nursing research statistics question papers

Nursing Research Nursing Test Bank and Practice Questions (60 Items)

Welcome to your nursing test bank and practice questions for nursing research.

Nursing Research Test Bank

Nursing research has a great significance on the contemporary and future professional nursing practice, thus rendering it an essential component of the educational process. Research is typically not among the traditional responsibilities of an entry-level nurse . Many nurses are involved in either direct patient care or administrative aspects of health care. However, nursing research is a growing field in which individuals within the profession can contribute a variety of skills and experiences to the science of nursing care. Nursing research is critical to the nursing profession and is necessary for continuing advancements that promote optimal nursing care. Test your knowledge about nursing research in this 60-item nursing test bank.

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Recommended Resources

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Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN Examination is often referred to as the best nursing exam review book ever. More than 5,700 practice questions are available in the text. Detailed test-taking strategies are provided for each question, with hints for analyzing and uncovering the correct answer option.

Strategies for Student Success on the Next Generation NCLEX® (NGN) Test Items Next Generation NCLEX®-style practice questions of all types are illustrated through stand-alone case studies and unfolding case studies. NCSBN Clinical Judgment Measurement Model (NCJMM) is included throughout with case scenarios that integrate the six clinical judgment cognitive skills.

Saunders Q & A Review for the NCLEX-RN® Examination This edition contains over 6,000 practice questions with each question containing a test-taking strategy and justifications for correct and incorrect answers to enhance review. Questions are organized according to the most recent NCLEX-RN test blueprint Client Needs and Integrated Processes. Questions are written at higher cognitive levels (applying, analyzing, synthesizing, evaluating, and creating) than those on the test itself.

NCLEX-RN Prep Plus by Kaplan The NCLEX-RN Prep Plus from Kaplan employs expert critical thinking techniques and targeted sample questions. This edition identifies seven types of NGN questions and explains in detail how to approach and answer each type. In addition, it provides 10 critical thinking pathways for analyzing exam questions.

Illustrated Study Guide for the NCLEX-RN® Exam The 10th edition of the Illustrated Study Guide for the NCLEX-RN Exam, 10th Edition. This study guide gives you a robust, visual, less-intimidating way to remember key facts. 2,500 review questions are now included on the Evolve companion website. 25 additional illustrations and mnemonics make the book more appealing than ever.

NCLEX RN Examination Prep Flashcards (2023 Edition) NCLEX RN Exam Review FlashCards Study Guide with Practice Test Questions [Full-Color Cards] from Test Prep Books. These flashcards are ready for use, allowing you to begin studying immediately. Each flash card is color-coded for easy subject identification.

3 thoughts on “Nursing Research Nursing Test Bank and Practice Questions (60 Items)”

Thanks for the well prepared questions and answers. It will be of a great help for those who look up your contributions.

Hi Zac, we’re having some performance issues with the quizzes so we’re forced to change their settings in the meantime. We are working on a solution and will revert the changes once we’re sure that the problem is resolved. Thanks for the understanding!

Basics of statistics for primary care research

Timothy c guetterman.

Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

The purpose of this article is to provide an accessible introduction to foundational statistical procedures and present the steps of data analysis to address research questions and meet standards for scientific rigour. It is aimed at individuals new to research with less familiarity with statistics, or anyone interested in reviewing basic statistics. After examining a brief overview of foundational statistical techniques, for example, differences between descriptive and inferential statistics, the article illustrates 10 steps in conducting statistical analysis with examples of each. The following are the general steps for statistical analysis: (1) formulate a hypothesis, (2) select an appropriate statistical test, (3) conduct a power analysis, (4) prepare data for analysis, (5) start with descriptive statistics, (6) check assumptions of tests, (7) run the analysis, (8) examine the statistical model, (9) report the results and (10) evaluate threats to validity of the statistical analysis. Researchers in family medicine and community health can follow specific steps to ensure a systematic and rigorous analysis.

Investigators in family medicine and community health often employ quantitative research to address aims that examine trends, relationships among variables or comparisons of groups (Fetters, 2019, this issue). Quantitative research involves collecting structured or closed-ended data, typically in the form of numbers, and analysing that numeric data to address research questions and test hypotheses. Research hypotheses provide a proposition about the expected outcome of research that may be assessed using a variety of methodologies, while statistical hypotheses are specific statements about propositions that can only be tested statistically. Statistical analysis requires a series of steps beginning with formulating hypotheses and selecting appropriate statistical tests. After preparing data for analysis, researchers then proceed with the actual statistical analysis and finally report and interpret the results.

Family medicine and community health researchers often limit their analyses to descriptive statistics—reporting frequencies, means and standard deviation (SD). While sometimes an appropriate stopping point, researchers may be missing opportunities for more advanced analyses. For example, knowing that patients have favourable attitudes about a treatment may be important and can be addressed with descriptive statistics. On the other hand, finding that attitudes are different (or not) between men and women and that difference is statistically significant may give even more actionable information to healthcare professionals. The latter question, about differences, can be addressed through inferential statistical tests. The purpose of this article is to provide an accessible introduction to foundational statistical procedures and present the steps of data analysis to address research questions and meet standards for scientific rigour. It is aimed at individuals new to research with less familiarity with statistics and may be helpful information when reading research or conducting peer review.

Foundational statistical techniques

Statistical analysis is a method of aggregating numeric data and drawing inferences about variables. Statistical procedures may be broadly classified into (1) statistics that describe data—descriptive statistics; and (2) statistics that make inferences about more general situations beyond the actual data set—inferential statistics.

Descriptive statistics

Descriptive statistics aggregate data that are grouped into variables to examine typical values and the spread of values for each variable in a data set. Statistics summarising typical values are referred to as measures of central tendency and include the mean, median and mode. The spread of values is represented through measures of variability, including the variance, SD and range. Together, descriptive statistics provide indicators of the distribution of data, or the frequency of values through the data set as in a histogram plot. Table 1 summarises commonly used descriptive statistics. For consistency, I use the terms independent variable and dependent variable, but in some fields and types of research such as correlational studies the preferred terms may be predictor and outcome variable. An independent variable influences, affects or predicts a dependent variable .

Inferential statistics: comparing groups with t tests and ANOVA

Inferential statistics are another broad category of techniques that go beyond describing a data set. Inferential statistics can help researchers draw conclusions from a sample to a population. 1 We can use inferential statistics to examine differences among groups and the relationships among variables. Table 2 presents a menu of common, fundamental inferential tests. Remember that even more complex statistics rely on these as a foundation.

Inferential statistics

The t test is used to compare two group means by determining whether group differences are likely to have occurred randomly by chance or systematically indicating a real difference. Two common forms are the independent samples t test, which compares means of two unrelated groups, such as means for a treatment group relative to a control group, and the paired samples t test, which compares means of related groups, such as the pretest and post-test scores for the same individuals before and after a treatment. A t test is essentially determining whether the difference in means between groups is larger than the variability within the groups themselves.

Another fundamental set of inferential statistics falls under the general linear model and includes analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation and regression. To determine whether group means are different, use the t test or the ANOVA. Note that the t test is limited to two groups, but the ANOVA is applicable to two or more groups. For example, an ANOVA could examine whether a primary outcome measure—dependent variable—is significantly different for groups assigned to one of three different interventions. The ANOVA result comes in an F statistic along with a p value or confidence interval (CI), which tells whether there is some significant difference among groups. We then need to use other statistics (eg, planned comparisons or a Bonferroni comparison, to give two possibilities) to determine which of those groups are significantly different from one another. Planned comparisons are established before conducting the analysis to contrast the groups, while other tests like the Bonferroni comparison are conducted post-hoc (ie, after analysis).

Examining relationships using correlation and regression

The general linear model contains two other major methods of analysis, correlation and regression. Correlation reveals whether values between two variables tend to systematically change together. Correlation analysis has three general outcomes: (1) the two variables rise and fall together; (2) as values in one variable rise, the other falls; and (3) the two variables do not appear to be systematically related. To make those determinations, we use the correlation coefficient (r) and related p value or CI. First, use the p value or CI, as compared with established significance criteria (eg, p<0.05), to determine whether a relationship is even statistically significant. If it is not, stop as there is no point in looking at the coefficients. If so, move to the correlation coefficient.

A correlation coefficient provides two very important pieces of information—the strength and direction of the relationship. An r statistic can range from −1.0 to +1.0. Strength is determined by how close the value is to −1.0 or 1.0. Either extreme indicates a perfect relationship, while a value of 0 indicates no relationship. Cohen provides guidance for interpretations: 0.1 is a weak correlation, 0.3 is a medium correlation and 0.5 is a large correlation. 1 2 These interpretations must be considered in the context of the study and relative to the literature. The valence (+ or −) coefficient reveals the direction of the relationship. A negative correlation means one value rises, while the other tends to fall, and a positive coefficient means that the values of the two variables tend to rise and fall together.

Regression adds an additional layer beyond correlation that allows predicting one value from another. Assume we are trying to predict a dependent variable (Y) from an independent variable (X). Simple linear regression gives an equation (Y = b 0 + b 1 X) for a line that we can use to predict one value from another. The three major components of that prediction are the constant (ie, the intercept represented by b 0 ), the systematic explanation of variation (b 1 ), and the error, which is a residual value not accounted for in the equation 3 but available as part of our regression output. To assess a regression model (ie, model fit), examine key pieces of the regression output: (1) F statistic and its significance to determine whether the model systematically accounts for variance in the dependent variable; (2) the r square value for a measure of how much variance in the dependent variable is accounted for by the model; (3) the significance of coefficients for each independent variable in the model; and (4) residuals to examine random error in the model. Other factors, such as outliers, are potentially important (see Field 4 ).

The aforementioned inferential tests are foundational to many other advanced statistics that are beyond the scope of this article. Inferential tests rely on foundational assumptions, including that data are normally distributed, observations are independent, and generally that our dependent or outcome variable is continuous. When data do not meet these assumptions, we turn to non-parametric statistics (see Field 4 ).

A brief history of foundational statistics

Prominent statisticians Karl Pearson and Ronald A Fisher developed and popularised many of the basic statistics that remain a foundation for statistics today. Fisher’s ideas formed the basis of null hypothesis significance testing that sets a criterion for confidence or probability of an event. 4 Among his contributions, Fisher also developed the ANOVA. Pearson’s correlation coefficient provides a way to examine whether two variables are related. The correlation coefficient is denoted by r for a relationship between two variables or R for relationships among more than two variables as in multiple correlation or regression. 4 William Gosset developed the t distribution and later the t test as a way to examine whether two values of means were statistically different. 5

Statistical software

While the aforementioned statistics can be calculated manually, researchers typically use statistical software that process data, calculate statistics and p values, and supply a summary output from the analysis. However, the programs still require an informed researcher to run the correct analysis and interpret the output. Several available programs include SAS, Stata, SPSS and R. Try using the programs through a demonstration or trial period before deciding which one to use. It also helps to know or have access to others using the program should you have questions.

Example study

The remainder of this article presents steps in statistical analysis that apply to many techniques. A recently published study on communication skills to break bad news to a patient with cancer provides an exemplar to illustrate these steps. 6 In that study, the team examined the validity of a competence assessment of communication skills, hypothesising that after receiving training, post-test scores would be statistically improved from pretest scores on the same measure. Another analysis was to examine pretest sensitisation, tested through a hypothesis that a group randomly assigned to receive a pretest and post-test would not be significantly different from a post-test-only group. To test the hypotheses, Guetterman et al 6 examined whether mean differences were statistically significant by applying t tests and ANOVA.

Steps in statistical analysis

Statistical analysis might be considered in 10 related steps. These steps assume necessary background activities, such as conducting literature review and writing clear research question or aims, are already complete.

Step 1. Formulate a hypothesis to test

In statistical analysis, we test hypotheses. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate hypotheses that are testable. A hypothesis is specific, detailed and congruent with statistical procedures. A null hypothesis gives a prediction and typically uses words like ‘no difference’ or ‘no association’. 7 For example, we may hypothesise that group means on a certain measure are not significantly different and test that with an ANOVA or t-test. For example, in the exemplar study, one of the hypotheses was ‘MPathic-VR scores will improve (decreased score reflects better performance) from the preseminar test to the postseminar test based on exposure to the [breaking bad news] BBN intervention’ (p508), which was tested with a t test. 6 Hypotheses about relationships among variables could be tested with correlation and regression. Ultimately, hypotheses are driven by the purpose or aims of a study and further subdivide the purpose or aims into aspects that are specific and testable. When forming hypotheses, a concern is that having too many dependent variables leads to multiple tests of the same data set. This concern, called multiple comparisons or multiplicity, can inflate the likelihood of finding a significant relationship when none exists. Conducting fewer tests and adjusting the p value are ways to mitigate the concern.

Step 2. Select a test to run based on research questions or hypotheses

The statistical test must match the intended hypothesis and research question. Descriptive statistics allow us to examine trends limited to typical values, spread of values and distributions of data. ANOVAs and t tests are methods to test whether means are statistically different among groups and what those differences are. In the exemplar study, the authors used paired samples t-tests for pre–post scores with the same individuals and independent t tests for differences among groups. 6

Correlation is a method to examine whether two or more variables are related to one another, and regression extends that idea by allowing us to fit a line to make predictions about one variable based on a linear relationship to another. These statistical tests alone do not determine cause and effect, but merely associations. Causal inferences can only be made with certain research designs (eg, experiments) and perhaps with advanced statistical techniques (eg, propensity score analysis). Table 3 provides guidance for determining which statistical test to use.

Choosing and interpreting statistics for studies common in primary care

Step 3. Conduct a power analysis to determine a sample size

Before conducting analysis, we need to ensure that we will have an adequate sample size to detect an effect. Sample size relates to the concept of power. For example, to detect a small effect, a larger sample is needed. Larger sample sizes can thus detect a smaller effect. Sample size is determined through a power analysis. The determination of sample size is never a simple percent of the population, but a calculated number based on the planned statistical tests, significance level and effect size. 8 I recommend using G*Power for basic power calculations, although many other options are available. In the exemplar study, the authors did not report their power analysis prior to conducting the study, but they gave a post-hoc power analysis of the actual power based on their sample size and the effect size detected. 6

Step 4. Prepare data for analysis

Data often need cleaning and other preparation before conducting analysis. Problems requiring cleaning include values outside of an acceptable range and missing values. Any particular value could be wrong because of a data entry error or data collection problem. Visually inspecting data can reveal anomalies. For example, an age value of 200 is clearly an error, or a value of 9 on a 1–5 Likert-type scale is an error. An easy way to start inspecting data is to sort each variable by ascending values and then descending values to look for atypical values. Then, try to correct the problem by determining what the value should be. Missing values are a more complicated problem because a concern is why the value is missing. A few missing values at random is not necessarily a concern, but a pattern of missing values (eg, individuals from a specific ethnic group tend to skip a certain question) indicates a systematic missingness that could indicate a problem with the data collection instrument. Descriptive statistics are an additional way to check for errors and ensure data are ready for analysis. While not discussed in the communication assessment exemplar, the authors did prepare data for analysis and report missing values in their descriptive statistics.

Step 5. Always start with descriptive statistics

Before running inferential statistics, it is critical to first describe the data. Obtaining descriptive statistics is a way to check whether data are ready for further analysis. Descriptive statistics give a general sense of trends and can illuminate errors by reviewing frequencies, minimums and maximums that can indicate values outside of the accepted range. Descriptive statistics are also an important step to check whether we meet assumptions for statistical tests. In a quantitative study, descriptive statistics also inform the first table of the results that reports information about the sample, as seen in table 2 of the exemplar study. 6

Step 6. Check assumptions of statistical tests

All statistical tests rely on foundational assumptions. Although some tests are more robust to violations, checking assumptions indicates whether the test is likely to be valid for a particular data set. Foundational parametric statistics (eg, t tests, ANOVA, correlation, regression) assume independent observations and a normal linear distribution of data. In the exemplar study, the authors noted ‘Data from both groups met normality assumptions, based on the Shapiro–Wilk test’ (p508), and gave the statistics in addition to noting specific assumptions for the independent t tests around equality of variances. 6

Step 7. Run the analysis

Conducting the analysis involves running whatever tests were planned. Statistics may be calculated manually or using software like SPSS, Stata, SAS or R. Statistical software provides an output with key tests statistics, p values that indicate whether a result is likely systematic or random, and indicators of fit. In the exemplar study, the authors noted they used SPSS V.22. 6

Step 8. Examine how well the statistical model fits

The first step involves examining whether the statistical model was significant or a good fit. For t tests, ANOVAs, correlation and regression, first examine an overall test of significance. For a t test, if the t statistic is not statistically significant (eg, p>0.05 or a CI crossing 0), we can conclude no significant difference between groups. The communication assessment exemplar reports significance of the t tests along with measures such as equality of variance.

For an ANOVA, if the F statistic is not statistically significant (eg, p>0.05 or a CI crossing 0), we can conclude no significant difference between groups and stop because there is no point in further examining what groups may be different. If the F statistic is significant in an ANOVA, we can then use contrasts or post-hoc tests to examine what is different. For a correlation test, if the r value is not statistically significant (eg, p>0.05 or a CI crossing 0), we can stop because there is no point in looking at the magnitude or direction of the coefficient. If it is significant, we can proceed to interpret the r. Finally, for a regression, we can examine the F statistic as an omnibus test and its significance. If it is not significant, we can stop. If it is significant, then examine the p value of each independent variable and residuals.

Step 9. Report the results of statistical analysis

When writing statistical results, always start with descriptive statistics and note whether assumptions for tests were met. When reporting inferential statistical tests, give the statistic itself (eg, a F statistic), the measure of significance (p value or CI), the effect size and a brief written interpretation of the statistical test. The interpretation, for example, could note that an intervention was not significantly different from the control or that it was associated with improvement that was statistically significant. For example, the exemplar study gives the pre–post means along standard error, t statistic, p value and an interpretation that postseminar means were lower, along with a reminder to the reader that lower is better. 6

When writing for a journal, follow the journal’s style. Many styles italicise non-Greek statistics (eg, the p value), but follow the particular instructions given. Remember a p value can never be 0 even though some statistical programs round the p to 0. In that case, most styles prefer to report as p<0.001.

Step 10. Evaluate threats to statistical conclusion validity

Shadish et al 9 provide nine threats to statistical conclusion validity in drawing inferences about the relationship between two variables; the threats can broadly apply to many statistical analyses. Although it helps to consider and anticipate these threats when designing a research study, some only arise after data collection and analysis. Threats to statistical conclusion validity appear in table 4 . 9 Pertinent threats can be dealt with to the extent possible (eg, if assumptions were not met, select another test) and should be discussed as limitations in the research report. For example, in the exemplar study, the authors noted the sample size as a limitation but reported that a post-hoc power analysis found adequate power. 6

Threats to statistical conclusion validity

Key resources to learn more about statistics include Field 4 and Salkind 10 for foundational information. For advanced statistics, Hair et al 11 and Tabachnick and Fidell 12 provide detailed information on multivariate statistics. Finally, the University of California Los Angeles Institute for Digital Research and Education (stats.idre.ucla.edu/other/annotatedoutput/) provides annotated output from Stata, SAS, Stata and MPlus for many statistical tests to help researchers read the output and understand what it means.

Researchers in family medicine and community health often conduct statistical analyses to address research questions. Following specific steps ensures a systematic and rigorous analysis. Knowledge of these essential statistical procedures will equip family medicine and community health researchers with interpreting literature, reviewing literature and conducting appropriate statistical analysis of their quantitative data.

Nevertheless, I gently remind you that the steps are interrelated, and statistics is not only a consideration at the end of data collection. When designing a quantitative study, investigators should remember that statistics is based on distributions, meaning statistics works with aggregated numerical data and relies on variance within that data to test statistical hypotheses about group differences, relationships or trends. Statistics provides a broad view, based on these distributions, which brings implications at the early design phase. In designing a quantitative study, the nature of statistics generally suggests a larger number of participants in the research (ie, a larger n) to have adequate power to detect statistical significance and draw valid conclusions. Therefore, it will likely be helpful for researchers to include a biostatistician as early as possible in the research team when designing a study.

Contributors: The sole author, TCG, is responsible for the conceptualisation, writing and preparation of this manuscript.

Funding: This study was funded by the National Institutes of Health (10.13039/100000002) and grant number 1K01LM012739.

Competing interests: None declared.

Patient consent for publication: Not required.

Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.

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Develop your research question

Search for your assignment
Find books and journal articles
Find evidence (Government and organisation information)
Data & statistics
Forgotten Australians
Clinical skills
Aged care & mental health
Mental health resources: 0-65 years
Finding resources for your assignment
HLTH 1036: Global and National Health – A1 Task 2 & A2
HLTH 1047: First Peoples' Health – A1
NURS 1072: Foundations of Nursing Practice
NURS 2023: Health of Adults - Nursing Case Study Report
NURS 2024: Health of Older Adults
NURS 5164: Best Practice in Adolescent Mental Health
NURS 3055: Evidence Based Nursing Practice
NURS 3045: Nursing Context of Practice: Primary Health Care
UniSA Online - NURS 1066: Living Skills and Life Routines in Aged Care

STEP 1: Understand your research objective

Before you start developing your research question, think about your research objectives:

What are you trying to do? (compare, analyse)
What do you need to know about the topic?
What type of research are you doing?
What types of information/studies do you need? (e.g. randomised controlled trial, case study, guideline, protocol?)
Does the information need to be current?

Watch the following video (6:26) to get you started:

Key points from the video

All good academic research starts with a research question.
A research question is an actual question you want to answer about a particular topic.
Developing a question helps you focus on an aspect of your topic, which will streamline your research and writing.
Pick a topic you are interested in.
Narrow the topic to a particular aspect.
Brainstorm some questions around your topic aspect.
Select a question to work with.
Focus the question by making it more specific. Make sure your question clearly states who, what, when, where, and why.
A good research question focuses on one issue only and requires analysis.
Your search for information should be directed by your research question.
Your thesis or hypothesis should be a direct answer to your research question, summarised into one sentence.

STEP 2: Search before you research

The benefits of doing a background search :

You can gather more background knowledge on a subject
explore different aspects of your topic
identify additional keywords and terminology

STEP 3: Choose a topic

Image of turning your interest to a topics: first step, explore the different aspect of your interest

The resources linked below are a good place to start:

UpToDate It covers thousands of clinical topics grouped into specialties with links to articles, drugs and drug interaction databases, medical calculators and guidelines.
An@tomedia This online anatomy resource features images, videos, and slides together with interactive, educational text and quiz questions.
Anatomy.tv Find 3D anatomical images; functional anatomy animations and videos, and MRI, anatomy, and clinical slides. Test your knowledge through interactive activities and quizzes.

STEP 4: Brainstorm your questions

Now you have explored different aspects of your topic, you may construct more focused questions (you can create a few questions and pick one later).

construct more focused questions (you may create a few questions and pick one later on)

Learn more:

Clear and present questions: formulating questions for evidence based practice (Booth 2006) This article provides an overview of thinking in relation to the theory and practice of formulating answerable research questions.

STEP 5: Pick a question and focus

Once you have a few questions to choose from, pick one and refine it even further.

Are you required to use "PICO"?

PICO worksheet
Other frameworks

The PICO framework (or other variations) can be useful for developing an answerable clinical question.

The example question used in this guide is a PICO question: How does speech therapy compare to cognitive behavioural therapy in improving speech fluency in adolescents?

Use the interactive PICO worksheet to get started with your question, or you can download the worksheet document.

Building your question with PICO

Here are some different frameworks you may want to use:

There are a number of PICO variations which can be used for different types of questions, such as qualitative, and background and foreground questions. Visit the Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) Guide to learn more:

Evidence Based Practice guide
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Last Updated: Apr 18, 2024 10:51 AM
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Best Nursing Research Topics for Students

What is a nursing research paper.

What They Include
Choosing a Topic
Best Nursing Research Topics
Research Paper Writing Tips

Best Nursing Research Topics for Students

Writing a research paper is a massive task that involves careful organization, critical analysis, and a lot of time. Some nursing students are natural writers, while others struggle to select a nursing research topic, let alone write about it.

If you're a nursing student who dreads writing research papers, this article may help ease your anxiety. We'll cover everything you need to know about writing nursing school research papers and the top topics for nursing research.

Continue reading to make your paper-writing jitters a thing of the past.

A nursing research paper is a work of academic writing composed by a nurse or nursing student. The paper may present information on a specific topic or answer a question.

During LPN/LVN and RN programs, most papers you write focus on learning to use research databases, evaluate appropriate resources, and format your writing with APA style. You'll then synthesize your research information to answer a question or analyze a topic.

BSN , MSN , Ph.D., and DNP programs also write nursing research papers. Students in these programs may also participate in conducting original research studies.

Writing papers during your academic program improves and develops many skills, including the ability to:

Select nursing topics for research
Conduct effective research
Analyze published academic literature
Format and cite sources
Synthesize data
Organize and articulate findings

About Nursing Research Papers

When do nursing students write research papers.

You may need to write a research paper for any of the nursing courses you take. Research papers help develop critical thinking and communication skills. They allow you to learn how to conduct research and critically review publications.

That said, not every class will require in-depth, 10-20-page papers. The more advanced your degree path, the more you can expect to write and conduct research. If you're in an associate or bachelor's program, you'll probably write a few papers each semester or term.

Do Nursing Students Conduct Original Research?

Most of the time, you won't be designing, conducting, and evaluating new research. Instead, your projects will focus on learning the research process and the scientific method. You'll achieve these objectives by evaluating existing nursing literature and sources and defending a thesis.

However, many nursing faculty members do conduct original research. So, you may get opportunities to participate in, and publish, research articles.

Example Research Project Scenario:

In your maternal child nursing class, the professor assigns the class a research paper regarding developmentally appropriate nursing interventions for the pediatric population. While that may sound specific, you have almost endless opportunities to narrow down the focus of your writing.

You could choose pain intervention measures in toddlers. Conversely, you can research the effects of prolonged hospitalization on adolescents' social-emotional development.

What Does a Nursing Research Paper Include?

Your professor should provide a thorough guideline of the scope of the paper. In general, an undergraduate nursing research paper will consist of:

Introduction : A brief overview of the research question/thesis statement your paper will discuss. You can include why the topic is relevant.

Body : This section presents your research findings and allows you to synthesize the information and data you collected. You'll have a chance to articulate your evaluation and answer your research question. The length of this section depends on your assignment.

Conclusion : A brief review of the information and analysis you presented throughout the body of the paper. This section is a recap of your paper and another chance to reassert your thesis.

The best advice is to follow your instructor's rubric and guidelines. Remember to ask for help whenever needed, and avoid overcomplicating the assignment!

How to Choose a Nursing Research Topic

The sheer volume of prospective nursing research topics can become overwhelming for students. Additionally, you may get the misconception that all the 'good' research ideas are exhausted. However, a personal approach may help you narrow down a research topic and find a unique angle.

Writing your research paper about a topic you value or connect with makes the task easier. Additionally, you should consider the material's breadth. Topics with plenty of existing literature will make developing a research question and thesis smoother.

Finally, feel free to shift gears if necessary, especially if you're still early in the research process. If you start down one path and have trouble finding published information, ask your professor if you can choose another topic.

The Best Research Topics for Nursing Students

You have endless subject choices for nursing research papers. This non-exhaustive list just scratches the surface of some of the best nursing research topics.

1. Clinical Nursing Research Topics

Analyze the use of telehealth/virtual nursing to reduce inpatient nurse duties.
Discuss the impact of evidence-based respiratory interventions on patient outcomes in critical care settings.
Explore the effectiveness of pain management protocols in pediatric patients.

2. Community Health Nursing Research Topics

Assess the impact of nurse-led diabetes education in Type II Diabetics.
Analyze the relationship between socioeconomic status and access to healthcare services.

3. Nurse Education Research Topics

Review the effectiveness of simulation-based learning to improve nursing students' clinical skills.
Identify methods that best prepare pre-licensure students for clinical practice.
Investigate factors that influence nurses to pursue advanced degrees.
Evaluate education methods that enhance cultural competence among nurses.
Describe the role of mindfulness interventions in reducing stress and burnout among nurses.

4. Mental Health Nursing Research Topics

Explore patient outcomes related to nurse staffing levels in acute behavioral health settings.
Assess the effectiveness of mental health education among emergency room nurses .
Explore de-escalation techniques that result in improved patient outcomes.
Review the effectiveness of therapeutic communication in improving patient outcomes.

5. Pediatric Nursing Research Topics

Assess the impact of parental involvement in pediatric asthma treatment adherence.
Explore challenges related to chronic illness management in pediatric patients.
Review the role of play therapy and other therapeutic interventions that alleviate anxiety among hospitalized children.

6. The Nursing Profession Research Topics

Analyze the effects of short staffing on nurse burnout .
Evaluate factors that facilitate resiliency among nursing professionals.
Examine predictors of nurse dissatisfaction and burnout.
Posit how nursing theories influence modern nursing practice.

Tips for Writing a Nursing Research Paper

The best nursing research advice we can provide is to follow your professor's rubric and instructions. However, here are a few study tips for nursing students to make paper writing less painful:

Avoid procrastination: Everyone says it, but few follow this advice. You can significantly lower your stress levels if you avoid procrastinating and start working on your project immediately.

Plan Ahead: Break down the writing process into smaller sections, especially if it seems overwhelming. Give yourself time for each step in the process.

Research: Use your resources and ask for help from the librarian or instructor. The rest should come together quickly once you find high-quality studies to analyze.

Outline: Create an outline to help you organize your thoughts. Then, you can plug in information throughout the research process.

Clear Language: Use plain language as much as possible to get your point across. Jargon is inevitable when writing academic nursing papers, but keep it to a minimum.

Cite Properly: Accurately cite all sources using the appropriate citation style. Nursing research papers will almost always implement APA style. Check out the resources below for some excellent reference management options.

Revise and Edit: Once you finish your first draft, put it away for one to two hours or, preferably, a whole day. Once you've placed some space between you and your paper, read through and edit for clarity, coherence, and grammatical errors. Reading your essay out loud is an excellent way to check for the 'flow' of the paper.

Helpful Nursing Research Writing Resources:

Purdue OWL (Online writing lab) has a robust APA guide covering everything you need about APA style and rules.

Grammarly helps you edit grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Upgrading to a paid plan will get you plagiarism detection, formatting, and engagement suggestions. This tool is excellent to help you simplify complicated sentences.

Mendeley is a free reference management software. It stores, organizes, and cites references. It has a Microsoft plug-in that inserts and correctly formats APA citations.

Don't let nursing research papers scare you away from starting nursing school or furthering your education. Their purpose is to develop skills you'll need to be an effective nurse: critical thinking, communication, and the ability to review published information critically.

Choose a great topic and follow your teacher's instructions; you'll finish that paper in no time.

Joleen Sams is a certified Family Nurse Practitioner based in the Kansas City metro area. During her 10-year RN career, Joleen worked in NICU, inpatient pediatrics, and regulatory compliance. Since graduating with her MSN-FNP in 2019, she has worked in urgent care and nursing administration. Connect with Joleen on LinkedIn or see more of her writing on her website.

Plus, get exclusive access to discounts for nurses, stay informed on the latest nurse news, and learn how to take the next steps in your career.

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Writing a Nursing Research Paper that Meets Professor's Requirements

As a nursing student, you will spend much time researching, reading, and writing papers. Many students find the entire process of writing research papers challenging.

Imagine on top of spending many hours in clinical practice shifts only to find yourself sparing more time researching and writing, not to mention the overwhelming information condensed in a few hours of in-class lecture sessions. Working shifts and studying while having family duties and obligations worsens it, and when done in a rush, you end up with subpar papers and average grades.

Even though many student nurses find writing research papers tricky and daunting, you can write a perfect paper that ticks all the checkboxes your professor uses to mark them and be sure to get an A+ grade on your nursing paper.

Our expert nursing research writers, who have written thousands of BSN, MSN, DNP, and Ph.D. papers, have compiled this comprehensive guide to help you write a strong nursing research paper that leaves a lasting impression on your professor.

Having marked many papers and supervised many theses, capstone projects, and dissertations, you can trust that the information herein is valuable and timely in your pursuit of nursing career success.

What is a Nursing Research Paper?

A nursing research paper is a scholarly and thesis-driven paper that a nursing student (at ADN, BSN, MSN, DNP, or Ph.D. level) writes to comprehensively explore a specific nursing research topic either of their choice or one that the professor assigns.

To write a perfect research paper, the student has to provide concrete, reliable, and trustworthy evidence. In most cases, even professionals such as RNs undertaking clinical practice, nursing education training, clinical studies and evaluations, and nursing research can also write research papers published in journals or conferences to advance and disseminate nursing knowledge. The typical length of most nursing papers ranges from 5 pages to 20 pages, depending mainly on the complexity of the subject, the word count limits, and the requirements. Nurses and nursing students write research papers to share their insights as they learn more about nursing processes and practices. Nursing research papers are used to: document research, organize information, advance nursing scholarship, and improve the writing skills of nurses. Students in the USA, Australia, Japan, and Canada write their research papers in the American Psychological Association (APA) format, while those in Australia and the UK write them in Harvard formats. The research papers fall under three main categories:

Analytical research papers. These papers present an analysis of the topic using evidence, facts, and examples.
Argumentative research papers. These research papers are analytical but with a twist where the writer uses evidence to reinforce their opinion and persuade the reader.
Expository research papers. This category of nursing research papers explains the subject matter using credible evidence such as examples, facts, statistics, and other pieces of evidence.

Structure and Format of a Nursing Research Paper

A simple nursing research paper, especially an expository or informative type, can have 5 paragraphs, like a typical essay. However, longer research papers have additional sections.

Scientific Nursing Research Paper Structure

Here is a breakdown of how a well-formatted and scientific nursing research paper should look like.

Title Page. The title page comprises the research paper title, details of the student or professional writer, course details, details of the school or institution, and the date. The cover page is the first contact point with the reader. It is brief.
Abstract. The abstract summarizes the nursing research paper. It is 200-250 words long and should be focused on what the reader expects. It is a condensed version of the paper, which is critical to help professors know what your paper is about. It should not have acronyms. Note that the word count of the abstract is not considered part of the research paper.
The Introduction. The introduction should have an attention-getter or a hook that can be a statement, statistic, or fact. It should be 10% of the entire word count. It also has background information that details the nursing issue or topic you are exploring. It also comprises a well-thought-out thesis statement related to the topic. If you have a long paper, ensure that your problem and purpose statements are part of the introduction. It should also list your PICOT question .
Literature Review. This is a critical section of the research paper. Here, you should explore other nursing scholars' thoughts and scholarly findings. Focus on peer-reviewed scholarly articles that address the same issue as your thesis statement or topic. Explore your topic's theories, theoretical frameworks, and other facts. Do it so well that your professor marvels at your research, organization, and writing prowess. Consider the levels of evidence as you choose selection criteria for the papers to include in your nursing literature review.
Research Methodology. This section of the research paper details the data collection methods, such as ethnographic studies, secondary data collection, literature review, quasi-experimental research, correlational studies, descriptive research, ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, or experiments. Ensure that you state and give a rationale for your research design (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods). If you are writing a quantitative paper, explain how you tested the hypotheses. Also, report the sampling frame and the sampling strategy.
Results and Discussion. This section of the paper presents the findings. You can use visual aids such as charts and graphs for a quantitative research paper. If you are writing a qualitative research paper, present the evidence chronologically. When presenting the findings, avoid making definitive facts. Instead, ensure that the results suggest something is true or false, even when testing a hypothesis.
Conclusion and Recommendations. The conclusion should be 10% of the entire word count. You should restate the thesis and give a summary of your entire paper. Explore the recommendations for future research on the topic.
Ensure that your reference list is arranged alphabetically. The list should adhere to the formatting requirements (Harvard, ASA, or APA formats). Only use scholarly peer-reviewed references.

Format for a General Nursing Research Paper

If you are writing a non-scientific nursing research paper, you will only have three sections as follows:

Introduction. The introduction paragraph should introduce the topic by providing an attention-getter, background information, and a thesis statement.
Body of the paper . The body paragraphs should have strong topic sentences, supporting details (examples, evidence, and explanation), and concluding sentences. It should also portray a good use of transition words. You should analyze the topic and use evidence to support the arguments, and give enough explanation. Use in-text citations within the body paragraphs.
Conclusion. End the paper by recapping the main points, reasserting the thesis statement, and signaling the end of the paper to give your readers good closure.

An excellent nursing research paper follows this structure as long as it is not research-based. The three-part approach is super recommended if you did not conduct any study. In most cases, when assigned to write those 5-12 pages of nursing school research papers, you will be using this format.

So, what are the steps for writing a good nursing research paper? Let’s find out in the next section.

The 6 Main Steps for Writing a Nursing Research Paper

Writing assignments are an essential training aspect for nursing students. No wonder professors will stress that you write essays, discussion posts, responses, or proposals well. They are doing so to prepare you for research roles somewhere in your nursing career.

According to our most successful research paper writers, writing a top-grade research paper involves decoding the instructions, selecting a good topic, planning, researching, writing, and polishing the paper.

Here is a breakdown of each step for clarity and deeper understanding.

Step #1: Understand the Prompt or Instructions

You can only perfect what you know! Therefore, you can begin the research writing process by reading, analyzing, and understanding the instructions. It is an essential pre-writing stage process where you carefully read the instructions.

Although it sounds obvious, most nursing students who write off-topic and subpar research papers jump into writing without reading to understand the instructions.

You need to skim through the instructions on the first attempt, then read keenly and critically as you take note of the scope of the assignment, the topic, and other things you must fulfill in the paper. Take note of the:

The number of words.
Type of research paper (argumentative, analytical, exploratory, or persuasive).
The structure of the paper (thesis-driven or research/study-based (scientific) research paper.
The deadline.
Whether you need to draft an outline.
Reading materials.
Whether you need external sources.
Which sources to use and how many?
The theoretical constructions or conceptual frameworks.
The age limit of the scholarly sources.

If you need further clarification, ensure that you ask your peers, professor, or a professional writer in time.

Step #2: Select a Good Nursing Research Topic

Compared to average students, top nursing students always remember to select a research topic they are comfortable handling. When you are confident with a topic, you can develop it without procrastinating.

Sometimes you are given a list of nursing research paper topics, issues, and ideas to consider. Other times, you come up with the topic and consult your professor/educator for approval.

Choose topics related to patient safety, nursing processes, nurse staffing, nursing policies, nurse privileges, nursing legislations, nursing ethics, mental health, health promotion, chronic disease management, healthcare systems, health informatics, changes in healthcare, and working conditions.

Choose any nursing topic that resonates with your specialization interests. It should be manageable, relevant, and explorable.

Step #3: Plan your Paper

Create a thesis statement for your research paper if it is thesis-driven rather than study-based or scientific (experimental). After writing the thesis, like any of our nursing assignment slayers, write a good outline using Roman numbers and numbers.

List the ideas you wish to have in your paper in chronological order, starting with the introduction, body, and concluding paragraphs. As you outline, do some preliminary research so that you develop arguments the right way.

Include the in-text citations in your nursing research paper outline to simplify the writing process.

Step #4: Research and Organize Resources

Doing in-depth research as you refine the draft would be appropriate because you know what you want the paper to look like. Use scholarly nursing databases for research and limit yourself to topic-related scholarly articles published within the last 5 years.

You can read the abstracts of the articles to determine if they are fit to use in your paper. If you find the best articles, list them using online citation management tools such as RefWorks, Zotero, EndNote, Citefast, or any of your choice.

Ensure to list them in the most appropriate formatting styles. Take notes and list the points and ideas in your outline. Do your research meticulously and ensure that you organize the process to avoid any confusion.

Step #5: Write the First Draft

With the research, synthesis, and outline, you are now left with the chance to put rubber on the road. Use the Pomodoro technique, where you spend stretches of 25 minutes of focused work and have minor 5-minute breaks.

Ensure you cover as much ground in your research paper as possible before three-quarters of the deadline. When writing the paper, and considering that you have the outline, you can start chronologically from the introduction to the appendices.

Most research paper writing pros prefer working on the body section and conclusion before writing the introduction and finalizing the abstract. Whatever works best for you, adopt it. When writing the first draft, focus on piecing together the information rather than perfection.

Ensure you research lightly as you write and assert your voice while giving the right in-text citations for every idea you paraphrase from a source to avoid plagiarism. Each body paragraph should only have one idea.

Step #6: Edit, Proofread, and Polish the Paper

The final step towards completing your nursing research paper is ensuring everything is in its rightful place. A polished research paper scores 90% and above, which is an A. Begin by reading the paper aloud to identify areas that do not make sense.

If there is a need, do not hesitate to rewrite an entire section so that you have the right flow of information.

Check the grammatical, spelling, and syntax errors and make necessary corrections. You should also check the tenses used in the paper. If you feel like polishing the essay is too much work, you are better off hiring a nursing paper proofreader/editor.

When you receive feedback from your educator or professor, address the changes and resend the paper for grading.

Related Reading: How to write an evidence-based nursing paper.

Valuable Tips to Consider as You Write Your Nursing Research Paper

Nursing schools and educators have their standards and guidelines for writing a research paper. Therefore, ensure that before everything else, you familiarize yourself and adhere to these instructions, which include word count and citation styles.

Do not assume anything when writing a paper. You should also access and understand suggestions from your school’s writing lab. Apart from these essential tips, also ensure that you follow the insights we give below:

Write your paper using a formal tone. Do not use passive voice when writing the paper. Instead, use active voice.
Your paper should have a good organization from the introduction to the conclusion.
Whenever you borrow ideas from a scholarly source, ensure you cite them correctly.
Have a well-thought-out thesis statement that clarifies your arguments.
Create a complete outline during the early stages of writing. It gives you a roadmap to follow as you write the paper. Organize the ideas chronologically based on their strength and weaknesses.
Have a plan and schedule to trace your progress with the paper.
If you have a more extended deadline, contribute to your research paper daily.
When writing the paper, start with the body, the conclusion, and the introduction last.
If you are writing a study-based research paper, include the literature review, methodology, discussion, and conclusion sections per the IMRAD format. A general nursing research paper follows the essay structure: introduction, body section, and conclusion.
Use peer-reviewed scholarly sources from CINAHL, PubMed, Nursing Reference Center, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and other nursing research databases with peer-reviewed articles. Credible sources mean your research paper has rigor since you have strong points.
Proofread and edit the paper thoroughly to remove any mistakes to signal your seriousness to your professor. If possible, use professional editing services.
Have a compelling conclusion that is elaborate, clear, and concise.
Read your paper aloud to identify mistakes.
Revise the paper, and do not fear rewriting an entire section.

When writing a research paper, adhere to the writing conventions. You should also read well and understand how to communicate through academic writing effectively. Your paper should document evidence that supports your arguments and topic.

Write concisely, coherently, and accurately. It is not all in vain; you are training for your future role as a nurse when you will write conference papers, white papers, essays, policy documents, letters, blog posts, and professional nursing articles.

Checklist for a Great Research Paper in Nursing

Now that you have written your paper, you must align a few things to make it the best your professor will read. Most nursing classes, especially at the graduate levels (MSN, DNP, and Ph.D. levels), have small class sizes, and the professors spend time reading the papers from start to end. This means that you should leave nothing to chance.

Nursing research asserts professional identity, ensures accountability in nursing decision-making, and expands nursing practice. You have to be meticulous when writing a research paper in nursing.

A good research paper demonstrates a complete understanding of nursing knowledge, topic exploration, advanced organization, proper formatting, and mature academic writing skills. The following checklist enlists some main aspects to countercheck before hitting the submit button.

Have I followed all the instructions outlined in the assignment prompt or rubric?
Does my paper have the right title page?
Does the paper have a written title that resonates with the thesis and the research question?
Is the introduction presenting an attention grabber, background information, and a signpost of the ideas in the paper?
Is the thesis statement well-thought-out, clear, concise, and elaborate?
Is the problem statement clearly stated?
If it is a PICOT-based research paper, is the PICO question well-outlined?
Does the paper touch well on the nursing issue that the topic needs it to address?
Is there a logical flow of the paragraphs?
Are the words in each paragraph balanced?
Does the paper have correctly formatted headings and subheadings?
Are the in-text citations done correctly and consistently?
Does every paragraph in the body of the paper build on the thesis?
Does the paper demonstrate a mature choice of words and uses nursing lingo?
Is the literature review section comprehensive? Does it have a theoretical and conceptual framework or constructs?
Are the data and information presented in the literature review current?
Has the methodology section listed the sample, sampling strategy, data collection and analyses, and rationale for each?
Does the discussion section interlink the concepts from the literature review with the findings?
Does the conclusion offer good closure to the readers? Does it restate the thesis? Does it summarize the recommendations?
Is the entire paper formatted correctly? Does it follow the formatting guidelines?
Is the paper devoid of spelling, syntax, and mechanical mistakes?

If your answer to all these questions is a resounding YES, you are sure it will fetch your professor a good grade. Our nursing writers, most of whom are alumni from top nursing universities and colleges such as Chamberlain, Capella, Herzing, Vanderbilt, SFU, Rutgers, Yale, Duke, NYU, UCLA, University of Pennsylvania, University of Toronto, McGill, Ottawa, Queens, and other best colleges in the USA, UK, Canada, and many other places. Besides, they are nursing educators in different capacities, and a couple are nursing professors with big titles; you can trust the checklist to guarantee you an excellent grade.

Where to Get Help When Writing Research Paper

As a nursing student, writing a research paper is something you will most likely enjoy doing. However, unforeseen things happen, prompting you to search the internet for sites to help you do your nursing research paper. NurseMyGrade.com is one such place to pay a nursing writer to do your paper.

Expect a paper that meets all the requirements, is written by a human rather than AI software, and is uniquely tailored to your requirements. Our rates are affordable, and our writers cover diverse fields. Apart from offering advice about research, writing, and formatting papers, we have resourceful writers whom we allow you to communicate directly with via our platform.

We also maintain high levels of secrecy because we care more about your privacy and confidentiality of your details. Not even your professor can tell you got help from our website because we advise on specific strategies to use the paper. We have assisted students in various levels of nursing education with their writing, and we can do yours too.

Get affordable, well-researched, formatted, and organized nursing research papers done for you today by filling out the order form. Nursing research papers are a chance to stand out. Let our professionals help you achieve your nursing school goals.

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KUHS - Previous Years Question Papers

BSc Nursing 3rd Year Question Paper PDF Download (Previous Year Question Paper) For Free

BSc Nursing 3rd Year Question Paper: The 3rd year BSc nursing question papers cover a wide range of topics including Child Health Nursing, Medical Surgical Nursing-II, Mental Health Nursing, Nursing Research, and Statistics.

Therefore, candidates in 3rd year must follow the BSc Nursing Previous Year Question Paper . B.Sc nursing previous year question papers pdf are an important aspect of getting a good score. These exams are designed to test the skills and knowledge of the students. To get good marks in the 3rd year of BSc nursing you must practice the last 10 years of question papers.

Table of Contents

3rd Year B.Sc Nursing Question Papers Highlights

Bsc nursing 3rd year subjects.

BSc Nursing 3rd year covers a wide range of topics including theoretical as well as practical. These topics include Child Health Nursing, MSN-II, etc. However, these topics can vary depending on the university offering the course. The third year of BSc nursing covers the following subjects.

01. Child Health Nursing: It is also known as Pediatric Nursing which deals with the care of infants, children, and adolescents. In this course, you will learn about child diseases, growth and development, and how to provide proper nursing care for pediatric patients or infants.

02. Medical-Surgical Nursing: This subject covers various medical-surgical nursing concepts, including patient care with complex medical conditions, surgical interventions, and post-operative care.

03. Community Health Nursing: This subject teaches you the role of nurses in community and public health settings. In addition, you will learn about health promotion and disease prevention.

04. Nursing Research & Statistics: This topic includes research methodologies and various statistical analyses in nursing.

BSc Nursing 3rd Year Semester Wise Subjects

Before going to the question ‘BSc Nursing 3rd Year Question Paper ‘, we have to first know the semester-wise subjects of 3rd year BSc nursing. The 3rd Year BSc Nursing Syllabus is given below in a tabular format.

BSc Nursing 3rd Year Exam Pattern

The third year of BSc nursing carries a total of 800 marks including theoretical and practical. Below here we have shared the exam pattern with marks in a tabulated format.

BSc Nursing 3rd Year Question Paper PDF

Candidates who are going to appear in the third year of BSc nursing need to practice the previous year’s question papers. These question papers are one of the most helpful aspects of exams. These previous year’s questionnaire papers helped them get an idea of question types and their patterns. Therefore, students can download and practice these b.sc nursing 3rd year solved paper pdf to get good marks. Here we have shared the B.Sc Nursing 3rd Year Question Paper PDF Download format.

In conclusion, we can say that BSc Nursing 3rd Year Question Paper plays an important role for students in exam preparation. If this article is helpful for you, please rate and share it with others.

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What the data says about crime in the U.S.

A growing share of Americans say reducing crime should be a top priority for the president and Congress to address this year. Around six-in-ten U.S. adults (58%) hold that view today, up from 47% at the beginning of Joe Biden’s presidency in 2021.

We conducted this analysis to learn more about U.S. crime patterns and how those patterns have changed over time.

The analysis relies on statistics published by the FBI, which we accessed through the Crime Data Explorer , and the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), which we accessed through the National Crime Victimization Survey data analysis tool .

To measure public attitudes about crime in the U.S., we relied on survey data from Pew Research Center and Gallup.

Additional details about each data source, including survey methodologies, are available by following the links in the text of this analysis.

A line chart showing that, since 2021, concerns about crime have grown among both Republicans and Democrats.

With the issue likely to come up in this year’s presidential election, here’s what we know about crime in the United States, based on the latest available data from the federal government and other sources.

How much crime is there in the U.S.?

It’s difficult to say for certain. The two primary sources of government crime statistics – the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) – paint an incomplete picture.

The FBI publishes annual data on crimes that have been reported to law enforcement, but not crimes that haven’t been reported. Historically, the FBI has also only published statistics about a handful of specific violent and property crimes, but not many other types of crime, such as drug crime. And while the FBI’s data is based on information from thousands of federal, state, county, city and other police departments, not all law enforcement agencies participate every year. In 2022, the most recent full year with available statistics, the FBI received data from 83% of participating agencies .

BJS, for its part, tracks crime by fielding a large annual survey of Americans ages 12 and older and asking them whether they were the victim of certain types of crime in the past six months. One advantage of this approach is that it captures both reported and unreported crimes. But the BJS survey has limitations of its own. Like the FBI, it focuses mainly on a handful of violent and property crimes. And since the BJS data is based on after-the-fact interviews with crime victims, it cannot provide information about one especially high-profile type of offense: murder.

All those caveats aside, looking at the FBI and BJS statistics side-by-side does give researchers a good picture of U.S. violent and property crime rates and how they have changed over time. In addition, the FBI is transitioning to a new data collection system – known as the National Incident-Based Reporting System – that eventually will provide national information on a much larger set of crimes , as well as details such as the time and place they occur and the types of weapons involved, if applicable.

Which kinds of crime are most and least common?

A bar chart showing that theft is most common property crime, and assault is most common violent crime.

Property crime in the U.S. is much more common than violent crime. In 2022, the FBI reported a total of 1,954.4 property crimes per 100,000 people, compared with 380.7 violent crimes per 100,000 people.

By far the most common form of property crime in 2022 was larceny/theft, followed by motor vehicle theft and burglary. Among violent crimes, aggravated assault was the most common offense, followed by robbery, rape, and murder/nonnegligent manslaughter.

BJS tracks a slightly different set of offenses from the FBI, but it finds the same overall patterns, with theft the most common form of property crime in 2022 and assault the most common form of violent crime.

How have crime rates in the U.S. changed over time?

Both the FBI and BJS data show dramatic declines in U.S. violent and property crime rates since the early 1990s, when crime spiked across much of the nation.

Using the FBI data, the violent crime rate fell 49% between 1993 and 2022, with large decreases in the rates of robbery (-74%), aggravated assault (-39%) and murder/nonnegligent manslaughter (-34%). It’s not possible to calculate the change in the rape rate during this period because the FBI revised its definition of the offense in 2013 .

Line charts showing that U.S. violent and property crime rates have plunged since 1990s, regardless of data source.

The FBI data also shows a 59% reduction in the U.S. property crime rate between 1993 and 2022, with big declines in the rates of burglary (-75%), larceny/theft (-54%) and motor vehicle theft (-53%).

Using the BJS statistics, the declines in the violent and property crime rates are even steeper than those captured in the FBI data. Per BJS, the U.S. violent and property crime rates each fell 71% between 1993 and 2022.

While crime rates have fallen sharply over the long term, the decline hasn’t always been steady. There have been notable increases in certain kinds of crime in some years, including recently.

In 2020, for example, the U.S. murder rate saw its largest single-year increase on record – and by 2022, it remained considerably higher than before the coronavirus pandemic. Preliminary data for 2023, however, suggests that the murder rate fell substantially last year .

How do Americans perceive crime in their country?

Americans tend to believe crime is up, even when official data shows it is down.

In 23 of 27 Gallup surveys conducted since 1993 , at least 60% of U.S. adults have said there is more crime nationally than there was the year before, despite the downward trend in crime rates during most of that period.

A line chart showing that Americans tend to believe crime is up nationally, less so locally.

While perceptions of rising crime at the national level are common, fewer Americans believe crime is up in their own communities. In every Gallup crime survey since the 1990s, Americans have been much less likely to say crime is up in their area than to say the same about crime nationally.

Public attitudes about crime differ widely by Americans’ party affiliation, race and ethnicity, and other factors . For example, Republicans and Republican-leaning independents are much more likely than Democrats and Democratic leaners to say reducing crime should be a top priority for the president and Congress this year (68% vs. 47%), according to a recent Pew Research Center survey.

How does crime in the U.S. differ by demographic characteristics?

Some groups of Americans are more likely than others to be victims of crime. In the 2022 BJS survey , for example, younger people and those with lower incomes were far more likely to report being the victim of a violent crime than older and higher-income people.

There were no major differences in violent crime victimization rates between male and female respondents or between those who identified as White, Black or Hispanic. But the victimization rate among Asian Americans (a category that includes Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders) was substantially lower than among other racial and ethnic groups.

The same BJS survey asks victims about the demographic characteristics of the offenders in the incidents they experienced.

In 2022, those who are male, younger people and those who are Black accounted for considerably larger shares of perceived offenders in violent incidents than their respective shares of the U.S. population. Men, for instance, accounted for 79% of perceived offenders in violent incidents, compared with 49% of the nation’s 12-and-older population that year. Black Americans accounted for 25% of perceived offenders in violent incidents, about twice their share of the 12-and-older population (12%).

As with all surveys, however, there are several potential sources of error, including the possibility that crime victims’ perceptions about offenders are incorrect.

How does crime in the U.S. differ geographically?

There are big geographic differences in violent and property crime rates.

For example, in 2022, there were more than 700 violent crimes per 100,000 residents in New Mexico and Alaska. That compares with fewer than 200 per 100,000 people in Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire and Maine, according to the FBI.

The FBI notes that various factors might influence an area’s crime rate, including its population density and economic conditions.

What percentage of crimes are reported to police? What percentage are solved?

Line charts showing that fewer than half of crimes in the U.S. are reported, and fewer than half of reported crimes are solved.

Most violent and property crimes in the U.S. are not reported to police, and most of the crimes that are reported are not solved.

In its annual survey, BJS asks crime victims whether they reported their crime to police. It found that in 2022, only 41.5% of violent crimes and 31.8% of household property crimes were reported to authorities. BJS notes that there are many reasons why crime might not be reported, including fear of reprisal or of “getting the offender in trouble,” a feeling that police “would not or could not do anything to help,” or a belief that the crime is “a personal issue or too trivial to report.”

Most of the crimes that are reported to police, meanwhile, are not solved , at least based on an FBI measure known as the clearance rate . That’s the share of cases each year that are closed, or “cleared,” through the arrest, charging and referral of a suspect for prosecution, or due to “exceptional” circumstances such as the death of a suspect or a victim’s refusal to cooperate with a prosecution. In 2022, police nationwide cleared 36.7% of violent crimes that were reported to them and 12.1% of the property crimes that came to their attention.

Which crimes are most likely to be reported to police? Which are most likely to be solved?

Bar charts showing that most vehicle thefts are reported to police, but relatively few result in arrest.

Around eight-in-ten motor vehicle thefts (80.9%) were reported to police in 2022, making them by far the most commonly reported property crime tracked by BJS. Household burglaries and trespassing offenses were reported to police at much lower rates (44.9% and 41.2%, respectively), while personal theft/larceny and other types of theft were only reported around a quarter of the time.

Among violent crimes – excluding homicide, which BJS doesn’t track – robbery was the most likely to be reported to law enforcement in 2022 (64.0%). It was followed by aggravated assault (49.9%), simple assault (36.8%) and rape/sexual assault (21.4%).

The list of crimes cleared by police in 2022 looks different from the list of crimes reported. Law enforcement officers were generally much more likely to solve violent crimes than property crimes, according to the FBI.

The most frequently solved violent crime tends to be homicide. Police cleared around half of murders and nonnegligent manslaughters (52.3%) in 2022. The clearance rates were lower for aggravated assault (41.4%), rape (26.1%) and robbery (23.2%).

When it comes to property crime, law enforcement agencies cleared 13.0% of burglaries, 12.4% of larcenies/thefts and 9.3% of motor vehicle thefts in 2022.

Are police solving more or fewer crimes than they used to?

Nationwide clearance rates for both violent and property crime are at their lowest levels since at least 1993, the FBI data shows.

Police cleared a little over a third (36.7%) of the violent crimes that came to their attention in 2022, down from nearly half (48.1%) as recently as 2013. During the same period, there were decreases for each of the four types of violent crime the FBI tracks:

Line charts showing that police clearance rates for violent crimes have declined in recent years.

Police cleared 52.3% of reported murders and nonnegligent homicides in 2022, down from 64.1% in 2013.
They cleared 41.4% of aggravated assaults, down from 57.7%.
They cleared 26.1% of rapes, down from 40.6%.
They cleared 23.2% of robberies, down from 29.4%.

The pattern is less pronounced for property crime. Overall, law enforcement agencies cleared 12.1% of reported property crimes in 2022, down from 19.7% in 2013. The clearance rate for burglary didn’t change much, but it fell for larceny/theft (to 12.4% in 2022 from 22.4% in 2013) and motor vehicle theft (to 9.3% from 14.2%).

Note: This is an update of a post originally published on Nov. 20, 2020.

Criminal Justice

John Gramlich is an associate director at Pew Research Center

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