essay writing phrases pdf

Academic Phrasebank

• GENERAL LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS
• Being cautious
• Being critical
• Classifying and listing
• Compare and contrast
• Defining terms
• Describing trends
• Describing quantities
• Explaining causality
• Giving examples
• Signalling transition
• Writing about the past

The Academic Phrasebank is a general resource for academic writers. It aims to provide you with examples of some of the phraseological ‘nuts and bolts’ of writing organised according to the main sections of a research paper or dissertation (see the top menu ). Other phrases are listed under the more general communicative functions of academic writing (see the menu on the left). The resource should be particularly useful for writers who need to report their research work. The phrases, and the headings under which they are listed, can be used simply to assist you in thinking about the content and organisation of your own writing, or the phrases can be incorporated into your writing where this is appropriate. In most cases, a certain amount of creativity and adaptation will be necessary when a phrase is used. The items in the Academic Phrasebank are mostly content neutral and generic in nature; in using them, therefore, you are not stealing other people’s ideas and this does not constitute plagiarism. For some of the entries, specific content words have been included for illustrative purposes, and these should be substituted when the phrases are used. The resource was designed primarily for academic and scientific writers who are non-native speakers of English. However, native speaker writers may still find much of the material helpful. In fact, recent data suggest that the majority of users are native speakers of English. More about  Academic Phrasebank .

This site was created by  John Morley .  

Academic Phrasebank is the Intellectual Property of the University of Manchester.

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• 40 Useful Words and Phrases for Top-Notch Essays

To be truly brilliant, an essay needs to utilise the right language. You could make a great point, but if it’s not intelligently articulated, you almost needn’t have bothered.

Developing the language skills to build an argument and to write persuasively is crucial if you’re to write outstanding essays every time. In this article, we’re going to equip you with the words and phrases you need to write a top-notch essay, along with examples of how to utilise them.

It’s by no means an exhaustive list, and there will often be other ways of using the words and phrases we describe that we won’t have room to include, but there should be more than enough below to help you make an instant improvement to your essay-writing skills.

If you’re interested in developing your language and persuasive skills, Oxford Royale offers summer courses at its Oxford Summer School , Cambridge Summer School , London Summer School , San Francisco Summer School and Yale Summer School . You can study courses to learn english , prepare for careers in law , medicine , business , engineering and leadership.

General explaining

Let’s start by looking at language for general explanations of complex points.

1. In order to

Usage: “In order to” can be used to introduce an explanation for the purpose of an argument. Example: “In order to understand X, we need first to understand Y.”

2. In other words

Usage: Use “in other words” when you want to express something in a different way (more simply), to make it easier to understand, or to emphasise or expand on a point. Example: “Frogs are amphibians. In other words, they live on the land and in the water.”

3. To put it another way

Usage: This phrase is another way of saying “in other words”, and can be used in particularly complex points, when you feel that an alternative way of wording a problem may help the reader achieve a better understanding of its significance. Example: “Plants rely on photosynthesis. To put it another way, they will die without the sun.”

4. That is to say

Usage: “That is” and “that is to say” can be used to add further detail to your explanation, or to be more precise. Example: “Whales are mammals. That is to say, they must breathe air.”

5. To that end

Usage: Use “to that end” or “to this end” in a similar way to “in order to” or “so”. Example: “Zoologists have long sought to understand how animals communicate with each other. To that end, a new study has been launched that looks at elephant sounds and their possible meanings.”

Adding additional information to support a point

Students often make the mistake of using synonyms of “and” each time they want to add further information in support of a point they’re making, or to build an argument . Here are some cleverer ways of doing this.

6. Moreover

Usage: Employ “moreover” at the start of a sentence to add extra information in support of a point you’re making. Example: “Moreover, the results of a recent piece of research provide compelling evidence in support of…”

7. Furthermore

Usage:This is also generally used at the start of a sentence, to add extra information. Example: “Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that…”

8. What’s more

Usage: This is used in the same way as “moreover” and “furthermore”. Example: “What’s more, this isn’t the only evidence that supports this hypothesis.”

9. Likewise

Usage: Use “likewise” when you want to talk about something that agrees with what you’ve just mentioned. Example: “Scholar A believes X. Likewise, Scholar B argues compellingly in favour of this point of view.”

10. Similarly

Usage: Use “similarly” in the same way as “likewise”. Example: “Audiences at the time reacted with shock to Beethoven’s new work, because it was very different to what they were used to. Similarly, we have a tendency to react with surprise to the unfamiliar.”

11. Another key thing to remember

Usage: Use the phrase “another key point to remember” or “another key fact to remember” to introduce additional facts without using the word “also”. Example: “As a Romantic, Blake was a proponent of a closer relationship between humans and nature. Another key point to remember is that Blake was writing during the Industrial Revolution, which had a major impact on the world around him.”

12. As well as

Usage: Use “as well as” instead of “also” or “and”. Example: “Scholar A argued that this was due to X, as well as Y.”

13. Not only… but also

Usage: This wording is used to add an extra piece of information, often something that’s in some way more surprising or unexpected than the first piece of information. Example: “Not only did Edmund Hillary have the honour of being the first to reach the summit of Everest, but he was also appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire.”

14. Coupled with

Usage: Used when considering two or more arguments at a time. Example: “Coupled with the literary evidence, the statistics paint a compelling view of…”

15. Firstly, secondly, thirdly…

Usage: This can be used to structure an argument, presenting facts clearly one after the other. Example: “There are many points in support of this view. Firstly, X. Secondly, Y. And thirdly, Z.

16. Not to mention/to say nothing of

Usage: “Not to mention” and “to say nothing of” can be used to add extra information with a bit of emphasis. Example: “The war caused unprecedented suffering to millions of people, not to mention its impact on the country’s economy.”

Words and phrases for demonstrating contrast

When you’re developing an argument, you will often need to present contrasting or opposing opinions or evidence – “it could show this, but it could also show this”, or “X says this, but Y disagrees”. This section covers words you can use instead of the “but” in these examples, to make your writing sound more intelligent and interesting.

17. However

Usage: Use “however” to introduce a point that disagrees with what you’ve just said. Example: “Scholar A thinks this. However, Scholar B reached a different conclusion.”

18. On the other hand

Usage: Usage of this phrase includes introducing a contrasting interpretation of the same piece of evidence, a different piece of evidence that suggests something else, or an opposing opinion. Example: “The historical evidence appears to suggest a clear-cut situation. On the other hand, the archaeological evidence presents a somewhat less straightforward picture of what happened that day.”

19. Having said that

Usage: Used in a similar manner to “on the other hand” or “but”. Example: “The historians are unanimous in telling us X, an agreement that suggests that this version of events must be an accurate account. Having said that, the archaeology tells a different story.”

20. By contrast/in comparison

Usage: Use “by contrast” or “in comparison” when you’re comparing and contrasting pieces of evidence. Example: “Scholar A’s opinion, then, is based on insufficient evidence. By contrast, Scholar B’s opinion seems more plausible.”

21. Then again

Usage: Use this to cast doubt on an assertion. Example: “Writer A asserts that this was the reason for what happened. Then again, it’s possible that he was being paid to say this.”

22. That said

Usage: This is used in the same way as “then again”. Example: “The evidence ostensibly appears to point to this conclusion. That said, much of the evidence is unreliable at best.”

Usage: Use this when you want to introduce a contrasting idea. Example: “Much of scholarship has focused on this evidence. Yet not everyone agrees that this is the most important aspect of the situation.”

Adding a proviso or acknowledging reservations

Sometimes, you may need to acknowledge a shortfalling in a piece of evidence, or add a proviso. Here are some ways of doing so.

24. Despite this

Usage: Use “despite this” or “in spite of this” when you want to outline a point that stands regardless of a shortfalling in the evidence. Example: “The sample size was small, but the results were important despite this.”

25. With this in mind

Usage: Use this when you want your reader to consider a point in the knowledge of something else. Example: “We’ve seen that the methods used in the 19th century study did not always live up to the rigorous standards expected in scientific research today, which makes it difficult to draw definite conclusions. With this in mind, let’s look at a more recent study to see how the results compare.”

26. Provided that

Usage: This means “on condition that”. You can also say “providing that” or just “providing” to mean the same thing. Example: “We may use this as evidence to support our argument, provided that we bear in mind the limitations of the methods used to obtain it.”

27. In view of/in light of

Usage: These phrases are used when something has shed light on something else. Example: “In light of the evidence from the 2013 study, we have a better understanding of…”

28. Nonetheless

Usage: This is similar to “despite this”. Example: “The study had its limitations, but it was nonetheless groundbreaking for its day.”

29. Nevertheless

Usage: This is the same as “nonetheless”. Example: “The study was flawed, but it was important nevertheless.”

30. Notwithstanding

Usage: This is another way of saying “nonetheless”. Example: “Notwithstanding the limitations of the methodology used, it was an important study in the development of how we view the workings of the human mind.”

Giving examples

Good essays always back up points with examples, but it’s going to get boring if you use the expression “for example” every time. Here are a couple of other ways of saying the same thing.

31. For instance

Example: “Some birds migrate to avoid harsher winter climates. Swallows, for instance, leave the UK in early winter and fly south…”

32. To give an illustration

Example: “To give an illustration of what I mean, let’s look at the case of…”

Signifying importance

When you want to demonstrate that a point is particularly important, there are several ways of highlighting it as such.

33. Significantly

Usage: Used to introduce a point that is loaded with meaning that might not be immediately apparent. Example: “Significantly, Tacitus omits to tell us the kind of gossip prevalent in Suetonius’ accounts of the same period.”

34. Notably

Usage: This can be used to mean “significantly” (as above), and it can also be used interchangeably with “in particular” (the example below demonstrates the first of these ways of using it). Example: “Actual figures are notably absent from Scholar A’s analysis.”

35. Importantly

Usage: Use “importantly” interchangeably with “significantly”. Example: “Importantly, Scholar A was being employed by X when he wrote this work, and was presumably therefore under pressure to portray the situation more favourably than he perhaps might otherwise have done.”

Summarising

You’ve almost made it to the end of the essay, but your work isn’t over yet. You need to end by wrapping up everything you’ve talked about, showing that you’ve considered the arguments on both sides and reached the most likely conclusion. Here are some words and phrases to help you.

36. In conclusion

Usage: Typically used to introduce the concluding paragraph or sentence of an essay, summarising what you’ve discussed in a broad overview. Example: “In conclusion, the evidence points almost exclusively to Argument A.”

37. Above all

Usage: Used to signify what you believe to be the most significant point, and the main takeaway from the essay. Example: “Above all, it seems pertinent to remember that…”

38. Persuasive

Usage: This is a useful word to use when summarising which argument you find most convincing. Example: “Scholar A’s point – that Constanze Mozart was motivated by financial gain – seems to me to be the most persuasive argument for her actions following Mozart’s death.”

39. Compelling

Usage: Use in the same way as “persuasive” above. Example: “The most compelling argument is presented by Scholar A.”

40. All things considered

Usage: This means “taking everything into account”. Example: “All things considered, it seems reasonable to assume that…”

How many of these words and phrases will you get into your next essay? And are any of your favourite essay terms missing from our list? Let us know in the comments below, or get in touch here to find out more about courses that can help you with your essays.

At Oxford Royale Academy, we offer a number of  summer school courses for young people who are keen to improve their essay writing skills. Click here to apply for one of our courses today, including law , business , medicine  and engineering .

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100+ Useful Phrases for Writing Essays (PDF)

Are you looking for the right words and phrases for writing essays in high school, polytechnic or university?

Make sure to use a good number of the expressions below to improve your essay.

These phrases for writing essays at the high school or tertiary level will take your essay writing skills to another level. The appropriate use of the expressions below can do a lot of good to the quality of your essay.

All you need to do is to choose the words (vocabulary items), phrases or whole sentences below that appeal to you most and also suit your purpose for writing the essay.

Here is one outcome I can assure you of. That is if you’re able to appropriately use these words and phrases for writing essays.

Your essays will always sound smart and attract very high marks.

The expressions for essay writing in this post are good for all manner of candidates.

In fact, for your WASSCE or NECO/SSCE English Language paper, I will urge you to take these words, sentences and phrases for writing essays very seriously.

You are allowed to download a PDF copy of this document.

Useful Expressions for Essays Writing

It is aimed at revamping the economy to make it buoyant I call on all seated here to ………………… Let’s rally behind our new leadership In our bid to stamp out corruption All major stakeholders in education There is an urgent need to come up with appropriate policies It will have far-reaching implications/consequences People from all walks of life The solutions to this menace are not far fetched We need to chart a new course in our quest to free ourselves from the shackles of poverty, disease and ignorance On the social front,………. On the economic front, ………………. Pragmatic programmes are needed …………………… In the political sphere, ……………….. Pressing problems It is against the backdrop of this chaotic situation that we assumed office………………. We must shelve our differences We must bury our differences Let’s forge ahead in unity It is high time you took this matter seriously They didn’t hesitate in embracing the idea Myriad (countless) problems I deem it crucial It is kind of you to bestow this honour on me More importantly Render dedicated service Immense benefits/advantages We stand to benefit Exemplary behaviour I cannot but appreciate your kindness Brave the danger Pose a threat to one national security Apprehend the perpetrators of this heinous crime Stamp out the menace of armed robbery Bring the situation under control The armed robbers continue to leave a tall trail of atrocities It could be attributed to Fight the menace of child-trafficking Bring the situation under control Curtail/curb the menace Night patrols should be stepped up It is our collective responsibility to …………… Milk the country’s coffers stone dry It is a big source of worry/headache This gives cause for concern The rumours came in the wake of the arrest of three pastors on the suspicion that …….. The shattered economy A careful analysis of the problem indicates that …… We could cite indiscipline as a major contributory factor to…………… Added to this is ………… The proliferation of small arms is one cause of ……………… This would enhance our capacity to deal decisively with the menace of … They have unleashed a reign of terror on our roads and communities. I went through a harrowing experience The danger is looming large and we need to nip it in the bud Let’s take action before something untoward happens I have been compelled to write and express my disgust at the growing spate of internet fraud among our youth There is no gainsaying the fact that all is not well with our educational system It has yielded no results This current situation clearly negates our efforts to minimize, if not eliminate drug trafficking from our body-politic The nefarious activities of these criminals create panic, fear and insecurity Consequently, it behoves the government to act quickly to forestall disaster We are sending out the wrong signals to prospective investors We need to combat the spate of deviant behaviour in our society Parents must be at the forefront of the fight against teenage pregnancy The NCCE must assume centre stage in this public awareness creation effort It is an understatement to say that discipline has collapsed in our schools Considering the complex nature of the problem……. All hands need to be on deck Punishment for such behaviour should be more deterrent. The law regarding environmental degradation should be given teeth and be made to bite. The state/government must put in place measures/mechanisms to monitor and evaluate the performance of teachers/police/supervisors, contractors etc. Above all/ Lastly/In a nutshell/To crown it all His health is failing rapidly Reduce drastically Stringent measures are needed to stabilize the situation Worse still Worst of all There is no doubt that the growing rate of unemployment poses a grave danger to social stability We must not, as a people, relent in our efforts to create better opportunities for our young graduates It must be emphasized that Unwholesome goods/Practices This will ginger (motivate) everybody to …………. There is therefore an urgent need for us to …………… I believe you’ll rise to the occasion and prove the sceptics wrong We need to stem the alarming tide of road accidents There should be no delay in instilling a high sense of sanity/ discipline in road users A couple of years back Vehicles plying our roads should be subjected to thorough checks to ascertain their roadworthiness Lake transport could be made safer if life jackets, life rafts and fire extinguishers are available in cases of emergency. That there are serious lapses in the enforcement of safety measures cannot be overemphasized. It is an open secret that ….. The lack of maintenance culture is the bane of our society Many problems continue to bedevil the education sector This can boost tourism Affordable prices Everybody must strive to contribute their quota toward this all-important national effort to eradicate malaria……. Food production has plummeted (fallen) sharply It cannot be denied that The industry boomed/ flourished/ grew The drastic decline in the fortunes of our national football teams could be attributed to Prices have sky–rocketed/ increased sharply Given this deplorable state of affairs, we need to … It has the potential to….. We must remove the bottlenecks which tend to hinder (militate against) the growth of the industry Address (solve) the problem Make a headway It has the tendency to ruin your future You can still live up to your promise I pray for your speedy recovery I do not wish to belabour (flog) this point/issue, except to add that……. Let’s put it behind us and move forward We can then showcase our school as a model of discipline To forestall (prevent) such occurrences in the future It was a traumatic experience It is mind–boggling how such huge sums of money could have disappeared under the very nose of the director This school is not without its fair share of problems We should not gloss over (ignore) these apparent systemic weaknesses A breakthrough can still be achieved Any false move on the part of the defenders could spell the doom of our team Enrolment in tertiary institutions has appreciated (increased) significantly Acute accommodation problems I have my misgivings/doubts about his sincerity There is a need to institute preventive measures, not curative ones. Such viable projects would do our community a world of good The astronomical rental charges/bills, prices are killing our businesses We need to take a second look at this policy due to its obvious failure Government must hold consultations with all major players in this sector Durable solutions can be found if………. in the meantime Let me reiterate (emphasize) my long-held, view/ belief that …… We must join hands to fight this common enemy Of late, there has been a public outcry against the ostentatious lifestyle of some of our pastors and ministers. More often than not, …….. Colossal (huge/large) sums of money Your irritating (offensive) behaviour His recent misfortunes/exploits readily come to mind The needless death of the patient is a clear manifestation of sheer incompetence on the part of the hospital authorities Workers’ salaries are grossly inadequate Each time doctors embark on strike action, they hold the whole nation to ransom She harbours bad feelings against me All is not well with discipline in this school This justifies the need for draconian rules to deal a fatal blow to the practice of occultism She had the foresight to institute a founders’ day on her assumption of office The requisite resources must be provided They only suffered mild injuries This obviously raises a fundamental question: Who is responsible for road maintenance in this country? It is a recipe for disaster It is the contention of this writer that the manager is culpable in this clear case of negligence and dereliction of duty The police too have a case to answer Our roads have become death traps Not too long ago, ………………. It has hitherto (up till now) yielded no fruitful dividends I would like to draw your attention to three negative developments The time has come for all of us to put our shoulders to the wheel and help solve this problem once and for all. Drivers must be held liable for their acts of commission and omission (their actions and inactions) We cannot afford to throw up our arms in despair This behaviour of yours is going a shade too far This is refreshing news There was a loud silence in the room An equally important factor is ………… These conflicts do not augur well for national progress The three regions continue to lag (not lack) behind in terms of development

What useful words and phrases have you been using in your essays?

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Ralph Nyadzi

Ralph Nyadzi is the Director of Studies at Cegast Academy. He is a qualified English tutor with decades of experience behind him. Since 2001, he has successfully coached thousands of High School General Arts WASSCE candidates in English, Literature and related subjects. He combines his expertise with a passion for lifelong learning to guide learners from varying backgrounds to achieve their educational goals. Ralph shares lessons from his blogging journey on BloggingtotheMax . He lives with River, his pet cat, in the Central Region of Ghana.

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Tips for Reading an Assignment Prompt

Asking analytical questions, introductions, what do introductions across the disciplines have in common, anatomy of a body paragraph, transitions, tips for organizing your essay, counterargument, conclusions.

Useful Academic Expressions & Phrases For Essay Writing

These useful academic expressions , words, vocabulary and phrases will help you to write a top-notch essay. Writing an essay can be a challenging task. However it becomes simpler if it is divided into manageable pieces. There are three main parts in an essay: an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. You can easily overcome your essay writing task with these academic phrases and vocabulary for essay writing.

Phrases to Finish an Introduction Paragraph

In this essay, I will look at some of the arguments for This essay will discuss different ways of … This essay outline some of the reasons why… Let us examine both views before reaching a concrete decision. The following essay takes a look at both sides of the argument.

Vocabulary for Opinion Essay 

In my opinion, I strongly agree with the idea that … I strongly disagree with the idea that … I strongly opine that… I strongly believe that… In my view… As far as I am concerned… It seems to me that… However, I strongly believe that… I oppose the view and my reasons will be explained in the following paragraphs. I will support this view with arguments in the following paragraphs. I personally believe that… Thus the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages…

Useful Expressions For Listing Your Ideas

First… First of all… Firstly… First and foremost… Initially… To begin with… To start with… In the first place…

On the one hand… Second(ly)… (do not use ‘Second of all’) Third(ly)… Then… Next… After that… And… Again… Also… Besides… Likewise… In addition… Consequently… What’s more… Furthermore… Moreover… Apart from that…

Finally… Last but not the least…

Check Also: Vocabulary for Starting Your Essay How to Write The Best Essay Ever!

Phrases to Show a Comparison in Your Essay

In the same way… Likewise… Similarly… Like the previous point… Similar to… Also… At the same time… Just as…

Useful Vocabulary and Phrases to Show Contrast

On the other hand… On the contrary… However… Nevertheless…/ Nonetheless… But… Nonetheless/ Nevertheless… Oppositely… Alternatively… Unlike… While… Whilst… Although… Though… Even though… Despite… / In spite of… In spite of the fact that… Alternatively… In contrast to this… Then again… On the other hand… Despite the fact that… Even so… Yet… Meanwhile…

Vocabulary For Expressing Condition

If… Provided that… Because of that… For this reason… Unless… Providing that… So that… In case… Whether…

Phrases for Expressing Certainty in Your Essay

Certainly… Definitely… No doubt… Of course… Doubtlessly… Without any doubt… Undoubtedly…

Vocabulary for Adding Further Information

In addition… And… Moreover… Similarly… Furthermore… Also… As well as… Besides… Even… Too… What’s more… Again… In a similar fashion… Likewise…

Expressions for Agreement & Disagreement in Your Essay

While writing your essay, as a writer you are required to show whether you agree & disagree or partially agree with a given statement or opinion.

Vocabulary for Expressing Agreement

I strongly agree… I completely agree that… I totally agree with the given idea that… I agree with the opinion that… I am quite inclined to the opinion that… I accept that… I accept the fact that… I am in agreement… I consent that…

Vocabulary for Expressing Disagreement

I disagree with the opinion that… I strongly disagree… I completely disagree with… I totally disagree with the given idea that… I disagree with the statement… I quite oppose the opinion that… I disapprove that… I totally do not accept the fact that… My own opinion contradicts… I disagree with the group of people… However, my opinion is different from…

Vocabulary for Expressing Partial Agreement

To some extent… In a way… I agree with the given statement to some extent… Up to a point, I agree… More or less… So to speak…

Essay Writing Expressions PDF

  Essay Expression PDF – (download)

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International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies

International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies

Transitional signals are very important in writing essays. Therefore, this research aimed to find out the types of transitional signals and their accuracy in sentences. The research used a descriptive quantitative method. There were 68 students taken randomly from the population. The instrument used to collect data was a writing test. The transitional signals analyzed were transitional signals for adding ideas and emphasizing, showing contrast and comparison, showing cause and effect, providing examples, introducing sequence, and summarizing. The findings of this research showed that the total of transitional signals used by the students were 203 transitional signals. More detailed for each type from the first until the sixth type were 35, 32, 17, 5, 95, and 19. Moreover, the percentage of the accuracy was 83%. The orders from the first until the sixth types of transitional signals were 86% adding ideas, 78% emphasizing, 94% showing contrast and comparison, 80% showing cause and effect, 84% providing examples, and 69% introducing time order or sequence, and summarizing. In other words, the most widely used transitional signal was transitional signals for introducing time order and sequence while the highest percentage of accuracy was transitional signals for providing examples.

Wingwing William

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