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Conversational Style Writing Examples

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When it comes to writing, you can adopt a few different styles. While some prefer a more formal, scholarly tone, others enjoy adopting a more conversational style writing approach. This type of writing is less rigid and allows for a bit more personality.

If you’re unsure which style is right for you, or if you’re looking to switch things up, read on for some examples of conversational writing from famous authors. You might just find that this style is perfect for your voice!

What is Conversational Writing?

Conversational writing is defined as a style of writing that mimics everyday speech. It is less formal than other types of writing, such as academic or business writing. Sentences are shorter and simpler, and there is often more use of contractions. This type of writing can also include slang or colloquialisms.

Conversational writing is often used in blog posts, articles, and even some novels. It is a way to connect with the reader and make them feel like they are part of a conversation. This writing style can be tricky to master, but once you get the hang of it, it will become second nature.

Conversational Writing vs. Formal Writing

There is a big difference between conversational writing and formal writing. Formal writing is much more rigid and adheres to specific rules and guidelines. Sentences are usually longer, and there is less use of contractions. This type of writing is often used for academic papers or business documents.

Conversational writing, on the other hand, is less formal and more relaxed. It sounds like someone talking to you rather than a written document. This type of writing is often used for blog posts, articles, or even novels.

For example, let’s compare the opening lines of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice with J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye.

Pride and Prejudice:

It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. ( source )

The Catcher in the Rye:

If you want to hear about it, the first thing you’ll probably want to know is where I was born, what my lousy childhood was like, how my parents were occupied and all before they had me, and all that David Copperfield kind of crap, but I don’t feel like going into it, if you want to know the truth. ( source )

As you can see, the two openings are very different. Austen’s opening is formal and sounds like something you would read in a textbook. Salinger’s opening, on the other hand, is much more conversational. It sounds like someone talking to you, which makes it more relatable and easier to read.

4 Famous Examples of Conversational Writing

1. Ernest Hemingway

Ernest Hemingway was known for his short, concise sentences. He was a master of the art of conciseness, and his writing style reflects that. His novels are often gritty and realistic, likely due to his experience as a war correspondent.

2. Maya Angelou

Maya Angelou was a highly respected author, poet, and civil rights, activist. Her writing is often personal and reflective, and she often writes about her life experiences. She has written numerous books, including her autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.

3. Mark Twain

Mark Twain is one of the most famous American authors, and his writing style is highly conversational. He often wrote about his life experiences, and his novels are known for their humor and wit. Twain is best known for his novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

4. J.D. Salinger

J.D. Salinger is the author of The Catcher in the Rye, one of the most famous American novels. The novel follows the life of Holden Caulfield, a teenager struggling to find his place in the world. The novel is written in a highly conversational style, and it sounds like Holden is talking to the reader.

Conversational style in Business Communication

Business communication has become more informal over the years. This is likely due to the increasing use of email and other electronic communication, which lends itself to a more informal style.

However, some business communications still require a more formal style. For example, a cover letter for a job application should be more formal than an email to a colleague.

When in doubt, err on the side of formality. It is better to be too formal than too informal in a business setting.

Here are some tips for writing in a more conversational style:

1. Use contractions

Contractions are shortened forms of words, such as “don’t” for “do not.” Using contractions in your writing can make it sound more conversational.

2. Use first-person pronouns

First-person pronouns such as “I,” “me,” and “we” are often used in conversation. Using them in your writing can make it sound more like a conversation.

3. Use active voice

Active voice is when the subject of the sentence is doing the action. For example, “I am writing a paper.” Passive voice is when the subject is being acted upon. For example, “The paper is being written by me.” Active voice is more common in conversation, so using it in your writing can make it sound more conversational.

4. Use simple language

Simple language is easier to understand and is more common in conversation. Using simple language in your writing can make it sound more like a conversation.

5. Use short sentences

Short sentences are easier to understand and are more common in conversation. Using short sentences in your writing can make it sound more like a conversation.

Conversational style writing is more common in today’s world of communication. Using some tips above, you can make your writing sound more like a conversation.

How to Write a Personal Narrative [in 10 Easy Steps]

How to develop a character in 7 easy steps.

When it comes to writing, Willow Tenny is a true pro. She has a wealth of experience in SEO copywriting and creative writing, and she knows exactly what it takes to produce quality content. On her blog, Willow Writes, Willow shares top writing strategies with both beginners and experienced writers.

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Your high school teacher probably taught you a lot of rules about essay writing. There’s a reason, however, that the essays you wrote in high school probably aren’t very interesting, and it’s not only because they’re mostly about Shakespeare. It’s because they’re written in a formal style. To inject some interest into your essays by writing them in a conversational style -- for the right audience, at the right time -- you may end up breaking a few of the rules your English teacher taught you. Just be sure to match the right tone to the assignment.

Address the Reader

Talk to the reader as if you’re actually talking to the reader. Speak for yourself as the narrator. Instead of writing, “One might argue,” say “I argue.” Instead of writing, “It appears to be the case that the globe is warming,” say, “It looks like the earth’s getting hotter.” This will help bring your reader into the essay with you, and it will give her the sense that she knows you.

Use Contractions

There’s nothing wrong with contractions. They help us take linguistic shortcuts by combining words, which is why we use them all them all the time in daily life. So it’s important to use them in a conversational essay. You don’t want to sound like Data the robot from "Star Trek" -- you want to sound like a real human being. Real human beings say “don’t,” “haven’t,” “let’s” and “I’m,” so use those words when you’re trying to maintain a conversational tone.

Use Interesting Language

Dry language sounds academic to readers, and that can be off-putting. They’ll probably be tempted to flip the page when they read, “The earth’s temperature has risen rather dramatically over the duration of nine years.” On the other hand, they’ll want to hear more of what you have to say when you make a statement like, “The past decade’s been a scorcher.” To keep a reader interested, use language that evokes emotions from your reader.

Use Anecdotes

A writer can use many tools to convince a reader of his position. Quantitative data is an important tool. But stories are important, too, and often they’re more effective. Numbers can never paint a picture as clearly as a well-placed personal anecdote can, and by sharing stories with your reader, you can be both persuasive and interesting.

• Diane Burns: MBA Admissions: Anecdotal Essays

Living in Canada, Andrew Aarons has been writing professionally since 2003. He holds a Bachelor of Arts in English literature from the University of Ottawa, where he served as a writer and editor for the university newspaper. Aarons is also a certified computer-support technician.

How to Write Objectives in Papers

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How to Write an Essay in Conversation Style

How to Determine the Tone of an Essay

Conversational essays are intended to engage the reader and draw them in more than a more formal essay would. The stylistic choices that writers use ultimately determine the level of formality of an essay. Narrative essays tend to be more conversational in style because they generally include personal anecdotes and are usually written in first person point of view, naturally giving them a more conversational tone.

Word Choice

An author’s choice of words greatly affects an essay’s style. It helps to use simple words when creating a conversational style, as if you are speaking directly to the reader. Colloquial phrases almost never appear in a formal essay, but they can be used to great effect to create a conversational tone in a narrative essay. For example, if you are writing about what makes a great teacher and you wanted to say that long lectures are boring, in a conversational essay you can start out using a colloquialism. For example, "Classes where the teacher drones on forever aren't much fun, and students lose interest quickly." In a formal essay, a similar sentiment might read, "Teachers who only lecture aren't as effective as teachers who provide engaging activities for the students."

Point of View

Using a first person point of view is another way to create a conversational tone in an essay, especially narrative essays, because it gives the tone of the essay a more relaxed and conversational feel. For example, a first person account of your favorite teacher will give an essay a more conversational feel than if you are writing a more distanced third person account of teachers in general. A conversational essay feels more immediate and personal, and a first person point of view helps provide that sense of immediacy. Readers will feel that you are speaking directly to them instead of to the audience at large.

Rhetorical Questions

Asking readers rhetorical questions often engages them by creating a “dialogue” in the minds of the readers. As they read and mentally respond to the questions you pose, they become part of a conversation with you, the author of the essay. This mental engagement helps create a more conversational style.

Inserting humor into an essay also lightens the formality of the rigid essay structure. Whether it’s a humorous introduction or a sprinkling of witty but relevant remarks throughout the essay, using humor creates a more conversational tone in an essay. Humor shortens the emotional distance between people and encourages dialogue. This makes an essay more conversational because readers feel like they are a part of the writing and not just spectators. But, be careful not to overdo the humor as too much or too overt humor can take your essay from conversational to frivolous and silly.

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• Writers Digest: Crafting a First-Person Essay
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Stacy Alleyne is a certified English teacher with a BA in English and graduate work in English, education, journalism and law. She has written numerous articles and her own dining column for the "Gazette."

Chapter 11: Editing and Evolving the Thesis and Outline

Starting a Conversation with Your Sources

As promised in Chapter 10, we will now address how to incorporate multiple sources, and indeed we’ve already practiced this strategy in building our argument/developing our three-storey thesis.

Incorporating multiple sources and getting them into conversation is the practice of using your sources to lay down building blocks or a framework within which to read your topic, or an aspect of it, and eventually develop your own ideas about it. It is useful as a scaffold upon which to build your argument. While you may agree or disagree with one or the other source, the point here is to actively use them in dialogue with each other to draw out a point you want to make about your reading of the primary source. You might reference points of similarity between them and the significance of differences in their arguments, but always with intention to draw some conclusion from this interaction about your reading and understanding of your topic. You might also consider how one source’s ideas respond to and qualify the ideas or claims of your other source. Your role then becomes to clarify their positions and moderate the conversation with the intent of eventually coming to a new perspective or new insight. A word of caution: always be clear regarding what source you are using and whose ideas you are referencing. Also be clear about what ideas belong to your sources and what ideas are your own.

Let’s look at an example. In Chapter 10, we already engaged in a conversation with McCosker and Johns’ article. We will now use that source in conjunction with Rambukanna and get these two talking to each other.

Similar to McCosker and Johns in “Productive Provocations: Vitrolic Media, Spaces of Protest and Agonistic Outrage in the 2011 England Riots,” Rambukanna examines online political spaces and the way they “do politics.” He notes that interactions in these online communities are both difficult and challenging and yet possibly constructive in effecting political or social change. He argues that online communities are often “angry” public spaces where committed and impassioned citizens engage in political discourses that are “flawed and messy.” Despite these challenging interactions, however, these communities have the potential to “crack[…] open stable systems of meaning-making.” In other words, it is precisely their frustration and rage that can be harnessed and directed toward disrupting the status quo. Without constructive conflict, activism becomes too insular.

Furthermore, Rambukanna, illustrates via the race-activist #RaceFail how participating in angry exchanges or “‘un-fix[ing] staid communication patterns” leads to disrupting or changing social systems (in this case, actively increasing awareness of race issues in the SFF sphere, leading to publishers actively seeking authors of colour as well as to the publications of anthologies and conferences dedicated to race issues in sci-fi and fantasy). For the most part, McCosker and Johns would agree with Rambukanna, as they too argue that “excesses of emotion and acts of often aggressive provocation” are “paramount” in civic and political engagement. McCosker and Johns also make it clear that passion and provocation are in fact productive because they prevent the very “disaffection” or disillusionment that can lead to violence. Online communities are the public forums and outlets that give the disenfranchised a voice before their frustrations turn destructive. For McCosker and Johns, this is their civil function or utility. Yet neither Rambukanna nor McCosker and Johns address the very real and alternative possibility that an excess of online rage (and cyberbullying) might also lead to a total breakdown of communication, increased insularity or entrenched viewpoints and offline violence. Some restraint and sensibility are also necessary in public debates on online communication forums.

In short, in light of the above research, the heated and passionate exchanges on the Occupy Wall Street Facebook page, even those that seem off topic or hostile, have the potential to lead to political activism so long as these disruptive voices are judiciously addressed or engaged and made relevant so their seemingly unrelated or acrimonious comments lead to constructive change and not violence. While it may not be possible to reach consensus in democratic spaces and open forums, like the Occupy Wall Street page, marginal voices must have an outlet and cannot be ignored, if such public spaces are to be considered democratic spaces and function as political tools.

Write Here, Right Now: An Interactive Introduction to Academic Writing and Research Copyright © 2018 by Ryerson University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Describing and Explaining a Scholarly Conversation

Introduction

Entering into a conversation of any kind can be tricky if you are new to a group of people, topic, or even the tone of the conversation. If you don’t pause and listen to what people are saying for a moment before speaking, you can repeat something someone else has said, come across as speaking in bad faith, or strike up the wrong tone entirely. The same is true for engaging with a conversation within an academic discipline or topic of scholarship. To become a member of their scholarly community and enter the conversation, you may need to spend some time catching up on what people have said before you. While deciding when you have listened or read enough is going vary from topic to topic and assignment to assignment, the research process utilizes many concrete techniques and practices that can help you reach those goals. In this section of readings, you will read about some of those techniques and how they can serve you as a researcher and writer.

Questions and Arguments

Research is often described as a linear process, but it is often anything but. While there are recognizable phases and strategies, in extended research projects you can often find yourself doing certain tasks repeatedly, adjusting the scope of your research, changing your terms, or even discovering a related but functionally new topic that interests you more. In many ways, this makes sense because what we know can teach us what to ask. If you learn a lot about particle physics, for example, you begin to see what we don’t know and what would merit further study. “Listening” to the conversation doesn’t just teach you more about what to say, but also about how to listen even better.

Often our understanding of a topic starts broad and digs down into a particular group of ideas or applications, which is how some broad disciplines like engineering have vastly different subfields that deal with aerodynamics, construction, efficiency, computer software and hardware, chemicals, and many other areas. Our understanding of how manipulate and craft the world around us may have begun with general concerns, but the more we learned about the world, the more specific our questions have become. A computer engineer may spend the majority of their time examining how sound signals are processed and transmitted and may never even examine the particular chemical makeup of a pesticide that targets certain species but is virtually harmless to others, and yet both of those concerns fall under the umbrella of engineering. Similarly a historian who studies ancient Persia may never spend meaningful time considering the cultural impact of TikTok and other social media apps, but both topic could be considered to be part of the humanities or even the social sciences. In a similar way, your understanding of a concept may start off very broad, and so your initial questions about that topic may start equally broad, but as you learn more and gain a deeper understanding of a topic, your questions will change and become far more specific. Your questions will evolve from learning the definitions of terms and concepts to applying those terms to situations to test them out. So while early on in your research, you may have broad questions, if you allow these questions to evolve and change as you learn more and more about a topic, you will find your ability to research the topic improve as you go.

Similarly, when you are looking for a stance or argument to make on a topic for an assignment, you may find this stance evolve as you learn more about a topic. A topic that had initially seemed extremely simple to you at first may grow more and more complex as you delve into the research, which will likely make your argument more specific and granular. Or, alternatively, a topic which seemed hopelessly complicated may become much simpler to you as the true point of controversy becomes clear in the midst of a large and messy conversation. Or your argument may change in a dozen other ways. Regardless, allowing your stance to change along with your questions will not only help you better understand your topic, it will also help you better explain your perspective.

While research can be a tedious process, the goal is not simply to prove you deserve to speak about a topic, but to understand your topic as clearly as you can. By cultivating a deep understanding of a topic, you are better equipped to describe and demonstrate your stance on that topic. If someone is explaining why a business regulation should be stronger but they can’t clearly explain the details of the regulation, it is more difficult to follow the point they are making even if it is a good one. They may be completely right, but having as deep a knowledge about the regulations surrounding this business will help them select the best information to share and focus on the most important points of the conversation. While research can build your credibility as a writer, its greatest power is in how it builds your ability to write in the first place.

Engaging with research can do a lot of things for us as writers, learners, and people. Not only does it allow us to better understand the world around us, it also helps us to better position ourselves within that world and decide what we want to do about it. Not every research project may change your mind in a deep way, but every research project is an opportunity to better understand the world and yourself as a part of that world, and the readings that follow should help provide you with tools to do just that.

Writing Spaces at Oklahoma State University Copyright © 2023 by Dr. Joshua Daniel; Dr. Kathy Essmiller; Mark DiFrusio; Natasha Tinsley; Dr. Josiah Meints; Dr. Courtney Lund O'Neil; Dane Howard; and Roseanna Recchia is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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• How to write an argumentative essay | Examples & tips

How to Write an Argumentative Essay | Examples & Tips

Published on July 24, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on July 23, 2023.

An argumentative essay expresses an extended argument for a particular thesis statement . The author takes a clearly defined stance on their subject and builds up an evidence-based case for it.

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Table of contents

When do you write an argumentative essay, approaches to argumentative essays, introducing your argument, the body: developing your argument, concluding your argument, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about argumentative essays.

You might be assigned an argumentative essay as a writing exercise in high school or in a composition class. The prompt will often ask you to argue for one of two positions, and may include terms like “argue” or “argument.” It will frequently take the form of a question.

The prompt may also be more open-ended in terms of the possible arguments you could make.

Argumentative writing at college level

At university, the vast majority of essays or papers you write will involve some form of argumentation. For example, both rhetorical analysis and literary analysis essays involve making arguments about texts.

In this context, you won’t necessarily be told to write an argumentative essay—but making an evidence-based argument is an essential goal of most academic writing, and this should be your default approach unless you’re told otherwise.

Examples of argumentative essay prompts

At a university level, all the prompts below imply an argumentative essay as the appropriate response.

Your research should lead you to develop a specific position on the topic. The essay then argues for that position and aims to convince the reader by presenting your evidence, evaluation and analysis.

• Don’t just list all the effects you can think of.
• Do develop a focused argument about the overall effect and why it matters, backed up by evidence from sources.
• Don’t just provide a selection of data on the measures’ effectiveness.
• Do build up your own argument about which kinds of measures have been most or least effective, and why.
• Don’t just analyze a random selection of doppelgänger characters.
• Do form an argument about specific texts, comparing and contrasting how they express their thematic concerns through doppelgänger characters.

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An argumentative essay should be objective in its approach; your arguments should rely on logic and evidence, not on exaggeration or appeals to emotion.

There are many possible approaches to argumentative essays, but there are two common models that can help you start outlining your arguments: The Toulmin model and the Rogerian model.

Toulmin arguments

The Toulmin model consists of four steps, which may be repeated as many times as necessary for the argument:

• Make a claim
• Provide the grounds (evidence) for the claim
• Explain the warrant (how the grounds support the claim)
• Discuss possible rebuttals to the claim, identifying the limits of the argument and showing that you have considered alternative perspectives

The Toulmin model is a common approach in academic essays. You don’t have to use these specific terms (grounds, warrants, rebuttals), but establishing a clear connection between your claims and the evidence supporting them is crucial in an argumentative essay.

Say you’re making an argument about the effectiveness of workplace anti-discrimination measures. You might:

• Claim that unconscious bias training does not have the desired results, and resources would be better spent on other approaches
• Cite data to support your claim
• Explain how the data indicates that the method is ineffective
• Anticipate objections to your claim based on other data, indicating whether these objections are valid, and if not, why not.

Rogerian arguments

The Rogerian model also consists of four steps you might repeat throughout your essay:

• Discuss what the opposing position gets right and why people might hold this position
• Highlight the problems with this position
• Present your own position , showing how it addresses these problems
• Suggest a possible compromise —what elements of your position would proponents of the opposing position benefit from adopting?

This model builds up a clear picture of both sides of an argument and seeks a compromise. It is particularly useful when people tend to disagree strongly on the issue discussed, allowing you to approach opposing arguments in good faith.

Say you want to argue that the internet has had a positive impact on education. You might:

• Acknowledge that students rely too much on websites like Wikipedia
• Argue that teachers view Wikipedia as more unreliable than it really is
• Suggest that Wikipedia’s system of citations can actually teach students about referencing
• Suggest critical engagement with Wikipedia as a possible assignment for teachers who are skeptical of its usefulness.

You don’t necessarily have to pick one of these models—you may even use elements of both in different parts of your essay—but it’s worth considering them if you struggle to structure your arguments.

Regardless of which approach you take, your essay should always be structured using an introduction , a body , and a conclusion .

Like other academic essays, an argumentative essay begins with an introduction . The introduction serves to capture the reader’s interest, provide background information, present your thesis statement , and (in longer essays) to summarize the structure of the body.

Hover over different parts of the example below to see how a typical introduction works.

The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education. The use of the internet in academic contexts is on the rise, and its role in learning is hotly debated. For many teachers who did not grow up with this technology, its effects seem alarming and potentially harmful. This concern, while understandable, is misguided. The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its critical benefits for students and educators—as a uniquely comprehensive and accessible information source; a means of exposure to and engagement with different perspectives; and a highly flexible learning environment.

The body of an argumentative essay is where you develop your arguments in detail. Here you’ll present evidence, analysis, and reasoning to convince the reader that your thesis statement is true.

In the standard five-paragraph format for short essays, the body takes up three of your five paragraphs. In longer essays, it will be more paragraphs, and might be divided into sections with headings.

Each paragraph covers its own topic, introduced with a topic sentence . Each of these topics must contribute to your overall argument; don’t include irrelevant information.

This example paragraph takes a Rogerian approach: It first acknowledges the merits of the opposing position and then highlights problems with that position.

Hover over different parts of the example to see how a body paragraph is constructed.

A common frustration for teachers is students’ use of Wikipedia as a source in their writing. Its prevalence among students is not exaggerated; a survey found that the vast majority of the students surveyed used Wikipedia (Head & Eisenberg, 2010). An article in The Guardian stresses a common objection to its use: “a reliance on Wikipedia can discourage students from engaging with genuine academic writing” (Coomer, 2013). Teachers are clearly not mistaken in viewing Wikipedia usage as ubiquitous among their students; but the claim that it discourages engagement with academic sources requires further investigation. This point is treated as self-evident by many teachers, but Wikipedia itself explicitly encourages students to look into other sources. Its articles often provide references to academic publications and include warning notes where citations are missing; the site’s own guidelines for research make clear that it should be used as a starting point, emphasizing that users should always “read the references and check whether they really do support what the article says” (“Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia,” 2020). Indeed, for many students, Wikipedia is their first encounter with the concepts of citation and referencing. The use of Wikipedia therefore has a positive side that merits deeper consideration than it often receives.

An argumentative essay ends with a conclusion that summarizes and reflects on the arguments made in the body.

No new arguments or evidence appear here, but in longer essays you may discuss the strengths and weaknesses of your argument and suggest topics for future research. In all conclusions, you should stress the relevance and importance of your argument.

Hover over the following example to see the typical elements of a conclusion.

The internet has had a major positive impact on the world of education; occasional pitfalls aside, its value is evident in numerous applications. The future of teaching lies in the possibilities the internet opens up for communication, research, and interactivity. As the popularity of distance learning shows, students value the flexibility and accessibility offered by digital education, and educators should fully embrace these advantages. The internet’s dangers, real and imaginary, have been documented exhaustively by skeptics, but the internet is here to stay; it is time to focus seriously on its potential for good.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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An argumentative essay tends to be a longer essay involving independent research, and aims to make an original argument about a topic. Its thesis statement makes a contentious claim that must be supported in an objective, evidence-based way.

An expository essay also aims to be objective, but it doesn’t have to make an original argument. Rather, it aims to explain something (e.g., a process or idea) in a clear, concise way. Expository essays are often shorter assignments and rely less on research.

At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).

Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.

The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are instructed to use. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago .

The majority of the essays written at university are some sort of argumentative essay . Unless otherwise specified, you can assume that the goal of any essay you’re asked to write is argumentative: To convince the reader of your position using evidence and reasoning.

In composition classes you might be given assignments that specifically test your ability to write an argumentative essay. Look out for prompts including instructions like “argue,” “assess,” or “discuss” to see if this is the goal.

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6 Essay Outline Template and Examples

Amanda Green was born in a small town in the west of Scotland, where everyone knows everyone. I joined the Toastmasters 15 years ago, and I served in nearly every office in the club since then. I love helping others gain confidence and skills they can apply in every day life.

Are you writing an essay but need help figuring out where to start? Or maybe you have the beginning and middle but need to know how to end it. Check out these six essay outline templates and examples I made to help get you started. Each one is unique, but all have the same basic structure.

Once you have your outline, writing the essay will be much easier. So, download one of these templates today and get started on your next great essay!

What Is the Best Essay Outline?

The best writing essay template varies based on the essay’s purpose. You need to employ a descriptive tone when writing a narrative essay but present more facts and stats when you’re working on an argumentative one. Regardless of the type, a well-structured essay outline is what you need to get started.

Do I Need to Make an Outline for My College Essay?

The college essay is a commonly assigned personal narrative writing assignment for college admissions.

The purpose of college essays is to give admissions people insight into who you are as an individual, outside of your grades and standardized test scores . An effective college essay tells a specific story about who you are and how you have grown due to your experiences.

It should not be a list of your accomplishments or a resume of your extracurricular activities. A good college essay should be engaging and reveal something unique about you that cannot be found anywhere else in your application.

One way to ensure that your college essay is engaging and tells a unique story is to create an outline before you begin writing. By creating an outline, you will have a roadmap for your essay that will keep you on track and help you stay focused on the most important aspects of your story. An outline will also help the essay flow well and be easy to read.

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College essays are typically three to five pages long, so it is important to use your space wisely and ensure that each sentence serves a purpose. Your outline can be as basic or as detailed as you need it to be, but it should at least have an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.

With a clear understanding of the structure of your essay, you will be able to craft a compelling and memorable story that will leave a lasting impression on admissions officers.

What Are the 4 Contents of an Outline?

There are four main principles to creating an outline:

• Consistency: Always follow the standard outlining format.
• Unity: Each letter and number in the outline must represent one idea.
• Coherence: Ideas should have a natural flow and ideas connected.
• Emphasis: The materials should be balanced and engaging for the audience.

What Does a Good Outline Look Like?

A good outline can distinguish between a successful essay and one that fails to engage the reader. An outline should be created before you begin writing, including a general overview of the main points you want to cover and more specific subpoints. In addition, an outline can help you to keep your argument focused and on track.

Without an outline, it is easy to wander off-topic or get sidetracked by tangential issues. By contrast, a well-crafted outline will ensure that your essay is organized and flows smoothly from beginning to end.

Why You Need an Outline for Everything You Write

When you sit down to write, whether it’s a school paper or a blog post, you probably don’t start by typing out a complete sentence. More likely, you begin with a vague idea, a few keywords, or even just a blank page. But if you want to produce something coherent and well-organized, it’s important to take some time to create an outline.

I use outlines for all my fiction novels, short stories, and screenplays. And, while it takes some work upfront, it makes the writing process flow smoothly and go faster.

An outline is simply a tool for organizing your thoughts. Listing out the main points you want to cover can help you to see the overall structure of your piece and make sure that all of your ideas fit together logically.

It can also be helpful in identifying any gaps in your reasoning or areas where you need further research. And once you’ve got a good outline, the actual process of writing will be much smoother and quicker.

So next time you’re feeling stuck or overwhelmed by a writing project, try starting with an outline. It seems like an extra step, but it will save you time and hassle in the long run.

Types of Essay Outlines: Pick the Perfect Essay Outline

There’s a variety of essays to write. Pick which template and effective essay outline work best for the kind of essay you’re doing.

Informative Essay Outline

Introduction.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Write an introduction that takes into account these ideas:

• Tell the reader what you want to inform them about in two or three sentences.
• Clearly state the topic of the essay.
• Add informative details related to the topic.

Consider the following when writing the body of your essay:

• Dedicate at least one paragraph to each of the ideas expressed in the essay.
• Mention the topic of each paragraph right at its start.
• Support your ideas with details and concise information.
• Structure your ideas so they flow and make sense.
• Every paragraph should have a transition into the next.
• Include charts, tables, and graphs as needed.

Your conclusion should contain the following:

• A brief summary of the body.
• A reiteration of the topic discussed.
• A satisfactory ending with key takeaways.

Narrative Essay Outline

Key elements of your introduction:

• A hook that catches the attention of the reader.
• Some background information on the topic to set the tone and mood.
• Introduce the main idea of the essay.
• Give insights about the who, when, and where.
• Say what happened without getting into the details of the story.
• A cliffhanger.

In the body:

• Structure your information properly.
• Begin with the major point of the topic.
• Continue by adding facts, details, reasons, and evidence.
• Explain and elaborate on the topic further.
• Include your thoughts and feelings.
• Use a lot of descriptive words and action verbs.
• Make the reader feel what you felt.

In the conclusion:

• Summarize the entire experience.
• End with the one important thing you want your readers to remember.
• Talk about the consequences of what happened.
• Note how this experience changed you.
• Do these past events still have an impact on the present?

Compare and Contrast Essay Outline

In the introduction:

• Make a general statement about the topic.
• Introduce what is being compared.
• Structure the main body into ideas comparing different aspects.
• For each idea, introduce the first difference or similarity.
• Use examples to show the difference or similarities.
• Make the comparison clear.
• Reinstate the idea discussed throughout the paragraph.
• Repeat as needed for each of the comparisons in the essay.
• Conclude by talking about the main differences and similarities mentioned throughout the essay.
• If needed, conclude which of the items compared is better.

Argumentative Essay Outline

• Start with a hook that captivates the reader’s interest.
• Consider using rhetorical questions.
• Present background information that might be relevant to the topic.
• Do not reveal the main arguments you’ll address in the body.
• Make your thesis statement at the end of the intro.
• The first sentence should transition from the intro to the body of the article.
• Introduce the main sub-argument.
• Link the main sub-argument to the thesis statement.
• Offer whatever facts and stats you have to support your claim.
• Link to external resources.
• Summarize the significance of the claim and how it’s related to the thesis.
• Start your conclusion with a reiteration of the thesis statement.
• Be assertive.
• Summarize the sub-arguments briefly.
• Write a memorable concluding statement.

Persuasive Essay Outline

• Start with a hook that’s relevant to the topic.
• Form the thesis statement to state your position on the topic.
• Pick three arguments that you will use to convince the reader of your position.
• Write a paragraph about the first argument stated in the introduction.
• Support your argument with examples.
• Transition to the second idea and write a paragraph about that.
• Use whatever facts and stats you can.
• Include visual aid to support your claim.
• Do this for all three paragraphs.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Reiterate your thesis statement and your arguments.
• Connect the closing statement with the opening hook.

Expository Essay Outline

• Start with a hook.
• Ask rhetorical questions.
• Expose the thesis statement.
• Offer background info on the topic you want to discuss.
• Use a transition sentence at the end of the intro.
• An expository essay doesn’t need arguments, so it’s technically easier for the writer.
• They have three body paragraphs that talk about topic-related issues.
• Each claim needs to be supported with facts and evidence.
• Cite your sources.
• Pay attention to the quality of your sources.
• Add a synopsis of the most important points.
• Restate the main point being made or the thesis statement.
• Include all of the most important information that pertains to your thesis.
• Make connections between the information in the body and the info presented.

Best Tips for Writing an Essay

Follow these simple points when constructing your own essay.

Start With an Outline

One of the best tips for writing an essay is to start with an outline. An outline will help to organize your thoughts and ensure that you include all relevant information in your essay. An outline can also be helpful when revising your essay, as it can help you see where you need to add or delete information.

Make Sure Your Thesis Statement Is Clear

Your thesis statement should be the main point of your essay, so it must be clear and concise. A good thesis statement should be one or two sentences long and directly state your essay’s main point.

Include Supporting Evidence

To make your argument convincing, you will need to include supporting evidence. This evidence can come from statistics, expert opinions, or real-life examples. Including this type of evidence will help to strengthen your argument and make it more persuasive.

Use Transitions Between Paragraphs

When you are writing your essay, it is important to use transitions between paragraphs. Transitions help to create a logical flow between ideas and make your essay easier to read. With transitions, your essay may seem smooth and cohesive.

Choose Your Words Carefully

The words that you use in your essay can make a big difference in how effective it is. When choosing your words, be sure to select those that are precise and convey exactly what you mean. Vague or ambiguous words can make your argument sound weak and unconvincing.

Edit and Proofread Your Essay

Once you have finished writing your essay, editing and proofreading it before submitting it is important. Editing involves ensuring that your grammar and punctuation are correct and that your paper flows well and makes sense. Proofreading involves reading your paper aloud to catch any errors you may have missed when editing.

Final Thoughts

An outline is simply a tool for organizing your thoughts. It can help identify gaps in reasoning or areas where further research is needed. In English, there are different types of essays depending on what information to want to transmit. A college essay outline template can be useful when you’re looking for admission, while a persuasive essay can be helpful in a debate class.

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Understanding the intricacies of human communication goes beyond simple grammar and vocabulary, extending to how people engage in everyday conversations. Through Conversation Analysis, you can learn to decipher meaning, power dynamics, and social structures embedded within spoken language. In this article, delve into the foundations of Conversation Analysis, explore practical examples, and draw comparisons with other related fields like Discourse Analysis. Initially, familiarise yourself with Conversation Analysis definition, linguistics and the critical role it plays in understanding human communication. Next, examine the theories, concepts, and applications that underscore this field, as well as the valuable insights that can be derived from it. Moving on, explore a range of Conversation Analysis examples and transcription techniques to illuminate practical applications. Learn the subtle, yet important differences between Conversation Analysis and Discourse Analysis, equipping yourself to choose the best method according to your needs. Finally, learn strategies to enhance your Conversation Analysis skills and deploy them effectively in academic assignments, such as writing a comprehensive Conversation Analysis essay. By following these steps, you can develop a greater understanding of spoken language and optimise your linguistic analysis abilities.

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Conversation Analysis: An Overview

Conversation Analysis is an essential aspect of understanding human communication by examining spoken interaction in depth. It is an interdisciplinary study that combines linguistics, sociology, and psychology. As a student of the English Language, learning about Conversation Analysis will help you improve your communication skills and develop a better understanding of social interaction in various contexts.

Conversation Analysis Definition and Linguistics

Conversation Analysis, also known as CA, is the study of the structure and organization of conversation, as well as the social rules that govern how people interact in a conversational setting. It involves observing and understanding the patterns of communication, the roles of participants, and the way language is used to create meaning. By analysing these elements, researchers can uncover the hidden mechanics that drive everyday talk and explore how interaction is structured and organized to achieve particular outcomes.

Conversation Analysis is a research method that examines the structure and organization of talk during social interactions, with the aim of understanding how communication works and the social rules that underpin it.

The Importance of Conversation Analysis in Linguistics

Conversation Analysis plays a vital role in linguistics as it provides insights into how language works in real-life situations. By understanding the dynamics of conversations and the linguistic techniques that speakers use to convey meaning, we can gain a deeper appreciation of the complexities of human communication. Some specific ways Conversation Analysis contributes to linguistics include:

• Examining turn-taking, repair, and other practices within conversations that shed light on the structure and function of language.
• Studying how conversation shapes and is shaped by social context, revealing the impact of culture, power dynamics, and other factors on language use.
• Analyzing the interactions between moods, emotions, and language, which can offer valuable insights into the expressive potential of words and grammar.

Conversation Analysis Theory and Application

Conversation Analysis encompasses a range of theories and methods aimed at understanding the mechanics of talk in various settings. To achieve this, CA researchers examine recordings of natural conversations, taking note of specific details such as pauses, intonation, and body language. By doing so, they can uncover patterns and structures that govern how speakers interact, which can then be applied in various fields. Applications of Conversation Analysis can be seen in:

• Education - CA can help teachers develop effective communication strategies and adjust their teaching methods according to students' needs based on their language usage patterns.
• Healthcare - CA can aid healthcare professionals in understanding how patients express their concerns, improving doctor-patient communication and outcomes.
• Business - CA can be used by companies to enhance employee communication and collaboration, as well as improve customer service and client interactions.

Insights Derived from Conversation Analysis

Conversation Analysis provides a fresh perspective on human interaction, revealing the hidden structures and patterns that underlie everyday talk. By examining conversations, we can learn about the norms, expectations, and social rules that govern communication. Some key insights derived from Conversation Analysis include:

By understanding these insights and applying them to your own communication, you can enhance your conversational skills and engage more effectively with others in various contexts.

Conversation Analysis Examples and Transcriptions

Exploring various Conversation Analysis examples and transcriptions can help you see how the concepts and insights discussed earlier are applied in practice. By examining actual dialogues and conversational transcripts, you can better grasp the use of turn-taking, repair, adjacency pairs, and non-verbal communication in real-world situations.

Practical Conversation Analysis Example

Understanding the application of Conversation Analysis concepts within practical situations is crucial for comprehending its relevance and function. A simple, real-world example involving two friends discussing their weekend plans will help illustrate how Conversation Analysis can be employed to analyze a casual conversation. To provide context and for the sake of anonymity, we will refer to the speakers as Person A and Person B.

Person A: Hey, do you have any plans for this weekend?Person B: Not really. Why, what's up?Person A: I was thinking of going for a hike. Want to join?Person B: Sure, sounds good. When and where?Person A: Let's meet at around 9 am at Highcliff Park.Person B: Great, see you then!

Analyzing a Dialogue Using Conversation Analysis

When applying Conversation Analysis to the example given above, we can observe various elements and conversational patterns:

• Turn-taking : Person A and Person B take turns speaking, ensuring an orderly conversation.
• Adjacency pairs : There are several instances of adjacency pairs, such as question-answer (Person A asks about Person B's plans, and Person B responds) and invitation-acceptance (Person A invites Person B to join them for a hike, and Person B agrees).
• Mapping actions : Each conversational turn maps out an action – Person A initiates the subject, Person B provides a brief response or elaborates when prompted, and Person A confirms the details.

Through this analysis, we see the structure of the conversation, the organization of speakers' turns, and the ways in which actions are mapped out sequentially to facilitate understanding and achieve the intended outcome (making plans for the weekend).

Conversation Analysis Transcription Techniques

Transcription is a crucial step in Conversation Analysis, as it allows researchers to represent spoken interactions in written form, capturing details essential for in-depth analysis. Creating accurate and efficient transcriptions involves understanding and using specific techniques, symbols, and notation systems designed to represent verbal and non-verbal elements in a conversation. Some key aspects to consider while transcribing a conversation include:

• Indicating changes in speakers (usually denoted with labels like 'Person A' or 'Person B').
• Marking overlaps and interruptions (using symbols such as '[', ']').
• Noting paralinguistic features, such as laughter, pauses, and changes in pitch or tone (e.g., '(laughs)', '(3.0)' for a 3-second pause).
• Transcribing non-verbal communication, like facial expressions, gestures, and body language (using brackets and descriptions, e.g., '(smiles)', '(nods)').

Effective Transcriptions for Analyzing Conversations

Adopting a consistent and clear transcription system is key to ensuring that your conversation analysis is accurate and reliable. One widely used method of transcription in Conversation Analysis is the Jefferson Transcription System. Developed by Gail Jefferson, this system incorporates a set of symbols and notations specifically designed to capture the subtleties of spoken interaction, allowing researchers to delve deeper into the mechanics of conversation.

Here are some essential elements and symbols used in the Jefferson Transcription System:

By mastering these transcription techniques and utilizing a comprehensive system like the Jefferson Transcription System, you can efficiently record and analyze spoken interactions, enabling you to dive deeper into the intricacies of conversation and enhance your understanding of human communication.

Distinguishing Conversation Analysis from Discourse Analysis

Although Conversation Analysis and Discourse Analysis both investigate communication and language usage, they differ in their underlying theories, methodology, and focus. Recognising the distinctions between these two approaches is essential when conducting research or analysing language in social interactions.

Conversation Analysis vs Discourse Analysis: Key Differences

While both Conversation Analysis and Discourse Analysis seek to understand language, they differ in several aspects, including their objectives, theoretical frameworks, and data collection methods. It is crucial to acknowledge these differences when selecting the appropriate approach for your analysis.

Focus and Approach in Conversation and Discourse Analysis

The main differences between Conversation Analysis and Discourse Analysis can be summarised as follows:

• Objective: Conversation Analysis focuses on the micro-level aspects of talk, examining the structure, organization and mechanics of social interactions during conversations. Discourse Analysis, on the other hand, investigates the macro-level aspects of language, exploring how meaning is constructed and communicated within broader social, cultural, and ideological contexts.
• Theoretical Framework: Conversation Analysis is grounded in ethnomethodology, which seeks to understand the methods people use to create and maintain a sense of order in their everyday lives. In contrast, Discourse Analysis is rooted in various theoretical frameworks such as linguistics, sociology, psychology, and anthropology. It often applies theories like critical discourse analysis, systemic-functional linguistics, or conversation analysis to analyse the language usage.
• Data Collection: Conversation Analysis typically examines data from naturally occurring spoken interactions, using techniques such as audio or video recording and transcription to capture the details of conversation. Discourse Analysis may include spoken interactions as well as written texts or visual materials, such as newspaper articles, social media posts, or advertisements.
• Units of Analysis: In Conversation Analysis, the units of analysis are turns-at-talk, sequences of speech, and other elements that make up the fine-grained structure of conversation. Discourse Analysis focuses on larger linguistic units such as clauses, sentences, and texts, investigating how meaning is created and conveyed through language choices, narrative structures, and other communicative strategies.

When to Use Conversation Analysis or Discourse Analysis

Deciding whether to utilise Conversation Analysis or Discourse Analysis depends on your research question, goals, and the context in which you are analysing language. Each approach offers unique insights, and the choice between them will be determined by your specific requirements and interests.

Choosing the Right Method for Your Analysis Needs

To determine whether Conversation Analysis or Discourse Analysis is more suitable for your needs, consider the following factors:

• Research Question: Identify the key questions you wish to answer through your analysis. For inquiries about the detailed structure and organization of spoken interactions, Conversation Analysis may be more suitable. If your research question revolves around the broader context, meaning, or ideologies expressed in a text or discourse, Discourse Analysis might be more appropriate.
• Goals: Define your objectives, such as whether you want to improve communication skills, analyse power dynamics in a conversation or understand the ideology of specific texts. Based on your goals, choose the method that best aligns with these aims.
• Data: Consider the type of data available for your analysis. If your data consists primarily of spoken interactions, Conversation Analysis might be more suitable. For written texts or a mix of verbal and non-verbal communication, Discourse Analysis may be a better choice.
• Theoretical Orientation: Evaluate your theoretical background and preferences. If your research is informed by ethnomethodology or interactional sociology, you may find Conversation Analysis more appealing. For projects influenced by socio-cultural or psychological theories, Discourse Analysis could be a better fit.

By taking these factors into account, you can make informed decisions on whether to employ Conversation Analysis or Discourse Analysis for your language examination, research, or teaching goals. Remember, sometimes a combination of both methods can offer a more comprehensive understanding of language and communication in your particular context.

Building Your Skills in Conversation Analysis

Developing expertise in Conversation Analysis can help you become more adept at understanding and interpreting verbal interactions. To master this discipline, focus on honing your analytical skills, practising transcription techniques, and familiarising yourself with relevant theories and concepts. Here are some strategies to guide you on this journey.

Tips for Conducting Conversation Analysis

When undertaking Conversation Analysis, it is essential to approach the task with a systematic and structured mindset. Following specific guidelines and employing appropriate techniques can significantly enhance the quality of your analysis. Here are some tips to help you conduct Conversation Analysis effectively:

• Study the basics: Familiarise yourselves with the core concepts, such as turn-taking, repair, adjacency pairs, and the sequential organisation of talk.
• Listen carefully: Pay close attention to the recordings of the conversations you are analysing, noting key details such as pauses, overlaps, and changes in pitch or volume.
• Use a consistent transcription system: Adopt a well-established transcription method, like the Jefferson Transcription System, to accurately represent spoken interactions in written form.
• Identify patterns: Analyse the conversations to uncover recurring structures, consistency in the exchange of information, and the unique ways speakers use language.
• Consider the context: Take into account factors like social setting, cultural norms, and power dynamics that can influence the structure and content of a conversation.

Strategies for Effective Analysis of Dialogues

To enhance your proficiency in analysing dialogues using Conversation Analysis, consider employing the following strategies:

• Compare and contrast: Examine multiple dialogues to identify similarities and differences in structure, organization, and language use.
• Annotate your transcriptions: Make notes in the margins of your transcriptions, highlighting crucial elements like turn-taking, adjacency pairs, and non-verbal communication to aid your analysis.
• Be objective: Approach the analysis without preconceived notions or biases, focusing on the actual patterns and structures observed in the conversation.
• Discuss findings with others: Collaborate with peers or colleagues to exchange insights and interpretations, fostering a deeper understanding of the dialogues under analysis.
• Reflect on your analysis: Regularly review your analytical process and findings, and make adjustments as needed to improve your skills and understanding of Conversation Analysis.

Improving Your Conversation Analysis Techniques

Continually refining your Conversation Analysis techniques will enable you to conduct more nuanced and comprehensive investigations of spoken interactions. Focus on developing a strong theoretical understanding, refining your transcription skills, and adapting your methods in light of new insights and research findings. In doing so, you can enhance your proficiency in Conversation Analysis and improve your potential to extract meaningful insights from dialogues.

Developing Your Analytical Skills in Conversation Analysis

To cultivate your analytical capabilities in Conversation Analysis, consider the following suggestions:

• Engage with the literature: Regularly read academic articles and books on Conversation Analysis, ethnomethodology, and related fields to stay informed about new developments and insights.
• Attend workshops and conferences: Participate in seminars, workshops, or conferences that focus on Conversation Analysis, as these events offer invaluable opportunities to learn from experts and gain a deeper understanding of the discipline.
• Practice transcribing different types of dialogues: Expand your transcription skills by working on a diverse range of dialogues, including casual conversations, interviews, and discussions in various contexts (e.g., education, healthcare, business).
• Collaborate with experienced researchers: Partner with more experienced Conversation Analysts or seek mentorship to learn from their expertise and enhance your analytical abilities.
• Reflect on your progress: Regularly evaluate your growth as a Conversation Analyst, identifying areas for improvement and working to refine your skills and knowledge accordingly.

With intentional effort, practice, and collaboration, you can elevate your Conversation Analysis capabilities, enabling you to delve deeper into the nuances of spoken interactions and enrich your understanding of human communication.

Writing a Conversation Analysis Essay

When crafting a Conversation Analysis essay, you're required to examine spoken interactions closely and apply your understanding of key concepts into your writing. A successful essay combines a clear structure, relevant theories, and thorough analysis. Ensure that your essay is well-researched, engaging, and informative to showcase your expertise in Conversation Analysis.

Steps to Writing a Strong Conversation Analysis Essay

There are several essential steps to follow when undertaking the process of writing a Conversation Analysis essay. These steps will help guide you through the research and writing phases, ensuring your essay is comprehensive, well-structured, and persuasive for its intended audience.

• Select a topic: Choose a relevant topic or research question that is appropriate for a Conversation Analysis essay and will showcase your understanding of the subject. Make sure it's specific, researchable, and within the scope of your course or discipline.
• Identify relevant theories and concepts: Review the literature on Conversation Analysis and related fields, such as ethnomethodology or interactional sociology, to understand the relevant theories and concepts that inform your chosen topic.
• Collect and analyse data: Obtain or record conversational data appropriate for your research question, then transcribe and analyse the data using Conversation Analysis techniques and principles. Focus on elements like turn-taking, repair, adjacency pairs, and sequential organisation.
• Develop a thesis statement and outline: Based on your analysis, formulate a clear and concise thesis statement that addresses your research question and serves as the backbone of your essay. Create an outline that organises your ideas, findings, and supporting evidence into a clear and logical structure.
• Write the essay: With your outline in place, begin writing your essay, ensuring clarity, coherence, and academic rigor. Use evidence from your data analysis and supporting literature to argue your thesis and address potential counterarguments or limitations.
• Revise and edit: Carefully review your draft, revising content for clarity, coherence, and style, as well as editing grammar, punctuation, and spelling to ensure polished, professional writing.
• Submit the essay: Ensure your final draft adheres to formatting and citation requirements and submit it in a timely manner, according to your course or assignment guidelines.

Organising and Presenting Your Analysis Findings

Presentation and organisation are key elements to consider when writing a Conversation Analysis essay. An effectively organised essay guides the reader through your analysis, showcasing your findings and reinforcing the significance of your conclusions.

• Introduction: Provide context for your chosen topic, outline your research question, and introduce your thesis statement. Your introduction should be engaging and informative, setting the tone for the rest of your essay.
• Literature review: Present an overview of the relevant theories and concepts related to your research question, drawing on authoritative sources and highlighting the ways your essay contributes to the field.
• Data collection and analysis: Describe your data collection methods, transcription process, and analytical approach, highlighting any unique aspects or challenges. Present your findings, highlighting key patterns and structures within your conversational data that support your thesis.
• Discussion and interpretation: Discuss your findings in relation to your research question, thesis, and the reviewed literature. Highlight any alternative interpretations, limitations, or implications for future research or practice.
• Conclusion: Summarise your findings and reiterate the significance of your research question and thesis. Reflect on the contributions of your essay to Conversation Analysis and suggest possible avenues for further exploration or development.

Addressing Challenges in Conversation Analysis Essays

Conversation Analysis essay writing can be challenging, particularly for those new to the field or facing specific obstacles during the research and writing process. However, being aware of these hurdles and knowing how to respond effectively can help mitigate their impact and ensure a strong essay.

Overcoming Common Conversation Analysis Essay Difficulties

Here are some strategies to tackle challenges that might arise when writing a Conversation Analysis essay:

• Difficult source material: If your conversational data prove challenging to transcribe or analyse, seek guidance from your instructor, peers, or published research within the field.
• Time management: Break the essay writing process into smaller, manageable tasks, and create a detailed timeline to help you stay on track and minimise stress.
• Complex theories and concepts: Allocate sufficient time to read and understand the literature related to your research question, especially if unfamiliar with the topic. Consider collaborating with peers or seeking advice from your instructor if you encounter difficulties.
• Writing issues: To improve your essay writing skills, read high-quality academic essays and pay attention to how they are structured and argued. Seek feedback on your draft from your instructor, peers, or a writing centre, and revise accordingly.
• Organisation and presentation: Review your outline and revise as necessary to ensure a logical essay structure. Make use of headings and subheadings, where appropriate, to guide the reader through your analysis and findings.

By proactively addressing these common difficulties, you can strengthen your Conversation Analysis essay and enhance your understanding of this essential aspect of human communication.

Conversation Analysis - Key takeaways

Conversation Analysis Definition: Study of conversation structure, organization, and social rules in spoken interaction

Importance in Linguistics: Examines turn-taking, impact of social context, and interactions between emotions and language

Conversation Analysis Example: Focus on turn-taking, adjacency pairs, and mapping actions in dialogues

Conversation Analysis Transcription: Jefferson Transcription System, capturing verbal and non-verbal elements

Conversation Analysis vs Discourse Analysis: Differences in objectives, theoretical frameworks, data collection, and units of analysis

Frequently Asked Questions about Conversation Analysis

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Conversation Analysis is a research method that examines the structure and organization of talk during social interactions, aiming to understand how communication works and the social rules that underpin it.

Conversation Analysis can be applied in education, healthcare, and business.

Key insights from Conversation Analysis include turn-taking, repair, adjacency pairs, and the importance of non-verbal communication.

What are the key elements in Conversation Analysis?

Turn-taking, adjacency pairs, mapping actions

What are some necessary considerations for transcribing a conversation?

Indicating speaker changes, marking overlaps and interruptions, noting paralinguistic features, non-verbal communication

What is the Jefferson Transcription System?

A transcription method incorporating symbols and notations designed for capturing spoken interaction subtleties in Conversation Analysis

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Critical Essay Writing

Critical Essay Outline

Critical Essay Outline - Writing Guide With Examples

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Critical Essay - A Step by Step Guide & Examples

A Comprehensive List of 260+ Inspiring Critical Essay Topics

Writing a critical analysis essay can be a daunting task for many students. It requires a deep understanding of the subject matter and the ability to critically evaluate it.

But here's the challenge: without a well-structured outline, the task becomes even more overwhelming. You might find yourself lost in a sea of information, struggling to organize your thoughts, and not knowing where to begin.

In this blog, we will provide you with a solution to this problem. We'll walk you through the process of creating a comprehensive critical analysis essay outline that will not only make your writing process smoother but also increase your chances of producing a top-notch essay.

By the end of this guide, you'll be well-equipped to tackle critical analysis essays with confidence and finesse. 

Let's get started!

• 1. How to Write a Critical Essay Outline?
• 2. Critical Essay Outline Examples
• 3. Tips for Writing an Effective Critical Essay Outline

How to Write a Critical Essay Outline?

Writing an outline is an essential part of drafting an effective critical essay . It provides a sensible structure to the content through which a reader easily keeps track of the writer’s ideas and explanations. 

Here’s a sample outline for critical essay:

Critical Essay Introduction

The introduction of your essay serves as the gateway, enticing readers to delve into your analysis. Follow these guidelines to craft an engaging and effective introduction:

• Opening Hook: Begin with a captivating hook that sparks curiosity or addresses the relevance of your topic. This could be a thought-provoking quote, a startling statistic, or a compelling anecdote.
• Contextualize the Topic: Provide background information to ensure readers understand the context of your critical analysis. Briefly introduce the work or topic you are critiquing, highlighting its significance.
• Thesis Statement:  Clearly state your thesis statement and the main argument or perspective you will be exploring in your critical essay. This concise declaration sets the stage for the reader, outlining the focus and purpose of your analysis.
• Preview of Key Points: Offer a brief overview of the key points or arguments you will be addressing in the body paragraphs. This roadmap prepares readers for the critical insights they can expect in the following sections.
• Transition to Body: Smoothly transition from the introduction to the body of your essay. Ensure a logical flow that keeps readers engaged and eager to explore your critical analysis further.

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Critical Essay Body Paragraphs

The body paragraphs of your critical essay are the heart of your analysis, where you dissect and examine the chosen work or topic. Here's how to structure and develop these crucial sections:

• Topic Sentence : Begin each body paragraph with a clear topic sentence that encapsulates the main point or argument of that specific section.
• Introduction of Evidence : Introduce evidence to support your analysis. This may include quotes, examples, or data that reinforce your critical perspective. 
• Critical Analysis : Dive into a detailed analysis of the evidence you've presented. Explain how it relates to your thesis and critically evaluate its significance. 
• Transition to the Next Point : Provide a smooth transition to the next paragraph by summarizing the key points. Explain how they connect to the overall argument of your critical essay.
• Consistency and Coherence : Maintain consistency and coherence throughout the body paragraphs. Each section should contribute logically to the development of your thesis, creating a cohesive narrative.

Critical Essay Conclusion

The conclusion of your critical essay is your final opportunity to leave a lasting impression. Follow these steps to create a powerful and memorable conclusion:

• Restate the Thesis: Begin by restating your thesis in a slightly different way. Summarize the main argument or perspective you've presented in your critical essay.
• Review Key Points: Briefly review the key points or arguments discussed in the body paragraphs. Reiterate their significance in supporting your overall thesis.
• Broader Implications: Explore the broader implications of your analysis. Discuss how your critical insights contribute to a deeper understanding of the work or topic, and consider any broader implications for the field.
• Concluding Thoughts: Offer some final thoughts or reflections on the significance of your critical analysis. Consider the larger context and encourage readers to think further about the themes you've explored.
• Closing Statement: End with a strong and memorable closing statement. This could be a thought-provoking question, a call to action, or a reflection on the enduring relevance of your critical examination.

Critical Essay Outline Examples

When writing a critical essay outline, even the slightest error can jeopardize both your grades and reputation.

Examining an example allows you to determine the appropriate tone and structure for your critical paper. For that the examples given below serve as a valuable starting point, providing clarity and guidance as you begin your writing process without uncertainty.

Critical Essay Outline Example

Critical Analysis Essay Outline Example

Critical Response Essay Outline Example

Critical Essay Sample

Critical Essay Outline Template

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Tips for Writing an Effective Critical Essay Outline

Crafting a robust critical essay structure is essential for a successful writing process. Here are valuable tips to guide you through the outline creation:

• Start with a Strong Thesis Statement

Begin your outline by clearly articulating your thesis statement. This should succinctly convey the main argument or perspective you will be exploring in your critical essay.

• Identify Strengths and Weaknesses

As you outline, consider the strengths and weaknesses of your argument. Acknowledge potential counterarguments and ensure your outline addresses them, strengthening your overall analysis.

• Support Your Thesis Statement

Each section of your outline should contribute to supporting your thesis. Ensure that your key points and evidence align cohesively to strengthen the central argument of your critical essay.

• Consider Writing Style

Pay attention to your writing style within the outline. Maintain a formal and analytical tone appropriate for a critical essay. Use clear and concise language to convey your ideas effectively.

• Choose a Relevant Essay Topic

Select an essay topic that aligns with your interests and allows for in-depth analysis. The relevance of your topic will contribute to a more engaging and compelling critical essay.

• Analyze and Evaluate Key Points

For each section of your outline, go beyond surface-level analysis. Dive deep into the material, analyzing and evaluating key points to provide a nuanced and comprehensive critical assessment.

• Pay Attention to Detail

Detail matters. Pay attention to the specifics of your outline, ensuring a logical flow of ideas and a well-organized structure. Clarity at this stage sets the foundation for a polished final essay.

• Start Writing Early

Once your outline is complete, don't procrastinate. Start writing early to allow ample time for revisions and refinements. A well-thought-out outline expedites the writing process.

In conclusion , crafting a critical essay requires careful planning and consideration. By following a well-constructed outline, you lay the groundwork for a compelling essay that showcases your analytical prowess. 

Remember to start with a strong thesis statement, identify strengths and weaknesses, and support your argument with well-researched evidence.

If you think your writing and analyzing skills are not up to the mark, you can always take help from an expert essay writer.

MyPerfectWords.com is an essay writing service that provides guidance and assistance to all students. No matter what field or level you belong to, MyPerfectWords.com provides academic writing services for everyone. Moreover, if you are looking for free essay samples and original content, MyPerfectWords.com is the right place. 

Hire our essay writer to write a critical analysis essay by placing an order today at an extremely affordable price.

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Write an A+ Interview Paper Using Our Tips and Examples

06 September, 2021

13 minutes read

Author:  Josh Carlyle

You will quickly find yourself with your back to the wall once your teacher assigns you an interview paper. Studying is often a headache by itself, and now you have to conduct interviews. Worse yet, you probably have no idea how you can do this. Luckily, we will tell you how to write an interview paper step by step in this comprehensive guide. So prepare your favorite drink and learn how to write a top-notch interview paper.

What is an Interview Paper?

An interview paper provides an expert opinion on a specific issue. In essence, it is an interview transcript inserted somewhere between the introduction and conclusion of an academic piece.

How long should it be? It depends on the topic and the length of your interview, but most papers are within the length of 2,000 – 5,000 words. What things should you consider before writing an interview paper in the first place? Let’s check them out below.

General Aspects of Writing an Interview Paper

Academic papers require you to provide arguments based on studies, research pieces, statistics, etc. But an interview paper is different – for this type of essay, you will develop assumptions around an expert’s opinion.

Let’s imagine your essay question reads the following: “Should we ban abortions?” If you write an interview paper, you should ask someone high-powered for their consideration. Let them be an executive director of the American Gynecological & Obstetrical Society.

You would reach them via email or phone or whatever communication channel you prefer and conduct an interview. Afterward, you would put all your findings on paper.

But in practice, writing an interview paper involves many more complexities and challenges, like planning, topic research , drafting, etc.

Let’s speak straight facts: nobody will reschedule their week to meet you because you need to do some homework. You’re one of the millions of students, and the local governor or a famous scientist won’t give you an interview nine times out of ten.

So you would want to target someone less busy, like professors from other faculties of your college or some researchers within your academic environment. Hunting a bigger fish is pointless unless you’re a well-established journalist working for a popular media channel. If you struggle to find someone within your college/university, you can contact people from your circle.

Writing Outline and Structure of an Interview Paper

 As you know, a typical paper consists of three parts:

• Introduction. This part includes background information, the hook, the thesis statement, and the transition.
• Body. It is the longest part of the paper consisting of several paragraphs. It should contain the actual interview.
• Conclusion. The final part summarizes the considerations and insights of your essay.

The question is: ‘where should you put an interview transcript and how do you do this?’

To answer this question, you need to come up with the interview papers format in the first place. There are several of them:

The narrative format implies that you can use either direct or indirect speech when referring to your interviewee. If you choose this path, you can stick to a 5-paragraph essay structure, retell the considerations of your interviewee, and cite their words here and there at your discretion.

You can also choose this format if you contact several people. Check what a narrative interview paper structure looks like when you reach out to several people:

• Introduction.
• Paragraph #1 – the first interviewee’s perspective.
• Paragraph #2 – the second interviewee’s opinion.
• Paragraph #3 – the third interviewee’s thoughts.
• Conclusion.

Alternatively, you can dedicate each paragraph to a particular idea of one person.

“Question and answer” will suit your needs perfectly if you interview one person. It is the simplest format used in online magazines, news reports, and other media. Your interview paper outline will look like this:

• Introduction
• Question #1 – Answer #1
• Question #2 – Answer #2
• Question #3 – Answer #3
• Question #4/5/6/etc. – Answer #4/5/6/etc.
• Interview analysis. You may include your thoughts on the subject matter.

Conversational

Conversational style is informal, and you can use either first-person or second-person narrative and follow a typical 5-paragraph paper structure. But writing interview papers in this lousy style might be perplexing, especially if you deal with this task for the first time.

We advise you to try the Q&A format because it’s the simplest one and takes the least time. Just imagine how much time your paper writing will take if you decide to interview three or five people.

How to Start an Interview Paper?

If you have no idea how to start an interview paper, choose the topic first. Selecting a topic for your interview paper is not a big deal, but you should keep in mind that you may not find appropriate interviewees for it.

Let’s imagine you want to explore whether the government should force people to get vaccines. This topic implies that you need to contact authorities. It might be a local lawyer, governor, or executive director of a local hospital. Well, the chances are these people will politely refuse to give an interview for your homework.

But if you choose to investigate how lockdown impacts intellectual workers, you can contact your friends or family members who work at home. In other words, it’s better to choose topics that reflect the experiences of ordinary people rather than the opinions of untouchable experts.

Asking people for their opinion about well-known facts like the Earth’s shape is a bad idea. You would want to choose high-profile debatable topics you can actually discuss.

Establish the Goal of Your Interview Essay

You have to establish the goal of your essay before researching the topic. For this, ask yourself: “What message should your interview essay deliver?” Sometimes, a topic of your choice might already explain the purpose of your essay.

Conduct Research

Interviewing someone implies that you should ask questions. But you will fail to do so if you know little to nothing about your topic. So read some case studies, news, articles, etc. Once you get the picture of your subject matter, you will come up with dozens of interview questions.

Get to Know Your Interviewee

A good interviewer always refers to the life and experience of their interviewee. If you’re lucky to work with someone you can read about on the Internet, find out as much information about them as possible. If your interviewee publishes any books, articles, or studies, you will better know them as well.

The more you know about the person, the more interview questions you can come up with. You can ask them whether the Internet tells their true story: “Is it true that you, Mr. Interviewee, support flat earthers?”

Draft Your Interview Questions

If you want a person to share their in-depth vision of the topic, you need to ask both open-ended and close-ended (“yes/no”) questions. However, you may struggle to prepare interview questions. Many students get stuck during this stage. To overcome this block, you need to learn some types of interview questions:

• Opinion – What do you think of this topic?
• Behavioral – What would you do in this situation?
• Experience and knowledge – What do you know about the subject?
• Background – How are you connected to the subject? What is your age, occupation, etc?
• Emotional – How do you feel about the subject?
• Sensory – What does the subject taste and feel like?

You can also think of the questions following the interviewee’s “yes” and “no” answers.

Tips for Conducting a Successful Interview

These four tips will help you conduct a productive interview on the first try:

1. Plan Your Meeting

Note that you want to interview a person in a quiet place so that nobody will distract you. This might be some cozy book store or a café. Or, you can arrange an online meeting. Make sure you have at least one hour for the interview.

2. Rehearse a bit

If you will conduct your first-ever interview, you want to practice with your friends/significant other/ family in the first place. This approach will help you identify what stage of your upcoming interview may challenge you the most.

3. Record Your Interview

You will forget about 50% of the information within an hour once you finish the interview. So don’t rely on your memory − bring a recorder instead. Why not take notes? You wouldn’t want to go red while asking your interviewee to repeat what they have just said or wait until you write down their answers.

4. Talk to Your Interviewee for a While Before You Begin

Speaking to someone you don’t know might be uncomfortable. You don’t have to attack them with your interview questions straightaway. Instead, you can exchange some casual phrases or discuss the weather. This will help you relieve stress and get comfortable with each other.

5. Explain Your Interview Protocol

It’s better to explain to your interviewee how you will conduct your interview. Tell them that you will use a recorder and introduce the discussion topic.

Interview Papers Format

In academic writing, you have to explain the purpose of your interview and introduce your interviewee in a specific “scholarly” format. The APA format interview paper has the following requirements:

• Use 12-point Times New Roman.
• Write a title page.
• Use double spacing.
• Introduce your interviewee and provide the background information – explain why this person is suitable for the interview. Mention their name and qualifications.
• Use direct quotes if you cite some facts provided by the interviewee.
• Use block quotes for citations longer than 40 words.

How to Write a Title Page?

The title of your paper must include your name, your institution, department, the course name and number, the teacher’s name, and the assignment date. The rules of writing the title page are the following:

• The title page must be numbered.
• Capitalize all major words in your title and make it bold.
• Place the title of the essay three or four lines down the top of the page.
• There must be one empty line before the student’s name.

Interview Papers Examples

If you’re searching for an interview essay example – check several samples below:

• A narrative interview essay .
• A Q&A interview format paper.
• An interview with a scientist.

Interview Papers Writing Tips

The following writing tips will help you deliver the first-class interview paper:

• Write the introduction at the end. Once you finish your essay, you will likely reconsider some ideas you had before you began. They will help you frame your interview essay with a captivating introduction and conclusion.
• Give yourself a break after finishing your final draft. This will help you look at your paper with a fresh pair of eyes once you start editing.
• Edit one type of error at a time. For example, you can reduce logical errors first and switch to grammatical mistakes afterward.
• Use an active voice. If active voice makes your sentence shorter, use it without hesitation.
• Check for any sample interview paper to decide on the interview questions. Perhaps, some pieces will spark your interest.

Writing Help by Handmadewriting

An interview paper doesn’t seem that intimidating once you learn how to write it step by step. First, you have to choose the subject that allows you to interview ordinary people rather than hard-to-reach ones. Then, you need to research your topic, conduct an interview, and write a paper.

You can get an A+ for this assignment with enough effort and dedication. But a doable task doesn’t necessarily mean that you must do it by yourself. If you have plenty of other assignments to do, you can ask our essay writers to craft an exemplary interview paper for you. For this, you can place an order on our website, and we will do all the dirty work.

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The Persuasive Essay

When you start teaching  The Lost Tools of Writing , you notice early that almost all of level one is devoted to teaching the persuasive essay. You might think this rather odd—even boring. After all, aren’t students much more interested in writing stories and exploring their own ideas than they are in writing about irrelevant things, like whether the Roman Senate should have assassinated Julius Caesar, or whether Scout should have crawled under her neighbor’s fence?

Well, maybe. But writing isn’t that simple. When you teach a child to write, you aren’t trying to get him excited; you are trying to help him write well. Excitement follows.  Writing is a skill, and a stunningly complex skill at that.  Nobody has yet plumbed the depths of what makes a person a good writer or even a good teacher of writing. Many students are intimidated by writing.

What’s Your Point?

But we have discovered one thing over the centuries:  many students are intimidated by writing, and those that aren’t should be.  Both groups, the fearful and the fearless, need to learn something fundamental about writing: when you write, what matters first is the point you are trying to make, not how you or your audience feel about it.

In fact, the ultimate point of writing is the same as the first:  when you write, what matters first and last is the idea you are trying to reveal.

In the Christian, classical tradition, we call this idea the  logos , which is Greek for “word,” “idea,” or “message.” Thus we read in John 1:1, “In the beginning was the Logos,” and in Revelation 1:17, we read, “I am the first and the last.”

When you write, you, the Image of God the Creator, have a logos to reveal. When you write more sophisticated things (like a poem or a novel), you drop hints about your logos, so the reader has to search it out. This creates the adventure of reading novels and poems.

Writing a Persuasive Essay Takes Skill

But when you begin to learn how to write, more basic skills need your attention. First of all, you need to learn how to identify and express your logos clearly and vividly. In a persuasive essay, it sits on the page, so to speak, dressed in the black and white garments of a simple proposition.  You call it the thesis statement.  Then, and only then, does your student move on to organize supporting thoughts around that thesis, and then to choose the words and turns of phrase that will make that thesis persuasive, memorable, and beautiful. It begins, however, with the logos.

Thus, by writing the persuasive essay, not only will your student practice writing the basic document that he will need to succeed in college or to make his point at work; not only will he develop habits that will help him make decisions, read books, and communicate with friends and foes; not only will he learn skills that transfer to debate, public speaking, law, medicine, or ministry.

More primary than all of these (and laying the foundation for them),  he develops the habit of identifying clearly what his point is.

Imagine what that could do for dinner table conversations!

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How to Write the Perfect Podcast Script (plus Examples & Templates)

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Think of a podcast script like a roadmap to guide you from the start to the finish of your episode when recording. They can be as detailed as you like, and if done well can help with the flow, structure and direction of your podcast episodes.

Podcast scripts are used by both new and experienced podcasters, and not only help with the flow, structure and direction but also to avoid situations where your mind goes blank and you end up repeating yourself or don’t quite know what to say next.

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What are podcast scripts?

Scripts vary in everything from length to density to content depending on the podcaster, but in essence they’re all the same – a list of topics and ideas you want to communicate to your listeners in a given episode, with added facts, research and reminders of certain things you want to mention: your intro, main body, outro, call to actions etc.

Scripts allow you to refresh your memory at a glance and illustrate how your points build off one another to make your episode sound cohesive. There’s nothing worse than listening back to your episode and realising you missed a link between two ideas!

Should you use podcast scripts?

In short: it depends.

We’re sorry but there is no definitive answer when it comes to whether you should or shouldn’t use a podcast script. It all depends on you as a podcaster and the type of podcast you have eg solo, cohost, interview etc.

Some podcasters worry that scripting their episode will remove spontaneity and chemistry between themselves and their guests, but you don’t have to write down every word if you don’t want to – a basic outline will do the job for most people.

There are benefits to using a script: you can go pretty in detail for your intro and outro – if these are the same for each episode, it builds familiarity with your audience. They come to expect your podcast name, tagline and your calls to action, so ensuring they’re there in the script means you’ll get them right every time.

Here’s an example:

“ Hello and welcome to [show name] , I’m your host [your name] . [Show tagline/catphrase]. Today we’ll be talking to [guest name] about [topic]. If you’re a fan of the show, please do remember to [call to action: follow on socials, leave a review etc.].”

Check out this video where our MD Mark Asquith goes into a little more detail about where or not you should use a podcast script:

Are podcast shows usually scripted?

The absolute majority of podcasts will have a script in some form. This varies on the preference of the podcast creator: some prefer a few brief bullet points, whereas others like to have their whole episode scripted out down to the last detail.

There’s no right or wrong way to script your show, it’s just preference – if you’re good at improvising and enjoy going off on a few tangents, stick to simple notes, but if you tend to crumble under the pressure of a live mic you’d be better suited to scripting out the finer details.

One way or the other, you’re better off with some kind of script!

How long are podcast scripts?

The length of a podcast script depends entirely on the show itself, the episode and the preferences of the podcast creator. For a half hour episode, some creators will have pages of dense text to read verbatim, whereas others will have half a side of A4 with some bullet points to riff off. It’s just what works for you!

What to include in a podcast script

As mentioned above, we think it’s best to fully script out your podcast intro and outro each time, so you hit on all the required points and achieve consistency throughout your body of work.

How to start your podcast (what to include in your intro )

• Your podcast name
• Your podcast tagline or catchphrase
• Your episode number and title
• The name(s) of any guests
• The name and details of your sponsors, if you have them
• What this episode is about
• Your Calls To Action (CTA) – seasoned podcast listeners might skip your intro and outro so make sure that you include your most important CTA in the middle of your podcast episode.

Starting a podcast script example

“Hello and welcome to the [PODCAST NAME], I am your host [NAME]. Thanks for tuning in [TAGLINE or CATCHPHRASE]. This is [EPISODE NUMBER] and the title of today’s episode is [TITLE]. I am pleased to be joined by [GUEST], [GUEST BIO]. This episode is about [TOPIC]. Before we crack on with today’s episode just a reminder of how you can support the podcast [CTA].”

What to include in your main script body

This is where we like to leave it more to your discretion as again it depends on you as a podcaster and the format of your show. Whether you’re just writing a few notes or scripting the whole episode, you need to include:

• The ideas or topics you’re discussing in the episode
• Some indication of these ideas build upon one another and link together
• Try to think of questions you would have as a listener and answer these
• Think about the structure and flow of your episode eg what is the end goal, what do you want listeners to take away from listening? What subtopics are you going to cover, do they flow naturally?
• Make sure to not repeat yourself – make new valid points and then move on to your next point

How to end your podcast (what to include in your outro )

• Summarise what you have spoken about in your episode
• Thank your listeners for tuning in
• Let them know when to expect new episodes
• Your CTA again – this could be asking them to follow or subscribe, follow you on social media, download a resource etc.
• Include your show notable eg a notable thing about your podcast. This is not your show title, tagline, intro or outro music, it’s something else listeners remember about your show. The best way to do this is by having a catch phrase – sounds cheesy but it works! Mark’s podcast, Excellence Expected, taught business founders how to achieve success. His catchphrase (which he ended every episode with) is as follows, “the more you expect from yourself the more you will excel.” 

People got so familiar with it that when he had guests on his show, they would finish his catchphrase!

Ending a podcast script example

“That’s all we have time for! Thanks for tuning in to this week’s episode. Today we covered [SUMMARISE]. We’ll be back, in fact you can expect new episodes every [DAY] [TIME]. Quick reminder again of how you can support the podcast [CTA]. [SHOW NOTABLE]. Take care everyone, and until next time!”

Podcast script outline template

Let’s take a look at what would go into the perfect podcast script, something which hits everything necessary to prime your episode for audience connection and growth.

• Intro music – some podcasts play the intro music later in the episode eg after the introduction. Intro music should play for a maximum of 10 seconds before listeners hear the content. Listeners have tuned in to listen to you, not your music.
• Introduction – name and what the show is, who you are and what you’re talking about in this episode. You can also say your tagline and if you have guests, this is where you’d introduce them.
• Call To Action(s) (CTA(s)) – these could be internal eg download lead magnets, leave a review on Podchaser, follow the podcast on social etc and external eg if you have a third-party sponsor or have an affiliate agreement.
• Stinger – A stinger or bumper is a short piece of music that can be used in between podcast segments.
• First discussion point – introduce it with background and context, making sure listeners can follow along. Build your points up like a narrative, with Who , What , Where and When first and then into the deeper, more nuanced stuff when listeners have a grip on the basics.
• Second stinger
• Second discussion point
• Third stinger
• CTA(s) – a reminder of the earlier CTA(s).
• Third, fourth, fifth points etc (depending on how long your show is), using stingers in between.
• Outro – this is your podcast episode wrap-up and the key takeaways from this week’s episode. Remind listeners to check your show notes for additional resources and links. Thank any guests you had this week and your listeners for tuning in. Tease what listeners can expect from the next episode.
• Outro music

How do you write a podcast script?

Now you know what to include in your intro, main body of the episode and outro, you should have some idea of how to write your podcast script. Remember, it can be as detailed as you like. Do what feels the most comfortable for you.

For example if speaking and podcasting is new to you, maybe having a detailed script will help. Just a word of caution – listen back to yourself and make sure it still sounds natural and not like you’re reading off the page.

However, if you are more comfortable with speaking and podcasting, you don’t necessarily need to go into much detail. Just have enough detail so you know the flow, direction and what you want to say and when. Also helps you to not forget certain things to mention.

If you would like more assistance in writing your podcast scripts continue reading as for examples and templates to use.

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Podcast script tips for beginners

1. write how you would speak.

The point of your podcast is to get your voice out there. The problem is, a lot of people see writing as a more “formal” medium than speaking, so when it comes time to write out a podcast script, they end up going for a more businesslike, professional tone than they would usually like to.

Keep it nice and conversational, flowing and easy – more like a chat with a friend than an email to a stranger. This may sound obvious, but make sure to keep it in mind when you put pen to paper. Whether you’re a hobbyist doing a podcast for fun or a small business wanting to attract more customers, this will help you to build a genuine connection with your audience.

2. Give context

If you’re writing a more minimal, bullet-point style script, make sure your notes actually mean something to you when you read them back. People often write their scripts a few days in advance, so make sure you’re making coherent notes that will actually be useful to you when you’re trying to read them on mic.

3. Allow yourself some space

Your podcast script should guide and help you, not confine you. Give yourself the space within your script to elaborate, riff on an idea, tell a little anecdote. Your podcast should be fun, not rigid and uniform. This tip applies especially to those writing out their script verbatim, but it’s one to keep in mind for everyone.

4. Use segue phrases

To make the flow of your episode more natural, it’s a good idea to use little phrases that pivot the conversation naturally from one topic to another. This will help avoid anything feeling rushed – it’s super simple to do, just something like:

“Okay, now we’ve covered the tensions at the Abbey Road sessions, George’s feeling undervalued and John and Paul’s differing musical visions, let’s talk about the day that The Beatles actually split up”.

Key script segments

Let’s look at some of the key elements that should feature in any podcast script.

This one’s pretty self explanatory – your introduction should cover what your podcast is about, who you are and a nice little catch phrase you say every time. It should then go into what this episode will cover.

A nice transitional phrase to move you from one area of discussion to another in a natural way.

A CTA, or Call To Action, is something you’re asking listeners to do. Common ones are to sign up to an email list, leave a positive review or follow you on social media.

4. Sponsor message

Essentially an advertisement – if you’re sponsored by a product or service, this is where you tell your listeners about it.

5. Subtopics or key talking points

Separate your main episode topic into subtopics or key talking points. This will help to give your episode structure, and make sue you don’t miss any key elements.

6. Key takeaway(s)

Remind listeners what they have learnt listening to this week’s episode, and give them key takeaways. Articles have conclusions, podcast episodes should be the same. Summarize what you have discussed.

You should wrap up every podcast episode, and remind listeners of the podcast they have been listening too, and your (the host’s) name. Thank listeners and any guests you have, and don’t forget to tell people to check out the episode show notes for any links or resources.

Short podcast script example

Here’s a short podcast script example for you to use or get inspiration from:

[Opening Music]

Host: Welcome to [PODCAST NAME], the podcast that [PODCAST DESCRIPTION]. I’m your host, [HOST NAME], and in today’s episode, we’ll be [EPISODE TOPIC & DESCRIPTION].

[Transition Music]

Host: I am excited to talk about [EPISODE TOPIC]. [EPISODE TOPIC] is important because [EXPLAIN WHY], and after listening to this episode you will [BENEFITS]. This week we have a great guest joining us to talk about [EPISODE TOPIC]. Our guest is [GUEST NAME] who [GUEST BIO].

Host: Thanks for you joining the podcast [GUEST NAME].

Guest: It’s an absolute pleasure, thanks for asking me to join you, and I can’t wait to talk about [EPISODE TOPIC]

[MAIN PODCAST CONTENT] – host asks the guest a series of questions and follow-up questions, and responds to answers.

Host: We’re going to take a short break, join us for part 2 where [GUEST NAME] will be discussing X, Y and Z.

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Host: Welcome back for part 2, [GUEST NAME] let’s dive straight back in.

Guest: I can’t wait to discuss more about [EPISODE TOPIC].

[MAIN PODCAST CONTENT] – host asks the guest a series of questions, and follow-up questions, and responds to answers.

Host: Sadly, [GUEST NAME] we have run out of time. Thanks so much for an excellent podcast episode, it has been really interesting and great to chat with you in detail about [EPISODE TOPIC].

Guest: Thank you for having me, it’s been awesome to join you for an episode of [PODCAST NAME]. Hopefully what has been discussed today is helpful for your listeners.

Host: And that is a wrap! Sadly we’re at the end of another [PODCAST NAME] episode. Thanks for listening, and I really hope you enjoyed this week’s episode. The main takeaway for me was [MAIN TAKEAWAY]. Check out the episode show notes as there’ll be links to resources about today’s topic, and [GUEST NAME] social media links. Don’t forget that you can [CTA 1] and [CTA 2]. Again link in the show notes for more information. We publish new episodes every [PODCAST RELEASE SCHEDULE]. Until next time [PODCAST TAGLINE].

Podcast script real-life example

Ok, enough explanations – let’s look at some real life examples. We’re going to be using the script used for our own podcast, Captivate Insider . Let’s take a look at Episode 26:

Here’s the intro script Garry used:

Hello there and welcome to Captivate Insider. This is episode 26, I hope you are keeping well and safe and that you are smashing through your podcast goals for 2022 so far. 

My name is Garry, I’m the Head of Design here at Captivate and I’m your host. Each week I’ll take you behind the scenes of what’s going on here at Captivate, talk about some industry news and give you some tips and pointers to make sure that your podcast is rocking and rolling.

This week, I’m joined by Danny who heads up our User Experience and Support team. He’s been on the show before and this week, Danny and I are going to be talking about how to grow and retain your listenership by keeping them engaged.

Notice how this part is nicely scripted out to ensure all the main points (podcast name, host name, episode number and topic, guest name) are hit? 

Here are Garry’s notes for the main part of the episode:

Questions/Discussion Points

• Back in episode 6, we spoke about how we approach and view user experience here at Captivate from a high level. Does your view of our user experience values (timely response, openness, quality communication etc) remain the same even when dealing with those difficult user problems?
• We pride ourselves on being open and honest when dealing with user issues, the reasons and the benefits of that approach are obvious, but is it a challenge to keep that mindset “topped up”?
• In today’s world, users know a lot more than ever before. Some users are experts in the industry and really know their onions with podcasting, others are at the other end of the scale and maybe just starting their journey into podcasting. How do you find approaching the users along that scale of expert to newbie?
• On the subject of honesty, openness etc, we have a great role model in that area – our MD Mark is a big advocate of “honesty is the best policy” – he led from the front recently as we started to notice some areas for improvement needed in our analytics and a couple of other places in the platform, reaching out personally to our users and addressing the subject on our recent Q&A live stream. Does that give you the confidence to approach any issue?
• We’re an inclusive team at Captivate, how does your exposure to the platform and features, along with maintaining the Captivate Insider newsletter, help get users the correct information and help?
• We don’t get it all the time and we certainly don’t expect it but when users compliment you on a job well done, does that make life in user experience that bit easier to navigate on a daily basis?
• For others working in user experience or good old “customer service”, either within our industry or elsewhere and are listening to this episode, can you give us a few tips on how to maintain a high level of quality through honesty and openness?

Given that Garry had a guest, Danny, he wrote down all the questions he was going to ask on the episode and shared them with him. He then used these questions as a base for the podcast, which kept the conversation moving and was loose enough to allow for any tangents and new ideas that may arise during the course of a discussion like this one.

This is probably the best way to script a podcast episode with multiple people, as it ensures the conversation doesn’t lull while also allowing a natural conversation between the two speakers.

Garry’s outro.

Being a seasoned podcaster, Garry didn’t script his outro – he knew he needed to simply thank the audience, and his guest and hit the podcast’s main CTA, which is to get people to try Captivate. Let’s take a look at a transcript to see how he did that:

Thank you very much again to Danny for taking the time to chat with me and part with some experienced views and thank you for listening to another episode of Captivate Insider.

If you’re not using Captivate yet to power your podcast, you can do that with a free trial. Just head over to captivate.fm/signup, pop your deets in there and sign up to everything, nothing is locked behind a pay wall or anything. Get full access to all of our features for seven days, kick the tyres, see what you think, and I’m sure you’ll be impressed so you can get your podcast up and running in no time and get it to where you want it to be .

If you’ve got a podcast somewhere else if you’ve got it hosted with another hosting company, that’s all good but if you’ve been thinking about having a bit of a change up and you wanna look at another host, then it’s really quick and easy to import your podcast into Captivate. And again, you have everything available to you for free for seven days. So go and check that out at captivate.fm/signup and give that a go.

Until next week and episode 27, take care of yourselves and happy podcasting.

He kept it loose, conversational and friendly. By the time you’re getting to your podcast outro, especially if you’re a more experienced podcaster, you’ll likely be in the zone, so it’s less essential to script out verbatim than your intro.

If you’re newer or less confident behind the mic, though – script it out! There’s no shame in having it to fall back on.

Free podcast script templates

Script for a solo show.

[Intro music]

Hi and welcome to _____, I’m _____. This is episode ___, and we’ll be discussing ___. If you’re a fan of the show, please do follow us on ____.

[This is the first point you’re going to discuss in your episode. Make sure it’s all clear and relevant!]

Transition into…

[Ideas should build on one another, each feeling like a natural continuation of the previous one, building on concepts explained earlier on.]

[Break during the episode which includes your most important CTA OR a message from your sponsors]

Ideas 3, 4, 5…:

[Just repeat the process until your episode topic is covered to the degree you wish to go to.]

[Conclude what you have spoken about] And that’s it! Thanks so much for listening, this show really wouldn’t be possible without you. If you’re a fan of the show, please leave a review on Podchaser (or similar CTA) – the link is in the show notes.

Until our next podcast episode remember [podcast notable].

[ Outro music ]

Script with a Co-Host

Co Host  1: Hi and welcome to _____, I’m _____. 

Co Host  2: And I’m _____. This is episode ___, and we’ll be discussing ___. If you’re a fan of the show, please do follow us on ____.

Co Host 1: Now let’s get into it!

Co Host 1: [Conclude what you have spoken about] And that’s it! Thanks so much for listening, this show really wouldn’t be possible without you. If you’re a fan of the show, please leave a review on Podchaser (or similar CTA) – the link is in the show notes.

Co host 2: Thanks, [ Co Host 11 ], and thanks to everyone listening at home. Until our next episode, remember [podcast notable].

[Outro music]

Interview style script

Host: Hi and welcome to _____, I’m _____. I’m joined today by [ Guest ], an expert in _____ to discuss _____. Hello, [ Guest ], and thank you for joining me today!

Guest : Thanks [ Host ], very happy to be here.

Host: Awesome! Let’s get right into it. First, though, if you are a fan of this podcast, please do follow the show on ____!

Question 1:

[This is the first question you’re going to ask your guest. Start with background info, more basic stuff, and then build up to their more specific knowledge]

[ Important! You should be reactive as an interviewer – respond to guests’ answers and allow the conversation to build off of their responses. Don’t just blindly read off your questions, it’s not engaging for listeners. Keep the conversation flowing but also be mindful of not straying too far off course, keep control of your interview by bringing your guest(s) back into your planned questions.]

Question 2:

[Questions should build on one another, each feeling like a natural continuation of the previous one, building on concepts explained earlier on.]

Questions 3, 4, 5…:

Host: And that’s it! Thanks so much for listening, and thank you to [ Guest ] for joining me today, make sure to check out their ____ which is releasing soon

Guest: Thanks, It’s been great to be here.

Host: Where can people find and connect with you?

Guest: Connect with me on… 

Host: Until our next episode remember [podcast notable] – [podcast tagline] .

How to nail your podcast script

Like anything, you probably won’t get your script perfect the first time. If you’re not used to it, you may sound a bit clunky or you may fluff up reading off the page.

But don’t worry: keep at it! Ask for feedback from listeners and friends and experiment with what works for you. If you find reading a full script hard, try an episode with just notes, and vice versa.

Pro tip: Try including your CTA in your intro for a few episodes and record how many listeners actually commit to it. Then try the next few episodes with that same CTA in the outro – that way you can work out where it generates the most engagement.

You can use Captivate’s Attribution Links to track how many times a given link is clicked, meaning you can empirically see which placement is best.

This is called split testing, and is super common in the marketing world!

Captivate features that will help you to nail your scripts

Of course, we’re all podcasters ourselves, and we know it’s not easy to get that script perfect. With that in mind, we’ve designed our features to help you with this!

Episode Planning

Our amazing Episode Planning features allow you to create an episode script within Captivate, collecting Research Links to tie in to your episode along the way.

Once you’ve planned out your episode within the Captivate Dashboard, keep that script in front of you while recording your episode in your DAW. Then, once your episode is recorded, you can upload the mp3 file and attach it directly to the episode idea to turn it into a live podcast episode.

Player Customization

When you’re reading out your Calls to Action, it won’t be a big ask for your listeners – you can include quick links to your social media apps and directory links directly within the embeddable Captivate player!

Increasing the ease of a CTA makes it more likely that your listeners will actually do it – all you’re asking them to do here is click on something already on their screen!

Podcast script FAQs

• Should I include keywords?

Yes, if you have done keyword research for your podcast episode (and we recommend everyone does this) definitely include the keywords in your script. This is a great way to ensure that you are mentioning phrases in your episode that people are actually searching for in search engines like Google. 

Google has been transcribing and indexing podcasts since 2019, so doing this increases the chances of your podcast episode being shown to people when they search for relevant terms.

Word of caution – be careful with adding keywords as you still want your podcast episodes to sound natural, plus keyword stuffing just doesn’t work. It annoys both people and Google.

Read more about podcast SEO . 

• Should I keep it simple?

For first time scripters, it’s certainly a good idea to try just bullet points first – many find a full script too constricting at first. Simple bullet points of all the ideas you want to hit are a great place to start!

• Do I need to do a dry run?

Consensus is split on this one – if it’s a solo show, a dry run certainly wouldn’t hurt, but it could kill the chemistry if you’re working with another presenter or an interviewee. You don’t want it to sound like you’re going through the motions, and listeners will be able to tell if you’re really excited about something and having the conversation for the first time.

• Check out the transcripts of other podcasts, as this is a quick and easy way to see what kind of scripts other shows are using.
• Ask your friends! See if any of your podcaster friends will share their scripts for previous episodes so you can see how they built up their episodes.
• Use the templates in this article – we’d love to know if our templates helped you create your scripts! Let us know on Twitter.
• Ask in our Facebook group : there is a massive community of Captivate podcasters at your fingertips, sharing expertise and questions, with daily interaction from the Captivate team, too!

Pro tips for podcast scripts

• Avoid saying ‘Subscribe or follow wherever you get your podcasts’!

We hear a lot of podcasters say something along the lines of ‘subscribe or follow wherever you get your podcasts’. Not giving listeners an easy action to complete is asking too much of them, as you are leaving it up to them to go and find your show in their preferred app and then click subscribe or follow.

If you use Captivate you can send people to your single promotional link . This is a URL (www.domain.com/listen) that you can mention when recording and include in your show notes, and has links to your show in all major podcast playing platforms. It’s easy for people to remember, so they are more likely to do what you ask them. 

• Don’t over do it with CTAs – it’s good to have a range, but stick to one or two per episode. 

The more CTAs you include in your podcast episode, the less likely people are going to take action. It’s good to test out a range across your episodes, but when recording a specific episode stick to one or two.

The more times a listener is reminded of one action, the more likely they are to do it. There’s a well known rule in marketing that consumers have to be exposed to a message or idea at least 7 times before they take an action. If you ask people to do too many things they will easily forget and not end up doing what you want them to. 

If you are a Captivate user you can use Captivate’s Attribution Links to track the efficacy of your different CTAs, to see which ones perform best.

• Use notables

A show notable is something memorable about your show – not your name, art or music, more of a catch-phrase. It’s something that will spring to mind for listeners whenever your show is mentioned, and it’s great for building familiarity with your audience.

A great example is from one of my personal favourite shows, ‘ Philosophize This ’. It has the super simple notable of “ Thank you for wanting to know more today than you did yesterday ”.

• Mention that it’s free to follow or subscribe – some people think that you have to pay to follow or subscribe to podcasts . Easy way to combat this is to mention that it’s free to subscribe and follow, whether that’s in your notes, during recording or in your social media posts.

Scripting out your episode will make sure it’s the best it can be, with nothing forgotten in the urgency of recording. Just as every podcast is unique, the way each podcaster writes out a script will be unique, too – whatever works for you is just as valid as the next person’s. 

Did you find this article helpful? Check out, ‘ Write an Engaging Podcast Description that Turns Scrollers into Listeners ‘.

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March 26, 2024

This article has been reviewed according to Science X's editorial process and policies . Editors have highlighted the following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility:

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Essays on democracy draw attention to critical threats, explore safeguards ahead of Jan. 6

by Tracy DeStazio, University of Notre Dame

Following the events of Jan. 6, 2021—when a violent mob stormed the U.S. Capitol building in an effort to interrupt the certification process of the 2020 presidential election—experts began to question how to protect the next presidential election from a similar threat. To that end, University of Notre Dame political scientists have partnered with preeminent scholars of democracy from across the country to produce a set of recommendations to strengthen and safeguard democracy in America.

The University's Rooney Center for the Study of American Democracy established the January 6th, 2025, Project in an effort to understand the social, political, psychological and demographic factors that led to that troublesome day in the capital.

By pursuing research, teaching and public engagement , the project offers insight into how American democracy got to this point and how to strengthen and protect it, while emphasizing how to prepare for a similar attack many deem imminent on Jan. 6, 2025, when Congress seeks to certify the 2024 presidential election results. The project includes 34 members who represent various disciplines and leading universities—10 of whom hail from Notre Dame's faculty.

Matthew E.K. Hall, director of the Rooney Center, said one of the project's first goals was to create a collection of essays written by its members to be included in a special issue of The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , which was published this month. These essays aim to draw attention to the vulnerabilities in our democratic system and the threats building against it, and to create consensus on ways to remedy both problems.

The authors set out to tackle the following tough questions, but from different perspectives: How serious are the threats to our democracy, how did we get to this point, and what can we do to fix the situation? The 14 essays are broken down into categories, falling under the headings of "'Us' Versus 'Them,'" "Dangerous Ideas" and "Undermining Democratic Institutions." With most pieces being co-authored by faculty from multiple institutions, the collection offers a collaborative approach to evaluating what led America to this crisis and how to avert it.

David Campbell, director of the Notre Dame Democracy Initiative and the Packey J. Dee Professor of American Democracy in the Department of Political Science, described the project as "an example of how Notre Dame can be a national leader on the issue of preserving American democracy. Not only do we have top scholars working on the issue, but we can provide a forum for a community of scholars across many leading universities. Maintaining democracy will require all hands on deck."

In the collection's introduction, Hall explained the backdrop of what led America to this point and why these essays help acknowledge the challenges we are facing as a nation.

"We are basically living through a revival of fascist politics in the U.S.," Hall wrote, "where politicians are using divisive rhetoric to separate us into an 'us' versus 'them' paradigm—left versus right, white versus Black, rich versus poor, urban versus rural, religious versus secular—the divisions go on and on."

Hall estimated that between 25 and 30% of Americans have consistently endorsed some fascist ideas such as racial oppression, conspiracy theories and authoritarianism. "Ordinarily, this consistent minority is held in check by the democratic process," Hall explained.

"These candidates don't even get nominated for major political positions because their co-partisan allies don't want to lose the general election.

"But when our politics become this intensely polarized, most partisans will support their party no matter who is nominated," he continued. "As a result, politicians pushing these fascist ideas can gain power by taking over one political party and then exploiting the polarization to win elections. Once taking power, they will likely manipulate the electoral process to remain in power."

Consequently, Hall said, fascist leaders are able to exploit these social divisions to break down basic social norms and shared understandings about American politics. This pushes huge swaths of society toward accepting dangerous ideas that would normally be rejected, such as expanded executive power, intense animosity toward political opponents, a wavering support for free speech, and political candidates who deny election losses.

This weakened support for democratic norms enables attacks on our democratic institutions, such as ignoring court rulings, enacting voter suppression laws and—most shockingly (as in the case of Jan. 6)—openly subverting elections.

With the political situation as dire as many feel it to be, the January 6th, 2025, Project's essays outline a few practical steps that can be taken to strengthen and safeguard democracy in America.

For example, Hall said, as the nation moves forward into this next election year, American voters have to stay focused on the "deliberate denial of reality" on the part of some politicians so that they can discern the difference between lies, truths and just plain distractions.

"The more we lose touch with basic facts and accept misinformation, conspiracies and contradictory claims as the norm in our society," he said, "the more vulnerable we are to losing our democracy.

"Even more importantly, we have to be willing to sacrifice short-term political gains in order to preserve the long-term stability of our democracy. That might mean holding your nose to vote for candidates that you would not otherwise support."

Hall added that Americans must redouble their devotion to democratic principles such as open elections and free speech, and states should adopt institutional reforms that remove partisans from the electoral process (for example, employing nonpartisan election commissions). He also noted the importance of paying close attention to efforts that divide groups of Americans, especially those that portray outgroup members as evil or less than human.

The members of the project hope that by honestly acknowledging the challenges our nation is facing, understanding the mistakes that were made and recognizing the vulnerabilities in our system that led us to this situation—and by resolving to fix these issues—we can pull our country's political system back from the edge of the cliff before it's too late.

"The public needs to take these critical threats seriously and we're hoping that these essays draw attention to them, and help to build consensus about the underlying problems in our politics and potential remedies," Hall concluded.

Democracy is one of several University-wide initiatives emerging from Notre Dame's recently released Strategic Framework . The Democracy Initiative will further establish Notre Dame as a global leader in the study of democracy, a convenor for conversations about and actions to preserve democracy, and a model for the formation of civically engaged citizens and public servants.

Provided by University of Notre Dame

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