Expectancy Theory in Organizations
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- Anna A. Filipova 2
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Ideal bureaucracy of organizational theory ; Instrumentality theory ; Participative management ; Path-goal theory
Definitions
People will be motivated to the degree that they believe that effort will yield acceptable performance (expectancy), the performance will be rewarded (force/instrumentality), and the value of the rewards is highly positive (valence) (Vroom 1964 ).
A person’s motivation is a function of effort-to-performance expectancies, performance-to-outcome expectances, and perceived attractiveness of outcome (Lawler 1981 ).
Introduction
Expectancy theories gained popularity in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s (Vroom 1964 ; Porter and Lawler 1968 ; Lawler 1981 ). Victor Vroom’s ( 1964 ) theory posits that people will be motivated to the degree that they believe that (1) effort will yield acceptable performance (expectancy), (2) performance will be rewarded (force/instrumentality), and (3) the value of the rewards is highly positive (valence). The interactive combination of all...
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Department of Public Administration, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI, USA
Anna A. Filipova
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Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
Ali Farazmand
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Filipova, A.A. (2016). Expectancy Theory in Organizations. In: Farazmand, A. (eds) Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_3002-1
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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_3002-1
Received : 11 November 2016
Accepted : 11 November 2016
Published : 24 December 2016
Publisher Name : Springer, Cham
Online ISBN : 978-3-319-31816-5
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Vroom's expectancy theory
...assumes that behavior results from conscious choices among alternatives whose purpose it is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. Together with Edward Lawler and Lyman Porter, Victor Vroom suggested that the relationship between people's behavior at work and their goals was not as simple as was first imagined by other scientists. Vroom realized that an employee's performance is based on individuals factors such as personality, skills, knowledge, experience and abilities.
The theory suggests that although individuals may have different sets of goals, they can be motivated if they believe that:
- There is a positive correlation between efforts and performance,
- Favorable performance will result in a desirable reward,
- The rewardwill satisfy an important need,
- The desire to satisfy the need is strong enough to make the effort worthwhile.
The theory is based upon the following beliefs:
Valence refers to the emotional orientations people hold with respect to outcomes [rewards]. The depth of the want of an employee for extrinsic [money, promotion, time-off, benefits] or intrinsic [satisfaction] rewards). Management must discover what employees value.
Employees have different expectations and levels of confidence about what they are capable of doing. Management must discover what resources, training, or supervision employees need.
Instrumentality
The perception of employees as to whether they will actually get what they desire even if it has been promised by a manager. Management must ensure that promises of rewards are fulfilled and that employees are aware of that.
Vroom suggests that an employee's beliefs about Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence interact psychologically to create a motivational force such that the employee acts in ways that bring pleasure and avoid pain.
- Management and Motivation, Vroom, V.H., Deci, E.L., Penguin 1983 (first published 1970) [This book contains selected readings on "motivation"; Including Simon, Maslow, Herzberg, Vroom, Lawler etc.]
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Expectancy Theory. In expectancy theory, the strength of a particular motivation attributed by an individual to an expected outcome of a relevant decision or choice is the product of valence (the value attributed by the individual to the desired outcome), instrumentality (the individual's judgement of the effectiveness of the proposed method of attainment), and expectancy (the individual's ...
In organizational behavior study, expectancy theory is a motivation theory first proposed by Victor Vroom of the Yale School of Management in 1964. Discover the world's research 25+ million members
Expectancy theory is similar to these other mentioned theories in that they all account for attitudes (e.g., values in the functional approach) and a social component as prescribed for expectancy theory by Lloyd and Mertens (e.g., subjective norms in the theory of planned behavior). However, one area in which expectancy theory differs is in its ...
Abstract and Figures. This meta-analysis integrates the correlations of 77 studies on V. H. Vroom's (1964) original expectancy models and work-related criteria. Correlations referring to ...
PDF | On Jul 1, 2016, Xavier L. Unda and others published EXPECTANCY THEORY APPLIED TO AN EDUCATIONAL CONTEXT: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY APPLIED IN POSTGRADUATE COURSES | Find, read and cite all the ...
Expectancy Theory in Practice: Key Managerial Implications Expectancy theory has some important implications for motivating employees. The model provides guidelines for enhancing employee motivation by altering the individual's effort-to-performance expectancy, performance-to-reward expectancy, and reward valences.
Both theory and empirical research identify the importance of an individual's moral identity; however, in terms of SLT, there is no understanding of how ethical or unethical a leader is, due to their moral identity. ... The VIE model, usually referred to as the Expectancy Theory, postulates that motivation is a product of expectancy ...
An evaluation of research on expectancy theory predictions of employee performance. In press. Google Scholar. HOUSE, R. J. (1971). A path goal theory of leader effectiveness . ... Working Paper Baruch Graduate Center. Google Scholar. HURST, P. M. & SIEGEL, S. (1956). Prediction of decisions from a higher ordered metric scale of utility .
The expectancy-value theory (EVT) has demonstrated its efficacy in motivating students in classrooms and in gymnasia. Understanding student motivation in physical education is needed. This meta-analysis review aimed to reveal the determinants and functions of EVT by evaluating the evidence in physical education research.
The early research on expectancy theory was far from conclusive in that the theory often emerged as invalid in a specific context, and, even when validity was established, the correlations tended to be low (Miner 2002). Pinder (1984, pp. 146-147) identified several typical mistakes made by researchers interested in expectancy theory. First, the ...
Expectancy value theory predicts that students will put more effort into activities that they simultaneously perceive to have value and at which they expect to succeed (Fig. 1) (4,5). The relative value and the probability of success that individuals have regarding certain tasks are critical determinants of the theory and are conceptualized as ...
The theory is based upon the following beliefs: Valence. Valence refers to the emotional orientations people hold with respect to outcomes [rewards]. The depth of the want of an employee for extrinsic [money, promotion, time-off, benefits] or intrinsic [satisfaction] rewards). Management must discover what employees value. Expectancy
The research is based on the expectancy theory developed by Victor Vroom and is meant to show that performance evaluation influences one of the factors from the VIE model, the expectancy.
MPRA Paper No. 108001, posted 31 May 2021 08:55 UTC. UNDERSTANDING THE THEORIES OF MOTIVATION 1 ... The research cements the need for understanding individuals' needs and goals, the value of quality feedback, rewarding positive behavior, leading with fairness, and ... expectancy theory argues that people are mostly rational decision-makers ...
DOI: 10.1016/B978--12-397240-8.50016-1 Corpus ID: 21677599; Expectancy Theory, Decision Theory and Occupational Preference and Choice. Organizational Research. Technical Report 75-75.
The EDM is also interesting as a topic of study because it is a key example of a psychological theory being introduced to and adapted by the field of public administration. This happened a decade before the notion of "behavioral public administration" (Grimmelikhuijsen et al. 2017) was coined. It can therefore be argued that research on ...
Summarizes formulations of expectancy theory proposed by L. W. Porter and E. E. Lawler in 1968 and by V. H. Vroom in 1964. 9 field studies testing expectancy theory hypotheses using various measures of employee performance as the dependent variable are reviewed. Finally, the studies are evaluated in terms of the number of independent variables used, the measurement of these variables, and the ...
This research paper mainly targets the negative side of expectancy theory. It seeks to examine the applicability and constraints of expectancy theory in organizations
The research is based on the expectancy theory developed by Victor Vroom and is meant to show that performance evaluation influences one of the factors from the VIE model, the expectancy. The empirical part of the research aims to show the above mentioned in the context of local public administration, namely in the case of the Romanian civil ...
According to research conducted by [20] in Lagos State, Expectancy Theory may be used as a technique for motivating workers. As employees' motivations vary, he warns managers to exercise care ...
This paper explores theories of motivation, including instinct theory, arousal theory, incentive theory, intrinsic theory, extrinsic theory, the ARCS model, self-determination theory, expectancy ...