environmental education 12th project pdf

An official website of the United States government

Here’s how you know

Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock A locked padlock ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. Please click here to see any active alerts .

Learning and Teaching about the Environment

Find local resources.

Contact your  Regional Environmental Education Coordinator  to find local resources and invite EPA staff to your school.

Order Materials

The  National Service Center for Environmental Publications  offers over 66,000 digital and 1,500 print materials free of charge. Order online or call 1-800-490-9198.

This website provides K-12 students and educators with access to quality homework resources, lesson plans and project ideas for learning and teaching about the environment.  Environmental education (EE) is a multi-disciplinary approach to learning about environmental issues that enhances knowledge, builds critical thinking skills, and helps students make informed and responsible decisions.

Classroom Resources and Project Ideas

• Lesson plans, teacher guides and online resources for educators by environmental topic
• Community service project ideas
• Science fair project ideas

Homework Help and Activities for K-12 Students

• Homework resources by environmental topic
• Games, quizzes, videos, and more
• EPA Selects Educational Organizations to Receive Over $3.1 Million to Support Environmental Projects Nationwide
• Environmental Education Resources - Learning Adventures at Home or at School
• Check out the Reducing Food Waste Activity Book
• Learn the History of EPA and Earth Day
• See our recent Youth Award Winners

Related Information

• Support healthy and productive learning environments
• Learn about children's health and the environment , and reducing risks at child care facilities
• Grants, professional development, EE publications, educator awards and more

EVS Project On Forest Management For Class 11th And 12th

Table of Contents

Acknowledgment

I wish to extend my heartfelt gratitude to all those who have played an invaluable role in bringing this Forest Management project to fruition.

Foremost, I express my deep appreciation to my esteemed EVS teacher, Mr./Ms. [Teacher’s Name], whose guidance, mentorship, and unwavering encouragement have been instrumental in shaping the content and direction of this project.

I owe a debt of gratitude to my classmates and friends whose collaborative efforts and support in data collection and research have been pivotal in transforming this project from an idea into a reality. Your enthusiasm and teamwork have made a significant difference.

I would also like to recognize the generous contributions of various organizations, environmental experts, and forestry professionals who graciously shared their expertise and insights during interviews and discussions. Their knowledge has added depth and authenticity to this project.

To my family and parents, I extend my deepest appreciation for providing me with the necessary resources, an environment conducive to learning, and constant encouragement throughout this endeavor.

Lastly, I want to acknowledge the authors, researchers, and organizations whose published works and online resources have been indispensable in comprehending and presenting the multifaceted realm of forest management.

To each and every one of you, thank you for your unwavering support and guidance.

Introduction to Forest Management

Forests, those lush and intricate ecosystems covering approximately 31% of Earth’s land area, hold a special place in our planet’s tapestry. They are not just collections of trees; they are life’s grand orchestration. Forests provide an essential balance in our environment, sustaining life in myriad ways. Managing these intricate ecosystems effectively is the essence of the field known as Forest Management.

Forest management involves meticulous planning and strategic implementation to ensure the sustainable utilization and conservation of forest resources. It’s a multidisciplinary endeavor that draws from ecology, economics, sociology, and policy-making to strike a harmonious balance between human needs and the preservation of forest ecosystems. This discipline acknowledges that forests are more than just trees; they are complex interwoven ecosystems where plants, animals, and humans coexist in a delicate dance of interdependence.

The Importance of Forests

Environmental Balance: Our forests are the lungs of the Earth. They absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and, in return, release life-sustaining oxygen. They are vital in mitigating climate change by storing carbon.

Biodiversity Conservation: Forests are home to an astounding variety of plant and animal species, many of which are unique and irreplaceable. Effective forest management is critical to safeguard this biodiversity.

Water Resources: Forests play a significant role in regulating the water cycle, maintaining clean water sources, and preventing erosion and flooding.

Economic Prosperity: Timber, non-timber forest products (NTFPs), and ecotourism generate economic value for communities living near forests.

Cultural and Recreational Benefits: Forests hold cultural significance for indigenous communities and offer recreational opportunities for people worldwide.

Scientific Discovery: Forests serve as vast natural laboratories for scientific research, offering insights into ecology, biology, and climate science.

Principles of Forest Management

Forest management adheres to a set of foundational principles to guide decisions and actions in achieving sustainable and responsible forest resource use while preserving the integrity of forest ecosystems. These principles serve as a compass for navigating the complexities of forest conservation and utilization. Here are the key principles of forest management:

Sustainability: Sustainability is the cornerstone of forest management. It entails ensuring that the use of forest resources does not deplete or degrade the forest ecosystem to a point where it cannot regenerate and provide for future generations. Sustainable forest management balances ecological, economic, and social considerations.

Ecosystem-Based Approach: Forests are complex ecosystems with interconnected components. Forest management must adopt an ecosystem-based approach that considers not just individual tree species but the entire web of life within the forest. This approach emphasizes maintaining ecological processes, biodiversity, and overall forest health.

Multifunctionality: Forests serve multiple purposes, from timber production to recreation and wildlife habitat. Forest management recognizes this multifunctionality and aims to optimize the various benefits that forests provide to society. It involves assessing trade-offs and synergies between these functions.

Conservation of Biodiversity: Preserving biodiversity is a critical component of forest management. This principle emphasizes protecting and enhancing the diversity of plant and animal species within the forest, including endangered or rare species. Strategies may include creating protected areas and restoring habitat.

Legal and Institutional Framework: Effective forest management operates within a legal and institutional framework that defines property rights, responsibilities, and regulations. This framework ensures that forest activities adhere to environmental laws, social norms, and ethical standards.

Stakeholder Involvement: Forest management recognizes the importance of involving all stakeholders, including local communities, indigenous peoples, governments, and industry, in decision-making processes. Engaging diverse perspectives and interests helps achieve more inclusive and effective management outcomes.

Adaptive Management: Forest ecosystems are dynamic and subject to change due to natural processes and external factors like climate change. Adaptive management involves regularly assessing the forest’s condition and adjusting management strategies accordingly. Flexibility and responsiveness to new information are key elements of this principle.

Responsible Forest Practices: Responsible forest practices encompass the use of techniques and technologies that minimize negative impacts on the environment and maintain ecological integrity. This includes sustainable harvesting methods, reforestation, and the use of non-destructive technologies.

Certification and Verification: Many forest management programs and organizations offer certification and verification processes to assess and confirm compliance with sustainable practices. Certification schemes like the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) help consumers identify responsibly managed products.

Continuous Improvement: Forest management is an evolving field. Continuous improvement involves ongoing research, monitoring, and adaptation to incorporate new knowledge and technologies into management practices. It ensures that management remains effective and up-to-date.

Forest Management Practices

Forest management practices encompass a wide range of strategies and techniques employed to achieve the sustainable use and conservation of forest resources. These practices are tailored to the specific characteristics of the forest, its ecological importance, and the goals of forest management. Below are some common forest management practices:

Selective Logging (Selection Cutting):

• Selective logging involves the careful removal of individual trees or specific groups of trees from the forest while leaving others intact.
• This practice is used to harvest mature or valuable trees while preserving the overall structure and biodiversity of the forest.
• It minimizes the ecological impact of harvesting and allows for natural regeneration.

Clear-Cutting:

• Clear-cutting involves the complete removal of all trees from a designated area of the forest.
• It is often used in industrial forestry for efficient timber production but can have significant ecological impacts if not carefully managed.
• Reforestation efforts are typically required after clear-cutting to restore the forest.

Shelterwood Cutting:

• Shelterwood cutting is a two-stage process that involves the gradual removal of trees in multiple cuts.
• Initially, some mature trees are harvested to allow more sunlight to reach the forest floor, promoting the growth of understory vegetation.
• After the new trees are established, the remaining mature trees are harvested.

Coppicing and Pollarding:

• Coppicing and pollarding are traditional practices involving the periodic cutting of trees or shrubs close to the ground to stimulate new growth.
• These practices are often used for the production of fuelwood, poles, and other small-diameter products.
• They can enhance the longevity of certain tree species and provide a sustainable source of resources.

Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM):

• Ecosystem-based management is an approach that considers the entire ecosystem when making management decisions.
• It focuses on maintaining the ecological processes, biodiversity, and overall health of the forest.
• EBM aims to balance the needs of ecological conservation with human demands.

Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) Harvesting:

• NTFPs include a wide range of forest resources such as fruits, nuts, mushrooms, medicinal plants, and resin.
• Sustainable harvesting of NTFPs is essential for the economic well-being of local communities and often aligns with conservation goals.

Forest Restoration and Reforestation:

• Forest restoration involves the active rehabilitation of degraded or deforested areas to restore their ecological functions.
• Reforestation focuses on planting or naturally regenerating forests in areas where they have been lost or heavily degraded.
• These practices help combat deforestation and enhance ecosystem resilience.

Fire Management:

• Controlled or prescribed burning is used in some forest ecosystems to mimic natural fire regimes and reduce the risk of catastrophic wildfires.
• It can promote the growth of fire-adapted species and rejuvenate ecosystems.

Invasive Species Control:

• Invasive species can threaten native ecosystems. Management practices may involve controlling or eradicating invasive plants and animals to protect the forest’s native biodiversity.

Sustainable Harvesting Technologies: – Utilization of modern technologies, such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing, helps monitor forests, assess their health, and plan sustainable harvests.

Challenges in Forest Management

Forest management faces numerous challenges, which can vary depending on the region, ecosystem type, and specific management goals. Here are some common challenges in forest management:

• Deforestation: Widespread deforestation, often driven by agricultural expansion, urbanization, and infrastructure development, poses a significant global challenge. It leads to the permanent loss of forest cover, biodiversity, and carbon storage capacity.
• Illegal Logging: The illegal harvest of timber and non-timber forest products is a prevalent issue. It not only contributes to deforestation but also results in lost revenue for governments and local communities.
• Climate Change: Climate change presents a significant challenge to forest management. Altered precipitation patterns, increased temperatures, and more frequent extreme weather events can affect forest health, composition, and susceptibility to pests and diseases.
• Invasive Species: Invasive species, both plant and animal, can disrupt native ecosystems and outcompete native species. Controlling and managing invasive species is an ongoing challenge.
• Fire Management: Wildfires can have devastating impacts on forests, ecosystems, and human communities. Managing fire, whether through prevention or controlled burns, is essential to reduce wildfire risks.
• Biodiversity Conservation: Striking a balance between timber production and biodiversity conservation can be challenging. Forest management must ensure that logging practices do not threaten vulnerable or endangered species and habitats.
• Land Tenure and Rights: Clarifying land tenure and ownership rights, especially in regions with indigenous or local communities, is crucial. Respecting and incorporating local knowledge and traditions into forest management is essential for sustainability.
• Economic Pressures: Economic pressures may incentivize unsustainable forest management practices. Balancing the need for economic development with long-term ecological health is an ongoing challenge.
• Infrastructure Development: Infrastructure projects, such as roads and dams, can fragment forest landscapes, disrupt wildlife corridors, and exacerbate deforestation. Proper planning and mitigation measures are necessary to reduce these impacts.
• Market Demand: Market demands for forest products can put pressure on forests to meet high production quotas. Managing these demands while maintaining sustainable practices is a persistent challenge.
• Limited Resources: Many forest management agencies and organizations operate with limited resources, which can hinder their ability to monitor and manage forests effectively.
• Climate Mitigation and Adaptation: Meeting climate mitigation and adaptation goals often requires forests to act as carbon sinks and adapt to changing conditions. Implementing these strategies effectively can be challenging.
• Conflict Resolution: Conflicts between different stakeholder groups, such as indigenous communities, logging companies, and conservationists, can arise over forest management decisions. Finding mutually agreeable solutions is challenging but necessary.
• Global Cooperation: Forest management often involves transboundary issues, such as shared ecosystems and wildlife corridors. Global cooperation and agreements are needed to address these challenges effectively.
• Human-Wildlife Conflict: As human populations encroach on forested areas, conflicts between humans and wildlife can escalate. Finding ways to mitigate these conflicts while conserving wildlife is a growing challenge.

Case Studies

1. The Amazon Rainforest – Brazil:

• The Amazon rainforest in Brazil is one of the world’s most critical and biodiverse ecosystems, facing significant deforestation pressures due to agriculture, logging, and infrastructure development.
• Brazil has implemented various initiatives, such as the Amazon Fund and Protected Areas Network, to combat deforestation and promote sustainable forest management.
• The case study could delve into the impact of these initiatives on reducing deforestation rates and conserving biodiversity.

2. Bialowieza Forest – Poland and Belarus:

• Bialowieza Forest, located on the border between Poland and Belarus, is a UNESCO World Heritage site and one of the last and largest parts of the primeval forest that once covered Europe.
• The forest faces challenges related to timber harvesting, which is a source of revenue for local communities.
• This case study could explore how the conflict between economic interests and conservation goals has been managed through sustainable forest management plans and UNESCO’s involvement.

3. Community-Based Forest Management – Nepal:

• Nepal has implemented successful community-based forest management programs where local communities are actively involved in decision-making and benefit-sharing.
• These programs have helped reduce deforestation, improve livelihoods, and conserve biodiversity.
• The case study could focus on how community involvement has contributed to sustainable forest management and the challenges faced in implementing these programs.

4. Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Certification – Worldwide:

• The FSC is an international certification system that promotes responsible forest management practices.
• Various forested regions worldwide have adopted FSC certification to ensure that timber and non-timber forest products come from sustainably managed forests.
• The case study could examine the impact of FSC certification on forest conservation and the forest products industry.

5. Reforestation and Ecotourism – Costa Rica:

• Costa Rica has implemented successful reforestation programs while also capitalizing on ecotourism as an economic driver.
• Reforestation efforts have led to the recovery of degraded landscapes, and ecotourism has provided incentives for conservation.
• This case study could explore how Costa Rica’s approach to sustainable forest management has contributed to economic and ecological well-being.

6. Taiga Forest Management – Finland and Russia:

• The taiga, or boreal forest, is a vast ecosystem spanning Russia and Finland, facing pressures from logging and mining.
• Both countries have adopted sustainable forest management practices, including certification systems.
• The case study could assess how these practices have impacted the conservation of this unique forest ecosystem and local economies.

Benefits and Outcomes

Biodiversity Conservation: Sustainable forest management helps protect and conserve a wide range of plant and animal species by maintaining diverse forest ecosystems. This benefits both endangered species and those with economic or cultural significance.

Carbon Sequestration: Forests act as carbon sinks, absorbing and storing significant amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Sustainable forest management contributes to climate change mitigation by preserving and enhancing this carbon sequestration capacity.

Economic Benefits: Sustainable forest management provides economic benefits by enabling the responsible harvest of timber and non-timber forest products (NTFPs). It supports livelihoods in forestry, logging, and related industries.

Ecosystem Services: Forests provide essential ecosystem services, including clean air and water, erosion control, and pollination. Sustainable management helps maintain these services for the benefit of communities and ecosystems.

Enhanced Resilience: Sustainable practices can increase the resilience of forests to environmental stressors, such as climate change, pests, and diseases, by promoting diverse and healthy forests.

Long-term Resource Availability: Sustainable forest management ensures that timber and other forest resources are available for future generations. This prevents overexploitation and depletion of forest resources.

Cultural and Recreational Benefits: Forests are culturally significant for many indigenous communities and offer recreational opportunities for people worldwide. Sustainable management helps preserve these cultural and recreational values.

Reduced Deforestation: Sustainable forest management can help reduce deforestation rates by promoting responsible land use practices and discouraging illegal logging.

Improved Water Quality: Forests play a crucial role in maintaining water quality by filtering pollutants and regulating water flow. Sustainable management helps protect water sources and reduces the risk of erosion and sedimentation.

Enhanced Global Partnerships: Sustainable forest management often involves international cooperation and partnerships, fostering global efforts to combat deforestation and protect biodiversity.

Forest Certification: Certification programs like the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) enable consumers to make environmentally conscious choices by purchasing products sourced from sustainably managed forests.

Adaptation to Climate Change: Sustainable forest management practices can help forests adapt to changing climate conditions by promoting tree species and management strategies that are better suited to the evolving climate.

Local Community Involvement: Sustainable forest management often includes local communities in decision-making processes, leading to improved governance and equitable distribution of benefits.

Scientific Research Opportunities: Well-managed forests serve as living laboratories for scientific research, offering insights into ecology, biology, and climate science.

Reduced Conflicts: Sustainable forest management can help mitigate conflicts between different stakeholder groups, such as indigenous communities, logging companies, and conservationists, by finding mutually agreeable solutions.

In the intricate tapestry of our planet’s ecosystems, forests stand as majestic and indispensable wonders. They are the lungs of the Earth, custodians of biodiversity, and silent sentinels against climate change. The importance of sustainable forest management, as we have explored in this project, cannot be overstated. It is the key to unlocking a harmonious coexistence between humanity’s needs and the preservation of these vital ecosystems.

Through the journey of this project, we have delved into the principles, practices, challenges, and case studies that shape the world of forest management. We have witnessed the delicate dance of selective logging, clear-cutting, and shelterwood cutting, each with its unique impact on forests. We have seen how communities, from Nepal to Costa Rica, have played a pivotal role in preserving their forests through sustainable practices. We have also encountered the complexities of balancing economic growth with conservation in regions like the Amazon and Bialowieza Forest.

The challenges faced by forest management are substantial and global in scale. Deforestation, illegal logging, climate change, and invasive species cast long shadows over these precious ecosystems. Yet, as we have seen, there are success stories where dedication, innovation, and international cooperation have paved the way for responsible forest management.

The benefits and outcomes of sustainable forest management are far-reaching. From conserving biodiversity and sequestering carbon to supporting livelihoods and providing cultural and recreational sanctuaries, forests offer a wealth of gifts to humanity. By embracing sustainability, we unlock these gifts while safeguarding the long-term health and vitality of our forests.

The legacy of sustainable forest management is a legacy of harmony, where human progress and ecological preservation walk hand in hand, and where the enduring song of the forest continues to inspire and enrich our world.

As we conclude this project, let us remember that the responsibility for sustainable forest management lies not only with policymakers and forest managers but with every individual. Our daily choices and actions can contribute to the conservation and responsible use of forests. By collectively embracing the principles of sustainability, we can ensure that forests continue to thrive as vibrant, life-sustaining ecosystems on our planet.

In the pursuit of sustainable forest management, we find hope for the future. It is a testament to the power of informed choices, responsible stewardship, and our capacity to protect the natural wonders that enrich our lives. Forests are not only the cradle of life but also the foundation of a sustainable future. It is incumbent upon us to heed their silent wisdom and safeguard these invaluable treasures for generations to come.

Certificate of Completion

This is to certify that I, [Student’s Name], a [Class/Grade Level] student, have successfully completed the project on “Forest Management For Class 11th And 12th.” The project explores the fundamental principles and key aspects of the chosen topic, providing a comprehensive understanding of its significance and implications.

In this project, I delved into in-depth research and analysis, investigating various facets and relevant theories related to the chosen topic. I demonstrated dedication, diligence, and a high level of sincerity throughout the project’s completion.

Key Achievements:

Thoroughly researched and analyzed Evs Project On Forest Management For Class 11th And 12th. Examined the historical background and evolution of the subject matter. Explored the contributions of notable figures in the field. Investigated the key theories and principles associated with the topic. Discussed practical applications and real-world implications. Considered critical viewpoints and alternative theories, fostering a well-rounded understanding. This project has significantly enhanced my knowledge and critical thinking skills in the chosen field of study. It reflects my commitment to academic excellence and the pursuit of knowledge.

In order to download the PDF, You must follow on Youtube. Once done, Click on Submit

Subscribed? Click on Confirm

Download EVS Project On Forest Management For Class 11th And 12th PDF

Related articles.

Automated Roti and Puri Maker Press project

The Oil Skimmer RC Boat

Secure Digi Locker Application Project

Software Piracy Protection Project

Leave a reply cancel reply.

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Notify me of follow-up comments by email.

Please Enable JavaScript in your Browser to Visit this Site.

WEEC 2024 in Numbers

Abu Dhabi Roadmap for Environment Education and Education for Sustainable Development

Perth, Australia looks forward to welcoming you to the 13th WEEC

Abu Dhabi welcomes the 12th WEEC

We are delighted to invite you to the 12th World Environmental Education Congress, 29 Jan to 02 Feb 2024

The 12th WEEC is under the patronage of

Explore Abu Dhabi at WEEC 2024

Welcome to the host city for 12th World Environmental Education Congress where there is so much to enjoy

Congress Speakers

Countries Represented

Congress Delegates

Mangroves will be planted (10 mangroves per delegate)

You are invited to weec 2024.

The Permanent Secretariat of WEEC and Secretary General of the Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD) officially announce the 12th WEEC

With great pleasure, we extend our warmest invitations worldwide to join us at this one-of-a-kind event for an exciting, valuable and unforgettable experience.

Environmental education congress themes

Tackling the Triple Planetary Crisis

Water, Food, and Energy Nexus in Environmental Education

A Worldwide Community for Sustainability as the Goal

Promoting Collaborative Learning Communities

Outdoor and Place-based Learning

Efforts and Challenges in EE for Early Childhood Education

Aesthetics, Ethics and Emotional Dimensions

A matter of Values and Cultural Diversity

Artificial Intelligence and Smart Technologies

Environmental Education for a Sustainable Future

Keynote and Plenary Speakers 

H.E. Dr. Shaikha Al Dhaheri

Secretary General, Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi

H.H. Sheikha Shamma bint Sultan bin Khalifa Al Nahyan

 President & CEO, UAE Independent Climate Change Accelerators (UICCA)

H.E. Razan Khalifa Al Mubarak

President, IUCN

H.H. Sheikha Dr. Shamma Bint Mohammad Bin Khaled Al Nahyan

Chairperson of the Board of Directors, Sheikh Mohammed Bin Khalid Al Nahyan Cultural and Educational Institutions (SMBKI)

H.E. Dr. Amna Al Dahak Al Shamsi

Minister of Climate Change and Environment, UAE

H.E. Ahmed Abdulmuttaleb Baharoon

Vice Chair, 12th WEEC Local Organising Committee, Executive Director, Environmental Information, Science and Outreach, Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi

Mario Salomone

Secretary General, World Environmental Education Congress Network

Jack Dangermond

President, Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), USA

Mirian Vilela

Executive Director, Earth Charter International

Carlos Alvarez Pereira

Secretary General, The Club of Rome, Spain

WEEC 2024 news and updates

EAD to host 12th World Environment Education Congress in 2024

The World Environment Education Congress (WEEC), for the first time in the region, will address the role and significance of education for environmental work and…

The Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi Begins Receiving Abstracts in Four Languages

Abu Dhabi, 10 July 2023: The Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD) is gearing up for the 12 th edition of the World Environmental Educational Congress…

Ahmed Baharoon on why environmental education is the way forward

The executive director – Environmental Information, Science and Outreach Management, Environment Agency Abu Dhabi (EAD), talks about WEEC2024 serving as a catalyst for change, promoting…

WEEC 2024: Empowering the next generation of environmental leaders

Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi to host the 12th World Environmental Education Congress, marking the first edition to be held in the Middle East with…

12th World Environmental Education Congress to emphasise the impact of environmental education in Abu Dhabi

Abu Dhabi – The countdown is on for the 12th World Environmental Education Congress (WEEC2024), scheduled to take place at the Abu Dhabi National Exhibition…

12th World Environmental Education Congress (WEEC2024) Grand Opening Marks a Milestone in Environmental Education

Abu Dhabi Welcomes the World:  …

Day One of 12th World Environmental Education Congress (WEEC2024) Launches Global Dialogue on the Importance of Environmental Education in Sustainable Development

Abu Dhabi, 30 January 2024 – The first day of the 12th World Environmental Education Congress (WEEC2024) commenced with vibrant sessions on the pressing challenges…

Day Two of WEEC2024: Setting Goals for a Sustainable Future Through Environmental Education

Abu Dhabi, 31 January 2024 – Day Two of the 12th World Environmental Education Congress (WEEC2024) at the Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre (ADNEC) built…

Day Three of WEEC2024: Roadmapping Means and Dimensions through Environmental Education for a Greener Future

Abu Dhabi, 01 February 2024 – Day Three of the 12th World Environmental Education Congress (WEEC2024) at the Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre (ADNEC) advanced…

Abu Dhabi Unveils Global Roadmap for Environmental Education and Sustainable Development at WEEC2024

Abu Dhabi, 02 February 2024 – The Abu Dhabi Roadmap, a high-level plan outlining global recommendations to bolster Environmental Education (EE) and Education for Sustainable…

Stay connected and register for updates

• Andhra Pradesh
• Chhattisgarh
• West Bengal
• Madhya Pradesh
• Maharashtra
• Jammu & Kashmir
• NCERT Books 2022-23
• NCERT Solutions
• NCERT Notes
• NCERT Exemplar Books
• NCERT Exemplar Solution
• States UT Book
• School Kits & Lab Manual
• NCERT Books 2021-22
• NCERT Books 2020-21
• NCERT Book 2019-2020
• NCERT Book 2015-2016
• RD Sharma Solution
• TS Grewal Solution
• DK Goel Solution
• TR Jain Solution
• Selina Solution
• Frank Solution
• ML Aggarwal Solution
• Lakhmir Singh and Manjit Kaur Solution
• I.E.Irodov solutions
• ICSE - Goyal Brothers Park
• ICSE - Dorothy M. Noronhe
• Sandeep Garg Textbook Solution
• Micheal Vaz Solution
• S.S. Krotov Solution
• Evergreen Science
• KC Sinha Solution
• ICSE - ISC Jayanti Sengupta, Oxford
• ICSE Focus on History
• ICSE GeoGraphy Voyage
• ICSE Hindi Solution
• ICSE Treasure Trove Solution
• Thomas & Finney Solution
• SL Loney Solution
• SB Mathur Solution
• P Bahadur Solution
• Narendra Awasthi Solution
• MS Chauhan Solution
• LA Sena Solution
• Integral Calculus Amit Agarwal Solution
• IA Maron Solution
• Hall & Knight Solution
• Errorless Solution
• Pradeep's KL Gogia Solution
• OP Tandon Solutions
• Sample Papers
• Previous Year Question Paper
• Value Based Questions
• CBSE Syllabus
• CBSE MCQs PDF
• Assertion & Reason
• New Revision Notes
• Revision Notes
• HOTS Question
• Marks Wise Question
• Toppers Answer Sheets
• Exam Paper Aalysis
• Concept Map
• CBSE Text Book
• Additional Practice Questions
• Vocational Book
• CBSE - Concept
• KVS NCERT CBSE Worksheets
• Formula Class Wise
• Formula Chapter Wise
• JEE Crash Course
• JEE Previous Year Paper
• Important Info
• JEE Mock Test
• JEE Sample Papers
• SRM-JEEE Mock Test
• VITEEE Mock Test
• BITSAT Mock Test
• Manipal Engineering Mock Test
• AP EAMCET Previous Year Paper
• COMEDK Previous Year Paper
• GUJCET Previous Year Paper
• KCET Previous Year Paper
• KEAM Previous Year Paper
• Manipal Previous Year Paper
• MHT CET Previous Year Paper
• WBJEE Previous Year Paper
• AMU Previous Year Paper
• TS EAMCET Previous Year Paper
• SRM-JEEE Previous Year Paper
• VITEEE Previous Year Paper
• BITSAT Previous Year Paper
• UPSEE Previous Year Paper
• CGPET Previous Year Paper
• CUSAT Previous Year Paper
• AEEE Previous Year Paper
• Crash Course
• Previous Year Paper
• NCERT Based Short Notes
• NCERT Based Tests
• NEET Sample Paper
• Previous Year Papers
• Quantitative Aptitude
• Numerical Aptitude Data Interpretation
• General Knowledge
• Mathematics
• Agriculture
• Accountancy
• Business Studies
• Political science
• Enviromental Studies
• Mass Media Communication
• Teaching Aptitude
• NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA
• SAINIK SCHOOL (AISSEE)
• Mechanical Engineering
• Electrical Engineering
• Electronics & Communication Engineering
• Civil Engineering
• Computer Science Engineering
• CBSE Board News
• Scholarship Olympiad
• School Admissions
• Entrance Exams
• All Board Updates
• Miscellaneous
• State Wise Books
• Engineering Exam

Maharashtra Board Books for Class 12 Environmental Education (पर्यावरण शिक्षण) in Marathi Medium

Free pdf download.

SHARING IS CARING If our Website helped you a little, then kindly spread our voice using Social Networks. Spread our word to your readers, friends, teachers, students & all those close ones who deserve to know what you know now.

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Environmental Education (पर्यावरण शिक्षण) Books in Marathi medium

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Environmental Education (पर्यावरण शिक्षण) Books in Marathi medium is one of the most important study materials for students who have opted for this subject. It will enable students to prepare for their exams and help them in boosting their knowledge in the subject too. Environmental Education (पर्यावरण शिक्षण) is a quite interesting subject that deals with various interesting concepts. The Maharashtra Board Class 12 Books is prescribed by the board officials as per the selected study curriculum in Maha HSC.

The chapters and topics given in the HSC Class 12 Books of Environmental Education (पर्यावरण शिक्षण) are based on the syllabus that is prescribed by the board itself. The textbooks are prepared under the guidance of highly educated professionals. Therefore, the given resources aid students in their preparation and study.

Download HSC Environmental Education (पर्यावरण शिक्षण) Class 12 Books Free PDF

Students studying in Maha board std 12th can always refer to the link given here on this website to Download HSC Class 12 Environmental Education (पर्यावरण शिक्षण) Books Free PDF. These free textbooks will not only aid in solving the various kind of questions related to Environmental Education (पर्यावरण शिक्षण) rather provides students the guidance in clearing their board exams too.

With the help of this given textbook, students can early start their preparation for the board exams and clear their doubts very easily.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Environmental Education (पर्यावरण शिक्षण) books in Marathi medium

Environmental Education (पर्यावरण शिक्षण) textbook of Maha board class 12th can help students to build their strong foundational knowledge in the subject that will help them in tackling the complex questions. With the use of this PDF version of the book, they can revise their studied topics and practice a plethora of questions.

These books are available in a chapter-wise format that follows a pattern given in HSC Class 12 Syllabus . Getting proper knowledge in this subject will help students to choose a proper career later.

Features of MSBSHSE Class 12th Environmental Education (पर्यावरण शिक्षण) Textbooks

There are various kinds of features of MSBSHSE Class 12th Environmental Education (पर्यावरण शिक्षण) Textbooks, a few of them are listed below.

• There are very clear representations of chapters inside the textbooks.
• Every single chapter has very detailed and to-the-point information.
• Visuals and Digrams are there to make the study process of Environmental Education (पर्यावरण शिक्षण) a little interesting.
• It can be used by any Maha Board Class 12th students to prepare for their board exams.

Maha Class 12 Model Papers

Environmental Education (पर्यावरण शिक्षण) textbooks play an important role in students’ board exam preparation. It is because every year the official releases the Maha std 12 Model Papers . It gives students an idea of how their board exam question paper will be going to look like. However solving model papers are great but sometimes students lack in solving a few questions. Students can refer to the Maharashtra State Board Class 12 textbooks to quickly look at the topics/Concepts and revise them.

After that process, they can move further and try to re-attempt the model papers. On Selfstudys.com we are providing both Model papers and Marathi medium Books. Students can choose the resources as per their needs.

• NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths
• NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths
• CBSE Syllabus 2023-24
• Social Media Channels
• Login Customize Your Notification Preferences

• Second click on the toggle icon

Provide prime members with unlimited access to all study materials in PDF format.

Allow prime members to attempt MCQ tests multiple times to enhance their learning and understanding.

Provide prime users with access to exclusive PDF study materials that are not available to regular users.

• Most Popular
• Explore all categories
• project report on environmental pollution

Click here to load reader

Upload: tushar-garg

Post on 22-Jan-2018

1.945 views

38 download

Embed Size (px): 344 x 292 429 x 357 514 x 422 599 x 487

MINOR PROJECT REPORT

“A detailed project report on ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION”

Submitted in Partial Fulfilment for the Award of

Bachelor of Technology Degree

Rajasthan Technology University, Kota

Submitted To: - Submitted by: -

Assist. Professor Rajendra Kumar Khyalia Tushar Garg

(13EKTCE113)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who provided me

the possibility to complete this report. A special gratitude I give to over teacher,

MR. Rajendra Kumar Khyalia, whose contribution in stimulating suggestion

and encouragement, helped me to coordinate my minor project especially in

writing in this report.

Using the most comprehensive data file ever compiled on air pollution, water pollution, environmental

regulations, and infant mortality from a developing country, the paper examines the effectiveness of

India’s environmental regulations. The air pollution regulations were effective at reducing ambient

concentrations of particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. The most successful air

pollution regulation is associated with a modest and statistically insignificant decline in infant mortality.

However, the water pollution regulations had no observable effect. Overall, these results contradict the

conventional wisdom that environmental quality is a deterministic function of income and underscore the

role of institutions and politics.

KAUTILYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING

SITAPURA, JAIPUR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DECLERATION

I hereby certify that work which is being presented in the minor project report entitled “

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION “ in partial fulfilment of the requirements for award of degree of

bachelor in technology and submitted in the department of civil engineering at the Kautilya Institute

Of Technology & Engineering, Jaipur is an authentic record of my own work carried out during a

period from July 2016 to November 2016 under the supervision of assistant professor Rajendra Kumar

Khyalia, department of civil engineering.

The matter presented in the minor project report has not been submitted by me for the award of any

degree of this or any other institute.

Tushar Garg

Roll No – 13EKTCE113 (68)

This is to certify that above statement made by the coordinate is correct to the best of my knowledge.

Rajendra Kumar Khyaliya

(Assistant Professor)

Department of civil engineering

Kautilya institute of tech. & engg.

1. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

2. MEANING OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

3. FACTOR AFFECTING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

4. TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

5. SOURCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

6. EFFECT OF POLLUTION ON THE ENVIRONMENT

7. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION

8. POLICY STATEMENT OF ABATEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL

9. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION PREVENTION

CONTENT OF PHOTO

1. AIR POLLUTION 11

2. WATER POLLUTION 12

3. LAND POLLUTION 13

4. NOISE POLLUTION 14

5. RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION 14

6. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION PREVENTION 30

7. ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL IN PREVENTION OF POLLUTION 31

INTRODUCTION TO POLLUTION

The systematic pollution of our environment is one of the biggest hazards that humanity faces today.

People are becoming increasingly aware of the threat posed by pollution and governments are

enacting legislations aimed at protecting the environment.

During the last few decades, the global environment has gone through serious challenges and changes.

Population pressure has escaped rapidly consequently resources have dwindle.

Pollution is an undesirable change in the physical and biological operations of our air, land and

water. They may be or will be harmful to human life, species our industries process; living condition

and culture assets or deteriorate our material resources.

Human being can be exposed to pollutant in many ways through the air they breathe, the water they

drink, the food they eat and the cosmetics, drugs and other products they use. The continuing

discovery of previously unsuspected hazards from various chemicals and other substances

underscore the point. The environmental and human health effect of even those substances identified

for priority consideration.

Scientific developments have been a growing concern about the links between the health and

environment and worldwide industrial, land and resources management practices. Today there is a

growing concern for global scale environmental degradation brought by combinations of all people on

Manufacturing plants, agriculture production and other sources release pollutants into the air, water

and soil, pollutants are intentionally moved away through the management of waste including

residues removed from the air and water by pollution control equipment.

Pollutants also move among the media by changing into more, or less hazardous substances as they

move through environment. They may accumulate in sinks for long period of time and people often are

exposed to the same pollutant through the one medium by breathing air, drinking water, eating food or

absorbing it through skin.

Generally new industrial plants reduce less waste than older ones. One report estimates that new

factories cut the amount of hazardous waste to half. Dilution which increases the volume of waste, is

now more common than segregations.

Firms dilute waste to lower pollutant concentration for discharge into a sewage treatment plant or

directly into air or water, or to inject them more easily into deep wells. To save money, small

electroplating firms after mix their organic waste with those containing metals and cyanide before

dumping them in the sewer rather than treating them independently.

The sewage treatment plant can degrade the organic waste but the metal of cyanide accumulates in the

plants sludge. A cross media approach designed to avoid this problem might require the discharger to

segregate and treat separately the heavy metals and cyanide to prevent their release.

Once wastes are segregated, they are easy to recycle or treat. As a better understanding of nature and

extent of Cross media problem is gained, society will also find better ways to improve both the

effectiveness and efficiency of pollution control policies.

The word environment connotes the whole gamat of physical surroundings i.e. land, air and water

along with the biotic components (all living forms/which are responsible for the plant and animal

kingdom to survive and proferaterate Environmental segments are atmosphere, hydrosphere,

lithosphere and biosphere.

MEANING OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Ecosystem is a natural unit of living community (plants and animals) and non-living environment. The

biotic and abiotic community are constantly interacting and exchanging materials and energy between

themselves.

The life in an ecosystem depends upon the environment which provides energy in the form of sunlight

and nutrients for the living components of the ecosystem. Waste matter and energy produced by

human beings through, their irresponsible and wanting activities cause disturbance in the natural

environment or is the ecosystem is called environment pollution.

Environmental pollution is the result of increased production of waste products by the industries, rapid

urbanization, wanting and irresponsible. Harnessing of the natural resources as well as unplanned sewage

and waste disposal from industries and cities etc. Thus presence of any environment pollutant called

environment pollution.

Nature has provided the basic ingredients for living in abundance and whatever is used up during

normal course of living is recaptured through natural cycle. Any effort to disturb this process is termed

as Environment pollution.

In a homeostatic ecosystem there is a balance between the living organisms and the environment.

Disturbance in any component of the environment is likely to have a harmful effect on the ecosystem.

Any change in the environment which contributes to its deterioration is called pollution of the

environment and the agent which causes the pollution is called the pollutant.

This change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of our physical environment (air,

water and land) is undesirable and harms human life, other living organisms and cultural assets. The

resulting impact on the environment has been so massive with far-reaching consequences that the very

existence of life is threatened.

FACTOR AFFECTING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Some of the factors which are affecting environment and causes pollution are described below:

a. CONSEQUENCE OF POPULATION GROWTH - Population growth is one of the

prominent factors that affect the degradation of the environment. Earlier, pestilence and famine

kept the population under control, but with the development of chemical compounds to restore and

enhance the soil fertility, and with reduction in the death rate, there has been an explosive growth

in population with inevitable consequences.

This dramatic growth coupled with the development of cheap sources of energy like coal,

petroleum, natural gas etc., and industrial revolution has posed a grave threat to the environment

because earth is a finite system in which any further increase will be restricted by environmental

constraints.

Pollution increases not only because the people multiply and the space available to each person

becomes smaller but also because the demands per person are continuously increasing and each

throws away more and more every year. Pollutants are the residues of the things we make, use and

throw away.

An intimate relationship is found between human number (population) and environment. The

impact of any human group in environment can be conceptually resolved into three factors;

Pollution, Affluence i.e. material aspects of per capita consumption of goods and resources and

technology of production.

b. POLLUTION OF INDIAN LAKES - Among the surface water bodies, lakes and

Reservoirs are considered to be most valuable water resources. These surface water bodies are

currently under serious pollution threat not only in India but also globally considered to be an

important issue.

Over past couple of decades national and international programmes on lake water quality

assessment and their management in the perspective of conservation were attempted.

Considerable studies were made in Himalayan lakes of J & K (Dal & Nagin Lake), Kumaun

(Naimtal and Bhimtal Lake), Madhya Pradesh (Bhopal Lake), Odissa (Chilka Lake), Manipore

(Loktak Lake) and so on. In almost all cases lake water is highly polluted with silts,

agrochemicals, fertilizer, organic wastes and industrial discharges etc.

As a result, considerable biotic changes along with loss of productivity is noticed. In most of

limnological studies of the lake system thus revealed the fact that most of the lakes slowly

transformed into swampy marsh without any proper management for conservation. Since 1990s

there is a national lake conservation policy adopted by the Ministry of Environment and Forest,

Govt. of India.

The National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP) was initiated by the Ministry of Environment and

Forests in June 2001 with objectives to maintain the ecological health of lakes. Initially three lakes

are taken as a model for this programme. They are: Powai Lake (Maharashtra), Ooty and

Kodaikanal Lake (Tamil Nadu). Now about 49 lakes of 13 states have been considered for this

c. POLLUTANT - According to “The Indian Environment Protection Act 1980” a pollutant has

been defined as any solid, liquid or gaseous substance present in such concentration as may be or

tend to be injurious to environment.

Any substance present in the environment in such concentration which adversely effects the

environment by damaging the growth rate of a species and by interfering with the food chains, and

affects the health, comfort and property etc. is considered as a pollutant.

Smoke from industries and automobiles, domestic and commercial sewage, radioactive substances

from nuclear plants and discarded household articles (tins, bottles, broken crockery etc.) come

under the category of pollutants.

TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Pollution is of five mains types:

(a) Atmospheric or Air pollution

(b) Water pollution

(c) Land and soil pollution

(d) Noise pollution

(e) Radioactive pollution

(a) ATMOSPHERIC OR AIR POLLUTION - It is an atmospheric condition in which

Certain substances (including the normal constituents in excess) are present in concentrations which

can cause undesirable effects on man and his environment. These substances include gases, particulate

matter, radioactive substances etc.

Gaseous pollutants include oxides of sulphur (mostly SO2, SO3) oxides of nitrogen (mostly NO and

NO2 or NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (mostly hydrocarbons) etc.

Particulate pollutants include smoke, dust, soot, fumes, aerosols, liquid droplets, pollen grains etc.

Radioactive pollutants include radon-222, iodine-131, strontium 90, plutonium-239 etc.

(b) WATER POLLUTION - Water is one of the most important bio-logical components

That sustain life. Its great solvent power makes the creation of absolute pure water a theoretical

rather than a practical goal. Human population has the habit of dumping their wastes into water.

This has the effect of diluting the waste and getting it dispersed if it is a running water system.

The term “water quality” is infinitely related to water pollution. The water is said to be polluted when

it has more “negative” qualities than “positive” ones. Water quality refers to the physical, chemical

and biological characteristics of water. Thus, in simple words, we can say that polluted water is that

water which has been abused, defiled in some way, so that it is no longer fit for use.

Water pollution can be defined as “the presence of too much of undesirable substances in water which

tend todegrade the quality of water’s physical, chemical and biological characteristics, making it

unsuitable for beneficial use”.

(c) LAND AND SOIL POLLUTION - Soil is the loose mineral material and is the most

important component of the earth’s surface (lithosphere). It is the growth medium for many microbes,

plants and animals. The formation of soil is the result of chemical, physical and biological weathering.

Like air and water, soil is also subjected to pollution. Soil contains many microbes.

(d) NOISE POLLUTION - We hear various types of sounds every day. Sound is mechanical

energy from a vibrating source. A type of sound may be pleasant to someone and at the same

time unpleasant to others. The unpleasant and unwanted sound is called noise.

Sound can propagate through a medium like air, liquid or solid. Sound wave is a pressure perturbation

in the medium through which sound travels. Sound pressure alternately causes compression and

rarefaction. The number of compressions and rarefactions of the molecules of the medium (for

example air) in a unit time is described as frequency. It is expressed in Hertz (Hz) and is equal to the

number of cycles per second.

There is a wide range of sound pressures, which encounter human ear. Increase in sound pressure does

not invoke linear response of human ear. A meaningful logarithmic scale has been devised. The noise

measurements are expressed as Sound Pressure Level (SPL) which is logarithmic ratio of the sound

pressure to a reference pressure.

(e) RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION - The elements such as uranium, thorium etc. having

unstable nuclei emit radiations such as alpha, beta and gamma in nature to acquire stability.

These elements are called radioactive elements.

Some ordinary elements like zinc, calcium, chlorine etc. can be converted into radioactive by

bombardment with neutron or other particles. This bombardment is called disintegration and the

disintegration rate is measured in curie (Ci) named on the discoverer, of radioactive elements.

Curie = 3.7 × 1010 disintegrations/sec.

SOURCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

There are two main source of environmental pollution:-

i. Natural sources and

ii. Man-made source or anthropogenic sources.

NATURAL SOURCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

(a) Volcanic eruptions release gases and volcanic ash.

(b) Forest fires produce smoke and trace gases.

(c) Dust storms increase the wind – blown dust into the environment.

(d) Bacteria, spores, cysts and pollens are all natural pollutants.

(e) Decay of organic matter in marshy places releases marsh gas which is a light, colourless,

inflammable hydrocarbon.

MAN – MADE OR ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL

Anthropogenic source cover a wide spectrum of types as man has aggravated the problem of

pollution by his innumerable activities like,

(a) Domestic source

(b) Industries

(c) Agriculture activities

(d) Radioactive waste

(e) Thermal power stations

EFFECT OF POLLUTION ON ENVIRONMENT The term “environment” refers to the immediate surroundings in which man lives. It comprises of

living and non-living constituents that support life and sustain various human activities. Pollution

affects both the living as well as the non-living components of the environment.

It brings about drastic changes in the physical environment causing community wide problems by

polluting the air, water and land; adversely affecting the health of humans and animals, and damaging

plants and property. Besides there are effects of noise pollution and the hazards associated with radiation

As environmental stress on the human body increases, many medical scientists fear a terminal increase

in infectious disorders not only because of lower body resistance but because viruses and other disease

organisms will increasingly slip through water treatment and food processing plants as the quality of

water and food at the intake deteriorates.

Effect on plants, the adverse effects range from reduction in growth rate to death of the plant. The

damage caused to plants by pollution includes necrosis (dead areas on a leaf structure), chlorosis (loss

or reduction of chlorophyll leading to yellowing of leaf), epinasty (downward curvature of the leaf due

to higher rate of growth on the upper surface) and abscission of leaves (premature fall). Pollution also

causes deterioration of structural materials such asmarble and lime stone.

Pollution has been changed the atmospheric conditions. An average temperature has been increased

due to increase in pollution. Effects of pollution at international level are depletion of ozone layer,

global warming acid rain, rising sea level etc.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND CONTROL OF

Over population and pollution are potent ecological forces impinging upon man by affecting the

quality of the environment. All efforts aimed at bringing more and more people above the poverty line

actually increase the pressure on natural resources.

Careless management of natural resources is disrupting the ecological processes so much so that

earth’s life supporting capacity is being substantially threatened. Unmindful exploitation of the finite

resources of the biosphere has a severe ecological backlash because no development is sustainable

unless it is environmentally compatible.

Environmental compatibility demands that the economic and social development should be linked with

environmental management.

Articles 48.A and 51.A of our constitution provide for environmental protection.

According to the National Committee of Environment-Planning and

Coordination (NCEPC), the frame work for environmental protection aims at: i.

Control of environmental pollution

ii. Conservation of natural source

iii. Land management

iv. Development of non – polluting source of energy

v. Environmental education

vi. Environmental laws

Pollution is the burning of the day at the global level. A combined effort to control pollution has to be made

by all government agencies, technologists, industrialists, agriculturists and last but not the least the

common man.

An international conference on “Human Environments” was held at Stockholm in 1971, to emphasise the need

to control pollution. Several measures were recommended by the scientists participating in the conference,

i. The first step should be to identify those causes of pollution that have global implications, and to

devise protective measures to be adopted.

ii. The second step should be to find out the carrying capacity of the environment and reduce the

emission of the major sources of pollution.

iii. The third step should be to find a neutralizer for each type of pollutant. iv. The fourth step should

be to ensure that anti-pollution measures are adopted by all industries.

v. The fifth step should be the identification of areas where the cause of pollution is poverty and

lack of environmental education. Contamination of food and water are the basic causes of

pollution in such areas.

vi. Most important is initiation of adequate research to devise measures for controlling pollution.

Environmental monitoring is urgently required for controlling pollution.

This involves:

i. Careful scrutinisation of the environmental characteristics.

ii. Laying down the standards of environmental quality. iii. Regular

assessment of the abovementioned environmental characteristics.

iv. Keeping track of the changes in the environmental characteristics and educating people about the

changes due to these changes.

v. Devising measures to combat the menace of pollution.

vi. Enacting environmental laws and taking legal action against environmental offenders.

Efforts are required to the made by each individual to control pollution.

These efforts include:

i. Installation of proper sewage disposal methods.

ii. Dumping of non-biodegradable wastes in low lying areas. iii.

Installation of go bar gas plants in areas of high availability of

iv. Reduction of smoke emission and treatment of chimney smoke to remove solid carbon particles.

v. Judicious use of fertilisers, pesticides and detergents (Detergents of low-level phosphate content

are less harmful).

vi. Growing plants like Pyrus (apple), Pinus(chir) and Vitis (grapes) is advocated because of their

capability of metabolizing gaseous nitrogenous pollutants like nitrogen dioxide etc. and plants

like coleus, ficus (banyan) can fix Carbon monoxide.

Skilled personnel with know-how to tackle the problems arising from pollution and for devising

environmental pollution control measures are working in many institutions in India.

Important ones amongst them are:

i. National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur.

ii. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai.

iii. National Committee of Environmental Planning and Co-ordination (NCEPC), New Delhi. iv.

Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow.

v. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).

vi. Central Public Health Engineering Research Institute (CPHERI), Nagpur.

Scientists have rightly said that, ‘in the course of our progress from one age to another, we have simply

passed from a savage sewage’. What is important in the query – ‘Will there be any salvage’?

Factors Causing Pollution:

(i) Over population: Pollution increases with the population density. As the population increases

more burden is placed on the environment.

(ii) Urbanization: Shifting of population from rural to urban. A thickly populated area is the home of

large number of vehicles reservoir solid and liquid wastes with poor sanitary conditions and

many problems.

(iii) Industrialisation: Power generation, Vehicular.

(iv) Per capita income: Standard of living, goods and services demanded per person increased.

(v) Extent of recycling: Waste product is cleaned and reused pollution level is de- creased.

(vi) Technology: Efficient Engines provides less in pollution/wastes.

vii. Waste treatment : - cleaning of a air and water

viii. Ionic

ix. Deforestation

x. Water depletion

xi. Refrigeration

xii. Arosol

xiii. Radioactivity xiv. Volcanic eruption

xv. Strong wind xvi.

Forest fire xvii.

EFFECT OF POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH

Air pollution can cause death, impairment of health, reduce visibility, bring about vast economic losses

and contribute to the general deterioration. It can also cause intangible losses to historical monuments.

Minor symptoms include headaches, mucosal irritation (eye, nose, throat or respiratory discomfort).

Severe reaction can include nausea or asphyxiation and prolong exposure can lead to various system

effects of toxic poisoning or to cancer of the lungs or other organs.

i. Odour nuisance

ii. Increase in mortality rate

iii. Increase in mobility rate

iv. Asthmatic attack

v. Bronchitis

vi. Cardio vascular disesase

vii. Pulmonary disease

viii. Furosis ix. Motting of fat

x. Silicosis, asbestosis.

POLICY STATEMENT OF ABATEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL

i. PREAMBLE

The commitment of Government on abatement of pollution for preventing deterioration of the

environment is stated here. The policy elements seek to shift emphasis from defining objectives

for each problems area towards actual implementation, but the focus in on the long term, because

pollution particularly affects the poor.

The complexities are considerable given the number of industries, organisations and government

bodies involved. To achieve the objectives maximum use will be made of a mix of instruments

in the form of legislation and regulation, fiscal incentives, voluntary agreements, educational

programmes and information campaigns. The emphasis will be on increased use of regulations

and an increase in the development and application of financial incentives.

ii. THE PROBLEM

a. There is an increasing trend in environmental pollution. Water is polluted by four kinds of

substances: traditional organic waste generated from industrial processes, chemical agents for

fertilisers and pesticides for crop protection and silt from degraded catchments.

While it is estimated that three-fourths by volume of the waste water generated is from municipal

sources, industrial waste, though small in volume, contributes over one-half of the total pollutant

load, and the major portion of this is coming from large and medium industries. For class-I cities

of the Country, less than five percent of the total waste water generated is collected and less than

one-fourth of this treated.

b. Ambient air quality trends in the major cities indicate that levels of suspended particulate

matter are higher than the prescribed standards or limits, especially in summer months. Levels of

nitrogen dioxide are increasing in urban centres with growing emissions.

c. Environmental problems are becoming larger in scale. The chemical industry generates an

increasing quantity of substances every year; adversely affecting essential aspects of the

composition of the atmosphere, soil and water. In the industrial high density areas, in addition to

the effects on local health and impact on nature, we are confronted with damage to the social and

economic functions of the environment.

d. With restrictions on releases to air and waste water, hazardous chemical wastes are

getting diverted to land for their disposal.

Earlier concerns with pollution that was visible and degradable area giving way to new types of

pollution with very small quantities of synthetic chemicals that are not so visible and are

injurious to health and damage the environment because of widespread use, persistence and

toxicity. Reducing the hazards from toxic chemicals is now a primary public concern.

e. Human activities are also influencing the composition of the atmosphere. Despite

uncertainties and insufficient knowledge, political and scientific decisions concerning

environmental change will increasingly be necessary.

f. The state of the environment continues to deteriorate. The growth in scientific and

technical knowledge has made it possible to use an ever increasing quantum of natural resources.

The increase in population is further enhancing the pressure on the environment. The depletion

of forests has been accompanied by increasing amount of pollution affecting atmosphere, soil

and water. Some of the damage is irreversible.

In seeking a higher quality of life while developed countries need to focus on changing the

composition of their processes and products, developing countries will need to obtain the

benefits of economic growth.

The policy statement on Abatement of Pollution thus complements the Forest Policy Statement.

The Government seeks to ensure that its policies in every sector are based on a set of principles

that harmonise economic development and environmental imperatives.

iii. FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND OBJECTIVES

a. It is not enough for the Government to notify laws which are to be complied with. A

positive attitude on the part of everyone in society is essential for the prevention of pollution and

wide consultation has been held with those who will ultimately implement the policy.

b. A comprehensive approach is taken to integrate environmental and economic aspects in

development planning; stress is laid on preventive aspects for pollution abatement and

promotion of technological inputs to reduce industrial pollutants; and through reliance upon

public cooperation is securing a clean environment to respond to the coming challenges.

c. The objective is to integrate environmental considerations into decision making at all

To achieve this steps have to be taken to :-

a. Prevent pollution at source;

b. Encourage, develop and apply the best available practicable technical solutions;

c. Ensure that the polluter pays for the pollution and control arrangements;

d. Focus protection on heavily polluted areas and river stretches; and

e. Involve the public in decision making.

iv. CRITICALLY POLLUTED AREAS

a. Mechanisms will be evolved to reduce local concentration of pollutants in complex

industrial sites. Strategies will be developed for areas with high pollution loads where the

accumulative effect of the various types of pollutants would be taken into account including

pollution of ground water.

Existing units in these areas will be targeted for effective action. New units in these areas will be

required to comply with location specific standards for stringent environmental quality

objectives. These will include matching waste generators with waste buyers, with the objective

of solving waste disposal.

b. Setting up of industrial estates, and clusters of small industrial units in rural areas, will

include pollution abatement measures as an essential component of infrastructure. In the past, the

absence of adequate provision of space for installing treatment facilities and arrangements for

disposal of wastes has led to severe pollution of agricultural land and rivers.

c. There has been a steady increase in the amount of waste water produced from urban

communities and industries. In the coming years, due to rapid growth in population,

urbanisation, industrial development and better water supply, the amount of waste water may

increase manifold.

Generally, these waters are discharged into lagoons or dumped on low lying areas without any

pre-treatment, thereby creating sewage pools, contaminating ground waters, salinizing good

quality lands around cities, acting as a source of foul smell and breeding grounds for mosquitoes

and other pathogens. At many places this waste water is discharged into drains and rivers

causing serious water pollution.

However, awareness has now grown and more attention is being paid to develop systems to treat

sewage waters. For a country like India, conventional treatment plants are costly. In fact, these

are beyond the financial means of many small towns.

Biological waste water treatment, on land disposal using suitable vegetative cover and resource

recovery technologies cannot only be attractive alternative, but also economical, safe and

socially acceptable.

d. Mining operations will not ordinarily be taken up in ecologically fragile areas. Every

mining project shall be accompanied by a mining plan, including an environmental management

plan and time bound reclamation programme for controlling the environmental damage and for

restoration of mined areas.

v. ASSISTANCE FOR ADOPTION OF CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES BY SMALL SCALE

a. Small scale industries are special feature of our economy. Government are

implementing a scheme for providing assistance for promoting combined facilities for

treatment of effluents and solid wastes generated in clusters of small scale units. This

scheme will be extended to provide necessary technical support as well.

b. While the large and medium industrial units will remain totally responsible for

control of their pollution, assistance will be provided to small-scale industrial units,

particularly those located in rural areas, to aid the implementation of pollution control

measures. This will be achieved by promoting development and adoption of cleaner

technologies, including environmentally friendly biotechnology.

vi. STANDARDS

a. The present standards are based on the concentration of pollutants in effluents and

in emissions. The norms will be revised to lay down mass-based standards, which will set

specific limits to encourage the minimisation of waste, promote recycling and reuse of

materials, as well as conservation of natural resources, particularly water.

Since the standards will be source related, they will require for the most polluting industrial

processes, particularly those using toxic substances, application of the best available

technological solutions, and also be an instrument for technological upgradation.

b. To act against potential problems in the future, new units will have to conform to

stricter standards. They will need to select technologies that produce no or low quantities of

wastes and recycle or reuse waste products. Progressively, more strict vehicle emission

standards will also be evolved to deal with environmental hazards caused by vehicular

c. Standards will not merely be a regulatory tool but will be mechanism to promote

technological up-gradation to prevent pollution, conserve resource and regulate waste. For

this purpose codes of practice and guidelines will be evolved for specific processes.

d. The environmental effects, from production to disposal of products that are

hazardous and toxic will be taken into account in the regulations. Chemicals will be reviewed

according to the level of risk, and where safer alternatives have become available,

restrictions will be imposed.

Regulations for liability and compensation for damages will supplement standards, to

promote greater care and caution, particularly in the management of hazardous waste and

remedial action in case of contamination of soil and ground water.

vii. FISCAL MEASURES

a. While regulatory measures remain essential for the effectiveness of the policy, new

approaches for considering market choices will be introduced. The aim is to give industries

and consumers clear signals about the cost of using environmental and natural resources. The

expectation is that market-oriented price mechanisms will influence behaviour to avoid

excessive use of natural resources.

b. There are at present several fiscal incentives for installation of pollution control

equipment and for shifting polluting industries from congested areas. The items for which

excise and customs rebate are allowed will be reviewed. This will stimulated the

advancement of abatement technologies and create increased demands for the products.

c. Economic instruments will be investigated to encourage the shift from curative to

preventive measures, internalise the costs of pollution and conserve resources, particularly

water. A direct economic signal is offered by an effluent charge based on the nature and

volume of releases to the environment.

The level will be based on the cost of treatment and the flow discharged, in order to provide

an incentive to set up treatment plants. The scope of the charges will also be extended to

emission and solid waste. Charges provide a continuing incentive towards optimal releases.

d. These instruments will also have a distributive effect as the revenues will be used for

enforcement, collective treatment facilities, research and promoting new investment.

e. The precise choice of economic instruments adopted will be determined by the ease

with which releases can be measured, as well as prospective changes in technology and

market structures. To deal with the range of pollution problems a mix of regulatory and

economic measures will be adopted.

viii. INTEGRATION

a. Critical policy areas for control of pollution come under different departments and levels

of Government. Sectoral Ministries, State Governments, local bodies and agencies responsible

for planning and implementation of development projects will be required to integrate

environmental concerns more effectively in all policy areas.

Local authorities play a key role in abatement of pollution and environmental concerns need to

be built into the way they operated. Steps will have to be taken to strengthen governmental and

institutional structures dealing with environmental management, especially within the ministries

dealing with the sectors of energy, industry, water resources, transport and agriculture and who

would develop specific programmes in regard to pollution prevention.

b. Policy making, legislation and law enforcement influence each other. The increase in the

number of regulations increases difficulties in enforcement. Legislation regulating particular

activities will be amended to incorporate and eliminate clashes with environmental criteria.

Traditional instruments for monitoring of compliance and investigation of offences are becoming

overburdened. An integrated overview and organisational structure for decentralised

environment impact assessments and environmental law enforcement based on cooperation with

local authorities will be sought.

c. While pollution from specific sources including towns and industries have been

addressed, non-point pollution from run-off of agricultural inputs such as pesticides, insecticides,

fertilisers, etc. has not been dealt with. This is gaining increasing proportions, which is polluting

not only our water bodies but even sub-soil water resources and would affect the health of

human beings.

A long-term policy for pesticides use, including the introduction of environmentally acceptable

pesticides, particularly bio-pesticides and no persistent biodegradable ones, and integrated pest

management together with the phasing out of the proven harmful toxic and persistent ones,

would be formulated in collaboration with the concerned Ministries and infrastructure involved

for its effective implementation. A similar policy for fertiliser use will also need to be

formulated.

d. Plant and vegetation in general play avital role in controlling pollution by regulating the

climate and atmospheric equilibrium, protecting the soil and maintaining the hydrological

regime. Hence, existing forests and natural vegetation should be fully protected.

The forest and vegetal cover should be restored and increased wherever possible, especially on

hill slopes, in catchment areas of rivers, lakes and reservoirs, ocean shores, semiarid and arid

tracts, in around urban centres and industrial establishments.

It is necessary to encourage the planting of trees alongside roads, rail lines, canals and on other

unutilized lands under State/corporate, institutional or private ownership. Green belts should be

raised in urban and industrial areas as well as in arid tracts. Such a programme will also check

erosion, desertification as well as improve the microclimate.

e. The Annual Administration Reports of the Ministries will and the action taken to follow

up the policy statement, and other environmental initiatives they have taken or are proposing.

ix. ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT

Industrial concerns and local bodies should feel that they have a responsibility for

abatement of pollution. The procedure of an environmental statement will be introduced in

local bodies, statutory authorities and public limited companies to evaluate the effect of

their policies, operations and activities on the environment, particularly compliance with

standards and the generation and recycling of waste.

An annual statement will help in identifying and focusing attention on areas of concern,

practices that need to be changed and plans to deal with adverse effects. This will be

extended to an environmental audit. The measures will provide better information to the

x. ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS

. Authoritative statistical data on the environment is vital for Developmental decision

making. Resource accounting will be used to give an idea how economic policies are

affecting the environment. Current economic accounts are concerned mainly with the volume

of economic activity; they ignore expenditures to protect the environment and encourage

inefficient use of resources.

The collection and integration of environmental, economic and health data will be done to

determine the status and to develop a concise set of environmental indicators for monitoring

the effects of pollution. Information and access to the public are essential so that everyone

knows what is happening to the environment.

xi. PUBLIC PARTNERSHIP

a. The public must be made aware in order to be able to make informed choices. A high

governmental priority will be to educate citizens about environmental risks, the economic and

health dangers of resource degradation and the real cost of natural resources. Information

about the environment will be published periodically.

Affected citizens and non-governmental organisations play a role in environmental monitoring

and therefore allowing them to supplement the regulatory system and recognising their

expertise where such exists and their commitments and vigilance, will also be cost effective.

Access to information to enable public monitoring of environmental concerns, will be

provided for.

b. Public interest litigation has successfully demonstrated that responsible non-

governmental organisations and public spirited individuals can bring about signify- cant

pressure on polluting units for adopting abatement measures. This commitment and expertise

will be encouraged and their practical work supported.

c. Householders, as consumers, make large number of relatively small individual

contributions, whose cumulative effect is considerable. A system of certification of goods that

are “environmentally friendly” will be set up to make available information to encourage

environmental consciousness amongst consumers.

This advice; will also encourage manufacturers to produce goods that are environmentally

more friendly as well as encourage recycling and adequate waste management. Consumer

awareness would also be encouraged by involvement of consumer organisations in

cooperative testing, and dissemination of information relating to environmental friendliness

of these products.

d. As the present system of jurisprudence does not provide for compensation to

individuals for environmental damage, including effects on health and environmental damage

caused by pollution, it is proposed to set up special legal institutions to redress this deficiency

and also make adequate arrangements for interim relief.

e. Greater emphasis will be placed on promoting awareness, undertaking and competence

in schools, colleges, and training institutions. Professional and nongovernmental bodies will

be encouraged to be more active in environmental training and building awareness.

f. Society has accepted many practices which cause pollution. Reckless use of

loudspeakers, dumping in water bodies, and scattering of wastes are common. Noise nuisance

requires specific devices as well as greater consideration for neighbours and there is growing

concern that litter has increased in recent years. Social action in these matters by voluntary

organisations and individuals will be promoted through knowledge, education, training camps

and public information campaigns.

g. This statement is based on considerations of effectiveness, efficiency and availability

of financial resources. The responsibility for abatement of pollution is not a duty of the

Government alone, it is an obligation on all. The approach mentioned above should indicate

how everyone can help in achieving a safe and environmentally appropriate environment in

our country.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION PREVENTION

Pollution is the creation of imbalances between nature and environment life cycle by human beings

and other living inhabitants on the earth due to their day to day input output activities carrying

unhealthy surrounding, deforestation, and ecological degradation. Soil erosion, depletion of natural

resources creation of industries slumps and ugly dwellings.

a. Maximum feasibility reduction of all wastes generated at production sites.

b. Source reduction, energy efficiency, reuse of input materials during production and reduced

water consumption.

c. Change products and production processes to reduce pollution at the source.

We can conclude that there is difference between the theoretical and practical work done. As the

scope of understanding will be much more when practical work is done. As we get more knowledge

in such a situation where we have great experience doing the practical work.

1. www.google.com

2. www.wikepidea.com

3. www.freefoto.com

4. www.environmentalscience.org

Environmental Pollution

EnvironmEntal Pollution PrevEntionpdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnabs994.pdf · A Report of the Office of ... training and small scale ... Environmental Pollution Prevention Project (EP3)

Environmental Studies Project on Water Pollution

6.0 POLLUTION SOURCES, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 6.1 P …...6.0 POLLUTION SOURCES, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 6.1 POLLUTION SOURCES The proposed project has the potential to generate pollution

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

environmental pollution, water pollution , air pollution

Orange line train project impact in environmental pollution