the Soviet Union. This allowed the expansion of indications for HD to chronic renal failure. The first dialysis unit for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) was started in Moscow City Hospital No. 24 in 1967.

In 1963, the first pediatric patient, a 3-year-old child, was treated with HD. The first pediatric HD unit for the treatment of children with ARF was established in 1976 in the St. Vladimir Children's Hospital (then the Children's Hospital n.a. I.V. Rusakov), headed by Dr. Zverev. It was the only such unit in the country for many years, and later became the first center for children with hemolytic uremic syndrome; in 1991 peritoneal dialysis (PD) was successfully performed for the first time in Russia at this center.

Between 1971 and 1973 Hemodialysis System 6 (SHD-6) was invented by Professor Kulakov and engineer Balabanov. The new model of HD machine enabled HD procedures to be performed on 6 patients simultaneously [ 32 ]. The first two machines were introduced in 1974 in the “Laboratory of Artificial Kidney” in the Moscow City Hospital n.a. S.P. Botkin. Later, the SHD-8 replaced the SHD-6 and was introduced to clinical practice in many cities. In 1976, the first arteriovenous fistula was placed by Dr. Timokhov and Dr. Melikyan at the Moscow City Hospital n.a. S.P. Botkin, with arteriovenous fistula swiftly replacing shunts as the standard dialysis access technique in most HD units for ESRD patients soon after. The nephrology service in Leningrad first included HD units, working in cooperation with clinical nephrology and outpatient units; Professor Shostka coordinated this work.

During the next 2 decades, the number of HD units increased; however, they were insufficient to meet the demands of dialysis care for the ESRD patients. The biggest challenge for the dialysis service was the Spitak (Armenia) earthquake in 1988. At least 400 earthquake victims developed crush syndrome, and many of them with ARF were treated with HD. Most victims were evacuated from Armenia to Moscow and other major cities.

The economic changes following the collapse of the Soviet Union resulted in the substantial growth of dialysis care services. Unfortunately, this growth was not accompanied by the development of dialysis machine production, and now only imported equipment is used in the Russian Federation. While many intensive care units were equipped with dialysis machines that performed HD and continuous hemodiafiltration, the PD program for adult patients was started in 1995 to improve dialysis services; the first three units were opened in the Moscow City Clinical Hospital No. 52, Moscow City Hospital n.a. S.P. Botkin, and Moscow City Clinical Hospital No. 7, followed by Mariinskaya City Hospital, Saint Petersburg, and later in the other big cities. The PD unit of Moscow City Clinical Hospital No. 52 is actually the biggest in the Russian Federation.

In 2002, the Ministry of Health issued an order regarding “Excellence of Organization of Dialysis Care,” whereby public-private partnership implementation resulted in a rapid increase in the HD outpatient units. The International KDIGO and ERBP Guidelines concerning CKD and acute kidney injury were translated to Russian and widely implemented [ 30 , 35 , 36 ].

Evaluation of the disease spectrum of ESRD is based on the data from the Registry of patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT), started by the Russian Dialysis Society in 1998. The available individual data analysis is shown in Table ​ Table2 2 [ 37 ].

Causes of ESRD in patients on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis

Russian Dialysis Society Registry, 2011–2013 ( n = 15,880 patients).

The evaluation and management of patients receiving RRT include monitoring of dialysis dose and key quality indicators, blood pressure, body mass index, serum albumin, hemoglobin, total cholesterol, total calcium, serum phosphates, and parathyroid hormone. Comorbidities, treatment patterns, mortality, and survival are also evaluated on a regular basis. Patients on RRT receive antihypertensive medications, iron supplementation, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, phosphate binders, and calcimimetics.

Transplantation

The first kidney transplantation from a deceased donor was performed by Dr. Voronoy in 1933 in Kherson (now a territory of Ukraine). While the procedure was not successful, the first ever attempt, published in 1936, enabled further developments [ 38 ]. The first successful kidney transplantation from a living donor, in this case a relative, was performed by Professor Petrovsky at the Russian Research Center of Surgery in 1965. In 1967, the National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs n.a. V.I. Shumakov (then the Research Institute of Organ and Tissue Transplantation, first headed by Professor Solovyov) was created by Professor Petrovsky. Professor Petrovsky, along with Professor Solovyov and his group, published a book entitled “Kidney transplantation” in 1969 [ 39 ], when the program of kidney transplantation from deceased donors was initiated and widely implemented by Professor Shumakov, who headed the Research Institute of Organ and Tissue Transplantation for more than 30 years since 1974. The number of centers performing kidney transplantation exclusively from deceased donors increased over the next 2 decades. Professor Phyliptsev played a leading role in the implementation of kidney transplantation for almost 3 decades. In 1990, the first center for pediatric kidney transplantation was opened in the Russian Children's Clinical Hospital.

In 1992, the federal legislation regarding “transplantation of organs and/or tissues” was introduced, whereby only direct relatives are allowed to donate kidneys for transplantation. Several regulatory documents have been released since the order addressing “regalement of brain death diagnostics” (2014). The program of kidney transplantation from living donors commenced in 1999 in the National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, headed by Professor Moysuk, who summarized the experience of the first 2 years in the article “Kidney transplantation from living relative donor” [ 40 ].

The first Department of Nephrology came from the Department of Internal and Occupational Diseases of the 1st Moscow Medical University n.a. I.M Sechenov (formerly known as the Faculty of Medicine of Imperator's Moscow University, created in 1755), which started in 1930 and was headed by Professor Tareev from 1950. Under his leadership, nephrology became one of the main priorities, and in 1966 the Clinic of Nephrology, Internal and Occupational Diseases opened, merging the Department of Nephrology, the Department of Internal and Occupational Diseases, and the Nephrology and HD units. Between 1986 and 2017, the head of the Clinic of Nephrology was Professor Mukhin. In 1972, Professor Tareev initiated the Laboratory of Nephrology Problems, which was headed by his daughter, Professor Tareeva, from 1975 [ 41 ].

An educational course on hemodialysis at the Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Postgraduate Education (formerly the Central Institute of Medical Qualification, created in 1930) was initiated by Professor Kulakov in 1965, based at the “Laboratory of Artificial Kidney”. In 1982, this educational course developed into the first Department of Nephrology and Hemodialysis, headed by Professor Kulakov [ 32 ]. The Department was, and still is, based in the Moscow City Hospital n.a. S.P. Botkin; the close relationships between academia and clinical practice ensured the development of the field. Currently the Department is headed by Professor Ermolenko, one of the opinion leaders in the field, whose monograph entitled “Chronic Hemodialysis” was published in 1982 [ 42 ].

In 1996, the Research Institute of Nephrology was created at the 1st Saint Petersburg Medical University n.a. I.P. Pavlov (formerly the Women's Medical Institute, and later the 1st Leningrad Medical Institute), with Professor Ryabov as the first director. The Institute of Nephrology merged the Course of Nephrology and Dialysis (later the Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, headed by Professor Eacayan), the Department of Internal Medicine (formerly the Department of Internal Diseases, created in 1914 and headed by Professor Lang from 1919 to 1921), and several laboratories with the clinical nephrology unit.

A course of “efferent therapy” was started in 1994 at the Saint Petersburg Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education (formerly the Imperator's Clinical Institute, created in 1896). The course was later changed to the Department of Nephrology and Efferent Therapy and existed until 2011, when the Saint Petersburg Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education merged with the Saint Petersburg Medical Academy n.a. I.M. Mechnikov (formerly the Institute of Psychoneurology, created in 1907) under the name North-Western State Medical University n.a. I.M. Mechnikov.

In 2004, the Department of Nephrology, headed by Professor Tomilina, opened in the Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry (formerly the Moscow Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, created from the Moscow State Institute of Dentistry in 1949). This is a unique institution, providing postgraduate education in the fields of clinical nephrology, nephropathology, dialysis, and transplantation.

All of the abovementioned institutions provide professional education for residents and PhD students as well as certification courses and short-term continuing medical education (CME) courses.

The Society of Nephrology and Immunopathology, as part of the Moscow Scientific Society of Therapeutics created in 1895, started its work in 1958 and is currently active, conducts monthly meetings, and is devoted to selected issues of clinical nephrology, immunonephrology, and nephropathology.

The Scientific Society of Nephrology (SSN) was founded in 1969 by Professor Tareev, who was the President of the Society for almost 15 years. The congresses of the SSN have been conducted every 6 years since 1974, and during the intervening years Nephrology Summer Schools, initiated by Professor Natochin, the successor of Professor Gynetsynsky, were the most important events.

First contacts with ISN leadership were established by Professor Tomilina in 1994, when she invited Professor Brenner and Professor Dirks to attend the SSN meeting in Moscow. In 1995, the first CME course under the aegis of the ISN, ERA-EDTA, and IPNA was conducted in Moscow. The formal organizer was the SSN, but Professor Tomilina was the driving force. Among the invited international speakers were Professor Cameron and Professor Lameire. Unfortunately, due to formal official regulations the SSN was unable to continue its work for several years. The Scientific Society of Russian Nephrologists, the successor of the SSN, was started in 2005, conducting congresses and plenary assemblies and creating national guidelines and protocols.

In 1997, the Union of Pediatric Nephrologists was funded by an initiative of Professor Papayan [ 22 ]. In 1998, the Russian Dialysis Society (RDS) was established, with Professor Tomilina as the first president. This society is currently the most active professional society of nephrologists in Russia. It is affiliated with the ISN, ERA-EDTA, and EKHA, and cooperates with KDIGO, ERBP, and WKD leadership. The RDS is specifically dedicated to the education of nephrologists throughout the Russian Federation, and conducts up to five CME conferences each year in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and the big cities in Siberia, Volga, Far East, North West, North, and South Regions. Numerous international leaders of nephrology deliver talks at these meetings as invited speakers, as well as conducting ISN Educational Ambassadors Courses. The RDS also supports the registry and the journal Nephrology and Dialysis (see below). Translations of most KDIGO and ERBP Guidelines and World Kidney Day Editorials were undertaken and published by RDS initiatives [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 35 , 36 , 43 , 44 ].

The first journal to publish papers with nephrology articles in Russian was Urology and Nephrology , which was started in 1968 on the basis of the Urology journal, issued since 1965. The journal Nephrology was started by Professor Smirnov in Saint Petersburg in 1997 and was the first journal to publish a wide range of articles in the field.

In 1998, the journal Nephrology and Dialysis (an official journal of the RDS) was initiated by Professor Tomilina. This journal is the most influential nephrology journal in Russia with one of the highest impact factors among all medical journals in Russia. The journal Clinical Nephrology was started in 2009, and was edited by Professor Mukhin till 2017.

In 1998, Professor Tomilina initiated the registry of patients on RRT. The registry data is published every other year in the journal Nephrology and Dialysis , providing detailed information about many aspects of RRT in Russia. These include information not only about the number of centers and patients, but also on issues of anemia, hypertension, CKD-MBD management, viral hepatitis diagnostics and treatment, and many other aspects. The registry is affiliated with the ERA-EDTA Registry, providing data for international publications.

The most recent analysis, which includes published data till the end of 2015 [ 45 ] and unpublished data up to the end of 2016, shows that the total number of centers providing RRT is 506 (including 466 providing HD, 111 for PD, and 37 for kidney transplantation), with many centers providing two or three modalities. Of note, only centers providing care to both adult and pediatric patients with ESRD were included, while centers providing care specifically to patients with acute kidney injury were not registered. The number of patients with ESRD on HD + PD by the end of 2016 was 44,771 (33,876 on HD, 8,537 on PD, and 2,358 living with transplanted kidney); the mean ratio was 305 per million inhabitants. Furthermore, the number of patients on HD in 2016 was 78% greater than that in 2010, mainly due to the development of public-private partnership.

Current Problems

• Absence of nephrology courses for students in Medical schools
• Relatively short-term professional postgraduate education (2-year residency, absence of fellowship programs)
• Lack of certified nephrologists
• Under-recognition of CKD burden by health authorities and policy makers
• Under-diagnostics of CKD in the adult population
• Lack of cooperation among nephrologists and general practitioners, endocrinologists, cardiologists, and other specialists
• Under-diagnostics of CKD and ESRD in the pediatric population
• Lack of nephrology units, disproportionate to the number of dialysis units, especially outside big industrial areas
• Lack of renal pathologists and unavailability of kidney biopsy in many regions
• Under-development of PD
• Uneven distribution of dialysis service throughout the territory of the country, with several remote regions still poorly covered by RRT
• Lack of transplantation and insufficient organ har vesting
• Insufficient funds for research

Conclusions

Nephrology in Russia, despite currently experiencing many difficulties, made great advances during the 60 years of its development. General nephrology, nephropathology, and RRT are developing fast. Implementation of international guidelines, access to modern educational tools, and cooperation with international professional societies are improving the quality of care of renal patients and ensuring further progress.

Statement of Ethics

No ethic approval is required for this type of study.

Disclosure Statement

The author declares no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

The author thanks Dr. Anton Andrusev, Dr. Sergey Lashutin, and Prof. Natalia Tomilina for their valuable help.

Understand Noise Exposure

Measure noise exposure, create and use a noise map, determine worker noise exposure, monitor worker hearing, communicate with workers about noise exposure.

• Workplace noise is hazardous when there are repeated exposures of 85 A-weighted decibels (dBA) or higher
• Hearing loss from noise is 100% preventable
• Workplace noise and hearing loss can reduce awareness of what is going on around the worker and contribute to serious workplace injuries

The NIOSH recommended exposure limit (REL) for occupational noise exposure is 85 A-weighted decibels (dBA) over an eight-hour shift.

If workers are repeatedly exposed to noise at or above the REL, employers must provide a hearing loss prevention program.

Noise levels are likely hazardous if a person must raise their voice to speak with someone three feet away (about at arm’s length).

Hearing loss from routine noise exposure is 100% preventable and is best addressed by creating a quieter workplace.

• Decibels (dB) are a scale for measuring noise
• A-weighted noise levels or dBA is used to predict hearing risk
• Noise above 85 dBA is considered hazardous
• NIOSH recommends that average personal noise exposure over a workday be less than 85 dBA TWA
• Sound level meters (SLMs) and SLM apps can be used to assess area noise
• Dosimeters are used to determine the personal noise exposure of workers
• Drawing a noise map can help locate problem areas and equipment

To properly control and reduce noise in the workplace, you should know:

• how loud an area is
• how much noise reaches a worker’s ear
• the frequency content of the noise
• where the noise is coming from

Occupational noise measurements are usually reported in the following ways:

• Sound level: The measured noise level at a given point in time.
• Time Weighted Average (TWA) sound level: The noise level averaged over an eight-hour period.
• Noise dose: The percent of allowable noise exposure. A noise dose of 100% or more means that a worker has exceeded their daily limit.

The two basic instruments for characterizing noise are sound level meters (SLMs) and dosimeters.

You can use SLMs to:

• assess area noise
• discover how much noise is coming from specific equipment
• get a general idea of frequency content

When noise levels in an area are fairly constant, you can use SLMs to estimate a worker’s average noise exposure.

When noise levels vary quite a bit or when workers are very mobile, use personal noise dosimeters to assess a worker’s noise exposure. Dosimeters average noise levels over time and calculate a noise dose.

Time Weighted Average (TWA) is the average noise level during a shift (usually 8 hours). It considers both noise levels and how long the employee is exposed at each noise level.

Measure workplace areas with a sound level meter (SLM) and create a noise map of facility areas. If an SLM is not available, sound measurement apps can provide a measure of area noise but may not comply with regulatory requirements. You can download the  NIOSH SLM app  on iOS devices.

A simple example of a noise map; in day-to-day practice these can be hand drawn.

• Exchange Rate: 3 dB
• Frequency Weighting: A
• Response: Slow

Noise maps can help

• Determine the equipment or areas to focus on in mitigating noise or limiting access
• Define zones where employers should require hearing protectors.

How to draw a noise map to locate problem areas and equipment:

• Wear hearing protection while taking measurements in noisy areas.
• Take measurements during the typical operating situation (for example, when all the equipment is running).
• Move through the facility taking SLM measurements every few feet to show where the noise level changes. Measure the average noise level in each location for at least 30 seconds to capture non-continuous noise.
• Record the noise level in each area on a facility map with equipment and worker location.

After completing a noise map, identify the loudest areas on the map and the equipment in those areas. This can help determine which equipment to replace or where to implement noise controls.

If you can’t determine the noise levels safely or accurately, consult the equipment vendor or a noise control engineer.

• Calibrate the SLM before and after making measurements
• Make sure your SLM is a “Type 2” or “Type 1” SLM
• Double check that device settings are correct for your desired measurement
• Use a wind screen (usually a round foam piece that fits on the microphone of the SLM) if available
• Hold the microphone away from your body so that noise sources are not blocked. Do not stand between the noise source and the SLM
• Make sure the SLM is capable of averaging noise levels

Measure individual worker noise exposures using a personal dosimeter in areas with high noise. Dosimeters calculate a worker’s noise dose.

Enroll workers whose noise dose exceeds 100% of the NIOSH REL in a hearing loss prevention program.

NIOSH Recommended Dosimeter Settings

• Exchange Rate : 3-dB
• Frequency Weighting: A-weighting
• Threshold Level: 80 dBA
• Measurement Range: 80-140 dBA
• Calibrate the dosimeter before and after use.
• Set dosimeter to NIOSH recommended settings (see above).
• Explain the purpose and procedure to workers.
• Attach the microphone to the top of the worker’s shoulder on the side that is likely to have the highest exposure. If the device does not have a separate microphone this may not be necessary. Follow the manufacturer setup instructions for the dosimeter you have.
• Point microphone upright, away from clothes, and use a windscreen, if available.
• Keep detailed records for your program, including notes on worker tasks and validation of other sound level measurements.

Audiometry is a hearing test that measures the lowest level of sound a person can hear (called thresholds) across a range of frequencies (pitches).

An audiogram is a graph of hearing thresholds at various frequencies in each ear. Thresholds which are 25 dB HL (hearing level) or better (lower) are considered normal for adults. Noise exposure initially affects hearing most at frequencies around 3000-6000 Hz, creating a “notch” in the audiogram.

NIOSH recommends annual audiometric testing for workers exposed to noise above the REL. Testing should be performed by a professional certified by the Council for Accreditation in Occupational Hearing Conservation (CAOHC) or equivalent certification.

Baseline Testing

Conduct testing on workers when they are first enrolled in a hearing loss prevention program. This is called baseline testing. Baseline testing provides a record of workers’ hearing from the beginning and helps determine if there is any change to workers’ hearing over time.

NIOSH recommends that employers obtain baseline tests within 30 days of initial exposure for newly exposed workers. Workers should be away from hazardous noise exposure for at least 12 hours before baseline testing is done.

Annual Testing

Unlike baseline testing, annual hearing tests should be done as close to the end of a worker’s shift as possible (no preceding quiet period). This helps catch temporary changes in hearing before the changes become permanent.

Significant Threshold Shift (STS)

Results of annual hearing tests should be compared to results from the baseline hearing test to check for significant threshold shift (STS). NIOSH considers a 15 dB change in hearing threshold at any frequency to represent an STS. If an STS is noted during an annual hearing test, the worker should be retested within 30 days to confirm. Like the baseline audiogram, workers should have at least a 12-hour quiet period before a confirmation test so that the tester can tell whether the shift was temporary or permanent.

Workers who develop an STS – whether temporary or permanent – should be notified. Steps should be taken to prevent further change in hearing.  These steps could include refitting with hearing protection, additional training on noise exposure, or re-assignment to a quieter area.

This audiogram shows normal hearing thresholds in the right ear. The left ear shows normal low frequency thresholds and a mild-to-moderate hearing loss in the higher frequencies with a notch consistent with noise exposure.

You can find more detailed information on audiometric monitoring in the NIOSH Practical Guide for Preventing Occupational Hearing Loss .

Frequency refers to how low or high the “pitch” of the sound is. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz).

You should tell workers they are having their noise exposure monitored and provide them with an explanation of the results. When workers know their daily noise exposure and the workplace noise level, they can help make a hearing loss prevention program effective.

Involve workers in the noise monitoring process. They can provide important information about the work environment, machinery operation, and specific job tasks. Encourage workers to tell you when changes in equipment or production occur. Noise levels should be re-measured whenever a change is made that could affect exposure levels.

Tips for communicating about noise exposure

• Explain results in plain language
• Emphasize actions that will be taken based on the noise measurements
• Share noise maps
• Post signs indicating noise hazard areas

Related Topics

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