physical geography topics for research

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146 Impressive Geography Research Topics Every Student Will Like

Are you a student seeking inspiration for your next geography research project? Look no further! In this article, we present you with a treasure trove of 146 original and top-quality geography research topics, completely free of charge. Whether you’re pursuing a degree in geography or simply passionate about exploring the world around you, these topics cover a wide range of fascinating subjects.

From human geography and cultural landscapes to physical geography and environmental sustainability, we’ve got you covered. Each topic is carefully crafted to ignite your curiosity and help you delve deeper into the field. Get ready to embark on an exciting journey of exploration and discovery as you uncover unique research ideas that will captivate both you and your readers.

Areas Of Geography

Geography is a field of study that explores the Earth’s physical features, human activities and their interactions. It examines the spatial patterns, processes, and relationships between the environment and society. Geographers investigate the Earth’s surface, analyzing its landscapes, climate, ecosystems and resources, as well as the distribution of populations, cultures, economies, and political systems. There are several types of geography, each focusing on specific aspects of the Earth’s physical and human dimensions:

Physical geography examines natural phenomena like landforms, weather and ecosystems. Human geography studies human activities, such as population distribution, urbanization and cultural landscapes. Economic geography explores the spatial patterns of economic activities, trade and resource distribution. Political geography analyzes the political systems, boundaries and geopolitical relationships between regions. Environmental geography investigates the interactions between humans and the environment, including environmental issues and sustainability. Geographical information systems (GIS) and remote sensing employ technology to analyze spatial data and maps.

These subfields together provide a comprehensive understanding of the Earth’s complexities and its relationship with human society.

Easy Geography Research Paper Topics

Want to write your paper in just a couple of hours? Explore a curated list of accessible and easy geography research paper topics that will make your geography research paper writing a breeze:

The impact of climate change on coastal regions
Exploring the relationship between geography and tourism
Analyzing urbanization trends in developing countries
Investigating the effects of deforestation on biodiversity
Examining the role of geography in natural disaster management
Studying the cultural landscape of a specific region
Analyzing the geography of food production and distribution
Exploring the impact of transportation on urban development
Investigating the geography of renewable energy sources
Analyzing the spatial patterns of population growth
Studying the impact of globalization on local economies
Examining the geography of water resources and management

Human Geography Research Topics

Improve your chances of getting a top grade! Delve into the complex interplay between humans and their environment with this comprehensive list of human geography research topics:

Exploring the social implications of gentrification in urban areas
Analyzing the influence of gender on migration patterns
Investigating the impact of globalization on cultural identity
Examining the geography of poverty and social inequality
Studying the relationship between health and geographical location
Analyzing the spatial distribution of ethnic communities in cities
Investigating the geography of political power and governance
Exploring the role of geography in shaping human behavior
Analyzing the impacts of urban sprawl on communities
Studying the geography of education access and quality
Examining the spatial patterns of crime and its socio-economic factors
Investigating the geography of healthcare provision and disparities

Cultural Geography Research Topics

Interested in cultural geography? Immerse yourself in the rich tapestry of cultures and their geographical influences with this captivating list of cultural geography research topics:

Analyzing the cultural landscapes of indigenous communities
Exploring the impact of globalization on cultural diversity
Investigating the geography of language and its preservation
Examining the influence of religion on cultural landscapes
Studying the role of cultural heritage in tourism development
Analyzing the geography of cultural festivals and events
Investigating the spatial patterns of cultural diffusion
Exploring the impact of migration on cultural identities
Analyzing the geography of music and its regional variations
Investigating the role of food culture in shaping identities
Examining the spatial distribution of cultural institutions
Studying the geography of art and its impact on communities

Physical Geography Research Topics

Do you want to write about physical geography? Investigate the natural processes and phenomena shaping our planet through this collection of compelling physical geography research topics:

Analyzing the processes of coastal erosion and their impacts
Investigating the formation and characteristics of river systems
Examining the effects of climate change on glacial landscapes
Analyzing the spatial patterns of soil erosion and conservation
Investigating the biogeography of specific ecosystems
Exploring the impacts of climate on vegetation patterns
Analyzing the geography of water resources and hydrology
Investigating the formation and classification of landforms
Examining the spatial distribution of biodiversity hotspots
Studying the interactions between humans and the natural environment
Exploring the impacts of urbanization on natural landscapes

Geography Thesis Topics

Are you busy planning your thesis? Engage in an in-depth exploration of geographic concepts and theories with this thought-provoking list of geography thesis topics:

Investigating the geographical aspects of sustainable development
Analyzing the impacts of climate change on vulnerable communities
Exploring the role of geography in disaster risk reduction
Studying the geography of migration and refugee movements
Examining the relationship between urban planning and social equity
Analyzing the spatial patterns of energy consumption and renewable solutions
Exploring the geographical dimensions of political conflicts and peacebuilding
Investigating the role of geography in land use planning and conservation
Examining the impacts of globalization on local economies

Urban Geography Thesis Topics

Are you interested in writing about urban geography? Analyze the complexities of urban landscapes and urbanization processes with this curated selection of urban geography thesis topics:

Analyzing the effects of gentrification on urban neighborhoods
Investigating the role of urban design in creating sustainable cities
Examining the spatial patterns of urban sprawl and its consequences
Studying the geography of social segregation in urban areas
Analyzing the impacts of transportation systems on urban mobility
Investigating the relationship between urbanization and public health
Exploring the geography of informal settlements and slums
Analyzing the impacts of urban green spaces on quality of life
Investigating the geography of urban food systems and food security
Examining the role of technology in shaping smart cities
Studying the spatial distribution of cultural and recreational amenities in cities

PhD Research Topics In Geography

Expand the boundaries of geographical knowledge and contribute to the field with this diverse and stimulating list of PhD research topics in geography:

Analyzing the geography of environmental justice in urban areas
Investigating the impacts of climate change on indigenous communities
Examining the role of geography in disaster risk governance
Studying the spatial patterns of land use change in rapidly urbanizing regions
Analyzing the impacts of transportation infrastructure on accessibility and equity
Investigating the geographical dimensions of health inequalities
Exploring the relationship between globalization and urbanization processes
Analyzing the geography of political conflicts and territorial disputes
Investigating the impacts of natural resource extraction on local communities
Studying the spatial dynamics of international migration and its consequences
Exploring the geography of innovation and knowledge economies in cities

Captivating Research Topics In Geography

Looking for some captivating research topics in geography? Ignite curiosity and scholarly interest with this awesome collection of research topics that delve into various aspects of geography:

Investigating the geography of mega-cities and their challenges
Analyzing the impacts of climate change on vulnerable coastal regions
Exploring the spatial patterns of cultural landscapes and heritage sites
Studying the geography of borderlands and transnational interactions
Examining the impacts of tourism on local communities and environments
The role of geography in understanding human-environment interactions
Analyzing the spatial distribution of environmental pollution and its impacts
Exploring the geography of global food systems and agricultural practices
Investigating the impacts of natural disasters on urban resilience
Examining the role of geography in understanding urban inequalities
Studying the geography of geopolitical conflicts and their implications
Exploring the impacts of technological advancements on landscapes

Interesting Geography Research Topics

Discover a wide range of interesting geography research topics that will pique your professor’s curiosity and offer new insights into the world of geography:

Analyzing the impacts of climate change on glacier retreat and water resources
Investigating the geography of renewable energy transition and its challenges
Examining the spatial patterns of urban heat islands and their mitigation strategies
Studying the impacts of land use change on biodiversity conservation
Investigating the role of geography in understanding cultural diversity
Exploring the geography of disease outbreaks and their spatial spread
Investigating the impacts of natural hazards on human vulnerability and resilience
Examining the spatial distribution of ecological corridors
Studying the geography of regional economic disparities and development strategies
Exploring the impacts of transportation infrastructure on urban accessibility
The role of geography in understanding weather patterns

Good Geography Research Topics For 2023

Looking for some current topics to write about? Choose from a list of good geography research topics for 2023 that showcase the relevance and significance of geography in today’s world:

Impacts of population growth on urban infrastructure and services in geography
Geography of water scarcity and its implications for communities
Spatial patterns of environmental conservation and protected areas in geography
Impacts of land degradation on agricultural productivity and food security
Geography of natural resource management and sustainable practices
Relationship between climate change and human migration patterns in geography
Spatial distribution of environmental justice and marginalized communities
Impacts of urbanization on water pollution and ecosystem degradation
Geography of renewable energy sources and their integration into the grid
Role of geography in understanding regional conflicts over natural resources
Impacts of deforestation on biodiversity loss and ecosystem services

Geography Topics For Research For College

Need some great geography topics for research for college? Explore a comprehensive list of geography research topics tailored for college-level studies, offering opportunities for critical analysis and exploration:

Impacts of transportation infrastructure on urban air quality in geography
Geography of urban gentrification and displacement
Spatial patterns of urban food waste and its environmental consequences
Impacts of tourism development on fragile ecosystems in geography
Geography of environmental migration and its social implications
Role of geography in understanding climate adaptation strategies
Spatial distribution of environmental inequalities and environmental racism
Impacts of land use change on water quality in agricultural regions
Geography of geopolitical conflicts and territorial disputes
Impacts of industrial pollution on urban health and well-being
Role of geography in understanding disaster preparedness

Interesting Geography Topics For High School

Get the most interesting geography topics for high school. Foster geographical curiosity and critical thinking skills with this intriguing list of essay topics designed specifically by our best dissertation service writers for high school students:

Analyzing the impacts of climate change on the polar regions
Investigating the geography of natural hazards
Examining the spatial distribution of endangered species
Studying the impacts of urbanization on wildlife habitat fragmentation
Exploring the geography of cultural diversity and multiculturalism in cities
Investigating the role of geography in understanding climate variability
Analyzing the spatial patterns of population distribution and density
Investigating the geography of international migration and refugee flows
Examining the impacts of tourism on local communities and cultures
Studying the geography of natural resources
Exploring the role of geography in understanding global inequality

Engaging Geographical Research Topics

Embark on a captivating journey of geographical exploration with this diverse collection of engaging geographical research topics, connecting people, places and the environment through insightful investigations:

Urban sprawl impacts on land use and ecosystem services in geography
Geography of renewable energy transition and its challenges
Spatial patterns of urban heat islands and impacts on residents
Impacts of climate change on coastal erosion and shoreline management
Geography of water scarcity and implications for human populations
Role of geography in understanding geopolitical conflicts and peacebuilding
Spatial distribution of environmental pollutants and health effects
Impacts of globalization on local economies and cultural landscapes
Geography of gender inequalities and spatial dimensions
Impacts of natural disasters on vulnerable communities and recovery
Role of geography in understanding migration dynamics and urbanization
Geography of political borders and their social and economic implications

Affordable Thesis Help You Can Rely On

When it comes to working on a geography research paper or a thesis for Master’s degree , our company is your trusted source for comprehensive writing help. Our team of expert writers consists of experienced professionals who specialize in geography, ensuring that you receive top marks for your school or class. We pride ourselves on delivering high quality and impressive custom written theses tailored to your specific requirements.

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Make sure to check our posts with other topics before you leave:

122 Best Ecology Topics To Sparkle Your Writing
195 Top Anthropology Topics For Great Thesis
170 Fantastic Astronomy Topics For High Scoring Tests

Why is choosing a great topic important when writing a geography essay?

Choosing a great topic ensures that your essay is engaging, relevant, and allows you to demonstrate your understanding of key geographical concepts while capturing the reader’s interest.

How can I choose a great topic for my geography essay?

To choose a great topic, consider current geographical issues, areas of personal interest and the availability of reliable sources. Additionally, ensure that the topic aligns with your essay’s objectives and requirements.

What are some strategies for narrowing down a geography essay topic?

To narrow down your topic, focus on specific geographical regions, phenomena, or concepts. Consider exploring the intersections between different aspects of geography, such as human and physical geography, to create a unique and well-rounded essay topic.

Can I get assistance in choosing a great topic for my geography essay?

Yes, you can seek guidance from your instructor, consult reputable academic resources or utilize online platforms that provide topic suggestions. Engaging in discussions with peers or experts in the field can also help generate ideas and refine your topic choice.

Popular request:

Unique Geography Topics

Maybe you like researching and writing about unique ideas. And this is very important because uniqueness is one of the factors that educators consider when grading academic papers and essays. Here is a list of unique geography topics for research that you should consider.

Environmental and social-economic effects of gas and oil exploration in your town
Demographic and land-use changes in your area
Cartography history
The emerging grassland agriculture trends
Badland areas geomorphological changes
How human activities contribute to climate change
What causes soil erosion – How to mitigate it
How weather variables like wind, temperature, and snow contribute to the vegetation in native grassland
Effects of wet summer on agricultural production
Effects of modern farming techniques on agricultural production
Science historical geographies
How to control galley erosion in your area
How volcanic action affects land fertility
Mapping for landslide hazard and potential solutions
How acidification of ocean weather affects the marine life
How weather patents relate and possible mitigation in various countries
Effects of high urban areas’ population
How global warming affects the planet
How to manage the aging infrastructure
How to deal with urbanization and expansion in big cities

These are some of the best world geography project ideas to explore when writing an essay or a paper. Nevertheless, take your time to research your topic extensively and analyze data to come up with a solid paper.

Cultural Geography Topics

Cultural geography is among the major science branches, alongside social, political, and economic geography. It entails the study of ethnic geography. And this covers religion, art, and languages. Maybe you love researching and writing about cultural geography. In that case, consider these cultural geography essay topics.

The educational systems in western and eastern cultures
Geographical aspects of the world religions’ study
The role women play in the Chinese society
Heritage monuments in the geo-cultural space
The Native culture’s influence on human psychology
How globalization benefits developed and developing countries
How cultural superiority affects how humans behave
How globalization has affected the Chinese economy
The role of cultural geography in promoting tourism
The most represented food in my country

These are brilliant cultural geography research paper topics. Pick any of these ideas and then develop them to suit your project.

Human Geography Topics

Human geography entails the study of the network and distribution of people and different cultures across the world. It’s also about the study of how humans relate to their physical environment. Here are some of the best human geography research topics to consider for your papers.

India and China – The universal effects of the increasing economic powers of these countries
Ethnic Dressing evolution through different centuries
Human culture – How it has changed over time
The untoward impacts of overgrazing on the Mongolian Steppe’s agricultural production
World Power – The evolution of China into a powerful country
The development of military geography
The expansion of large cities – how does it affect the environment?
Settlement movements of the Scythians
How the Indian population growth impacts the environment
The spread of the South African diseases

These are interesting human geography essay topics. But, you should research your ideas carefully and extensively to come up with a solid paper regardless of your chosen topic.

Physical Geography Research Topics

Physical geography is arguably a major field in this subject. It entails the study of the natural environment. This includes the patterns and processes like the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. Ideally, physical geography covers both the built and cultural environment. Here are some of the best physical geography topics to consider for your paper or essay.

How climate change affects the intensity of the Australian bushfire
The meteorology history and its effects on modern research
River ice – The worldwide effects of the high ice loss rate across the globe
How the Australian bush fires affect the global weather
Organizational forms of the living matter on earth
The evolution and origin of the biosphere
The geographical envelope and its causes
Environmental nihilism and environmental determinism
Forms of chemical elements migration
The atmospheric vertical structure – Gas composition features of air and the determining factors
Characteristics of the elementary geochemical landscapes
The significance of the main gases in the atmosphere
Alkalinity and acidity of the soil – How to regulate them
The soil horizons color – How physicochemical properties of the constituent substances of the soil depend on their color
Soil formation – The anthropogenic factors
The role of endogenous geological processes in earth l formation

Physical geography is generally a complete sciences’ system that entails the study of dynamics, structures, and functioning of the geological envelope, as well as, its structural parts. Pick your geography topic from this category if you love exploring the environment in its natural and man-made forms.

Interesting Geography Topics

Do you want to research and write about something interesting? In that case, consider this category of interesting geography paper topics.

Features and qualities of coastal erosion
Why should humans protect the endangered rain forests tree species?
Why glaciers melting is happening faster than predicted
Which was the worst ecological crisis in the world’s history
Meteorological science – Is it accurate or real?
How to minimize the effects of deforestation
Effects of floods on the lives of humans
Hurricanes effects and how to predict them
An exploration of geographical features of a desert
Human roles in the increasing global warming
Why earthquakes and landslides are popular today
Can eco-friendly food feed the world?
How to use innovative technologies to produce eco-friendly food
The role of humans in their extinction
How a volcanic eruption occurs
How humans have contributed to the ever-changing climate
How oil and gas exploration affects the social issues
How volcanoes affect nearby settlements
The happenings and process of earthquakes
Factors that lead to the urbanization of some areas over time
Indicators and causes of climate change

Choose your geography research topic from this category and then develop it extensively. Use reliable and authentic sources to find relevant information for your paper or essay to earn the top grade.

The Best Geography Research Topics to Choose from

Maybe you want to pick your geography essay topics from a list of the best ideas. Whether you need AP human geography topics or world geography topics, this list comprises the best ideas to consider when writing your paper or essay.

The main causes and effects of earthquakes
A description of the Amazon basin formation
How flooding helps in sustaining life
Environmental effects of oil exploration
Common hazards associated with landslides
Glaciers formation – Describe this process
Dumping waste alternatives
Explain the impact of the atomic blasts on Nagasaki and Hiroshima
Continental drift process from Pangaea until today
How geography relates to climate
How water bodies affect the climate
How public housing affects the housing industry
Influence of geographical location on a country’s climate
What causes water pollution?
What causes the eruption of wildfire
Effects of the rising industrialization trend
What should humans do to protect rare species
How to protect floods
How to prevent human-animal conflicts
How to deal with the continuing water crisis
The severity of natural disasters in the modern world
What’s the responsibility of individuals in curbing global warming?
How using green energy can substitute fossil fuels

These are amazing topics to consider when writing an essay or a research paper. Take your time to understand each of these ideas to pick the one you will be comfortable working with.

Students have many ideas to explore when writing academic papers and essays. However, the most important thing is to choose a topic you will be happy to research and write about. What’s more, understand the requirements and instructions set by your educator when exploring different geographical project topics. Additionally, take your time to find relevant sources, gather and analyze information before writing. That way, you will come up with a paper that will impress the educator to award you the top grade. You can also contact our writing service to save your time and effort.

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Benefits of Exploring Geography Project Topics

Table of Contents

Exploring geography project topics offers numerous benefits, including:

Interdisciplinary Learning: Geography projects often integrate elements from various disciplines such as environmental science, sociology, economics, and technology, fostering a holistic understanding of complex issues.
Critical Thinking: Engaging with geography topics encourages critical thinking skills as students analyze data, evaluate evidence, and propose solutions to real-world problems.
Global Awareness: Examining various regions and cultures enables students to develop a more expansive worldview, nurturing empathy and comprehension of a wide range of societies and environments.
Hands-On Experience: Many geography projects involve fieldwork, mapping, and data collection, providing students with practical experience and skills applicable in both academic and professional settings.
Environmental Stewardship: Investigating topics like climate change, natural disasters, and sustainable development instills a sense of responsibility towards the environment and encourages environmentally conscious behavior.
Cultural Appreciation: Exploring cultural geography topics allows students to appreciate the diversity of human cultures, traditions, and practices, promoting respect and tolerance for cultural differences.
Career Opportunities: Geography projects develop skills highly valued in various fields such as urban planning, GIS analysis, international relations, and sustainable development, opening up diverse career paths for students.
Personal Growth: Through independent research, problem-solving, and project management, students develop confidence, resilience, and a sense of achievement, contributing to their personal growth and academic success.

Overall, exploring geography project topics not only enhances academic learning but also cultivates skills, knowledge, and attitudes essential for informed citizenship and global engagement.

Human Geography Project Topics

Urbanization Trends and Challenges in Developing Countries
Migration Patterns in Europe: Causes and Impacts
Cultural Diversity in Urban Settings
Economic Disparities between Rural and Urban Areas
Gender Inequality in Access to Resources
Tourism Development and Its Effects on Local Communities
Globalization and Its Impact on Indigenous Cultures
Population Growth and Urban Sprawl
Political Geography of Border Conflicts
Sustainable Development Goals and Progress

Geospatial Technology Project Topics

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Applications in Environmental Monitoring
Remote Sensing Techniques for Land Use Mapping
GPS Technology in Wildlife Tracking and Conservation
LiDAR Technology for Terrain Mapping
Spatial Analysis of Crime Patterns
Mobile Mapping Applications for Disaster Response
Drone Technology in Geographic Research
Big Data Analytics for Urban Planning
Crowdsourced Mapping for Disaster Risk Reduction
Web Mapping Applications for Public Participation

Regional Geography Project Topics

Case Study of the Amazon Rainforest: Biodiversity and Conservation
Comparative Analysis of East Asian Megacities
Geography of Conflict: The Middle East
Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa
Environmental Challenges in the Himalayan Region
Cultural Landscapes of Europe: UNESCO World Heritage Sites
Political Geography of South America: Border Disputes
Oceania: Islands, Culture, and Climate Change
Arctic Region: Resources and Governance
Caribbean Islands: Tourism and Sustainability

Interdisciplinary Geography Project Topics

Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in Coastal Communities
Public Health and Environmental Pollution
Urban Agriculture and Food Security
Renewable Energy Potential and Implementation
Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience Building
Indigenous Knowledge and Environmental Management
Smart Cities: Technology and Sustainability
Environmental Justice and Equity
Gender Perspectives in Disaster Management
Climate Refugees: Challenges and Solutions

Geography Education Project Topics

The Use of Geospatial Technologies in K-12 Education
Inquiry-Based Learning in Geography Classrooms
Fieldwork Techniques for Geography Students
Integrating Geography into STEM Education
Geography Awareness Week: Activities and Resources
Virtual Field Trips for Geography Education
Story Maps as Educational Tools
Gamification in Geography Learning
Outdoor Education and Experiential Learning
Citizen Science Projects in Geography Education

Environmental Geography Project Topics

Air Pollution Monitoring and Mitigation Strategies
Water Scarcity and Water Management Policies
Waste Management and Recycling Initiatives
Urban Heat Island Effect and Green Infrastructure
Deforestation and Reforestation Efforts
Marine Pollution and Ocean Conservation
Sustainable Agriculture Practices
Energy Transition and Renewable Resources
Biodiversity Conservation in Urban Areas
Green Building Design and Sustainable Architecture

Social Geography Project Topics

Gentrification and Neighborhood Change
Spatial Patterns of Poverty and Social Exclusion
Health Inequalities and Access to Healthcare
Gendered Spaces: Women’s Safety and Mobility
Ethnic Enclaves and Cultural Identity
Urban Segregation and Housing Policy
Rural-Urban Migration and Social Integration
LGBTQ+ Geographies: Space, Place, and Identity
Ageing Population and Urban Design
Disability and Accessibility in the Built Environment

Economic Geography Project Topics

Global Trade Networks and Supply Chains
Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth
Industrial Clusters and Innovation Hubs
Informal Economy and Urban Informality
Tourism and Economic Development
Agricultural Land Use and Food Systems
Economic Geography of Natural Resource Extraction
Economic Resilience and Regional Development
Global Financial Centers and Urban Economies
Economic Geography of Post-Industrial Cities

Political Geography Project Topics

Geopolitics of Energy Resources
Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea
Border Walls and Border Security Policies
Secessionist Movements and Self-Determination
Refugee Camps and Forced Migration
Electoral Geography and Gerrymandering
Colonial Legacies and Post-Colonial Geopolitics
Geopolitical Implications of Climate Change
Geopolitics of Cyberspace and Digital Surveillance
Nationalism and Identity Politics in a Globalized World

Things To Avoid Mistakes In Geography Projects

Avoiding mistakes in geography projects is crucial for ensuring accuracy, reliability, and effectiveness. Here are some common pitfalls to avoid:

Lack of Clear Research Objectives: Ensure that your project has well-defined research objectives and a clear focus. Unclear goals can lead to confusion and haphazard research.
Insufficient Background Research: Conduct thorough background research on your topic before diving into the project. Lack of understanding can result in inaccurate interpretations and conclusions.
Ignoring Methodological Rigor: Follow proper research methods and techniques appropriate for your study. Neglecting methodological rigor can undermine the credibility of your findings.
Poor Data Quality: Use reliable and up-to-date data sources for your project. Relying on outdated or inaccurate data can lead to flawed analysis and conclusions.
Misinterpretation of Data: Take care to analyze and interpret your data accurately. Misinterpreting data can lead to erroneous conclusions and undermine the validity of your project.
Overgeneralization: Avoid making sweeping generalizations based on limited data or observations. Acknowledge the limitations of your study and avoid extrapolating findings beyond their scope.
Neglecting Spatial Context: Geography projects often involve spatial analysis, so consider the spatial context of your research. Failure to account for spatial relationships can lead to incomplete or misleading conclusions.
Ignoring Ethical Considerations: Be mindful of ethical considerations in your research, particularly when working with human subjects or sensitive data. Respect confidentiality, privacy, and consent guidelines.
Inadequate Citation and Attribution: Properly cite and attribute sources for all data, information, and ideas used in your project. Failure to do so can result in accusations of plagiarism and academic misconduct.
Poor Communication: Clearly communicate your findings, methodology, and conclusions in your project report or presentation. Use appropriate language and visuals to effectively convey your message to your audience.
Failure to Seek Feedback: Seek feedback from peers, mentors, or advisors throughout the project to identify and address potential issues early on. External perspectives can help improve the quality of your work.
Procrastination: Avoid procrastination and manage your time effectively throughout the project timeline. Starting early and maintaining a consistent workflow can prevent rushed or incomplete work.

By avoiding these common mistakes and following best practices in geography research, you can ensure the quality and success of your projects.

Geography offers a vast array of intriguing topics for exploration, ranging from physical landscapes to human societies and from traditional fieldwork to cutting-edge technology.

Whether you’re interested in understanding the forces shaping our planet or addressing pressing societal challenges, there are various geography project topics waiting for you to discover and delve into further.

So, grab your maps, data, and curiosity, and embark on a fascinating journey through the diverse and dynamic world of geography. Happy exploring!

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University of Oregon Libraries
Research Guides
Knight Library
Choosing a Topic
Background Information for Geography Papers
UO Print Aerial Photography Collection
Free Online Aerial Photography - Oregon
Free Online Aerial Photography - USA
Peer Review Process
Finding Scholarly/Peer-Reviewed Sources
Why Cite Your Sources
Citation Management Tools

Where to get Ideas

Required and optional course readings
Conversations with others
Visiting your professor's office hours
Consulting with your Librarian
Inspiration from your environment

Understanding Assignments (Video Tutorial)

This short video from the UNC Writing Center will help you understand how to use your assignment to understand where to begin with a research project.

Check out this tutorial from Arizona State Libraries to get started:

Developing a Research or Guiding Question

Choosing Your Topic is Research (Video Tutorial)

Watch this short video from NC State University Libraries about choosing a research topic.

Getting Started with Research - Choosing a Topic

Getting started .

Make sure you understand your assignment ( Link to UNC video tutorial about understanding assignments ). Talk to your professor or graduate assistant if you have any questions.
Think about your interests. What would you like to spend time learning more about? Look over your course materials and lecture notes for ideas. Write down a list of keywords and phrases that interest you.
Use a topic ideas database such as CQ Researcher or Opposing Viewpoints in Context (links below). Read current periodicals, browse the internet, and check out reference resources and encyclopedias such as Gale e-books (formerly Gale Virtual Reference Library ).

Databases to help you get started

Be careful not to pick a topic too narrow or too broad. You might not be able to find enough relevant information or you might be overwhelmed with too much information. As you start your research, you might need to adjust your topic.
Check out the Research Guide for your subject area, which will include links to helpful resources commonly used by researchers. Our subject specialist librarians create these guides -- contact yours with questions and to get personalized help with your research.

From Topic to Question (Infographic)

This graphic emphasizes how reading various sources can play a role in defining your research topic.

( Click to Enlarge Image )

From Topic to Question infographic. Follow the "long description" link for a web accessible description.

Text description of "From Topic to Question" for web accessibility

Brainstorming Keywords (Infographic)

You will need to use keywords to search for information online and in library resources. Follow this guidance to identify keywords that will be useful for searching.

Text description of "Brainstorming Keywords" for web accessibility

Selecting the Right Number of Keywords (Video Tutorial)

Check out the video from Kimbel Library to help you locate scholarly journal articles in library databases.

Selecting the Right Number of Keywords

The video is licensed under a Creative Commons (CC) BY-NC-ND 3.0 license: http://tinyurl.com/2t9all

Pause to Reflect

Step one not only requires that you come up wth a research question or topic that is narrow enough to explore for an undergraduate research paper, but it also requires that you consider what type of information you will need to find in order to answer your research question.

Is your topic so large you could write a whole book or PhD dissertation on it? If so, you should try to narrow your topic down to something manageable within the time you have and the number of pages or words your instructor is requiring.
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Do you need some basic facts, dates, or names of historical people or specific theories? If so, go on to step 2: Find Background Information .
When you are ready, go to step 3 to learn how and where to search for information on your topic.

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Research Methods and Techniques in Physical Geography

First Online: 02 September 2022

Cite this chapter

Virendra Nagarale 2 ,
Subhash Anand 3 &
Piyush Telang 4

Part of the book series: Geography of the Physical Environment ((GEOPHY))

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Scientific research uses a variety of tools and techniques and methods to explain the reasons for the problems and find out the solutions to them, proven to be scientific, i.e., there should be an adorable basis that may explain the solutions to the identified problem. It is, therefore, necessary for each research to stand alone in the field of research and to prove the fact that the research is new and there is no knowledge about it before the humans or it is not available in the literature. Hence each research is unique and it is considered to be unique on the basis of methods and techniques used for finding a solution to a problem. Geographers are more concerned about the spatial arrangements of a phenomenon, its pattern and geographical distribution. The contemporary physical and human spaces, their past arrangements and patterns are documented, and methods and models they have used before are explained to predict different aspects of the physical human world. After the twentieth century, new technologies have emerged which have made a remarkable contribution to the development of new methods in geography helpful in the collection of data and analysis. One of the major innovations is the use of GIS in geographical studies to emphasize mapping as a tool for exploratory research in geography. This chapter provides a structured pattern of research methods used deliberately in physical geography. It also discusses various case studies in accordance with some research methods.

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Portray of Methodologies in Geography: An Inquiry

The importance of methodology in geography, data-driven geography.

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Department of Geography, SNDT Women’s University, Pune Campus, Karve Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 038, India

Virendra Nagarale

Department of Geography, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India

Subhash Anand

Department of Geography, SNDT Women’s University, Pune Campus, Karve Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411038, India

Piyush Telang

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Nagarale, V., Anand, S., Telang, P. (2022). Research Methods and Techniques in Physical Geography. In: Mustafa, F.B. (eds) Methodological Approaches in Physical Geography. Geography of the Physical Environment. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07113-3_7

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136 Clever Geography Research Topics

Do you need clever geography research topics for research? We understand that selecting the right topic is essential to having a project that delivers on your academic goals. Check out these 136 excellent research topics in geography.

What Is Geography?

Geography studies places and the connection between humans and their environments. Geographers study both the earth’s physical properties and the humans that interact with them.

They also explore how man’s culture impacts natural and built environments and how the environment affects humans. Geographers want to explore the origin of things, why they’re in such areas, and how they change with time. There are several fields in Geography:

Physical Geography Physical geography studies the planet’s seasons, atmospheres, soils, and climates. It also explores various oceans, landforms, and water bodies. Physical geography addresses the natural processes that relate to the earth. It studies subjects like the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, etc. Various sub-fields in Physical geography include hydrology, climatology, meteorology, and oceanology.
Cultural geography
Time geography
Historical geography
Health geography
Political geography
Transportation geography
Social geography
Regional geography
Animal geography.
Integrated Geography This branch of geography finds the relationship between the earth and people. It exploits subject like the big bang, and other aspects of human evolution till date.Integrated geography also studies how humans have used up the Earth’s resources to build its environment. Integrated geography studies topics like disasters, remote sensors and other technological resources.
Cartography Cartography creates maps and displays correct information about them. It involves graphic and artistic information on human populations. Interested students in this field of study must have a creative mind that accurately adapts to locations and other details. Additionally, spatial data of maps can help in studying environmental changes.

How To Write An Excellent Geography Essay

You don’t need to be an excellent student or scholar to write a good geography essay, just try to follow these tips:

Shortlist some useful geography research topics In selecting a topic, you need to shortlist some geography topics that fall within the range of interesting topics for your project or task. Your shortlist could be in fields like population geography, social geography, or other fields of geography. With these shortlisted topics, selecting the perfect topic becomes much easier.
Select a topic The first step to writing an excellent research paper in Geography is selecting a suitable topic. Your topic should be one you find interesting to write your research project, thesis, dissertation, or assignments. Moreover, before concluding on a topic, ensure your tutor or lecturer approves of your choice before going ahead in the research. Whether you’re in college, high school, or college, your choice of an ideal and suitable topic is vital. Remember to listen to your tutor’s advice as that can help reduce your challenges in finding a suitable title.
Research and Create a Draft Your research paper has to be as detailed as you can make it. To achieve this, research different materials, books, or resources online in the early writing stages. By creating a good outline for yourself, you make it easier to fit all the various parts of your piece into your research paper.
Search for Previous Studies on Your Chosen Topic You often need support from different resources and support online when creating a draft. Here’s why you need to research similar projects and research papers written on your chosen topic area. Previewing past works in your chosen field can help you create your custom paper. However, you don’t need to plagiarize the other person’s work. Only refer to the task while paraphrasing the person’s ideas.
Conclude your work Create your final paper. Edit and proofread to see that you added all necessary aspects. At this stage, you’re good to finish your paper. You can also check online for documentaries or films that can help to provide more details on the subject or interest.

Therefore, our professional writers always ready to write a research paper for you . Hire a true expert and get an A+!

Interesting Geography Research Topics

Need some quality geography topics with the prospects of interesting the reader from start to finish? Check out the following interesting geography topics for your research.

Impact of reforestation on reviving the environment
What are the top causes of groundwater pollution?
Exploring the peculiarities of extinct wildlife
To what degree should sustainable feeding be adopted into everyday lives?
What’s the effect of desert spreading on local wildlife populations?
Managing water in various world regions
Are world resources equally distributed?
How humans can harness greenhouse gases?
How recycling can best save Earth
How today’s ecosystem manages natural disasters such as wildfires
What’s the use of studying paleoecology?
How the natural ecosystem manages seasonal changes in weather.

Engaging Topics In Geography

Are you interested in engaging topics in Geography? Here are some interesting options to choose from:

How do volcanoes erupt?
What’s the theory behind the formation of continents?
What factors directly influence the growth of hyacinths in aquatic ecosystems?
How to reduce hyacinth pollution in natural waters?
Exploring the various vegetation forms
Understanding the evolution of Homo sapiens
What environmental conditions promote the growth of various vegetation types
How early men lived
What are the dangerous effects of acid rain?
How do fossil fuels affect climates?
Influence of climate on the distribution of animals around the world
What are the top impacts of deforestation?

Awesome Geographical Research Topics

You only need to look around and view all the amazing features of the Earth. Here are awesome geography research topics to expand your knowledge of the field.

What factors lead to forest fires the most?
How does energy conversation helps solve the challenge of climate change?
Defining different climatic regions of the world
How to reduce soil erosion
What are the impacts of high humidity in an environment?
Comparing sea breeze against the land breeze
Exploring events that take place on mountains’ leeward sides
Earthquake vs. landslide?
How do tsunamis form?
How do oceans serve as carbon sinks for greenhouse gases?
Exploring how ice glaciers form
What are the different stages of soil erosion?
Stages of the water cycle.

Human Geography Research Topics

The following are fun human geography research topics to explore during your next research.

What are the sub-disciplinary fields of human geography?
What human events directly lead to climate change?
What are the impacts of mining on built environments?
What human activities directly lead to ozone depletion?
Exploring the history of agriculture
How fishing has affected human existence?
How has farming affected weather patterns in history?
What are the impacts of urban developments on natural resources?
What’s the connection between cultural and human geography?
Physical geography vs. Human geography
What are the significant subject areas in human geography?
Exploring the connection between business and urban geography.

Compelling Topics For Geography Research

Selecting the right topic for your geography research isn’t as challenging as you may have thought. Here are geography research topics that are compelling to readers interested in the field. But if you still have difficulties even with the suggested topics, you can always buy research paper online .

How important is studying geography today?
Exploring how landslides develop
What are the various volcano types today?
How climate change affects the environment?
The ozone layer
How stratospheric ozone depletion affects the earth?
How acid rain forms?
How were fossils discovered?
The carbon cycle
How trees lead to rainfall
What are the various effects of volcanoes on soil quality
What are the various layers of planet Earth?

Excellent Cultural Geography Research Topics

Culture can be diverse across countries, continents, and races. Here are excellent cultural geography research topics.

Physical geography vs. Cultural geography
How is cultural geography a part of human geography?
How important is the study of cultural geography today?
What is the influence of humans on various activities of natural environments?
The connection between cultural activities and urbanization?
What are the relationships between cultural landscapes and communication?
Culture in modern human geography
Cultural ecology and history
What’s the role of cultural geography in creating contemporary society?
How to counter-map resources in the community
The medical treatment of groundwater to prevent incrustation
How remote sensing and GIS can help studies on natural water habitats?
Why construct geographical models?
Why climatology?

Physical Geography Research Topics

With the abundance of geographical features in the environment, you have many physical geography research topic options to choose from. Let’s see some clever physical geography research topics.

Exploring the need for geospatial science in the 21st century
Why modeling is important today?
Activities that can lead to a sustainable and adaptable global climate
Exploring fisheries management
Understanding ecology
What roles does man play in contributing to global warming?
Exploring global warming
Understanding how pesticides and wastes cause soil contamination
How do carbon dioxide concentrations impact the environment?
Impact of climate change on farming produce?
The connection between mangrove plants and marine habitats
What’s the geographical implication of water scarcity?
What’s the impact of nuclear power on the environment?

Excellent Topics For Research In Environmental Geography

Do you need environmental geography research topics? Here are helpful options to select from.

How coral reef destruction affects the Earth
Making a case for a potential new global ecosystem
How ocean acidification affects humans
How hybrid vehicles can help to reduce atmospheric pollution
How crucial are small water resources in the environment?
What are the myths about soil pollution and contamination?
How important are trees to the natural ecosystem?
How crucial are bees to the global ecosystem?
How light affects aquariums and water bodies
How important crustaceans are in natural environments
Understanding sewage treatment
Major energy resources on the planet
Species dispersal and migration.

Geography Research Topics On Global Issues

Whether you are looking for Ph.D. research topics in geography for your doctorate degree or paper topics for your college studies, current global issues will always come up. The following research topics are helpful for global issues in geography.

Explore the concept of the greenhouse effect
What are the effects of water pollution?
How do plastics in water bodies affect aquatic organisms?
What are the impacts of urbanization in the 21st century?
Why should we care for forests?
Understanding air pollution
How to develop renewable energy?
What are the effects of climate change on animals?
How to properly dispose or recycle plastics?
Environmental management issues.

Geography Research Topics For A Tight Deadline

Researching the following geography research topics is straightforward because there are many sources online with materials to guide your research.

The major impacts of gully erosion on natural environments
How global warming affects the planet
How airlines affect the natural environments
How traffic congestion impacts built environments
How effective is America’s electoral voting system?
What’s the impact of ocean water acidification on marine ecosystems?
Major world drainage basins
How erosion and transportation affect the environment?
The erosion cycle
What causes landslides globally
What are the latest trends in the field of geography?
How does weather forecasting shape modern geography?
Physical geography vs Biological oceanography
Understanding global biodiversity
Understanding the basics of Darwin’s evolution theory.

Writing Help For Your Saviour

Geography is a diverse field, and selecting the right topic is vital for getting the best marks. Selecting a potentially challenging topic could eventually breed regrets. However, with the over 130 good geography research topics here, writing a captivating high school or college geography research paper is easy today. After choosing your preferred topic, the next thing to do is conduct detailed research on your paper. Meanwhile, you don’t lack the resources to conduct your adequate research with the help of the Internet and you. However, we understand that writing an excellent, engaging paper could be challenging. That’s why we offer affordable custom research paper service to students 24/7. Are you searching for some paper help? We’re here to help you! Ours is a team of experts and seasoned writers. If you need help writing an impressive paper urgently, feel free to contact our affordable services. We always produce custom, secure and fast professional work to ensure your school class tutor awards you top marks.

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University libraries, research guides, a guide to geography research, start your search in a multidisciplinary database, environmental & earth sciences, human & cultural studies, economics, development, & urban studies, health & education, politics, law, and criminal justice.

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Newspapers & magazines
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An article database allows you to search for articles on a particular topic.

Article databases differ by:

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Geography is an incredibly multidisciplinary field, so start your search in a multidisciplinary database, then try a few more databases from the lists below that suit your topic.

Because migration is such a multi-faceted topic, journals that cover migration are found in many different databases. Here are your best bets for finding articles on migration. Depending on your topic, other databases listed above might also be relevant for your search.

Add a few keywords relevant to your research to this basic search string:

(migrants OR migration OR immigrat* OR emigrat*) AND ...

Where are the top journals about migration indexed?

Like many interdisciplinary topics, the top journals for migration are scattered across different databases, which is why we recommend you search multiple databases.

Two important migration journals didn't fit in the table, because they're each solely indexed by a unique database:

Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education: studies of migration, integration, equity, and cultural survival is only indexed in ERIC (Education Resources Information Center)
Immigration and Nationality Law Review is only indexed in Hein Online (a legal database)
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75 Best Geography Topics For A Top-Notch Project

Geography is an exciting subject. You get to see different parts of the world without having to step a foot outside. It is also a broad subject that cuts across various disciplines. Many geography research topics may come to your mind but do you know how to choose the best geography topic for you? We also discovered that geography topics are often scattered all over the place, making it hard for students to review their options.

So, we provided a solution to these problems. In this article, there is a short guide on how to choose the best geographical project topics. We have also compiled all the different geography project ideas that we could find for you. You would find it easier to choose a geography research topic after you finish reading. Let’s dive in!

Selecting Relevant Geography Research Topics

Cultural geography topics, physical geography topics, human geography topics, world geography topics, popular geography topics.

Writing geography essay topics is a part of studying the course that you cannot escape. However, you can ensure that it is not stressful by choosing interesting geography research paper topics. This factor is the first step in selecting a good research topic. You need to ensure that you find the subject interesting.

All geography paper topics can be exciting, but you can’t just pick randomly . There is still more to be considered than your passion for the subject, though. You need to check on the available information sources on the subject.
You need to ensure that your topic has been well-researched before . It would make it easier for you to find references and evidence for your research. However, if you choose a relatively new field of study, you might have difficulty putting all your resources together for the paper.
There are different aspects of geography . Therefore, there are different types of geography topics for research. You might have found that there are differences between cultural geography topics and physical geography topics. Human geography research topics also differ from world geography topics.

How do you then choose the aspect you want to focus on? Well, you can use our compilation of topics in the different fields to determine what you like. Ready to explore some interesting geography topics prepared by our geography experts ? Let’s get started!

Writing on cultural geography essay topics would enable you to explore how cultures and geography mix. You would learn more about the effects of culture on geography and vice versa. You can start by exploring these examples that we have provided and see if any appeals to you.

What is the most representative food of your country?
A study of the informal economic activities and income of women in a particular area
What are the characteristics and role of the aging population in a chosen location?
An analysis of the role of culture and arts in the urban change in your country
How contemporary urban issues have changed your country’s geography
A study of the waste management practices in selected households
An analysis of the perception of urban beautification programs
A social analysis of homes situated near a mast: Focus on its effects on residents
A geographical study of the causes of traffic congestion and its effects on residents in the environs
Why people live on homes built at crossroads – A social analysis
The effects of global warming on cultural choices
The socio-economic impact of population growth on people in a locale
An analysis of domestic solid waste management programs and strategies
A study of the perceived factors affecting students in a geography examination
The impact of information technology on the study of geography
An empirical study of the commuting behavior of public transport users
A comparative analysis of how rural or urban locations can influence sexual preferences

Physical geography research topics help you take a close look at your physical environment. You also stand a chance to proffer solutions to the anomalies that you find. We have provided some topics to point you in the direction of what physical geography is all about.

A study of key concepts in physical geography
Understanding the causes and effects of floods – A case study of a chosen location
A study of the corrosion inhibition of aluminum in an acidic medium
The laboratory analysis of the physio-chemical properties of clay
A technical study of the effects of solar radiation
A geophysical delineation of aquifer depths and their characteristics
A study of the effects of gully erosion
The effectiveness of drainage networks to combat floods
Sedimentology and reservoir quality analysis of outcropping sediments
The determination of the flowing bottom-hole pressure from a well-head data

Whether you are looking for AP human geography topics or simple human geography topics, you would find something in the examples we have provided. Check out these human geography essay topics today!

A study of the geomorphic and human influence on land resources
An analysis of socio-economic variations in an urban area
An analysis of how field studies affect the performance of geography students
The effects of runway capacity on flight delay or efficiency
The human geography of any choice location
The impact of the plantation age on the present age
The influence of planning on housing development projects
A study of the relationship between aircraft movements and airfares
An assessment of how cargo delivery can be improved in your country
How has the government helped in the supply of potable water
Causes and effects of road traffic crashes
The consequences and impact of child labor on the demography and economy
The effects of holding excursions on geography students
Study of the effects of rainfall on farming communities

World geography is a fascinating aspect of geography. You get to look at the bigger picture instead of focusing only on what is happening in your locale. If that sounds exciting to you, then you might want to consider these world geography project ideas below.

Ecosystems – The Phenomenon, What and Why everyone should know
Are deserts an abnormality or a pattern on the earth?
How do the different types of dwelling depend on the environment?
How do floods influence the lives of people?
Are there possibilities of volcanoes in our nearest futures?
Can we have enough eco-friendly food to feed the entire world’s population?
What ecological crisis have we had on the earth before?
Are the actions of a man responsible for climate change?
Deforestation – Analysis, Causes, and Effects
How has man aided the extinction of sea wildlife?

If you didn’t find any of the above geography topics interesting, you don’t have to worry. We still have more for you. Check out these geographical research topics for inspiration.

The history of cartography
Ho does wet, and cold summers affect food production?
How do volcanoes affect land fertility?
How to control galley erosion in your chosen location
The environmental and socio-economic impact of oil exploration
Emerging trends in grassland agriculture that you should know
How have modern farming methods improved agricultural production?
Landslide hazard mapping with proffered solutions to the problem
Demographic changes in your chosen location
How does weather relatively contribute to native grassland vegetation?
The rise of industrialization in Africa
A detailed insight on the United States’ political geography
How do water bodies contribute to the climate?
How the atomic bomb blasts affected Nagasaki and Hiroshima
How do glaciers form?
How does global warming affect geography?
Coastal Erosion – What are the causes and effects?
How do earthquakes form natural reservoirs?
Do floods have an advantage?
What are the alternatives to dumping or burning waste?
How was the Amazon basin formed?
What is the process of continental drift (from Pangaea till today)?
How did public housing programs affect the housing industry?
Causes and effects of wildfire eruption in the chosen location

Writing a geography paper can be either exciting or tiresome based on the geographical topics you choose. Follow our guide and use our comprehensive list to find the best topic for you! Also, we have environment research topics . Don’t hesitate to check them out.

Get on top of your homework.

Physical geography example PhD topics

We welcome contact from potential applicants, who are encouraged to contact staff before applying to discuss their own PhD topic ideas or, if preferred, to discuss any of the topic ideas below.

An eroded sand dune with a warning sign on it

Important information for applying for PhD study:

The information below outlines example topics and suggested programmes of research. Please contact the named staff member to check the availability of a particular project before making an application. Alternatively, you can contact us to discuss your own topic ideas.

To apply for a PhD study place, you will need to prepare your own research proposal that follows the guidelines described on our website (see links below). We strongly recommend that you discuss your topic idea and the requirements of the proposal document with an appropriate member of staff.

How to apply Writing your proposal Find a supervisor

Note: All information on this page is correct as of November 2022 and applies to entry for PhD study in academic year 2023/4. Please do not rely on the above information if the deadlines for 2023/4 entry have passed.

Glacier ‘collapse feature’ formation: mechanisms and significance in relation to glacier retreat

Lead supervisor: Dr Darrel Swift

Other supervision team members: Dr Robert Bryant

Project description:

Circular ‘collapse features’ (or funnel-like depressions) characterised by ring-like concentric crevasse formation around a subsiding central zone of ice have been observed on temperate Alpine glaciers for nearly a century but recent observations indicate their increasing presence and possible significance for rapid terminus disintegration and retreat. Few detailed studies of collapse feature formation have been undertaken, meaning the precise context and timing of formation during ongoing glacier retreat remains poorly known. Even fewer studies have collected field-based observational data on rates and sources/processes of collapse, including hydrological measurements required to constrain localised drainage system morphology. This project would combine longitudinal analysis of collapse feature formation acquired using remote sensing approaches with information on glacier mass balance change and bed topography as well as field-based measurements of glacier and collapse feature characteristics to improve knowledge of their context, evolution and mechanisms. At the same time, these observations will provide important insight into the relationship between collapse feature formation and rapid mass loss from mountain glacier systems in the Alps.

For further information, please contact Darrel Swift ( [email protected] ).

Projecting the mass balance of glaciers in Alaska

Main supervisor: Dr Jeremy Ely

Other supervision team members: Dr Julie Jones , Dr Sihan Li

Glaciers are sensitive barometers of climate, growing and shrinking as climate changes. The size of glaciers and the amount of mass they store is determined by a balance of inputs such as snowfall and outputs such as melting. Like a bank balance, the mass balance of glaciers decreases if snowfall goes down or melting increases. In our warming world, snowfall patterns are changing, and rising temperatures are increasing levels of melt. Unfortunately, this is causing glaciers to go into their overdraft, with the vast majority losing stores of ice due to their negative mass balance. The additional melt is spent on rising sea levels, as the water that should be stored in glaciers reaches the oceans. For several decades, the biggest spenders have been Alaskan glaciers; a spree which many predict is set to continue. However, projections of future glacier mass balance are currently highly uncertain, presenting a challenge when planning for future sea level rise. In this project, we will explore means for improving the projections of glacier change. To achieve this, we will combine state of the art climate, energy balance and ice-flow models, and explore data assimilation techniques.

For further information, please contact Jeremy Ely ( [email protected] ).

The final fling of glaciation in Britain and Ireland

Other supervision team members: Professor Chris Clark

Approximately 30 thousand years ago, an ice sheet grew over Britain. It reached its maximum extent a few thousand years later, at which point an ice sheet which was several kilometres thick covered most of the British Isles and the surrounding sea floor. But, as the last glacial ended, the warmer climate and ocean caused the ice sheet to shrink. Getting rid of the ice sheet took several thousand years, but before ice completely disappeared, cold conditions returned to Britain and Ireland. At this point, glaciation had its final fling, causing the growth of several ice caps, including a large one which engulfed the highlands of Scotland. These ice caps likely resembled those which exist in places such as Iceland today, and therefore studying their dynamic may improve our understanding of how such systems operate. In this project, we will use numerical models to simulate the flow of ice during the final fling of glaciation in Britain and Ireland. We will use these simulations to test the sensitivity of these now extinct glaciers to past rapid climate change, perhaps elucidating how many glaciers will respond to our warming world.

The Dynamics of Basaltic Volcanism

Lead supervisor: Dr Tom Pering

Other supervision team members: Dr Thomas Wilkes

Basaltic volcanism is one of the most spectacular forms of volcanic activity on this planet, these gas-rich magmas can produce a range of activity styles at the surface, such as quiescent gas release and strombolian explosions. However, basaltic eruption mechanisms are not yet fully understood. There are multiple ways we can investigate these in more detail, including the use of gas monitoring techniques, such as the ultraviolet camera which measures sulphur dioxide and produces high temporal resolution data. We can also use analogue laboratory experiments to understand how gas flows at depth before reaching the surface. A project at Sheffield could focus on one of these areas alone or look to combine to make rigorous links between measurements and hypothesised models of activity.

For further information, please contact Tom Pering ( [email protected] ).

Wind Power Potential in a Changing Climate

Lead supervisor: Dr Sihan Li

Other supervision team members: Dr Julie Jones

To meet climate mitigation targets, power systems are having to rapidly change from relying on fossil fuels to renewables such as wind, and investment in wind power has become part of many countries’ strategies to meet emission reduction goals. Weather and climate variability and the possible effects of climate change are likely to change availability of wind resources for power generation, and these effects will be felt differently across the world.

One phenomenon worth considering when assessing the reliability of wind energy is wind-drought: periods of low wind, which have been observed in recent years. Previous studies have suggested that warming is likely to dampen winds in the Northern Hemisphere, whereas the impact in the South Hemisphere is the opposite. However these results are based on climate models with low spatial resolution, which makes it difficult to assess the usefulness of such conclusions.

In this project, we will use a combination of observational records and high-resolution models (on the order of several km), to investigate the past trends and future projections of wind resource availability, with a special focus on wind-droughts, and to explore the implications of such events on wind power potential in this century. We will also explore the physical mechanisms causing the changing wind patterns and wind-drought events.

For further information, please contact Sihan Li ( [email protected] ).

Long-term evolution of pebble beaches and their resilience to change

Lead supervisor: Professor Mark Bateman

Other supervision team members: TBC

Imagine hearing the story of a beach pebble, the storm that brought it there and how long the beach has sat protecting its hinterland. Innovative new luminescence research is opening up the possibility of finding the age of pebble deposition for the first time. Why worry? Climate change is causing sea-level rise, more storminess and higher coastal erosion rates whilst coastal populations and infrastructure are increasing. 2013/14 saw UK coastal storms causing widespread flooding costing over £250 million. Dating old storm deposits and raised beaches would allow better understanding of longer-term sea level changes and the return periodicity and impact of past storm events. This would allow key stakeholders to better mitigate this risk and protect the coastal environment.

This research will develop a proof of concept to luminescence date beach pebble deposition in order to better understand long-term beach evolution, sea-level changes and storm impacts.

For further information, please contact Mark Bateman ( [email protected] ).

Erosion by the Greenland ice sheet

Other supervision team members: Dr Stephen Livingstone , Dr Jeremy Ely

Ice sheets and their outlet glaciers are responsible for carving spectacular bedrock topography including overdeepened troughs that discharge ice to the oceans. Erosion beneath large ice sheets is also important because the weathering of fine erosion products produced within and evacuated from subglacial areas play an important role in long-term global carbon cycling. The rates of erosion beneath ice sheets and the controlling factors are, nonetheless, poorly known. This study would explore means of quantifying sediment export from areas of the Greenland ice sheet that can be used to tune glacial erosion models that permit exploration of the significance of key controlling factors, including sliding speed and hydrology. Potential approaches to quantifying sediment volumes span both remote sensing and field-based methods, from large-scale analysis of coastal progradation and suspended sediment export, to in-situ monitoring of suspended- and bed-load transport rates close to glacier margins.

Holocene glacier extent in the European Alps and implications for landscape evolution

Other supervision team members: Dr Sihan Li, Dr Julie Jones , Dr Jeremy Ely

Patterns of glacial erosion in tectonically active mountain regions are important for setting the base level for above glacier slopes and therefore play an important role in landscape evolution. For example, cirque floor elevation across many mountain regions has been observed to correlate with mean and maximum topographic elevation, indicating that cirque-floor base-level (and therefore cirque-style glaciation) plays a central role in the operation of the ‘buzzsaw effect’, where glaciation appears to set maximum limits on mountain range height. However, interglacial extent of Alpine glaciers remains poorly known. Notably, Holocene glaciers may have been largely confined to cirque basins; however, it is also possible that glaciers extended beyond cirque lips and into deeper valleys below for long periods of time. The latter situation would fundamentally change the spatial pattern and speed of glacial erosion in the landscape, with likely significant implications for mountain landscape evolution. This project intends to use numerical glacier models driven by Holocene climate reconstructions to explore both glacier extent variation and, through implementation of simple glacial erosion laws in these models, the possible implications for rates and patterns of glacial erosion and associated mountain landscape evolution.

Glacier Lake Outburst Flood Hazards in a Changing Climate

Other supervision team members: Dr Jeremy Ely

Glacier-related floods, especially floods from lake outbursts (GLOFs), are among the most impactful and far-reaching glacier hazards, affecting regions tens to hundreds of kilometres downstream and causing damage to human settlements as well as infrastructure. This type of hazard has been documented over various mountain ranges worldwide. Climate change may aggravate the situation, with continued warming leading to increased melting, further degradation of permafrost, as well as melting of ice buried in lake dams, increasing the threat to human society and the built environment. However, the past trends and projected future change of GLOFs remain poorly quantified, which makes it challenging to assess the risks posed by GLOFs and to implement risk reduction and hazard mitigation measures. In this project, we will use a combination of observations and numerical models (climate→glacier→ hydrological), to understand past GLOFs and to inform better projections of future GLOFs, with a focus on high mountain areas.

For further information, please contact Dr Sihan Li ( [email protected] ).

Drainage system sensitivity of Alpline glaciers

Other supervision team members: Dr Rob Storrar (Sheffield Hallam University), Dr Rob Bryant , and members of the SHARDS team (led by Storrar)

Seasonal evolution of melt volumes and sources at Alpine glaciers has been observed to drive evolution of en- and sub-glacial drainage system morphology and consequently ice dynamic response to melt input changes, including ice flow ‘speed-up’ behaviour in spring and possibly late-summer situations that reflect routing of melt through contrasting subglacial drainage system morphologies. In addition, undulations in bed topography are thought to affect drainage system and ice dynamic sensitivity to melt volume evolution that could modulate overall glacier response to longer-term trends in warming. This project would use latest-generation UAV (unmanned autonomous aerial vehicle) platforms to explore ice dynamic responses to melt variability at high spatial and temporal resolution to enhance understanding of the influence of drainage morphology and on basal slip patterns and processes and assess the overall implications for future changes in glacier flow.

Historical storminess in the North Sea

Knowing the long-term variability of storm tracks, as well as the return period of severe storms is critical for present coastal management, particularly given future rising sea-levels and that winter cyclone activity is projected to increase in the future in the North Sea region. The return period for the major 1953 storm was thought to be ~50 years but may be less in the future. Whilst advances in hydrological modelling have been made to better predict peak storm-tide height along coastlines refinement requires better understanding of beach parameters and other coastal zone factors. To achieve this also requires an understanding of how coastlines have responded to change over millennial time-scales.

This research will take a unique approach in combining documentary evidence (including ships logs), newly available climate reanalysis approaches, and sediment dune archive data using novel portable luminescence dating to investigate past storm events in the North Sea.

Arsenic in the food chain

Lead supervisor: Dr Manoj Menon

Arsenic is a significant concern affecting millions across the world, through contaminated water and food. Amongst the cereals, rice is known to accumulate more arsenic than other cereals and our research broadly aimed to reduce arsenic exposure through agronomic practices. Specifically, we are looking for PhD students interested in the following themes.

(1) Plant and soil factors affecting the uptake

(2) Rice root system responses to arsenic

(3) Optimisation of irrigation practices to reduce arsenic uptake in rice

(4) Bioaccessibility of arsenic across different rice types.

(5) Socio-economic impacts of arsenic on the affected population

For further information, please contact Dr Menon ( [email protected] ).

Related information

PhD funding opportunities

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Geography - Human and Physical: Articles, Journals & E-journals

Books & E-books
Articles, Journals & E-journals
Web resources

Databases for Human Geography

These are the major Geography databases that you have access too. But don't stop there. To make your literature search complete I suggest you also search other subject specific databases that compliment your research topic. You can find them, by subject, in the Database Menu

GeoRef Covers geology and physical geography with citations from 1669 to the present. The database includes all USGS publications, theses and dissertations from universities across North America and indexes more than 3,500 journals in 40 languages as well as new books, maps, and reports.
SAGE Knowledge Books, reference works, handbooks, in the social sciences, from Sage and CQ Press.
Scopus An abstract and citation database covering more than 17,000 peer-reviewed, open access, and trade journals, conference proceedings, and book series in the scientific, technical, medical and social sciences literature. Covers 386 million quality web sources and 22 million patents.

Databases for Physical Geography

Arctic and Antarctic Regions Interdisciplinary index covering many cold regions publications that are not found in the larger subject databases
Compendex The world's largest engineering index. Includes literature related to hydrology, geomorphology, soils etc. Coverage from 1884
Dissertations & Theses (new interface) Full text access to nearly one million dissertations published from 1997. Abstracts only for earlier dissertations and for masters theses
ProQuest Research Library For non-scholarly coverage of topics in physical geography, this comprehensive interdisciplinary database also includes full text articles from trade journals, magazines, newspapers etc. Browse the Databases Main Menu for more subjects.

E-Journals & Resources

OPEN ACCESS Journals in Geography Searching "geography" with only the "Journals" box checked, will yield 563 open access journal titles that cover various sub-disciplines of Geography.
Cartographica Helvetica Full-text & full run of this journal on cartographic history. There is a 12 month delay for the latest two issues.
Bibliographia Cartographica Currently only available in German. English version is coming.
Cartographica The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization. An international and interdisciplinary peer-reviewed journal that publishes transformative research, education, and practice contributions to the social, political, technological, and historical aspects of cartography and geovisualization.
Literary Geographies A peer reviewed journal that combines the topics and methods from literary studies, cultural geography, cartography, and spatial theory.

Core Geography journals

Listed in ranked order of impact are the top 20 journals in the field of Geography.

For full-text or print availability click on each title for information

Progress in human geography Call Number: GF1 .P76
Transactions (Institute of British Geographers) Call Number: G1.I67a
Annals of the Association of American Geographers Call Number: G3 .A7
Economic geography Call Number: HF1021.E4
Antipode Call Number: G1 .A5
Environment and planning. D, Society & space Call Number: H1 .E58
Environment and planning. A Call Number: HT166 .E55
Regional studies Call Number: OVERSIZE HT390 .R4
Geoforum Call Number: G1 .G28
International journal of geographical information science Call Number: G70.2.I59
Political geography Call Number: JC319.P591
Area Call Number: G7.A742
Geographical analysis Call Number: G70.G43
Landscape and urban planning Call Number: HT166.L33
Professional geographer Call Number: G3 .P7
Australian geographer Call Number: G1 .A93
Journal of historical geography Call Number: G141.J6
Geographical journal Call Number: G7 .R91
Singapore journal of tropical geography Call Number: G515 .J65
Urban geography Call Number: GF125 .U73

Grey Literature

Web guide on Grey Literature Links, information and some tutorials on what and where to find sources of grey literature from Cornell University Library
Sources of Grey Literature Links and sources of grey literature from University of Michigan Library

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Last Updated: May 24, 2024 11:29 AM
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What Is Physical Geography?

Physical Geography
Political Geography
Country Information
Key Figures & Milestones
Urban Geography
M.A., Geography, California State University - Northridge
B.A., Geography, University of California - Davis

The vast discipline of geography is divided into two major branches: 1) physical geography and 2) cultural or human geography. Physical geography encompasses the geographic tradition known as the Earth sciences tradition. Physical geographers look at the landscapes, surface processes, and climate of the earth—all of the activity found in the four spheres (the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere) of our planet.

Key Takeaways: Physical Geography

Physical geography is the study of our planet and its systems (ecosystems, climate, atmosphere, hydrology).
Understanding the climate and how it's changing (and the potential results of those changes) affect people now and can help plan for the future.
Because the study of Earth is vast, numerous sub-branches of physical geography specialize in different areas, from the upper limits of the sky to the bottom of the ocean.

In contrast, cultural or human geography spends time studying why people locate where they do (including demographics) and how they adapt to and change the landscape in which they live. Someone studying cultural geography might also research how languages, religion, and other aspects of culture develop where people live; how those aspects are transmitted to others as people move; or how cultures change because of where they move.

Physical Geography: Definition

Physical geography consists of many diverse elements. These include: the study of the earth's interaction with the sun, seasons , the composition of the atmosphere, atmospheric pressure and wind, storms and climatic disturbances, climate zones , microclimates, the hydrologic cycle , soils, rivers and streams , flora and fauna, weathering, erosion , natural hazards, deserts , glaciers and ice sheets, coastal terrain, ecosystems, geologic systems, and so much more.

The Four Spheres

It's a little deceiving (even overly simplistic) to say that physical geography studies the Earth as our home and looks at the four spheres because each possible area of research encompasses so much.

The atmosphere itself has several layers to study, but the atmosphere as a topic under the lens of physical geography also includes research areas such as the ozone layer, the greenhouse effect, wind, jet streams, and weather.

The hydrosphere encompasses everything having to do with water, from the water cycle to acid rain, groundwater, runoff, currents, tides, and oceans.

The biosphere concerns living things on the planet and why they live where they do, with topics from ecosystems and biomes to food webs and the carbon and nitrogen cycles.

The study of the lithosphere includes geological processes, such as the formation of rocks, plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanoes, soil, glaciers, and erosion.

Sub-Branches of Physical Geography

Since the Earth and its systems are so complex, there are many sub-branches and even sub-sub-branches of physical geography as a research area, depending on how granularly the categories are divided. They also have overlap between them or with other disciplines, such as geology.

Geographical researchers will never be at a loss of something to study, as they often need to understand multiple areas to inform their own targeted research.

Geomorphology : the study of Earth's landforms and its surface's processes—and how these processes change and have changed Earth's surface—such as erosion, landslides, volcanic activity, earthquakes, and floods
Hydrology : the study of the water cycle, including water distribution across the planet in lakes, rivers, aquifers, and groundwater; water quality; drought effects; and the probability of flooding in a region. Potamology is the study of rivers.
Glaciology : the study of glaciers and ice sheets, including their formation, cycles, and effect on Earth's climate
Biogeography : the study of the distribution of life forms across the planet, relating to their environments; this field of study is related to ecology, but it also looks into the past distribution of life forms as well, as found in the fossil record.
Meteorology : the study of Earth's weather, such as fronts, precipitation, wind, storms, and the like, as well as forecasting short-term weather based on available data
Climatology : the study of Earth's atmosphere and climate, how it has changed over time, and how humans have affected it
Pedology : the study of soil, including types, formation, and regional distribution over Earth
Paleogeography : the study of historical geographies, such as the location of the continents over time, through looking at geological evidence, such as the fossil record
Coastal geography : the study of the coasts, specifically concerning what happens where land and water meet
Oceanography : the study of the world's oceans and seas, including aspects such as floor depths, tides, coral reefs, underwater eruptions, and currents. Exploration and mapping is a part of oceanography, as is research into the effects of water pollution.
Quaternary science : the study of the previous 2.6 million years on Earth, such as the most recent ice age and Holocene period, including what it can tell us about the change in Earth's environment and climate
Landscape ecology : the study of how ecosystems interact with and affect each other in an area, especially looking at the effects of the uneven distribution of landforms and species in these ecosystems (spatial heterogeneity)
Geomatics : the field that gathers and analyzes geographic data, including the gravitational force of Earth, the motion of the poles and Earth's crust, and ocean tides (geodesy). In geomatics, researchers use the Geographic Information System (GIS), which is a computerized system for working with map-based data.
Environmental geography : the study of the interactions between people and their environment and the resulting effects, both on the environment and on the people; this field bridges physical geography and human geography.
Astronomical geography or astronography : the study of how the sun and moon affect the Earth as well as our planet's relationship to other celestial bodies

Why Physical Geography Is Important

Knowing about the physical geography of Earth is important for every serious student studying the planet because the natural processes of Earth affect the distribution of resources (from carbon dioxide in the air to freshwater on the surface to minerals deep underground) and the conditions of the human settlement. Anyone studying processes involving Earth and its processes is working within the confines of its physical geography. These natural processes have resulted in a plethora of varied effects on human populations throughout the millennia.

The 5 Themes of Geography
Major Sub-Disciplines of Geography
Exploring the Earth's Four Spheres
Geography 101
Geography Definition
Geography for Kids
The Four Traditions of Geography
Seven Things You Need to Know About the Ocean
Explore Earth - Our Home Planet
Definition of Geography
Is There Any Upside to Global Warming?
Cultural Ecology
The Hydrologic Cycle
The Water Cycle
The Basics of Geology
Human Geography

Physical Geography

Defining Physical Geography
Biogeography
Meteorology
Geomorphology
Oceanography
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Other library resource(s)

Internet resource(s)

British Society for Geomorphology Geomorphologists are also “landscape-detectives” working out the history of a landscape. Most environments, such as Britain and Ireland, have in the past been glaciated on numerous occasions, tens and hundreds of thousands of years ago. ...

Defining geomorphology

The science concerned with understanding the form of the Earth’s land surface and the processes by which it is shaped, both at the present day as well as in the past (British Soc. Geomorphology). Since many landforms cannot fully be explained by present-day geomorphic processes, geomorphologists also consider the impacts of past events on the present-day landscape; the landscape is a physical system with a history (S. Schumm 2003). B. Rhoads and C. Thorne (1996) show geomorphology as having the potential to change character as it evolves through time. The process geomorphology approach focuses upon the dynamic elements of geomorphological, hydrological, geological, and ecological systems; see D. Ritter et al. (2001). Harrison and Dunham (1998) TIBG 23, 4 stress that landscape change is dominated by uncertainties and probabilities, arguing that an idealist approach to geomorphology (that recognizes the primacy of consciousness) can better appreciate the world’s unpredictable and probabilistic nature. Lane (2001) TIBG 26 observes geomorphology pays attention to the ‘way in which the real becomes contingent to form the actual’; it is place-dependent. Harrison (2001) TIBG 26, 3 argues that process geomorphology is essentially reductionist, but that landforms are not amenable to reductionist explanations. ...

Mayhew, S. (2015). Geomorphology . In A Dictionary of Geography . Oxford University Press. Retrieved 30 Jun. 2023

In the Library's collections

The collection for Geomorphology is now in Baker-Berry Library under the call number range GB 400 through GB 649 on Berry Level 4 .

Below are some of the relevant subject headings:

geomorphology Geomorphology covers the call number range of GB 400 through GB 649 .
eolian processes
fluvial geomorphology

Introductory reading(s)

Selected book title(s)

Finding scholarly articles & journal titles

Articles and other writings about Geomorphology can be found in many publications. Our collection includes several journals which look at Geomorphology. To see the entire list, do the following subject search in the online catalog: " geomorphology periodicals ."

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Last Updated: Apr 12, 2024 10:17 AM
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Earth & Climate

The solar system, the universe, aeronautics, learning resources, news & events.

NASA Mission Flies Over Arctic to Study Sea Ice Melt Causes

Image shows various color gradients across the continential United States with various regions highlighted in yellow, red, purple, and black to highlight TEMPO measurements of increased pollution.

NASA Releases New High-Quality, Near Real-Time Air Quality Data

Twin NASA Satellites Ready to Help Gauge Earth’s Energy Balance

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NASA’s Hubble Temporarily Pauses Science

The waning gibbous Moon is pictured above Earth's horizon from the International Space Station as it orbited 258 miles above the Pacific Ocean northeast of Japan.

Space Station Research Advances NASA’s Plans to Explore the Moon, Mars

Welcome Back to Planet Earth, Expedition 70 Crew!

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Astronaut Exercise

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Ongoing Venus Volcanic Activity Discovered With NASA’s Magellan Data

C.12 Planetary Instrument Concepts for the Advancement of Solar System Observations POC Change

June’s Night Sky Notes: Constant Companions: Circumpolar Constellations, Part III

What’s Up: June 2024 Skywatching Tips from NASA

Hubble Views the Lights of a Galactic Bar

Eventually, our Sun will run out of fuel and die (though not for another 5 billion years). As it does, it will become like the object seen here, the Cat’s Eye Nebula, which is a planetary nebula. A fast wind from the remaining stellar core rams into the ejected atmosphere and pushes it outward, creating wispy structures seen in X-rays by Chandra and optical light by the Hubble Space Telescope.

Travel Through Data From Space in New 3D Instagram Experiences

Discovery Alert: Spock’s Home Planet Goes ‘Poof’

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NASA, Industry to Start Designing More Sustainable Jet Engine Core

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Aviary: A New NASA Software Platform for Aircraft Modelling

NASA’s X-59 Passes Milestone Toward Safe First Flight

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Tech Today: Measuring the Buzz, Hum, and Rattle

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NASA to Measure Moonquakes With Help From InSight Mars Mission

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NASA Around the World: Interns Teach Virtual Lessons in Kenya

The Moon and Amaey Shah

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NASA Stennis Helps Family Build a Generational Legacy

2021 Astronaut Candidates Stand in Recognition

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Astronauta de la NASA Marcos Berríos

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Resultados científicos revolucionarios en la estación espacial de 2023

The full moon is pictured as the International Space Station orbited 254 miles above the Pacific Ocean northeast of Guam.

Melissa L. Gaskill

Tracking tiny stowaways, getting there and back, refining radiation detection, robot helpers.

Space, the saying goes, is hard. And the farther humans go, the harder it can get.

Some of the challenges on missions to explore the Moon and Mars include preventing microbial contamination of these destinations, navigating there safely, protecting crew members and hardware from radiation, and maintaining and repairing equipment.

Research on the International Space Station is helping NASA scientists develop tools and processes to ensure success on these important missions. Here are highlights from some of the investigations making space a little easier.

Bacteria and fungi live in and on all humans and all around us on Earth. Most of these microorganisms are beneficial or harmless but introducing them to other celestial bodies could adversely affect our ability to study ecosystems on those other worlds.

Crew members will conduct a spacewalk to collect samples near space station life support system vents for ISS External Microorganisms , an investigation to assess whether the orbiting laboratory releases microorganisms into space. Results could provide insight into the potential for organisms to survive and reproduce in space and help researchers determine which microbes would most likely contaminate other planetary bodies visited by crewed missions.

Underwater at the Neutral Buoyancy Lab pool, Glover is wearing a white spacesuit and helmet as he uses a tool in his right hand and holds on to a rail with his left hand. A black box of circular sample containers is attached to the front of his suit.

A miniature, hand-held digital microscope designed to make in-flight medical diagnoses, the Moon Microscope , also can test water, food, and surfaces for contamination. The device images samples at high resolution and processes data on web-enabled devices such as phones or tablets. Multiple users can access the microscope simultaneously, and some applications run autonomously.

Spacecraft must have sophisticated high-tech systems for navigating. Sextant Navigation tests the function of sextants in microgravity as an emergency backup navigation technique for Artemis and other future exploration missions. These mechanical devices have guided navigators for centuries, and Gemini and Apollo missions demonstrated they were useful for astronauts.

Gerst, wearing a short-sleeved black t-shirt and a watch on his left wrist, holds the sextant up to his right eye as he faces a window in the cupola. The black device has a sighting eye piece and a curved positioning piece across the bottom that Gerst is adjusting with his left hand. There is a laptop behind him and a sheet of instructions in front of him.

Missions beyond low Earth orbit increase exposure to radiation, which can pose a hazard to human health and interfere with equipment operation. As NASA prepares for future missions, providing adequate protection is vital.

The Hybrid Electronic Radiation Assessor, or HERA, was built to serve as a primary radiation detection system for the Orion spacecraft, which will carry crews into orbit around the Moon. The International Space Station Hybrid Electronic Radiation Assessor investigation modified the system to operate on the space station to provide researchers input for use on future exploration missions.

Artemis HERA on Space Station further modified the radiation detection system so researchers could continue to evaluate the hardware in the space radiation environment prior to Artemis II.

Pesquet, wearing a red polo, green pants, and a black belt, holds a rectangular black device smaller than a cell phone in his right hand. An ESA flag is visible over his left shoulder, equipment and storage bags to his right, and several laptops and cables to his left.

Active-Dosimeters , an investigation led by ESA (European Space Agency), tested a wearable system to measure radiation exposure to crew members on the space station and how it changes with the station’s orbit and altitude. Data from the wearable dosimeter improved radiation risk assessments and could lead to better protection for astronauts, including the ability to quickly respond to changes in exposure throughout future exploration missions.

On future exploration missions, robotic technology can help crew members with basic tasks, monitor and maintain equipment, and conduct operations such as sample collection, reducing the need to expose astronauts to harsh environments. Integrated System for Autonomous and Adaptive Caretaking demonstrates using autonomous robots to transfer and unpack cargo and to track and respond to maintenance issues such as leaks and fires, which could protect valuable equipment and reduce costly repairs on future missions. The investigation uses the space station’s Astrobee and Robonaut robots.

Cassidy, wearing a blue polo shirt and khaki shorts, holds the yellow Astrobee in his left hand as he reaches for a clipboard with his right hand. Also visible is the blue Astrobee in the docking station to his right, a round white hatch behind him, and a string of small flags just above his head.

Multi-Resolution Scanning uses the station’s Astrobees to test sensors and robotics to support automated 3D sensing, mapping, and situational awareness functions. On future Gateway and lunar surface missions, such systems could automatically detect defects and conduct remote maintenance and autonomous operation of vehicles such as rovers.

Cristoforetti, wearing a gray sweatshirt and a headset, looks at a computer screen in front of her as she works a joystick with her left hand and holds a white control arm with her right hand.

Surface Avatar evaluates crew operation of multiple autonomous robots in space. The investigation also assesses crew member responsiveness to feedback on the consoles used to operate robots remotely, which supports design of effective setups for operating robots on the ground from a spacecraft orbiting above. Results contribute to the development of other uses of robotic assistance such as returning samples from Mars and asteroids.

Melissa Gaskill International Space Station Research Communications Team NASA’s Johnson Space Center

Search this database of scientific experiments to learn more about those mentioned above.

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Science & Research

New method makes hydrogen from solar power and agricultural waste

University of Illinois Chicago engineers have helped design a new method to make hydrogen gas from water using only solar power and agricultural waste, such as manure or husks. The method reduces the energy needed to extract hydrogen from water by 600%, creating new opportunities for sustainable, climate-friendly chemical production.

Hydrogen-based fuels are one of the most promising sources of clean energy. But producing pure hydrogen gas is an energy-intensive process that often requires coal or natural gas and large amounts of electricity.

In a paper for Cell Reports Physical Science , a multi-institutional team led by UIC engineer Meenesh Singh unveils the new process for green hydrogen production.

The method uses a carbon-rich substance called biochar to decrease the amount of electricity needed to convert water to hydrogen. By using renewable energy sources such as solar power or wind and capturing byproducts for other uses, the process can reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero.

"We are the first group to show that you can produce hydrogen utilizing biomass at a fraction of a volt," said Singh, associate professor in the department of chemical engineering. "This is a transformative technology."

Electrolysis, the process of splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen, requires an electric current. At an industrial scale, fossil fuels are typically required to generate this electricity.

Recently, scientists have decreased the voltage required for water splitting by introducing a carbon source to the reaction. But this process also uses coal or expensive chemicals and releases carbon dioxide as a byproduct.

Singh and colleagues modified this process to instead use biomass from common waste products. By mixing sulfuric acid with agricultural waste, animal waste or sewage, they create a slurry-like substance called biochar, which is rich in carbon.

The team experimented with different kinds of biochar made from sugarcane husks, hemp waste, paper waste and cow manure. When added to the electrolysis chamber, all five biochar varieties reduced the power needed to convert water to hydrogen. The best performer, cow dung, decreased the electrical requirement sixfold to roughly a fifth of a volt.

The energy requirements were low enough that the researchers could power the reaction with one standard silicon solar cell generating roughly 15 milliamps of current at 0.5 volt. That's less than the amount of power produced by an AA battery.

"It's very efficient, with almost 35% conversion of the biochar and solar energy into hydrogen" said Rohit Chauhan, a co-author and postdoctoral scholar in Singh's lab. "These are world record numbers; it's the highest anyone has demonstrated."

To make the process net-zero, it must capture the carbon dioxide generated by the reaction. But Singh said this too could have environmental and economic benefits, such as producing pure carbon dioxide to carbonate beverages or converting it into ethylene and other chemicals used in plastic manufacturing.

"It not only diversifies the utilization of biowaste but enables the clean production of different chemicals beyond hydrogen," said UIC graduate Nishithan Kani, co-lead author on the paper. "This cheap way of making hydrogen could allow farmers to become self-sustainable for their energy needs or create new streams of revenue."

Orochem Technologies Inc., who sponsored the research, has filed for patents on their processes for producing biochar and hydrogen, and the UIC team plans to test the methods on a large scale.

In addition to Singh, Kani and Chauhan, the paper was co-authored by UIC graduate student Rajan Bhawnani. Other co-authors come from Stanford University, Texas Tech University, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Korea University and Orochem Technologies Inc.

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Materials provided by University of Illinois Chicago . Original written by Rob Mitchum. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference :

Nishithan C. Kani, Rohit Chauhan, Samuel A. Olusegun, Ishwar Sharan, Anag Katiyar, David W. House, Sang-Won Lee, Alena Jairamsingh, Rajan R. Bhawnani, Dongjin Choi, Adam C. Nielander, Thomas F. Jaramillo, Hae-Seok Lee, Anil Oroskar, Vimal C. Srivastava, Shishir Sinha, Joseph A. Gauthier, Meenesh R. Singh. Sub-volt conversion of activated biochar and water for H2 production near equilibrium via biochar-assisted water electrolysis . Cell Reports Physical Science , 2024; 102013 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.102013

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ACSM is pleased to present the scientific reviews underlying the second edition of the Physical Activity Guidelines . Health professionals, scientists, community organizations and policymakers can use the papers included in the ACSM Scientific Pronouncements: Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd Edition to promote more active, healthier lifestyles for individuals and communities. All papers were published in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise .

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Quantity and Quality of Exercise for Developing and Maintaining Cardiorespiratory, Musculoskeletal, and Neuromotor Fitness in Apparently Healthy Adults: Guidance for Prescribing Exercise

physical activity guidelines for americans

Guidelines for Physical Activity and Health: Evolution Over 50 Years

Presented as the D.B. Dill Historical Lecture at the 2019 ACSM Annual Meeting, William Haskell, PhD, FACSM, and ACSM past president, presented a timeline of the developing science behind the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans.

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Research offers hope and reassurance for adults with eating disorders

by Curtin University

New Curtin University research has found an inpatient treatment approach can help adults with eating disorders improve not only their physical health, but also their psychological health. The research is published in the Journal of Eating Disorders .

"High-energy refeeding" is frequently used to treat malnourished adolescents with anorexia nervosa and involves patients consuming a progressively higher energy intake over a short period of time, to quickly restore their nutritional health.

It's been thought this approach could prove problematic when treating adults with the same condition. However, this may not be the case.

Researchers from Curtin's School of Population Health investigated 97 voluntary hospital inpatients (55 adults and 42 adolescents) with eating disorders, the majority anorexia nervosa, who were treated using a high-energy refeeding protocol.

The team found both age groups responded well to high-energy refeeding, reporting very similar positive weight change and improvements in measurements of their psychological health .

Masters student and study lead Fiona Salter said there had been previous concerns that adult patients undergoing high-energy refeeding could be at increased risk of developing refeeding syndrome, a potentially fatal condition which can occur when a severely malnourished person starts eating again and causes a sudden shift in fluid and electrolytes.

"In addition, more frequent mental health issues in adult patients could complicate their medical care ," Ms. Salter said. "However, only one adult participant in our study did not tolerate the high-energy protocol due to oedema, which is an excess of fluid accumulating in body tissues."

Study co-author Dr. Emily Jeffery said the findings indicate high-energy refeeding in adults who are mildly and moderately malnourished can be administered safely and has both nutritional and psychological benefits.

"However, clinicians need to be aware [that] severely malnourished adults may require adjustments to prevent complications," Dr. Jeffery said.

Ms. Salter said the improvements in adult patients ' psychological well-being were critically important in using high-energy refeeding in the future.

"There was some concern feeding too quickly could put them under too much distress, which is why we wanted to measure these psychological scores," Ms. Salter said.

"We found psychosocial questionnaire scores improved significantly over the hospital admission, but psychological recovery from an eating disorder takes months and years, so while it's great we can physically restore someone's nutritional health quite quickly, the important thing is to keep that going. It needs to be maintained after they leave hospital for their longer-term psychological recovery."

With this in mind, Ms. Salter said the next step was to see how patients with a similar severity of illness respond to high-energy refeeding in a less structured environment, such as an intensive treatment day program.

"We'll be investigating whether a similar high energy refeeding protocol to that used in the hospital study has the same outcomes when patient meals are only partially supervised," she said.

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