Change Password
Your password must have 6 characters or more:.
- a lower case character,
- an upper case character,
- a special character
Password Changed Successfully
Your password has been changed
Create your account
Forget yout password.
Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions
If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password
Forgot your Username?
Enter your email address below and we will send you your username
If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username
The American Psychiatric Association (APA) has updated its Privacy Policy and Terms of Use , including with new information specifically addressed to individuals in the European Economic Area. As described in the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use, this website utilizes cookies, including for the purpose of offering an optimal online experience and services tailored to your preferences.
Please read the entire Privacy Policy and Terms of Use. By closing this message, browsing this website, continuing the navigation, or otherwise continuing to use the APA's websites, you confirm that you understand and accept the terms of the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use, including the utilization of cookies.
Chapter 2.The Therapeutic Relationship: Collaborative Empiricism in Action
One of the appealing features of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) is the collaborative, straightforward, and action-oriented style of the therapeutic relationship that it employs. Although the relationship between therapist and patient is not considered to be the principal mechanism for change as in some other forms of psychotherapy, a good working alliance is a critically important part of treatment ( Beck et al. 1979 ). Just like clinicians who use other major forms of psychotherapy, cognitive-behavior therapists seek to provide a treatment environment with a high degree of genuineness, warmth, positive regard, and accurate empathy—the common qualities of all effective therapies ( Beck et al. 1979 ; Keijsers et al. 2000 ; Rogers 1957 ). In addition to these nonspecific features of the therapeutic relationship, CBT is characterized by a specific type of working alliance, collaborative empiricism, that is geared toward promoting cognitive and behavioral change.
Access content
- Personal login
- Institutional Login
- Sign in via OpenAthens
- Register for access
Please login/register if you wish to pair your device and check access availability.
Not a subscriber.
Subscribe Now / Learn More
PsychiatryOnline subscription options offer access to the DSM-5 library, books, journals, CME, and patient resources. This all-in-one virtual library provides psychiatrists and mental health professionals with key resources for diagnosis, treatment, research, and professional development.
Need more help? PsychiatryOnline Customer Service may be reached by emailing [email protected] or by calling 800-368-5777 (in the U.S.) or 703-907-7322 (outside the U.S.).
- Cited by None
©American Psychiatric Association Publishing
The Palgrave Handbook of Educational Thinkers pp 1–13 Cite as
Carl Rogers: A Person-Centered Approach
- Maryann Krikorian 2
- Living reference work entry
- First Online: 27 December 2022
681 Accesses
1 Citations
A humanistic psychology framework grounds Carl Rogers’ theory, research, and practice. General insights from Rogers’ person-centered approach make the case for the importance of attending to issues of authenticity, dialogical relationships, self-actualization, and existential freedom. One key highlight is the way Rogers utilizes psychotherapy to challenge clients in re-claiming their own resources for healing and growth, known as client-centered therapy. A second key highlight is that of experiential learning to encourage personal accountability and social responsibility in an effort to abandon authoritative educational practices, discussed as student-centered learning. A third key highlight is the way Rogers utilizes personal growth and relationship building to challenge readers to re-conceptualize success as including wellbeing and empowerment. Lastly, a fourth highlight offers future implications for research engaged in person-centered philosophies. Rogers’ theorizations now expand across a variety of fields and disciplines and is considered and referred to as a person-centered approach – the study of the conditions that make it possible for people to grow and develop toward actualization.
- Person-centered
- Humanistic psychology
- Actualization
- Helping relationships
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution .
Benjamin, L. T. (1990). Leta Stetter Hollingworth: Psychologist, educator, feminist. Roeper Review, 12 (3), 145–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783199009553259
Article Google Scholar
Bohart, A. C., & Greening, T. (2001). Humanistic psychology and positive psychology. American Psychologist, 56 (1), 81–82.
Cissna, K. N., & Anderson, R. (1994). The 1957 Martin Buber-Carl Rogers dialogue, as dialogue. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 34 (1), 11–45.
Google Scholar
Crisp, R. (2018). Rogers and Goldstein redux: The actualizing person responding to trauma and loss. Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies, 17 (1), 70–85.
Friedman, M. (1985). The healing dialogue in psychotherapy . Jason Aronson.
Goldstein, K. (1939). The organism: A holistic approach to biology derived from pathological data in man . American Books.
Book Google Scholar
Goldstein, K. (1940). Human nature in the light of psychopathology . Harvard University Press.
Kierkegaard, S. (1941). Concluding unscientific postscript (W. Lowrie, & D. F. Swenson, Trans.). Princeton University.
Kramer, R. (1995). The birth of client-centered therapy: Carl Rogers, Otto Rank, and the beyond. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 35 (4), 54–110.
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50 (4), 370–396.
Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality . Harper and Row.
Miller, R. (1990). Leta Stetter Hollingworth: Pioneer woman of psychology. Roeper Review, 12 (3), 142–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783199009553258
Morris, J. E. (1979). Kierkegaard’s concept of subjectivity and implications for humanistic psychology. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 19 (3), 67–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/002216787901900311
Passow, H. A. (1990). Leta Stetter Hollingworth: A real original. Roeper Review, 12 (3), 134–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783199009553255
Proctor, C., Tweed, R., & Morris, D. (2016). The Rogerian fully functioning person: A positive psychology perspective. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 56 (5), 503–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167815605936
Robbins, B. D. (2015). Building bridges between humanistic and positive psychology. In S. Joseph (Ed.), Positive psychology in practice: Promoting human flourishing in work, health, education, and everyday life . Wiley.
Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client-centered therapy: Its current practice, implication, theory . Houghton Mifflin.
Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person . Houghton Mifflin.
Rogers, C. R. (1969). Freedom to learn . Merrill.
Rogers, C. R. (1977). Carl Rogers on personal power . Delacorte.
Rogers, C. R. (1980). A way of being . Houghton Mifflin.
Seligman, M., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology. American Psychologist, 55 (1), 5–14.
Thorne, B. P. (2003). Carl rogers . SAGE Publications.
Woods, I. (2014). Carl Rogers, Martin Buber, and relationship. Irish Association for Counseling and Psychotherapy, 14 (2), 14–18.
Further Reading
Rogers, C. R., & Farson, R. E. (2015). Active listening . Martino.
Download references
Author information
Authors and affiliations.
Department of Teaching and Learning, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Maryann Krikorian
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Corresponding author
Correspondence to Maryann Krikorian .
Editor information
Editors and affiliations.
Educational Leadership, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
Brett A. Geier
Section Editor information
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
Azadeh F. Osanloo Professor
Rights and permissions
Reprints and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry.
Krikorian, M. (2023). Carl Rogers: A Person-Centered Approach. In: Geier, B.A. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Educational Thinkers . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81037-5_106-1
Download citation
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81037-5_106-1
Received : 12 July 2022
Accepted : 14 July 2022
Published : 27 December 2022
Publisher Name : Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN : 978-3-030-81037-5
Online ISBN : 978-3-030-81037-5
eBook Packages : Springer Reference Education Reference Module Humanities and Social Sciences Reference Module Education
- Publish with us
Policies and ethics
- Find a journal
- Track your research
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
9. Empirical research _____the centrality of the therapeutic relationship as a primary factor contributing to psychotherapy outcomes. a. downplays b. exaggerates c. consistently supports d. inconsistently supports
Special Section Aim. Our call for this Special Section in Psychotherapy Research identified a preference for empirical studies or review manuscripts that introduce innovative research methodologies, as well as clinical intervention studies. We were interested in how core elements of the therapeutic relationship such as expressed empathy, alliance, collaboration, and empiricism covary in CBT ...
Consequently, this summary highlights empirical research that strongly and consistently supports the centrality of the therapeutic relationship as a primary factor contributing to psychotherapy outcome. After a summary of research on extratherapeutic factors, specific therapeutic techniques, and relationship factors, practice and research ...
Abstract. The place of the therapeutic relationship in psychotherapy research is presented in a historical framework, followed by a brief review of the major research themes within this topic and ...
Emphasis is on the unfolding of the client-therapist interaction and the development of the therapeutic relationship in their case study, rather than on discrete relationship variables (e.g., empathy, alliance, self-disclosure) or on schools of psychotherapy. In examining the process of change in the case studies, the authors of each chapter ...
Drawing on contemporary evidence in the counselling and psychotherapy research field, this paper argues that there is growing support for a relationship-orientated approach to therapeutic practice ...
The place of the therapeutic relationship in psychotherapy research is presented in a historical framework, followed by a brief review of the major research themes within this topic and a review of what is covered in this special section.
E-mail: [email protected]. ISSN 1050-3307 print/ISSN 1468-4381 online # 2005 Society for Psychotherapy Research DOI: 10.1080/10503300512331339143.
The chapter summarizes empirical research on the impact of therapeutic relationship on the process and outcome of psychotherapy. It supplies some clinical guidelines to guide cognitive behavioral therapists in the use of therapeutic relationship as they deliver CBT, illustrating some of these guidelines with exemplars from clinical practice ...
Excerpt. One of the appealing features of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) is the collaborative, straightforward, and action-oriented style of the therapeutic relationship that it employs. Although the relationship between therapist and patient is not considered to be the principal mechanism for change as in some other forms of psychotherapy, a ...
The place of the therapeutic relationship in psychotherapy research is presented in a historical framework, followed by a brief review of the major research themes within this topic and a review of what is covered in this special section. Some of the strengths of this body of work, as well as the potential challenges arising out of the re-emergence of the alliance as a pan-theoretical concept ...
studies which provide strong evidence for the centrality of relational factors to the successfulness ... empirical evidence in the counselling and psychotherapy research field has been ... the largest ever review of research on the therapeutic relationship, and its distillation of the 3. evidence comes to over 400 pages (Norcross, 2002b). ...
This article is a systematic review of studies of the counseling relationship intended to identify the present empirical understanding of this essential element of counseling. Using the multidimensional model proposed by Gelso & Carter, empirical support for the "real, " "unreal, " and "working alliance" elements of the relationship are summarized.
Empirical research _____the centrality of the therapeutic relationship as a primary factor contributing to psychotherapy outcomes. strongly and consistently supports. According to professional ethical principles on testing, it would be unethical for a counselor to:
We can operationally define the client-therapist relationship as the feelings and attitudes that therapist and client have toward one another and how these are expressed. This definition is general but concise, reasonably consensual, and theoretically neutral. My aim in this chapter is to traverse the empirical research on what works in the therapeutic relationship and to translate that ...
A formidable body of research data indicates the association between treatment alliance and therapeutic outcome . Therapeutic Relationship and Behavioral Therapy Behavioral psychotherapies tend to de-emphasize the relationship between the clinician and the client but are nonetheless founded on a supposition that the patient is participating ...
Abstract. Objective: Prior research has established that common therapeutic relationship factors are potent predictors of change in psychotherapy, but such factors are typically studied one at a time and their underlying structure when studied simultaneously is not clear. We assembled empirically validated relationship factors (e.g., therapist empathy; patient expectations; agreement about ...
With a humanistic framework, Rogers' ( 1951, 1961) person-centered approach to psychotherapy opposed the disease and medical model once dominated by the sciences. His contributions in theory, research, and practice moved the field of psychology toward a strengths-based approach to prioritize more experiential encounters in therapy.
This section will analyze how the most important conceptual components in psychological therapies can be found in existential therapies and how much each conceptual component of existential therapy is supported by empirical research evidence: clinical, aetiological, therapeutic, client-oriented, therapist-oriented, relationship-oriented, and ...
Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like True or False: If counselors hide behind the safety of their professional role, their clients will likely keep themselves hidden in therapy., True or False:Empirical research strongly and consistently supports the centrality of the therapeutic relationship as a primary factor contributing to psychotherapy outcomes., True or False ...
Psychoanalysis, despite its historical significance, has faced criticism for insufficient empirical backing, whereas the nonspecific effects of therapy are generally seen as beneficial. Explanation: Empirical research consistently supports the centrality of the therapeutic relationship as a primary factor contributing to psychotherapy outcomes.