information transfer verbal to nonverbal essay

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Information Transfer: Verbal-Non Verbal

1. Write a paragraph on “Rocks and Their Formations”, with the help of following Table:

2. Read the following tree-diagram and write a short paragraph based on it:

3. Read the following web diagram and write a short paragraph based on it:

1. Read the given information carefully and fill the Table provided:

2. Read the following information about ‘Mind-map’ and draw a Web diagram regarding the facts about ‘Mind-map’:

3. Read the following information about ‘Importance of Books’ and draw a Web diagram regarding the facts about it:

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information transfer verbal to nonverbal essay

Verbal to Non-verbal | Information Transfer | Writing Skills

Here you will learn how to transfer the given information in non-verbal form vis table. pie diagram, web diagram, flow chart and tree diagram etc.

Q. 1. Given below is a paragraph outlining the uses of motorcycle. Transfer the information in the form of a web diagram or map.

The motorcycle has become a vehicle that has many uses not only in the town but in the countryside as well. For one thing it saves a lot of time. Even in towns and villages it is very useful for college students who have to travel long distances instead of depending on the irregular bus services. There are many people in towns and cities who keep motorcycles for their servants to go out and buy provisions. Workers in cities and even farmers in villages use the motorcycle frequently. This is because the motorcycle helps to get the work done speedily. Of course, in order to drive the motorcycle a driving licence is compulsory. Also one must use a helmet and drive carefully to avoid serious accident.

Ans: The Uses of Motorcycle

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Q.2. Read the following information and prepare a table to present it.

According to survey the youth preferences for watching TV, it was found that 39% of the youth watch TV for news while 18% watches serials. Sports seems to be the choice of 10% while movies in the preference of 7% youth.

The lowest preference seems to be music channels as only 6% watch them the remaining 20% used did not seem to have any specific reference.

Ans.: Youth and TV

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Q.3. Draw a pie diagram for the following data.

Mr. A. Phalke earns a take-home salary of Rs. 11,200 per month. He follows a strict budget every month on various expenditures, as a result of which he is able to save as much as 7% of his income per month. Most of his income which accounts for 30% of his total budget is spent on conveyance. 10% of his income goes towards the food and fuel needs for needs of his family. Mr. Phalke hires a housemaid and pays her about 10% of his earnings. Every month at least 17% of his income goes towards buying clothing for various members of family. The remaining 26% is spent on the education of his children.

Ans.: Expenditure of Mr. A. Phalke

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Verbal and Nonverbal Communication, Essay Example

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Through long years of development, humanity has worked out the combined system of communication, that enables people to interact and transfer information either through verbal or nonverbal way.

Verbal communication founds on the use of language, which is defined by prominent linguist Sapir as “purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols” (Sapir,2007, p.17).

Evidently, spoken language remains the most wide-spread and universal way of rendering information. Therefore, it is the most examined method of language; each road sign conveys specific meaning (“roadwork” or “overtaking prohibited”). Words in their entity serve the chief elements of communication. All the signs accepted in society may be translated by means of communication; their precise meaning becomes clear through the system of verbal and nonverbal devices. The latter affirm, doubt, and justify what is said. The speaker shows ironic or sarcastic attitude to the word by corresponding intonation solely.

Nonverbal communication plays a significant part in information exchange and provides effective personal self-expression because most part of information man receives through the visual channel. Researchers identify kinesics (messages sent by the body and face), paralanguage (voice characteristics: pitch, volume, pace), chronemics (connected with status and punctuality), proxemics (distance between communicators), olfactics (acceptable or unacceptable scents).

Nonverbal codes are considered more reliable and honest in comparison with verbal means because of their less conscious and controlled character.

There are similar expressive movements for different cultures. According to Hindle, “one of the expressions people of different cultures may produce when angry is characterized by opening the corners of the mouth in a particular way and by frowning…, clenching the fists, stamping on the ground and even hitting at objects” (Hindle,1972, p. 299).

Cultural differences in communication codes are object of study for many modern researches. Albert Mehrabian claims that first attempts to identify “the differences encountered during an interaction between members of different cultures” were done by Hall in 1959 (Mehrabian, 2009, p. 6).

One gesture may have different meanings in different cultures. Nodding for “yes” in most countries means “no” in Bulgaria; and vice versa for “not”. Acceptable in one culture may be supposed offensive in another. Indians break bread with right hand solely because the left hand is connected with toilet functions.

Interpersonal space plays a significant part of the process of communication. The attitude of the addressee towards the speaker changes if the comfortable distance is broken. Scientists pay attention to gender related traditions in various countries. In Islamic and Asian cultures touch to the opposite gender person may be considered offend or sexual infringement; in European culture touch of close friends is an ordinary expressive gesture. Shaking hands, men greet each other; this gesture is not adopted among women.

In the process of communication, people belonging to one ethnicity or social group create believes, myths, values. Thus, words bear cultural information revealing distinctions in the spoken language, as well. Ignorance of relevant nuances hampers from understanding a foreign culture. As a rule, notions of this kind are translated through explanation (national heroes, holidays, dishes, historical events etc). Thus, words are not only the signs which identify notions.

The unity of verbal and nonverbal devices enables effective communication. Learning major accepted and forbidden things of the culture you are going to interact with may be helpful to avoid misunderstanding.

Hindle, R. A. (1972). Non-verbal Communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mehrabian, A. (2009). Nonverbal Communication. New Jersey: Aldine Transaction.

Sapir, E.(2007). Language: an Introduction into the Study of Speech. BiblioBazaar.

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Comparison of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

Communication is an instrumental tool which facilitates effective interaction among individuals. Although it is vital in improving interpersonal relationships, most people take it for granted and fail to enhance their communication skills. It can be either verbal or nonverbal, and the type used to exchange information or ideas is influenced by various factors, including the parties involved as well as the environment. Verbal communication involves the conveyance of a message using oral or written words. Conversely, nonverbal communication uses body language to send a particular message. While verbal and nonverbal communications involve transferring and receiving information and are not connected to the brain, they are significantly different in such features as structure, miscommunication, continuousness, and distance and time.

Verbal communication develops differently in various cultures and is structured while nonverbal communication is not. Verbal communication is regulated by grammar rules to ensure that the conveyed message is clear (Wahyuni 80). This aspect of specific pattern of communication is vital since it guarantees a similar understanding of a particular message among the individuals using the same language. Conversely, nonverbal communication lacks a definite array of conveying a message. It has no guiding rules, and one can interpret the sent information according to their wish. Nevertheless, nonverbal communication has an instrumental role in supporting verbal communication to enhance meaning of sent information.

The chances of miscommunication in verbal communications are significantly lower than in nonverbal communication. Notably, every word used in verbal communication has a specific meaning, minimizing the possibility of being misinterpreted. The intended message significance is preserved even when words are translated into other languages. Conversely, there are numerous facial expressions which people can make using muscles in their faces. The lexes depend on how someone responds to a particular stimulus. Additionally, there are types of nonverbal communications whose meaning varies from one culture to another (Wahyuni 82). For instance, avoiding direct eye contact when speaking to an older person is a sign of respect in some cultures, but it can be interpreted as a person being shy. Therefore, the likelihoods of misinterpreting nonverbal communication are high, mainly when cultural background differs.

The chances of miscommunication depending on situations and places are also lower in verbal communication than in nonverbal communication. Whereas one receives immediate feedback when using verbal communication, it is impossible in nonverbal communication because it takes some time to show the emotions (Wahyuni 82). Indeed, an individual has to process the meaning of a message conveyed verbally before responding nonverbally. The tone of verbal communication minimizes the possibility of miscommunication in different situations, even when someone is playacting. However, miscommunication can be inevitable in various places, such as Asia and the United States because of varying cultures. Nevertheless, misunderstanding of nonverbal communication does not occur in all situations. Thus, verbal communication is easily influenced by social as well as cultural factors.

Distance is insignificant in verbal communication, and it takes a short period of time to convey a message, contrary to nonverbal communication. People use different means of sending information such as phone calls, letters, and chats to transmit messages. The distance does not matter even though one has to choose the medium wisely to guarantee effective communication. However, long-distance inhibits nonverbal communication, requiring individuals’ face-to-face interaction to show and receive a particular message. Additionally, it is time consuming compared to verbal communication. One can take time to receive and interpret nonverbal messages before giving appropriate feedback. Therefore, verbal communication is faster, efficient, and convenient regardless of location of involved parties.

Contrary to nonverbal communication, verbal communication has limited continuousness because it is easier for someone to interrupt. It has a starting point when one initiates communication and stops when it is terminated or interrupted. Different factors such as sound and visible movements can interrupt verbal communication. On the other hand, nonverbal communication continues without inference once it is initiated. Nonverbal cues are evident even when individuals have stopped talking. For instance, people smile or laugh after they comment on something good. Therefore, nonverbal communication can endure external elements that interfere with transmission of information.

Despite the differences between nonverbal and verbal communication, their role and usage consistency are similar. Both forms of communication involve sending and receiving messages, regardless of the medium used to transmit information. In most cases, individuals use verbal and nonverbal communication in parallel to guarantee the useful meaning of the anticipated outcomes (Bhat and Kingsley 39). Nonverbal communication has various functions such as reinforcement, regulation, accentuation, and substitution. Moreover, both verbal and nonverbal communication are not inherent because they are learned. People learn how to pronounce words, write well-structured sentences, and use their faces and other parts of the body to convey a meaningful message. Further, they have no direct connection to the brain of individuals. Undeniably, the brain only receives, processes and interprets messages, and generates appropriate feedback. Thus, verbal and nonverbal communications complement each other to enhance the meaning of conveyed messages.

In conclusion, verbal and nonverbal communication differ in structure, miscommunication, continuousness, and distance and time. Verbal communication is regulated by grammar rules, has minimum miscommunication possibilities, is not inhibited by distance, takes a short time, and is quickly interrupted, contrary to nonverbal communication. However, common features associated with verbal and nonverbal communication are that they are not inherent or directly connected to individual’s brain and involve transferring and receiving of information. Additionally, they are used in parallel in most cases, with nonverbal playing the role of reinforcement or accentuation of particular message.

Works Cited

Bhat, B. Vishnu, and Manoj Kumar Kingsley. “Effective Non-Verbal Communication.” Effective Medical Communication , edited by Subhash Chandra Parija and Balachandra V. Adkoli, Springer, 2020, pp. 39–47.

Wahyuni, Akhtim. “The Power of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication in Learning”. Proceedings of the 1St International Conference on Intellectuals’ Global Responsibility (ICIGR 2017) , vol. 125, 2018, pp. 80-83. Web.

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Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place, person or group to another.

Every communication involves (at least) one sender, a message and a recipient. This may sound simple, but communication is actually a very complex subject.

The transmission of the message from sender to recipient can be affected by a huge range of things. These include our emotions, the cultural situation, the medium used to communicate, and even our location. The complexity is why good communication skills are considered so desirable by employers around the world: accurate, effective and unambiguous communication is actually extremely hard.

This page explains more about what we mean by ‘ communication ’.

Defining Communication

communication , n . The imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. …The successful conveying or sharing of ideas and feelings.

Oxford English Dictionary

As this definition makes clear, communication is more than simply the transmission of information. The term requires an element of success in transmitting or imparting a message, whether information, ideas, or emotions.

A communication therefore has three parts: the sender, the message, and the recipient.

The sender ‘encodes’ the message, usually in a mixture of words and non-verbal communication. It is transmitted in some way (for example, in speech or writing), and the recipient ‘decodes’ it.

Of course, there may be more than one recipient, and the complexity of communication means that each one may receive a slightly different message. Two people may read very different things into the choice of words and/or body language. It is also possible that neither of them will have quite the same understanding as the sender.

In face-to-face communication, the roles of the sender and recipient are not distinct. The two roles will pass back and forwards between two people talking. Both parties communicate with each other, even if in very subtle ways such as through eye-contact (or lack of) and general body language. In written communication, however, the sender and recipient are more distinct.

Categories of Communication

There are a wide range of ways in which we communicate and more than one may be occurring at any given time.

The different categories of communication include:

Spoken or Verbal Communication , which includes face-to-face, telephone, radio or television and other media.

Non-Verbal Communication , covering body language, gestures, how we dress or act, where we stand, and even our scent. There are many subtle ways that we communicate (perhaps even unintentionally) with others. For example, the tone of voice can give clues to mood or emotional state, whilst hand signals or gestures can add to a spoken message.

Written Communication : which includes letters, e-mails, social media, books, magazines, the Internet and other media. Until recent times, a relatively small number of writers and publishers were very powerful when it came to communicating the written word. Today, we can all write and publish our ideas online, which has led to an explosion of information and communication possibilities.

Visualizations : graphs and charts , maps, logos and other visualizations can all communicate messages.

The desired outcome or goal of any communication process is mutual understanding.

The Communication Process

A message or communication is sent by the sender through a communication channel to a receiver, or to multiple receivers.

The sender must encode the message (the information being conveyed) into a form that is appropriate to the communication channel, and the receiver(s) then decodes the message to understand its meaning and significance.

Misunderstanding can occur at any stage of the communication process.

Effective communication involves minimising potential misunderstanding and overcoming any barriers to communication at each stage in the communication process.

See our page: Barriers to Effective Communication for more information.

An effective communicator understands their audience , chooses an appropriate communication channel, hones their message to this channel and encodes the message to reduce misunderstanding by the receiver(s).

They will also seek out feedback from the receiver(s) as to how the message is understood and attempt to correct any misunderstanding or confusion as soon as possible.

Receivers can use techniques such as Clarification and Reflection as effective ways to ensure that the message sent has been understood correctly.

Communication Channels

Communication channels is the term given to the way in which we communicate. It is therefore the method used to transmit our message to a recipient, or to receive a message from someone else.

There are multiple communication channels available to us today. These include face-to-face conversations, telephone calls, text messages, email, the Internet (including social media such as Facebook and Twitter), radio and TV, written letters, brochures and reports.

Choosing an appropriate communication channel is vital for effective communication. Each communication channel has different strengths and weaknesses.

For example, broadcasting news of an upcoming event via a written letter might convey the message clearly to one or two individuals. It will not, however, be a time- or cost-effective way to broadcast the message to a large number of people. On the other hand, conveying complex, technical information is easier via a printed document than a spoken message. The recipients are able to assimilate the information at their own pace and revisit anything that they do not fully understand.

Written communication is also useful as a way of recording what has been said, for example by taking minutes in a meeting.

See our pages: Note Taking and How to Conduct a Meeting for more.

Encoding Messages

All messages must be encoded into a form that can be conveyed by the communication channel chosen for the message.

We all do this every day when transferring abstract thoughts into spoken words or a written form. However, other communication channels require different forms of encoding, e.g. text written for a report will not work well if broadcast via a radio programme, and the short, abbreviated text used in text messages would be inappropriate in a letter or in speech.

Complex data may be best communicated using a graph, chart or other visualisation.

Effective communicators encode their messages so that they fit both the channel and the intended audience. They use appropriate language, conveying the information simply and clearly. They also anticipate and eliminate likely causes of confusion and misunderstanding. They are generally aware of the recipients’ experience in decoding similar communications.

Successful encoding of messages for the audience and channel is a vital skill in effective communication.

You may find our page The Importance of Plain English helpful.

Decoding Messages

Once received, the recipient needs to decode the message. Successful decoding is also a vital communication skill.

People will decode and understand messages in different ways.

This will depend on their experience and understanding of the context of the message, how well they know the sender, their psychological state and how they feel, and the time and place of receipt. They may also be affected by any Barriers to Communication which might be present.

There are therefore a wide range of factors that will affect decoding and understanding.

Successful communicators understand how the message will be decoded, and anticipate and remove as many as possible of the potential sources of misunderstanding.

The final part of a communication is feedback: the recipient lets the sender know that they have received and understood the message.

Recipients of messages are likely to provide feedback on how they have understood the messages through both verbal and non-verbal reactions. Effective communicators pay close attention to this feedback as it is the only way to assess whether the message has been understood as intended, and it allows any confusion to be corrected.

Bear in mind that the extent and form of feedback will vary with the communication channel. Feedback during a face-to-face or telephone conversation will be immediate and direct, whilst feedback to messages conveyed via TV or radio will be indirect and may be delayed, or even conveyed through other media such as the Internet.

Effective communicators pay close attention to this feedback as it is the only way to assess whether the message has been understood as intended, and it allows any confusion to be corrected.

You can always ask!

You may be unsure if a message has been successfully received and decoded, especially if you do not get much feedback from the recipient. If so, you can always ask!

A quick question is a good start, for example:

“ Is that OK? ” or “ Are you clear about that? ”

If you want more detailed feedback or to check that the recipient has really understood, you might say something like:

“ So, let’s just run over that one more time. I think I am going to do x, and you are going to do y. Is that your understanding too? ”

More on feedback: see our pages on Reflection , Clarification and Giving and Receiving Feedback .

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Understanding is the first step to improvement

Understanding more about communication and how it works is the first step to improving your communication skills. A good understanding of the process, and how it operates, will help you to become better at encoding and decoding messages.

Continue to: Principles of Communication Interpersonal Communication Skills

See also: Intercultural Communication Skills Effective Speaking Improving Communication

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6.1: Introduction to Nonverbal Communication

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Daniel Usera & contributing authors
Austin Community College

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Define nonverbal communication and explain its metacommunicative nature.
Describe the process of nonverbal communication.
Assess the impact of nonverbal communication in interpersonal relationships.

INTRO TO NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

Defining nonverbal communication

Your partner flashes a big smile when you surprise them for their birthday even though they secretly are embarrassed. You send an emoji “face with tears of joy” (��) to your BFF after getting a perfect score on a rhetorical criticism paper. You kiss someone on a first date. What do these scenarios have in common? Nonverbal communication of course -- an essential but frequently misunderstood dimension of interpersonal relations (Gifford, 2011). Nonverbal communication is often simply defined as communication without words. Others have noted that nonverbal communication includes “all behaviors that are not words” (Guerrero & Floyd, 2006, p. 4). Regardless of the deceiving simplicity of its definition, know that nonverbal communication is very complex.

In everyday life, nonverbal communication is multimodal and multifunctional in nature serving many functions. It is closely linked to how we feel about our relationships with others and how we manage those relationships. In interpersonal interaction, nonverbal messages can be found in facial expressions, eyes, body language, touching as well as clothing, tone of voice, posture and even spatial distance. Indeed, you can say a lot without saying anything, or as psychologist and philosopher Paul Watzlawick (1978) observed in the first axiom of his interpersonal communication theory that you cannot not communicate. The inevitability of sending and receiving messages is extremely important to understand because it means that each of us is a type of “transmitter” that cannot be shut off. Nonverbal behaviors are implicated in messages of intimacy, arousal and composure, dominance, formal, and task or social orientation. Whether intentional or unintentional, deceitful or sincere, no matter what we do, we give off information about ourselves. In short, nonverbal communication is an important part of human interaction and always present in face-to-face interactions.

A related concept is what social scientists call metacommunication -- communicating about communication. In interpersonal relationships, it involves how people perceive you, not just your words. For example, if I say, “Nice to see you!” to someone and roll my eyes at the same time, they will likely doubt my sincerity.

This example illustrates one of the more interesting effects of nonverbal messages: most people tend to believe the nonverbal message over the verbal message if the two appear to be in disagreement (Knapp, 1972; Knapp, Earnest, Griffin, & McGlone, 2020; Malandro & Barker, 1983; Mehrabian, 1981). People seem to believe that actions really do speak louder than words. As a result, they place a disproportionate emphasis on the nonverbal response -- therefore it’s always a good idea to make nonverbal behavior consistent with our verbal messages (Hackman & Johnson, 2000).

So, welcome to the world of nonverbal communication. Its types, its contexts, and its impacts -- all of these will be explored in the pages that follow.

The process of nonverbal communication

Is nonverbal communication its own type of language? Yes and no. Like language, the fundamental process of nonverbal communication consists of a message encoded in a selected medium (body language, for example) that is then decoded. When you form language and speak it, your brain encodes a thought into words and intelligible sounds. For example, if you want to tell someone to leave the room, you can simply speak the words, “Please leave the room.” Nonverbally, you can also encode an extra layer of “illustration” -- for example, first pointing at the person and then at the door.

Some forms of nonverbal communication are emblematic in nature, where the performance stands for a concrete idea. Emblems are gestures like pointing, giving a thumbs up, or signing “OK” in specific contexts where those gestures are intelligible. Other nonverbal emblems include wearing a uniform to indicate team membership or sporting a tattoo that has a literal, unambiguous meaning. The most famous emblem of all, of course, may be the infamous “middle finger.”

However, not all nonverbal communication is emblematic. If you sway in your chair during a lecture, the meaning of that behavior may not be immediately obvious. Perhaps you need to go to the bathroom. Maybe you’re just restless. You could even be doing light exercises to help stay awake. Without asking you, any interpretation would be tentative -- a guess. In fact, you might not even know the answer to what your behavior means. It turns out that some people perform nonverbal gestures without realizing them. When some people speak before an audience, for example, they might look down a lot, move their legs a lot, or put their hands behind their backs -- all without realizing it. These are “adaptive” behaviors designed to subconsciously help the speaker feel better (more comfortable) about the situation they’re in.

How aware (or not) someone is of their nonverbal behavior raises the important question of intention . Certainly, some aspects of nonverbal are intentionally performed. Chances are, your clothing and hairstyle at the moment you’re reading this were intentional choices, but what about your posture and the position of your hands and arms? There are aspects of nonverbal communication that we may convey without meaning to. Goffman (1952) called the intentional aspects of nonverbal performance as “cues given” and the unintentional aspects as “cues given off.” Whether intentional or not, these cues can be communicated via a variety of “media” (all of them associated with you) -- your eyes, smell, tone of voice, facial expressions, and gestures to name a few. Increasing your competence in nonverbal communication means learning to pay more attention to these unintentional aspects.

Later in this chapter, you will learn different channels of nonverbal communication. These channels are grouped into four categories: personal characteristics (aspects relating to a person’s physical features), environment (artifacts in a given location), motion (movement-oriented gestures), and vocal cues (relating to the non-linguistic aspects of talking).

The impact of nonverbal communication

You might have heard that 93% of communication is nonverbal. That figure comes from a famous study by Merhabian and Ferris (1967). Participants in their study were read aloud single words that they previously rated as either positive, neutral, or negative on-paper. When they were read aloud, they were read vocal tones that were previously rated as either neutral or positive. Then the experiment was repeated using facial cues, where the experimenter read the words while displaying certain facial cues (Mehrabian & Wiener, 1967). Mehrabian utilized the results to calculate the listener’s perceived attitudes, which were a combination of three cues in the following proportion: 7% verbal, 38% vocal (tone), and 55% facial expression.

Notice that these studies were focused on the utterance of single words, not complete sentences within a context. We know that our typical social interactions occur in contexts of complete thoughts and actions, not just single words. These studies, therefore, face issues with external validity (the ability to apply to actual social situations). This criticism (among others concerning sample size and possible participant biases) was expressed by Burgoon, Woodall, and Ferris (1989). Though you may hear the 93% number frequently expressed in popular culture, you now know that this is based on a very limited study.

So if it isn’t 93%, how much of communication is nonverbal? The only thing that scholars agree on is that it matters , and that it matters in many contexts. In the next section, we will explore 14 channels (yes, 14!) and the many ways they allow us to communicate ideas beyond the power of words. In the end, our competence in nonverbal communication can help determine how an interaction will proceed and, perhaps, whether it will take place at all.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Activity 1: Gestures List

Ask students: How do we communicate without words? What are some common gestures? Divide students into groups and give each group just two minutes to come up with as many ways of communicating without using words as they can.

Activity 2: Silent Scene

Divide students into pairs. Have each pair create a one-minute scene featuring a problem that needs to be solved. When performing the scene, neither member of the pair can talk (all communication has to be expressed nonverbally). Can the audience guess the content of the scene without any dialogue to help?

Ambady, N., & Weisbuch, M. (2010). Nonverbal behavior. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology, ( pp. 464-497). Wiley.

Burgoon, J. Buller, D, & Woodall, W. (1989) Nonverbal communication: The unspoken dialogue . Harper and Row.

Gifford, R. (2011). The role of nonverbal communication in interpersonal relations. In L. Horowitz, & S. Strack (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal psychology Theory, research, assessment, and therapeutic interventions (pp. 171-190). Wiley.

Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life . Anchor Books.

Hackman, M.Z., & Johnson, C.E. (2000). Leadership: A communication perspective . Waveland.

Knapp, M. L. (1972). Nonverbal communication in human interaction . Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Knapp, M., Earnest, W., Griffin, D., & McGlone, M. (2020). Lying and deception in human interaction (3rd ed.). Kendall Hunt.

Knapp, M., Hall, J., & Horgan, T. (2014). Nonverbal communication in human interaction (8th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Malandro, L. A., & Barker, L. (1983). Nonverbal Communication . Addison-Wesley.

Mehrabian, A. (1981). Silent Messages: Implicit Communication of Emotions and Attitudes (2nd ed.). Wadsworth.

Mehrabian, A. & Ferris, S. (1967). Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels. Journal of Consulting Psychology , 13 , 248-252.

Mehrabian A., & Wiener, M. (1967). Decoding of inconsistent communications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 6 , 109-114.

Watzlawick, P. (1978). The language of change: Elements of therapeutic communication . Norton W.W., & Company, Inc.

Competence: One’s ability to encode and decode nonverbal communication.

Decoding: The process of interpreting and assigning meaning to a message.

Encoding: The process of organizing a message, choosing words and sentence structure, and verbalizing the message.

Medium: The channel or system by which information is transmitted.

Metacommunication: Messages that refer to other messages, usually in the context of a relationship.

Nonverbal Communication: Communication enacted by means other than words.

Emblem: A nonverbal signal that stands for an established semantic meaning.

1. Your Body Language Shapes Who You Are

At the TEDGlobal 2012 conference, social psychologist Amy Cuddy gave the talk “Your body language shapes who you are,” based on research in which she detailed the effects of “power posing.” Do you agree or disagree with her that our body language can change other people’s perceptions—and perhaps even our own body chemistry—simply by changing body positions? Are her findings consistent with definitions of nonverbal communication? https://www.ted.com/talks/amy_cuddy_your_body_language_may_shape_who_you_are?language=en

2. The Secrets of Body Language

Full documentary ; This 90-minute documenary shows us several examples of this, including the summit meetings between U.S. president Bill Clinton, Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat, and Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak which took place at the dawning of the new millennium, and President Richard Nixon's offerings of transparency while in the throes of the Watergate scandal more than two decades earlier. In each instance, the simplest pat on the back, crossing of arms across the chest, quiver in the voice, speed of a footstep or stance during a handshake illustrates underlying tensions and doubt. Can you identify or describe the process of creating and interpreting nonverbal cues in this documentary?

App Download

Information Transfer

Verbal to non-verbal.

Q.6. A2. Verbal to Non-verbal: 05

Read the following statements and prepare a chart of

Do’s’ and Don’ts’. Suggest a suitable title for it:

Nature is abode for all of us. It provides us with all our basic needs. However, we must take care of the following things so that our mother nature is not harmed.

We must plant more trees.

We should not cut trees.

We must keep our area neat and clean.

We should never discharge garbage without proper management.

We should not pollute air and water.

We should not use plastic bags.

We should not hunt birds or animals.

We should use more of public transport.

We should spread awareness about the importance of maintaining balance in nature.

How to take care of our Mother Nature’

Non-verbal to verbal.

Q.6. (A) Information Transfer:

Al or A2. Do any ONE of the following:

A1. Non-verbal to verbal: (5 marks)

The following diagram shows important factors to be considered while choosing a career. Write a paragraph based on it. Give a suitable title to it.

Important Career Factors

Choosing a career is a big decision and while choosing a career we have to give importance to some valuable points. Earlier it was the parents, teachers and other siblings who largely influenced our career choices but remember we should not just enter one area because our friends or siblings have picked it up. We should listen to our heart, understand what we are really interested in. See if we are good abilities to fulfil and then only look forward. Also considered the demand of your professionals, in the market, so your future will be secured. Without demand of particular education skill, you will not successes in your career.

Though you have good skills in particular profession but now it is outdated then you will not get success. For example if you have good skills in shorthand but now this course is not in demand as it replaced with computer technology, you will not get opportunity to show your skills. When your choose particular profession always see your personality abilities. Choosing a career can be daunting task. Sometime our family professions are in our blood so it is a good choice vise, versa it may be a bad choice too. Whatever the career you select it should gain profit and financial stability in future. You should assess your skills and interest, study the market and consult an experienced person before making a final decision and be secured.

Practice: Verbal to Non – Verbal ( Examples)

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There are different types of nonverbal communication techniques and processes used in daily communication. These include and not limited to the following; first, there is the facial expressions that form the highest proportion of nonverbal communication. Secondly is the use of gestures; involving the use of signs without words. Thirdly are the posture and the movement of the body. Fourth include the appearance, such as the color of clothes, hairstyles, etc. and lastly the use of haptic i.e. touching.

Cultural differences in nonverbal communication

Nonverbal functions essay examples, essay on nonverbal communication, example of nonverbal communication between different cultures essay.

Communication plays crucial role in life of each person. In order to communicate better, it is essential to acquire habits of nonverbal communication. A lot of people underestimate value on nonverbal communication. However, it is wrong and it should be understood that nonverbal communication holds the same position as verbal communication. Moreover, skills of nonverbal communication are acquired by people earlier than skills of verbal communication. From the early years children learn how to express their needs with gestures. Apart from this, nonverbal communication makes our speech lively and allows to express our feelings more clearly.

Short Answers Essay Sample

1. What was the name of the show that you watched? Was the nonverbal communication continuous? Describe specific examples of the channels of nonverbal communication (as discussed in your textbook) that you observed. Did you notice more when the sound was off? Why or why not?

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Essay plan & essay.

Part A. ESSAY PLAN Thesis Statement: No two people can see the world in exactly the same way because of differences in their status, gender, culture, traditions and environment where they were raised as shown through non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication can create barriers between people and may elicit different interpretations and responses based on the people’s personal beliefs, status and expectations.

Good Example Of Communications In Security Settings Essay

Introduction, essay on cross cultural nonverbal differences.

Alton Barbour (1976) in his book, Louder Tan Words: Nonverbal Communication indicates that nonverbal communication adds up to 93% of any communication. This therefore shows that effective nonverbal Communication is very essential in communication. While nonverbal communication is very important, it worth noting that all communication including nonverbal communication takes place within cultural contexts. All meanings are learned and developed in the eyes of our different cultures. Cross cultural communication can be difficult in working context as different cultures have different meanings for different nonverbal cues.

Keywords: nonverbal, culture, differences.

Nonverbal Communication Essay

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Globalization has become an increasingly encompassing phenomenon in people’s lives today. Most significantly, globalization has bridged geographical spaces, so that in any context, there seem to be people from different backgrounds; people with different skills and experiences (Chuang, 2013). This is diversity. But it is not just about a situation that has come to be so that we have no choice but to deal with it. Rather, studies have showed that diversity has various benefits for individuals and ultimately the organization (discussed below).

Personal Growth

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Human communication.

Communication skills are significant in conveying information correctly. Interpersonal communication occurs where an individual conveys information to another person. According to Floyd, it could be face-to-face communication, interviews or small group discussions (2009, p.78). Listening skills are vital for effective interpersonal communication. A communicator should understand the recipient and be interested in what the other person is saying. Maintaining eye contact and asking questions are positive signals to attract the recipient. The actions are important in order to be assertive and learn from the discussion at the end.

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- Personal History Page 2 - Work History Page 2

- Summary of what I learned Page 3 - Benefits of further development Page 3 - Target Areas for Improvement Page 4

- Where am I? Page 4 - Where would I like to be? Page 4 - How will I accomplish my goals? Page 5 - Target Time-Line Page 5

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Voice and Communication in Transgender and Gender Diverse Individuals pp 103–111 Cite as

Nonverbal Communication

Ali Heitzman 5 ,
Libby Lavella Perfitt 6 &
Aaron Ziegler ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6278-1701 7
First Online: 19 July 2023

294 Accesses

Nonverbal communication is broadly defined as the way we exchange information or ideas using tools other than spoken language. In addition to nonverbal vocalizations like laughing, communicating nonverbally involves sensory modalities beyond hearing and includes facial expressions, eye gaze (oculesics), physical appearance, body movements (kinetics) and posture, use of space (proxemics) and time (chronemics), touch (haptics), smell (olfactory), artifacts, and environment. Nonverbal communication can be useful when expressing and affirming gender identity while also impacting gender perception. This chapter introduces aspects of nonverbal communication, explores existing research and gaps within this research, and describes the speech-language pathologist’s (SLP) role in supporting clients to identify and target nonverbal communication to promote affirming gender expression. A safe, compassionate, and discovery-based approach to training that honors all gender identities and recognizes people of all cultures and abilities is proposed. Supporting clients with nonverbal communication behaviors may involve addressing social competence skills in relevant scenarios and situations. By considering the client’s social competence skills, training of nonverbal behaviors is grounded in intentional communication acts throughout the process. Training for nonverbal communication can include metacognitive activities, creative movement, and role-play. The training approach introduced in this chapter allows clients the freedom to progress at their own pace, centers their preferences and goals in the most functional ways, and ultimately provides them with an empowering experience to draw from after discharge.

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Heitzman, A., Lavella Perfitt, L., Ziegler, A. (2023). Nonverbal Communication. In: Courey, M.S., Rapoport, S.K., Goldberg, L., Brown, S.K. (eds) Voice and Communication in Transgender and Gender Diverse Individuals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24632-6_9

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Information transfer one, transfer of information.

Information can be of various types and may be presented in a wide variety of ways such as a paragraph or an or an essay, a graph, a table, a diagram, a picture, a sketch, etc. Transfer of information implies converting information from one form of presentation to another form. As such, information may be categorised into two broad areas:

Verbal : Here ideas are expressed using words, idioms and phrases in language.

Non-Verbal : In this area, information is represented by means of some graphic method either a diagram or sketch or or bar graph or even a flow chart.

Model Example 1

Observe the following bar diagram and write out two paragraphs about your interpretation of the same., fruit sales.

Solution:

The given bar graph represents the sale of fruits during a summer month in a supermarket in Dubai. The figures in ₹ thousands on the left on the Y-axis show the quantum of sales per month while the bars along the X-axis show the type of fruit, namely, apples, bananas, grapes, oranges and pears.

According to the bars plotted, the sale of bananas was the highest which almost touched ₹ 60,000 as against the sale of pears which was less than ₹ 30,000 only, almost half. Oranges occupied the second place with sales as high as ₹ 50,000. Apples fared well with a sale of ₹ 30,000. The consumption of fruits during the summer months seemed to be quite good.

Model Example 2

Transfer the information about the water-cycle given in the flow chart into a paragraph:.

Water-Cycle

It is common knowledge that the sun-rays absorb water from the surface of the Earth, namely seas, streams, rivers and other such water bodies. This gets converted into water vapour and thus rises. As it goes higher, it becomes cooler and begins to move. Various particles of vapour collect together and condense to form clouds which when become too heavy are difficult to sustain. The condensed vapour in these clouds then comes down in the form of rains and fills the various water bodies from where once again it evaporates with the heat of the sun and thus, the cycle of water is maintained.

Model Example 3

Read the following paragraph and transfer the information in the form of a tree diagram: .

We all read for a variety of reasons. Our basic reason for reading is probably pleasure. We read literature mostly because we enjoy it. Reading for pleasure may take various forms. We may read just to pass the time. We often read for information and knowledge. We find pleasure in learning about life in the Swiss Alps or the Mississippi river. We also read simply for enjoyment. We get pleasure from the arrangement of words. We can find pleasure even in syllables just as children like the sound 'Ring around the Rosie' although they may not know what the words mean.

Model Example 4

The following is the information given in the form of a table. write two paragraphs of about 70-80 words using the information given below., ans. about maharashtra and karnataka.

Maharashtra and Karnataka are neighbouring countries. Area wise Maharashtra is Larger than Karnataka. 3, 07, 713 sq. m. and 1, 91, 791 sq. km are the area of Maharashtra and Karnataka respectively. Mumbai is the Capital of former and Bangalore is for latter. Marathi is the main language spoken in Maharashtra whereas Kannada is for Karnataka. Godavari, Krishna, Bhima and Koyana are the main rivers running in Maharashtra. In Karnataka it is Tungabuadra, Kaveri. Jawar, Bajra and Sugarcane are the main crops in Maharashtra and Jawar, Tea and Rubber are the main crops in Karnataka. Mumbai, Nagpur, Aurangabad and Nasik are some of the major cities in Maharashtra. Mangalore, Hubli and Dharwad are the major cities in Karnataka.

A1. Information Transfer (Non-verbal to Verbal):

Transfer the given information into a paragraph.

SSC 10th Important Verbal to Non Verbal for Board Exam 2021.

Manufacture of Paper

Paper is chiefly used for writing. The raw material used in the manufacture of paper is wood, grass, bamboo and rags. There are several processes by which the raw material is converted into pulp. Most commonly the raw material is cut into pieces and then immersed in water to convert it into pulp. The pulp is then mixed with lime for whitening it. This pulp and lime mixture is boiled at high pressure. The pulp is next passed through wire meshes. The paper sheets are removed from the mesh while it is still wet. These wet sheets are passed over heated rollers to remove the water and the paper is dried so as to make thin sheets of paper.

A2. Read the following passage and complete the table

Dialect is a form of a language spoken in one area which may be different from other forms of the same language. Each language has dialects which change every few kilometers. India is a multi-lingual country. Each state follows its own language as its official language. For example, Marathi is the official language of Maharashtra, while Ahirani, Wharadi, Konkani and Malwani are its dialects. Several languages in India are spoken but do not have any script. In Karnataka, Kannada is the official language. Tulu is spoken in Karnataka but has no script. In England, English is the official language while Scottish, spoken in Scotland and Welsh spoken in Wales are dialects of English.

A 1. Transfer the information about the Water-cycle given in the flow chart into a paragraph:

Water-Cycle

It is common knowledge that the sunrays absorb water from the surface of the Earth — namely seas, streams, rivers and other such water bodies. This gets converted into water vapour and thus rises. As it goes higher, it becomes cooler and begins to move. Various particles ofvapour collect together and condense to form clouds which when become too heavy are difficult to sustain. The condensed vapour in these clouds then comes down in the form of rains and fills the various water bodies from where once again it evaporates with the heat of the Sun and thus, the cycle of water is maintained.

Information Transfer (Non-verbal to verbal)

Ans. THE JOURNEY OF MANUSCRIPT

From the given flow chart, it is very evident that the information pertains to the journey of a manuscript from its initial stage to the final printing of a book or a magazine.

Manuscripts are collected from both students and teachers. They are thoroughly screened and edited, where necessary additions, alterations and omissions are made to the copy. A rough draft is then prepared after which the manuscript is sent to the printer along with a dummy. Then comes the stage of proof correction. After the corrections are made and the manuscript is proofread, it is sent for final printing.

A2. Here are some tips about keeping healthy as given in a science magazine. Read and write in the form of Do’s and Don’ts (table):

You must include vegetables and fruits in your diet and drink a lot of water. You should avoid junk food and aerated water. You shouldn’t sit for long periods of time. Rather you should exercise regularly. You shouldn’t ignore the importance of good breathing habits. Try breathing deeply whenever you think of it. See to it that you sleep for at least 7 hours a day. In fact, you should avoid irregular timings.

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Nonverbal Communication: The Importance and Main Aspects

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Nonverbal Messages in Everyday Communications Essay

Nonverbal communication is the transmission of information that does not involve words and instead uses tactics such as body language, facial expressions, tonal shifts, or even silence. For example, smiling, maintaining eye contact, and presenting a pleasant smell can be categorized as nonverbally conveying your attractiveness and interest. Numerous principles govern the effective functioning of nonverbal communication (DeVito, 2016). Nonverbal messages are necessary for emotional expression and actively interact with the information contained in verbal ones by either complementing, contradicting, or substituting it. This principle is why impressions are largely formed by nonverbal messages such as posture and dress and can be craftily manipulated to exert influence and deceive. Furthermore, conversations are regulated and structured by nonverbal signals that you are ready to either speak or listen to. Finally, showing intimacy and communicating or confirming relationship status is mostly done nonverbally through gestures such as hand-holding.

In the article “The Naked Face”, Malcolm Gladwell explores how intuition might be the result of subconsciously but effectively detecting nonverbal communication. He discusses the first principle of nonverbal cues serving as crucial channels for revealing emotion, specifically facial expressions. Gladwell explains how two psychologists made an index of every possible facial muscular movement and cataloged which combinations communicated which specific emotion (Gladwell, 2002). Then, he delves into the second principle by explaining how involuntary facial microexpressions either confirm or contradict a person’s verbal messages by exposing their authentic feelings. With the help of such research, it is possible to perceive certain facts about the speaker’s identity and whether they are lying. Gladwell’s article illustrates that nonverbal communication is an essential aspect of interpersonal skills.

Every human being who participates in society and is present in a physical space with other people is utilizing nonverbal communication, whether consciously or not. It is not even necessary to verbally interact with others because your posture, facial expression, and clothes already divulge several things about your self-concept and social status. In my own everyday life, I choose to shower and wear clean clothes to communicate that I am a functioning, presentable adult to control impression formation. I smile and nod when listening to my friends or colleagues to display my interest in what they are saying and signal that it is my turn to listen. I look at the professor and take notes during class to communicate that I am paying attention and that this class is important to me. I add emojis to my texts to indicate whether I am joking or being serious. Everyday life involves countless interactions between verbal and nonverbal types of communication.

However, I have noticed that my nonverbal communication contradicts my verbal messages and needs improvement in certain instances. Sometimes, although I am interested in the content of a conversation, I often glance at my phone to check for notifications out of habit. I keep listening but automatically pull out my phone and start scrolling social media sites without fully processing what I am doing. Unfortunately, my actions and lack of eye contact communicate that I am bored, and my friends usually do not believe me if I insist that is not the case and feel disrespected. To combat this problem, in the future, I will keep my phone in my bag and commit my full attention to my friends.

Gladwell concludes that some people are better at “reading people’s thoughts just by looking at them” because of their superior nonverbal communication (Gladwell, 2002). They can analyze and detect certain facial tics or body language more quickly and effectively than others, either through intentional studying or years of subconscious experience (Gladwell, 2002). The potential benefits of this ability include better interpersonal communication in law enforcement, politics, and courtroom examination (DeVito, 2016). Gladwell cites numerous examples of psychologists recognizing that a government employee was lying or a random passerby was a dangerous criminal by analyzing nonverbal cues such as microexpressions. It could be leveraged to manipulate people and increase personal attraction and popularity in everyday life.

I believe Gladwell’s main “take-home message” about nonverbal communication is that it reveals hidden, involuntary information about the speaker and that acknowledging it is not always necessary in everyday life. Firstly, relaying information verbally requires conscious effort and indicates that we are ready to take accountability for our words; however, we cannot control our involuntary microexpressions. Confronting a person if their body language contradicts their verbal messages crosses certain boundaries and entails a specific obligation to respond. If my colleague looks miserable but tells me she is fine, it may be in my best interest to respect her privacy and pretend I believe her, so I do not have to get involved. Secondly, analyzing nonverbal cues is not an exact science and is mostly based on faith. While a psychologist may state that Philby’s reveal as a Soviet spy was predictable due to his microexpressions during court examination, his testimony could not have been used instead of hard evidence to judge him guilty. Nonverbal communication can be a useful tool but certain nuances must be taken into account.

DeVito, J. A. (2016). The interpersonal communication book (14th ed.). Pearson.

Gladwell, M. (2002). The naked face. Genius. Web.

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Nonverbal Messages in Everyday Communications Essay
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Target Area Two: Face-to-Face Communication

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Nonverbal Communication

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