coffee topics for research paper

193 Coffee Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Looking for interesting coffee topics for an essay or research paper? The world’s most popular drink is definitely worth writing about!

🔝 Top-10 Coffee Essay Topics

🏆 best coffee topic ideas & essay examples.

• 👍 Interesting Coffee Topics to Write about

☕ Best Coffee Research Paper Topics

✅ easy coffee essay titles, 🥤 controversial topics about coffee, ❓ coffee research questions.

In your coffee essay, you might want to write about the history of the drink or elaborate on the reasons of its popularity. Another interesting topic about coffee is its positive and negative health effects. Finally, you can focus on the issues of coffee industry. Whether you’re planning to prepare a descriptive or informative essay on coffee, prepare a speech, or even conduct a thesis-level research, our article will be helpful. Here we’ve collected top coffee essay titles and research questions together with some top coffee essay examples. Enjoy!

• Early history of coffee: 15th & 16th centuries
• Discovery of coffee: the most famous legends
• Ecological effects of coffee farming
• Coffee production: the main stages
• Coffee shop industry in the era of pandemic
• Coffee preparation: the most popular methods
• Instant coffee: advantages and disadvantages
• Positive and negative health effects of coffee
• Coffee rituals around the world
• Coffee in popular culture
• Business Plan: Coffee Shop Report The main reason for positioning itself in this segment is that the business has the opportunity of incorporating new features to the existing services to cater for the changing demands and needs of our targeted […]
• Core Business Concepts of Bizcafe Simulation: How to Win? The flexibility of the roles in our group helped me to critically evaluate the decisions of others because we never played the same roles during the project.
• Costa Coffee Company Analysis The mission of Costa Coffee is to produce the best coffee in the world and become the best/ leading coffee business.
• Coffee and Why It Is Good for You For this reason, the monks thought of using the coffee powder to keep them energized and awake during prayers, and this is how coffee was discovered.
• Coffee: Benefits and Disadvantages Therefore, it is essential to establish the basic effects of coffee. Thus, coffee is one of the most popular drinks globally; many people consume it every day.
• Recruitment and Selection Strategies for Coffee Shop To get the best employees, the organization must focus on communicating the vision and the mission of the business to the potential applicants.
• Strategic Analysis of Starbucks Corporation: Management & Process Strategy In the course of its operation, Starbucks has managed to position itself as the market leader within the specialty and eateries industry.
• Case Study Analysis: Opening a Coffee Shop The nature of such realities compelled the duo to consider the best approaches to invest in the country and achieve their potential.
• The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf Brand and Marketing Since then, the franchise has grown in leaps and bounds becoming the oldest and the largest privately owned and family run coffee and tea company in the United States and one of the largest businesses […]
• ZZ Packer’s “Drinking Coffee Elsewhere” This follows the revelations of her background in the interview that ZZ Packer, just like the character Dina in the story, moved from a dominantly black neighborhood to a dominantly white university.
• Starbucks Coffee in Indian Market It was a challenge for Starbucks to find an appropriate partner and co-venture to grow and market its brand in India because of issues, such as Starbucks’ working ethics and intense advertisements for the brand […]
• Mystic Monk Coffee Strategies The mission of the Carmelite Monks of Wyoming was to improve the spiritual attitude of the society and underline the place of monks and nuns in the world.
• Marketing Mix: Keurig’s Coffee Brewer Machine The Keurig brand positions itself mainly as a beverage company and one of the leaders of the industry in North America.
• Folgers Coffee: A Marketing Study Coffee is addictive so purchases for the home are an obvious result of workers wanting to continue their coffee consumption when they get home The decision-maker to purchase coffee for the home is most often […]
• McDonald’s Coffee Product Liability Case The case was based on manufacture defect since the jury established that McDonald’s had provided a warning on the cup of coffee.
• An Open Letter From Howard Schultz, CEO of Starbucks Coffee Company The pertinent theme in this article, it seems, is that the open possession of guns by customers in Starbucks stores is creating an unsettling and upsetting environment for many of the company’s customers who normally […]
• Sweet Berry Coffee Shop: Project Planning The project will be implemented and supervised by a team appointed by the project manager in consultation with the project’s sponsor, Mr.
• McDonald’s Hot Coffee Lawsuit and Its Fair Outcome Although many people considered the case as unreasonable, the outcome of the coffee case was fair because of the severe damage to the health of Stella Liebeck.
• Coffee Machines Market Conditions Competitive Analysis The company has developed some of the unique coffee machines in the world. However, changes in technologies have necessitated the company to develop a new coffee machine for the contemporary home and office.
• Sunshine Coffee Shop Business Plan Ensure that the shop gets to be regarded as the best provider both in terms of product quality and customer service.
• Starbucks Coffee Business In the global quest, the company must maintain the design of its coffee outlets and its brand in order to provide consumers with the same environment available in the US.
• Canada and Colombia’ Coffee Trade Consequently, countries that produce the commodity founded the Association of Coffee Producing Country to augment the International Coffee Organization. The perfect conditions for the growth of the variety in the country are found between 1200-1800 […]
• Hot Coffee Documentary The film “Hot Coffee” informs the viewer about the facts surrounding the case. It informs the citizens why many corporations have continued to support this reform.
• Business Plan for a Coffee Shop Therefore, the facilities will be located close to the university since students are the primary target customers for the business. A schedule will be developed and provided to the workers to follow, which will show […]
• Coffee Demand & Supply in the United Arab Emirates According to the Al Hilal Group, the UAE coffee market is set to grow by approximately 30% in the next five years buoyed by the increased dominance of the UAE as a key supply point […]
• Coffee Shop in the UAE: Business Plan According to Stokes and Wilson, the mission statement helps in defining the direction of the business and what it seeks to achieve in the market.
• Initech and Coffee Bean Case On the other hand, the leadership system that the Coffee Bean management uses boosts the morale of the workers. The management at Coffee Bean has realized the importance of leadership practices that aim at motivating […]
• Business Plan For Second Cup’s Coffee Outlet Startup Among the alternatives given, it is recommended that the two principal co-owners come up with a market entry approach that will bring together three partners the co-owners as the benefactor custodians of the business, Second […]
• Nestle’s Coffee Bean Products Procurement The procurement of Nestle Coffee’s coffee bean products is based on the direct purchase of the beans with the farmers. The procurement of the Nestle coffee beans is based on the direct purchase of the […]
• Kraft Coffee Pod Launch The above challenge arises from the fact that Herzog is not in a position to determine the best and most effective pricing model for retail and wholesale products in markets located outside the United Sates.

👍 Good Essay Topics on Coffee

• Evergood Coffee Company: Brand Strategy The value is estimated based on the cash flow gained and on the final price of the brand at the end of the lease.
• Coffee Shop’s Recruitment and Staffing The progress of the coffee will be a great determinant in the subsequent employee recruitment plans that the company would probably seek to adopt.
• Consumer Preferences for Coffee The type of coffee has proved to gain fewer results during a test run which led to the brands becoming the topic of the research.
• Kahawa Classic New Coffee Brand Marketing Plan The market plan will be launched in other coffee shops after seeing the consumer reaction in our main distributor of our product which we have chosen to be Starbucks due the popularity of the franchise […]
• Peet’s Coffee and Tea Company Valuation A company’s market share is the proportion of the market that is occupied by the company in terms of customer dominance.
• Recommendations to Enhance Coffee Bean’s Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty Given that majority of the consumers are young, hence own computers that they use to study and work while in the cafes, the customer relationship department has to move swiftly and employ a fulltime specialist […]
• Ground Zero Coffee Inc.’s Independent Control Dilemma Firstly, considering the performance measurement aspect, the CEO’s decision to use the ROI index as a primary indicator for the success of the company’s divisions is sourced from the company’s growth goal.
• Expresso Espresso: Coffee Shop Marketing Plan Todd, the owner of the business, opened the shop in March 2006, and was motivated by the idea of providing comfort to his consumers, and the thought of helping his children acquire some life lessons […]
• Coffee Production Sustainability and Other Issues Importantly, it is essential to separate the seasonal drinks and offer iced coffee and other coffee-based beverages in the summer and cocoa in the winter.
• Coffee in the Historical and Cultural Context The current work analyzes the historical context, explains the specifics of consumption and health implications of the beverage, and discusses how the cultural traditions of other countries have influenced the image of coffee in America.
• Hot or Cold Coffee Effect on the Use of Warmth-Related Words The final study question aimed to demonstrate whether or not there would be no significant difference in the ratings of non-warmth related traits between those who had briefly held a hot coffee drink and those […]
• McDonald’s Hot Coffee Law Case and Unfair Verdict It needs to be said that the outcomes of some cases are unpredictable most of the time because it is a known fact that juries make questionable verdicts quite often.
• Case Study by Ariff Katchra on Starbucks Coffee Company To be the leader in coffee industry in the world by increasing its presence in different countries an offering high quality coffee to customers To innovate new measures to catch the attention of potential customers […]
• Starbucks Marketing Plan for VIA Instant Coffee in India The major reason behind Starbucks decision to introduce the product is to capture the immense consumer market available in India as the country is home to at least 1.
• Peet’s Coffee and Tea The restaurant business deals in a range of products consisting of diversified coffee and tea beverages. In this respect, Peet’s Coffee and Tea restaurant will use punch cards redeemable for free coffee drinks and snacks […]
• Coffee Consumption’s Impact on Communication However, it is difficult to argue with the fact that often a tiny amount of dopamine can affect a person’s mood, desire to communicate, and the nature of the change of thoughts.
• The Japanese Tea and Ethiopian Coffee Ceremonies The Ethiopian coffee ceremony holds a sacred value in the community and is considered an essential role in the social and cultural activities of a community.
• Research Proposal: Coffee Production in the US The main research question for the study is: what economic, social, and political factors contribute to low levels of coffee production in the U.
• Autoethnography of a Coffee Shop As I began my observation, I felt excited to see whether I would see anything new since I am a frequent customer and usually pay attention to the details.
• Evaluating Market Dynamics and Opportunities for Illycaffè in the Coffee Industry This paper outlines major players in the coffee industry in China and the US, their market share, and advantages to predict whether Illycaffe can implement its ambitions. In China, the major players in the coffee […]
• Jolt Coffee’s New Categories of Commodities Join Jolt Coffee and the regional entrepreneurial society for a ceremony in Austin, Hall 45, on Wednesday, July 27, at 2 p.m.to celebrate Jolt Coffee’s launching of new categories of coffee, tea, and smoothie products […]
• Keurig K-Select Coffee Maker Description The selected object for the technical overview is the Keurig K-Select Coffee Maker – a single-serve K-cup coffee brewer. Concerning the primary functionality of the device, the user needs specialized K-Cup pods to brew coffee.
• Colonized Coffee: Video Marketing Campaign Since the videos will use only the Colonized Coffee products, customers will need to visit the shop and buy a pack of coffee and some add-ons.
• Sustainability at Green Mountain Coffee Roasters Overall, the introduction of easy-to-use and affordable K-Cups contributed to the long-term success and increased profitability of GMCR. GMCR will likely be able to remain distinct in its sustainability efforts in the single-cup business.
• The Colonized Coffee Business Blog Proposal The selected business for the given scenario is Colonized Coffee, which aims to deliver a high-quality coffee product at lower costs in order to capitalize on and satisfy the needs of young coffee drinkers.
• The Colonized Coffee Instagram Campaign Before investing in social media marketing, brands need to understand the social media objectives, useful sites, develop a banner ad, strategies to use, and the metrics to measure the success of the social media campaign.
• Rose’s Coffee Bar’s Business Activity This number was expected to maintain operational efficiency in the coffee shop and not cause turmoil due to an overabundance of employees working simultaneously.
• Choosing Solvent for Decaffeinated Coffee Drink One of the main arguments of the hypothetical company is the desire to make the final beverage environmentally friendly. Consequently, the choice of solvent must be based on the toxic properties of each of the […]
• The Story of Good African Coffee for Business People At the same time, evaluating the efficiency of African Good Coffee in purely economic terms can be considered a complex undertaking, as the company is generally perceived to have an essential mission that seeks to […]
• Sustainability in Coffee Retail Business The paper contributes to the improved understanding of the current state of the coffee retail business regarding sustainability and community issues.
• Eco-Coffee Shop: Successful Business Plan The monthly rent will be $2,450, and the total utilities will cost $200. The production operations of a coffee shop include unloading, transporting goods, receiving, storing, preparing for sale, and selling.
• The Targeting Market of the Sustainable Coffee Shop The arrangement is to reuse glass and cardboard and return bundling to my providers to be reused. The students are expected to come daily to the shop to drink coffee and get snacks during lunch […]
• Electric Coffee Maker: The Use of Pseudocode Program Name: Coffee Maker Functions Code for Coffee Maker Functions: Apply PresetTime to begin brewing while the coffee maker is OFF IF want to set CoffeeMakerTime Press ON x 2 Apply input HH:MM Press ON […]
• Synthesizing Passages Regarding Coffee However, in passage two, the author argues that artisanal cafes are great places that provide tasty drinks, jobs for talented baristas, and a place for multiple activities.
• Happy Coffee Shop: Draft Corporate Constitution Happy Coffee Shop has all legal capacity and power as provided in the Corporations Act (CA). This is the constitution of Happy Coffee Shop Propriety Limited.
• Starbucks Coffee’s Organizational Structure and Its Characteristics The first aspect of Starbucks’ policies is related to the people working for the company since the management put much effort into the improvement of their situation.
• Competitive Analysis Online Coffee Shop It will not be difficult for users to find important information; in particular, a link to the menu is the first at the top of the main page. The site is quite attractive, and it […]
• Behavior Change: More Water, No Coffee By the way, this was the first day when I did not feel any lack of energy due to the lack of coffee.
• Coffee Beverage Product and Related Scholarly Journal Article Different cultures prepare and serve coffee differently; in Africa and the Middle East, coffee is served in fancy brass cups while Italians’ espresso coffee is served in tiny cups. Some quantitative questions about coffee include: […]
• The Price of Ethiopian Coffee The article talks about the conflict between the company and the local tribes after Starbucks purchased the land for plantation at the Ethiopia Gemardo Estate.
• Fair Trade Helping Coffee Growers This paper will discuss the symptoms and the precursors presented in the case and attempt to offer some recommendations. On the other hand, the movement threatens those not participating in it and only partially address […]
• Tim Hortons Company in the Canadian Coffee and Snack Shops Industry The company that was chosen for this study is Tim Hortons, one of the largest players in “The Coffee and Snack Shops industry in Canada”.
• Introduction to Statistics: Analysis of Leah`S Coffee Shop Married women represent the majority of the pull. Table: Distribution of payment methods used by the customers
• Arabic Coffee Shop in the UAE Its design is expected to correspond to the requirements of the time, and, in the 2010s, the sustainability of a business is a major enabler of success.
• Decaffeinated Coffee Is Not Caffeine-Free This is what triggered the research fronted by the Professor to determine the degree of caffeine in decaffeinated coffee brands, in the market.
• Coffee Manufacturing Company: Project Adoption Report Payback period is calculated from the cash inflows and outflows generated by the company for estimated life of the project. CMC should not accept a project with a long payback period or a project where […]
• The Scientific Method of Understanding if Coffee Can Impact Diabetes The hypothesis of the experiment ought to be straightforward and understandable. The control group and the experiment group for the test are then identified.
• Merger and Acquisition: Starbucks and Peets Coffee It is important to note that the quality of coffee from farmers in world’s coffee growing countries determines the quality of coffee that Peet’s and other market players like Starbucks produces in the long run […]
• Coffee in the Development of High Blood Sugar These high levels of glucose in the blood may even lead to the death of the victim. The net effect of this condition is high glucose levels in the blood plasma of the victim.
• Caribou Coffee Company’s Expansion Research Clearly, the improved economic condition increases Canada’s coffee demands. Undoubtedly, the research will help attain your global coffee desire.
• Dubai Coffee Experts: Business Strategy It is important to define the objectives given that the decision has been made about starting a coffee shop in the city of Dubai.
• Starbucks and Coffee Bean: Different Perspectives on Coffee Shop Business The quality of coffee is not the most striking difference between Starbucks and the Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf, while the price possibly is.
• COVID-19 Business Operating Policy for Tiger Coffee & Juice Bar LLC Cashiers, bakers, baristas, and servers will be expected to meet sanitation standards issued by the Center for Disease Control, and the state governor.
• Starbucks vs. Dunkin Coffee in Terms of Taste Regardless of the time of the year, weather, and country, there will be people drinking, buying, and making coffee. However, there is a slight difference in taste between Starbucks and Dunkin coffee, which draws the […]
• Hot Coffee Documentary. Judiciary McDonald’s case, who asserts that McDonald’s was 80% to blame for the damages that Mrs. McDonalds was adamant that the cases were trivial and this shows the firm’s disregard of customer safety.
• The Coffee Diet: Cut Appetite, Burn Fat, and Boost Metabolism The purpose of this paper is to discuss whether the coffee diet is applicable in most cases and express a personal opinion.
• Coffee: How Much Are You Willing to Pay? The price for a coffee ranges from $2,7 for an average cup of standard coffee to even $80 for a cup of Kopi Luwak, the most expensive coffee in the world.
• Investing in Brazil Coffee Industry First to consider is the 1994 Free Trade Area of the Americas. According to, Fair trade has its roots in the Solidarity Economy works of the European NGOs around the 1970s.
• Melbourne Coffee: Entrepreneurship, Creativity and Innovation Moreover, as part of the innovation and creativity for Melbourne Coffee Review, the advertisement messages should be directed to the right target audience in addition to insisting the continual use of the product to the […]
• Coffee Growing in Brazil: Stages of the Process For the next three months, the period of coffee growing takes place: the plots with the seedlings are irrigated, sprayed, fertilized, and weeded.
• The Analysis of the Positive and Negative Effects of Coffee However, the main focus of the present paper is neither benefit not harm done by coffee to a human being that is in the habit of consuming it, but the way the argument in the […]
• Costa Coffee: Quality as the Core of Success Designing for producibility so as to achieve a cost reduction through a coordinated effort between R&D and manufacturing; analyzing and addressing the environmental impact of the firm’s product, processes and philosophy, and reducing set up […]
• Beverly Coffee & Confectionaries: Business Idea for Coffee Shop The surrounding of the coffee shop will be tailored in such a way that customers can have the pleasure of beautiful layout decorated with flowers.
• Mavis Bank Coffee Factory Business Strategies This guides the firm in adopting a certain entry mode and international strategy.M.B.C.is the oldest and largest coffee processor of the Blue Mountain coffee with quality coffee which is rich, sweet and well balanced acidity […]
• Supply Chain: Coolcargo and Coffee Business The supply chain describes the whole path of the materials which they pass from the very beginning to the ending point, which is the retailer or the customer.
• The Indian Coffee Industry The main market for such cafes is in the metros and the southern part of the country. Costa Coffee is a niche player in the Indian market.
• Nestlé’s New System of Delivering Coffee: The Nespresso For Nestle the largest food company in the world the best marketing strategy is to corner the instant coffee market. It is time for Nestle to be more aggressive and to focus on expanding its […]
• A Cup of Coffee – A Ton of Struggle In fact, from the peacetime point of view of the strategic planner, the adversary is actually the easiest variable to manipulate.
• Genius Coffee Company’s Marketing Project The focus of the brand, taking into account the current characteristics of the market and consumer interest, depends on several factors.
• Job Satisfaction in the Coffee Break Case It comes to no surprise that the employees felt unappreciated and their relationship with the supervisor worsened as a result of the change.
• Starbucks Coffee Company’s Leadership Interview The respondents explained why Starbucks remains a profitable company in the industry. The leader explained why he always managed change and innovation at the company.
• Marketing Research for New Coffee Business The scope of the study can be narrowed down to the food and drinks segment, in which case the availability of the information would be highly unlikely.
• Dunkin Donuts and Coffee Market Analysis The company listens to the consumer and what sort of requests the public has. Before launching, the flavouring of the coffee takes place, which strictly tests the quality of the taste and consistency.
• Tasty Coffee Company: Multimedia and Contiguity Principles Having considered the situation, it is obvious that multimedia and contiguity principles should be incorporated with the purpose to increase the company income by means of better training of the employees.
• Coffee Effects on Sleeping Patterns: Experiment Consumption of coffee before going to bed will cause individuals to have difficulty falling asleep The amount of coffee the subjects drink before going to bed The time after going to bed that subjects fall […]
• How Coffee Affects Stress? This research report examines the influence of coffee on the person’s psycho-emotional state, that is, on sleep and stressful situations, and also considers the possible consequences of excessive consumption of this drink.
• Andulo Coffee Shop’s Business Plan Andulo Coffee Shop will be started on the assumption that it will be the leading coffee specialty shop with a profit of 80,000 dollars and over 50% shares.
• Starbucks vs. Costa Coffee and Caribou Coffee After visiting Starbucks, Costa Coffee, and Caribou Coffee, the degree to which the identified aspects were developed in the specified organizations was located.
• Tinder, Coffee Meets Bagel, Tastebuds Applications The biggest advantage of Tinder is that it is free to use. One of the disadvantages is that it is only available for Apple devices.
• Custom Coffee and Chocolate Coffee Shop’s Analysis Custom Coffee and Chocolate Shop has a wide-ranging mission statement that caters to the needs of the customers, the suppliers, and other stakeholders. The mission statement of Custom Coffee and Chocolate highlights the services offered […]
• Elsie Harrhy Coffee House’s Service Excellence In this sense, it is recommended that the coffee house should continue to guarantee employee satisfaction and commitment to sustaining the coffee house’s source of competitive advantage.
• Tom’s Coffee Cup Planning, Organizing and Leadership The organizational challenges that Tom’s Coffee Cup is facing include poor distribution of resources and lack of a budget to manage the coffee shop’s financial resources.
• New Gourmet Coffee Shop’s Staffing Organization Delineating power management among the store managers and the manner in which they should handle the coffee servers would require the formulation of certain rules and policies that guide the management of stores and workers […]
• Coffee Planet LLC’s Organization Symbol and Ritual The unity of purpose symbol has been embedded in an organizational culture designed to create a culture of efficiency and support.
• Gourmet Coffee Shop: Staffing Organizations In the current case, the employment relationship between the firm and its employees will involve a legal contract. In this regard, the employment relationship between the store managers and the coffee shop will involve a […]
• Ortigia Coffee Shop Improvement Plan The purpose of the meeting is to expound to the committee the approaches that should be adopted in implementing the proposal informed by the rationale of authenticating the cost elements of the project and ensure […]
• McDonald’s Hot Coffee Case The coffee spilled when Stella was trying to add sugar and cream to it. Stella’s decision to sue the company was misguided simply because she handled her coffee recklessly.
• Alaska Coffee Company Analysis Considering that the coffee roasting process determines the taste of the coffee greatly, experience in coffee roasting determines the attractiveness of the coffee.
• Economically Viable Coffee Industry in the U.S. If coffee house industry is to be invested in the U. With this in mind it would be of economical viability to start a coffee hot house industry in the U.
• Smart Cup Coffee Shop Business Plan The Canadian and the US coffee market attributes represent the similar consumption dynamics; only difference is that the juice and bottling beverage and water consumption in the US-market is higher while the Canadian market is […]
• Short Films Comparison: “Eating Out” and “Coffee and Cigarettes” The pair causality and characters choices is also important here – the whole story is based on the relationships of the robbers and the girls choice to eat before taking the money, though in the […]
• The Globalization of Coffee Production and Consumption The perennial rainfall adds to the suitability of the land since coffee bushes produce berries throughout the year. Later, rinsing of the beans takes place and this leads to drying of the beans.
• Coffee Business in Romania Structural factors, on the other hand, represent the transition of the banking system to net adverse liquidity position, concurrent to the increase in liquidity demand in the context of uncertainty concerning the economic outlook.
• Campos Coffee Marketing Mix Strategy There are similar companies offering similar products, they are of same size, and therefore, Campos Coffee must distinguish itself from the rest.
• Launching Instant Coffee in Indian Market But the quality of such brands is not up to the mark and moreover, the target customers of such companies are the middle class customers.
• Coffee Planet Strategic Management Therefore, its operational objectives are to sustain the quality of the flavor of the roasted coffee, according to the secret formula used to define the Coffee Planet brand.
• Supply Chain of the American Coffee House This is the movement of the products from the supplier to the customer in this case to the American Coffee House.
• Evaluating JIT Training: Tasty Coffee The sales and marketing department could be improved through the use of messages that depict products as unique compared to other products from competitors in the industry.
• Communications Plan for Gourmet Coffee The location of the business and the target market for this type of a product makes it reasonable to analyze the application of the following two promotion methodologies.
• Dr. Cafe Coffee vs. Starbucks CAFe COFFEE ensures that they offer the best services to their customers in order to encourage them to come back. The company has come up with advertising strategies to ensure that everyone in the market […]
• A Dr. Cafe Coffee In order to ensure that they keep ahead of their competitors, they ensure that they offer quality coffee for their customers.
• Good Earth Coffee: Company Analysis The success of the strategy will be accomplished through continued evaluation of the plan to make necessary changes to realign the strategy with the businesses vision.
• The Coffee Crisis Economic implications of operating in different market and industry structures with additional details and strong supporting evidence The fact that the coffee industry operates in different markets and industry structures has led to the precipitous […]
• The World Coffee Market in World Economy In the recent past, this reduction in prices has been attributed to the increase in the number of new entrants in the market hence increasing the level of competition.
• Howard Schultz View of the Possibilities for the Fledgling Specialty Coffee Market To do this, the people in the business had to be passionate about coffee. Practicing this made the company to be the leader in retailing of coffee and other products around the world.
• Starbucks Coffee Company This is in relation to the reinforcement theory which stipulates that making the working environment conducive is of more importance and it motivates the workers than dealing with the internal factors some of which include […]
• Starbuck and Specialty Coffee These ways include the use of fresh products in the brewing of coffee, training of employees at Starbucks on the best practices pertaining to brewing of coffee and establishment of a quality assurance department at […]
• Peet’s Coffee and Tea: Application of Machiavelli’s Ideas in Enhancing Business In the Prince, Machiavelli was of the view that the leader has to apply all available tactics in order to achieve greatness for the city-state.
• Power Relations: Coffee in the GCC Specifically, the indicator price of coffee reflected marginally against the prices of coffee prior to the abandonment of ICA in 1993. This is due to the reduced control of state actors in the production of […]
• Starbucks Coffee Marketing The coffee covers an approximate of 33% of the total market share in the United States. They dictate the level and nature of demand for the Starbucks Coffee.
• Spreadsheet Financial Accounting System in Business First, the manager of the CB Cafe takes at least three hours daily to balance the books in the evening after the closure of the cafe.
• Starbucks: Successful Product Promotion Program According to the recommended strategy, such points and aspects as the brand image, customers’ loyalty, effective advertising with the help of the Web and media resources, the necessity to strengthen the company’s position within the […]
• Great Cups Coffee Company Website Mock Up The top line of the main page should contain the information about the following, the company products, the company locations, the company vision and mission, the customer services and the novelties.
• Business Plan Coffee Circus In order to understand the market, it is necessary to have a thorough research on the buying criteria of the customers.
• Starbucks Turns to Instant Coffee in Troubled Times! The company expects the earning per share in the first quarter of the year 2011 to up by 41% compared to the first quarter of the financial year 2010 and in return, this prompted the […]
• Starbucks as a Leading Coffee and Coffeehouse Company Rivalry The result of the above factors is the level of rivalry that the company has had; it has been successfully to be the world leading coffee and coffeehouse company respected for its environmental conservation […]
• Proposal to Supply Coffee to Peter’s Doughnuts This marketing plan presents the proposal by the Lighthouse Roasters to supply the roasted gourmet coffee to the Peter’s Doughnuts restaurant.
• Betty’s Coffee Business Form Further, the franchise is a model of business that provides the necessary training in the operations of the business. The reason is that the franchise is a form of business that is readily available to […]
• Coffee Companies and Media: Gaining Competitive Advantage Some of the questions to be addressed in this paper include the steps taken to evolve the products to fit the needs of the present generations and the advertising channels employed to stay on top […]
• Coffee Importation Into the United States It is very important for the importing countries and the companies in charge of the importation to ensure that they perform appropriate product mix functions and strategize according to the available market so that they […]
• Brazil and Coffee Production A major focus is given to the healthy properties of coffee by having medically qualified properties of coffee by having medically qualified professionals to advise the Brazilian coffee industry, something unique and pioneering in the […]
• Mystic Monk Coffee and the Carmelite Monks of Wyoming It also identifies the vision that Father Daniel has for the mystic Monk coffee and the mission of the Carmelite monks of Wyoming.
• Trade of Coffee and Gold In order to conduct effective marketing of products, it is important for the marketing managers to have a sound understanding of the origin of the products they are dealing with in order to device proper […]
• How Does Coffee Affect Our Modern World?
• Are Subsidies for Coffee Farmers Inclusive in India?
• Does Coffee Make You Feel Better?
• How Does Caffeine Affect the pH of Decaffeinated Coffee?
• Can Coffee Certification Promote Land-Sharing and Protect Forest in Ethiopia?
• How Can Small Coffee Shops Succeed Using Social Media?
• Could Futures Markets Help Growers Better Manage Coffee Price Risks in Costa Rica?
• How Did Starbucks Change the Concept Consumers Had About Drinking Coffee?
• Can Coffee Reduce the Risk of Diabetes?
• How Does the Coffee Industry Minimize Costs While Maximizing Profits?
• Does Coffee Contain Drugs?
• How Did Thomas Jefferson Pioneer the Tomato, Champion Urban Farming, and Teach Americans to Make Coffee?
• What Can Tanzania’s Coffee Farmers Teach the World?
• Can Elevated Air Conditions Mitigate the Predicted Warming Impact on the Quality of Coffee Bean?
• Have Coffee Producers Benefited From the New Domestic Cherry Market?
• Can the Coffee Trade Be Fair on Farmers?
• Does Caffeine Affect Your Memory?
• Have Coffee Reforms and Coffee Supply Chains Affected Farmers’ Income?
• How Does Coffee Affect the Brain?
• What Has Suddenly Made People Willing to Pay Three to Four Times More for a Cup of Coffee?
• Will New Machines Perk up Coffee Sales?
• What Are the Numbers and Considerations Used for Establishing What Is a ‘Fair’ Price for Coffee?
• Does Coffee Wake You Up?
• Are Coffee Breaks a Productivity Killer?
• Is Drinking Coffee Bad for Your Health?
• How Does Quality Affect Coffee Exports?
• Are There Any Skin Conditions Caused Be Caffeinated Consumption?
• What Is the Mechanism Behind Caffeine Stimulation in Our Body?
• Why Is the ‘Fair Trade’ Price of Coffee Received by Farmers Not Adjusted to the Cost of Living and Cost of Production?
• Is There Any Health Benefits of Using Tea, Coffee, and Cocoa, and Are These Can Be Labelled as Medicinal Crops?
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2024, February 23). 193 Coffee Essay Topic Ideas & Examples. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/coffee-essay-topics/

"193 Coffee Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." IvyPanda , 23 Feb. 2024, ivypanda.com/essays/topic/coffee-essay-topics/.

IvyPanda . (2024) '193 Coffee Essay Topic Ideas & Examples'. 23 February.

IvyPanda . 2024. "193 Coffee Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." February 23, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/coffee-essay-topics/.

1. IvyPanda . "193 Coffee Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." February 23, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/coffee-essay-topics/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "193 Coffee Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." February 23, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/coffee-essay-topics/.

• Diet Essay Topics
• Food Essay Ideas
• Sugar Paper Topics
• Fast Food Essay Titles
• Farming Ideas
• Environmental Sustainability Essay Ideas
• Quality Control Research Topics
• Agriculture Essay Ideas

115 Coffee Topics

If you’re feeling tired, this compilation of outstanding coffee topics will help you wake up and start working on your essay! Here, we explore the multifaceted world of one of the world’s most beloved beverages. We uncover the rich history, global impact, and diverse experiences associated with coffee. Join us for the best coffee research questions or essay topics!

☕ TOP 7 Coffee Topics

🏆 best coffee research questions, 🎓 catchy coffee essay topics, 💡 simple ideas for a coffee essay, ❓ more coffee topics, 📝 coffee essay – example & outline.

• Coffee Maker by Keurig: Target Market and Segmentation
• Supply Chain Management of Coffee
• Coffee Choices and Consumer Preferences
• Initech vs. The Coffee Bean: The Role of Negative Strengthening
• Impact of Drinking Coffee on the Quality of Student’s Essays
• Coffee Shop: The Exterior, Interior Design, and Customer Service
• Aspects of Coffee Culture
• Flow Zone Coffee: The Coffee Shop Concept The business is named Flow Zone Coffee because it represents a unique environment perfectly adapted to enhance the learning and studying process.
• Social Media Marketing Plan for Colonized Coffee This paper discusses the social media marketing strategy of Colonize Coffee. Colonized Coffee is a company that processes and sells high-quality coffee.
• Automatic Coffee Machines: Competitive Analysis Coffee machines are an integral part of the modern kitchen, and therefore in high demand. In turn, this creates a large supply.
• The Coffee Truck: A Critique of the Business Project The paper critically examines an example of a business project – coffee truck to assess the viability and potentiality of this.
• Factors Influencing Coffee Market This study aims to establish how coffee consumption is influenced by the underlying culture, considering the health benefits.
• Theory of Knowledge: Coffee People learn the truth about the actual impact of coffee by analyzing the possible results of its consumption concerning their experience.
• Keurig Coffee Machine Product Pricing Price-skimming and economy pricing strategies have been proven ineffective due to the nature of the industry and the premium-leaning quality of the coffee used in Keurig machines.
• Coffee Shop: The Blog Posts Coffee provides nutrients including niacin, calcium, potassium, and polyphenols, which also can help with digestion, muscle strength, and cardiovascular health.
• “Drinking Coffee Elsewhere” by ZZ Packer: Plot, Key Themes, and Topics The collection of short stories “Drinking Coffee Elsewhere” is, in itself, an exploration of the role of race and ethnicity in modern American society and literature.
• The Royal Holland Pewter Coffee Pot The Royal Holland Pewter Coffee Pot was manufactured in the Netherlands in the early 1950s. The object has an interesting pear shape while its handle is wrapped in cane.
• Coffee Machines Under Product Comparison The demand for automatic coffee machines has been actively growing in recent years, so this paper aims to provide a comparison of the different coffee machines.
• Coffee Firm: Environmental and Social Issues We take a critical look into some of the environmental and social concerns that may be associated with this Coffee firm in the United Kingdom.
• Coffee Maker’s Incorporated: Transfer Pricing As seen in the example of Coffee Maker’s Incorporated, transfer prices coordinate the decisions made by the management in a firm with many divisions.
• The Coffee Industry in the United States Investigating the issues affecting the U.S. coffee industry is crucial for the nation and other interested parties and must be researched deeply.
• Lemon Coffee Trend on TikTok Shouldn’t Be Done Health Experts “Lemon Coffee Trend on TikTok Shouldn’t Be Done Health Experts” cites expert nutritionist opinions to open audiences’ eyes to the unproven properties of the “fat burning” elixir.
• An Analysis of Panera’s $8.99 Coffee Subscription Panera, being a bakery, is closely related to the coffee market, and their exclusive deal for monthly subscription certainly does affect it.
• Refraining from Using Coffee for Two Weeks Essay Coffee is one of the most extensively consumed drinks worldwide due to its stimulating effects on the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, popular taste, and aroma.
• Free Market Economics: Fluctuations of the Coffee Price Most countries have a free market economy. Coffee is one of commodities that provide a clear illustration of the problems that confront the producers of agricultural raw materials.
• Quality, Sourcing, and Asymmetric Exchange-Rate Pass-Through Into U.S. Coffee Imports
• Marketing Strategy for Single-Serve Coffee Products
• Organic Coffee Promotes Better Health
• Mexican Coffee and Its Effect on the Flavor and High Quality
• Consumer Attitudes Towards Fair Trade Coffee
• Emerging Indian Retail Coffee Market
• Coffee, Caffeine, and Risk of Depression Among Women
• Environment and Market Strategy for the Coffee Shop Industry
• Quality and Inequality: Taste, Value, and Power in the Third Wave Coffee Market
• Price Gap Along the Ugandan Coffee Value Chain
• Coffee and Energy Drinks
• Modeling Thirty-Five Years of Coffee Prices in Brazil, Guatemala, and India
• De-monetisation, Inflation, and Coffee: The Demand for Money in Uganda
• Modeling the Spot Prices of Various Coffee Types
• Producer Price and Price Transmission in a Deregulated Ethiopian Coffee Market
• Coffee Drinking Enhances the Analgesic Effect of Cigarette Smoking
• Coffee and Its Global Applications Biology
• Deforestation and Shade Coffee in Oaxaca, Mexico
• Coffee Industry and Its Impact on the United States
• Coffee and Its Effects on Health
• Manufacturing Flavored Coffee Beans
• Factors Influencing the Adoption Behavior of Coffee Producers
• Alternative Growth Scenarios for Ugandan Coffee to 2020
• Coffee, Money, and Inflation in Colombia
• Coffee and the Malaysian Consumers
• Market Trend and Market Growth Analysis of the Coffee Industry in the Philippines
• Cost Leadership Strategy for Starbucks Coffee
• Coffee Supply, Demand, and Price Elasticity
• Coffee and Tea Preference and Addiction
• Factors Affecting Buying Behavior of Students on Coffee Shops
• Coffee Machines Market Trends in China
• Can Coffee Reduce the Risk of Diabetes?
• Eroded Coffee Traceability and Its Impact on Export Coffee Prices for Ethiopia
• Strategic Plan for Great Cups Coffee Company
• Breaking the Chains: Coffee, Crisis, and Farmworker Struggle in Nicaragua
• Coffee and Fermented Coffee Berries
• Caffeine: Health Benefits of Drinking Coffee, or Anything That Contains Caffeine
• Marketing Strategy for Coffee Products
• Coffee and Global Marketing Starbucks
• The Role of Coffee in Economic Development
• Fair Trade and Coffee in Third World Countries
• Coffee Differentiation: Demand Analysis at Retail Level in the Us Market
• Coffee Consumption and Production in Ethiopia
• Coffee Policy and Currency Devaluation in the 1930s
• Comparing and Contrasting Coffee and Tea
• Social Learning and Technology Adoption: The Case of Coffee Pruning in Peru
• Alternative Brews for Your Coffee Machines
• Credit, Natural Disasters, Coffee, and Educational Attainment in Rural Honduras
• Coffee Pods for the Lazy Coffee Drinker
• Influence Consumer Purchase Behaviour for the Coffee Bean
• Coping With the “Coffee Crisis” in Central America
• Coffee Commodity Chain and Its Effects on the Global South
• Basic Meteorological Concepts and Phenomena and Starbucks Quality Coffee
• Coffee Industry and Today’s Economics Demands
• Costa Rican Banana and Coffee Production
• Coffee Prices and Smuggling in Ethiopia
• Brazil and U.S. Markets for Instant Coffee
• Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf Marketing Plan
• Marketing Coca-Cola’s Georgia Coffee Drink
• Coffee Prices and Government Regulation
• What Are the Sustainable Methods for Growing Coffee?
• Are Subsidies for Coffee Farmers Inclusive in India?
• What Are the Negative Effects of Coffee?
• Does Coffee Ward Off Diabetes?
• What Role Does Coffee Play in the Revolutions of the 18th Century?
• How Does Coffee Affect the Global Economy?
• When Did Humans Start Drinking Coffee?
• What Does Climate Change Mean for the Future of Coffee?
• Is Coffee Harmful for Health?
• Why Is Sustainability Important in Coffee Industry?
• What Was Coffee Originally Used For?
• Does Coffee Production Affect Climate Change?
• How Did Coffee Change the Intellectual Development of Europe?
• Which Is Better for Diabetics Tea or Coffee?
• Is Coffee Good for Your Kidneys?
• Why Does Coffee Drop My Blood Sugar?
• How Big Is the Coffee Industry in the World?
• What Are the Pros and Cons of Drinking Coffee?
• Does Coffee Affect the Kidneys or Liver?
• Which Country Has the Highest Consumption of Coffee?
• What Are the Long-Term Effects of Coffee?
• How Does Climate Affect Coffee Taste?
• Which Country Has the Biggest Coffee Culture?
• Is Coffee the Most Consumed Beverage in the World?
• What Challenges Are Facing the Global Coffee Industry?
• Does Coffee Have Any Health Benefits?
• What Are the Economic Social and Environmental Issues Facing Coffee Farmers?
• How Does the Price of Coffee Affect Availability and Supply?
• Is the Coffee Industry Growing or Shrinking?
• How Do Coffee Shops Attract Customers?

Now, let’s have a break and look at this descriptive essay we’ve written about coffee. In the coffee essay below, we explore the cultural significance, environmental sustainability, and economic dynamics of coffee. Get inspired for your own paper about coffee with this short example!

Cite this post

• Chicago (N-B)
• Chicago (A-D)

StudyCorgi. (2022, March 1). 115 Coffee Topics. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/coffee-essay-topics/

"115 Coffee Topics." StudyCorgi , 1 Mar. 2022, studycorgi.com/ideas/coffee-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . (2022) '115 Coffee Topics'. 1 March.

1. StudyCorgi . "115 Coffee Topics." March 1, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/coffee-essay-topics/.

Bibliography

StudyCorgi . "115 Coffee Topics." March 1, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/coffee-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2022. "115 Coffee Topics." March 1, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/coffee-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Coffee were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on January 22, 2024 .

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

• View all journals
• My Account Login
• Explore content
• About the journal
• Publish with us
• Sign up for alerts
• Open access
• Published: 13 July 2021

Drinking coffee enhances neurocognitive function by reorganizing brain functional connectivity

• Hayom Kim 1 ,
• Sung Hoon Kang 2 , 3 ,
• Soon Ho Kim 4 ,
• Seong Hwan Kim 1 ,
• Jihyeon Hwang 1 ,
• Jae-Gyum Kim 1 ,
• Kyungreem Han 4 &
• Jung Bin Kim 1  

Scientific Reports volume  11 , Article number:  14381 ( 2021 ) Cite this article

19k Accesses

8 Citations

249 Altmetric

Metrics details

• Cognitive neuroscience
• Computational neuroscience

The purpose of this study was to identify the mechanisms underlying effects of coffee on cognition in the context of brain networks. Here we investigated functional connectivity before and after drinking coffee using graph-theoretic analysis of electroencephalography (EEG). Twenty-one healthy adults voluntarily participated in this study. The resting-state EEG data and results of neuropsychological tests were consecutively acquired before and 30 min after coffee consumption. Graph analyses were performed and compared before and after coffee consumption. Correlation analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between changes in graph measures and those in cognitive function tests. Functional connectivity (FC) was reorganized toward more efficient network properties after coffee consumption. Performance in Digit Span tests and Trail Making Test Part B improved after coffee consumption, and the improved performance in executive function was correlated with changes in graph measures, reflecting a shift toward efficient network properties. The beneficial effects of coffee on cognitive function might be attributed to the reorganization of FC toward more efficient network properties. Based on our findings, the patterns of network reorganization could be used as quantitative markers to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of coffee on cognition, especially executive function.

Similar content being viewed by others

Microdosing with psilocybin mushrooms: a double-blind placebo-controlled study

Dimensionality reduction beyond neural subspaces with slice tensor component analysis

Single dose creatine improves cognitive performance and induces changes in cerebral high energy phosphates during sleep deprivation

Introduction.

Coffee is a widely used caffeinated beverage (International Coffee Organization, http://www.ico.org/prices/new-consumption-table.pdf .), with more than 165 million 60-kg bags consumed globally per year 1 . Potential beneficial health effects of coffee consumption have been reported, including prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and Parkinson's disease 2 . Furthermore, given the expectation that coffee increases alertness and enhances psychomotor functioning, many people seek coffee to counteract fatigue, stay alert by warding off sleepiness, increase cognitive performance, and increase work efficiency 3 .

The stimulatory effects of coffee are mainly attributed to caffeine’s roles in antagonizing adenosine A 1 and A 2A receptors, leading to disinhibition of excitatory neurotransmitter release and enhancement of dopamine transmission via D 2 receptor, respectively 4 . Although it is agreed that the acute effects of caffeine are due to its action as a central stimulant, inconsistent findings have been reported regarding the effects of coffee on higher cognitive functions, including working memory and executive functioning 5 . Some studies have shown beneficial effects of caffeine on cognitive functioning, including reaction times to cognitive tasks 6 , attention 7 , working memory 8 , and executive control 9 , 10 , whereas others reported no change after the use of caffeine 11 , 12 . Moreover, the expectancy of the stimulant effects of caffeine itself may have a role in the cognitive responses to caffeine 12 . Therefore, whether the beneficial effects of caffeine are derived from the direct enhancement of specific cognitive functions is unclear.

Integration of neural activities between different brain regions is required for physiological brain functioning. Therefore, analyzing functional connectivity (FC) between brain regions may provide more information than investigating activities of individual brain regions 13 , 14 . While most of the previous studies have evaluated the cognitive effects of caffeine mainly based on the results of neurocognitive tests, such as the Stroop test 5 , little attention has been paid to investigating the effects of caffeine on neurocognitive function in the context of FC. Recent advances in graph-theoretic network analysis allow for the assessment of important information regarding the topological architecture of complex human brain networks 15 , 16 . Therefore, graph-theoretic analysis could be an optimal framework for quantitatively characterizing network properties after coffee consumption and determining its effects on cognition.

To the best of our knowledge, no graph-theoretic analysis has applied electroencephalography (EEG) data to explore the effects of caffeine on FC. Here, we compared the properties of FC before and after coffee consumption to analyze the acute effects of caffeine on the brain network and its impact on neurocognitive function using graph-theoretic analysis of EEG data. We hypothesized that caffeine might improve neurocognitive function by shifting the FC of the brain to a more efficient state.

Methods and materials

Participants.

Twenty-one healthy volunteers (11 women; 31.4 ± 3.9 years; 17.0 ± 1.4 years of education) who had no neurologic, psychiatric, chronic systemic disorders, or medical conditions that could affect the EEG results were included in this study. All participants were requested to abstain from drinking beverages containing caffeine and from the use of any psychoactive substances or medication for at least 24 h prior to the EEG and neurocognitive studies 17 . All subjects were fully informed of the nature and possible risks of this study. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects prior to study enrollment. The study followed the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local ethics committee at Korea University Anam Hospital (No. 2019AN0418).

Neurocognitive function tests and caffeine intake

Global neurocognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) at least 24 h after cessation of coffee consumption in all participants. The neuropsychological tests were selected to evaluate the acute effects of caffeine on performance in multiple neurocognitive domains. The assessed domains and the tests were as follows: (1) attention and working memory—Digit Span Forward (up to nine digits) and Backward (up to eight digits) tests 18 , Target Detection Task using tapping; (2) executive function—Trail Making Test Part B (time to complete the tests) 19 ; and (3) memory—Short-term memory recall task (two learning trials of five words) and delayed recall (after 5 min). All neuropsychological tests were performed at baseline EEG recording and 30 min after consumption of canned coffee 19 using the same tests with a different set of contents. A commercial canned coffee (Let’s Be, Lotte Chilsung Beverage), which has the largest market share in Korea, was used for caffeine intake. One can of the canned coffee contains 160 mL and 67 mg of caffeine.

Electroencephalography recording

The EEG examination was performed twice, once at baseline and then again 30 min after the participants drank the canned coffee treatment 20 , using a 32-channel recording system (Comet-PLUS, Grass Technologies Inc., West Warwick, RI, USA) with electrodes placed according to the international 10–20 system. The EEG was recorded for 1 h in the waking-relaxed and eyes-closed conditions. EEG data were sampled at 200 Hz, and the bandpass filter was set between 0.1 and 70 Hz. A diagram of the study protocol is presented in Fig.  1 .

A diagram of the study protocol. The study protocol according to the timeline is presented schematically.

Since the neuropsychological tests evaluating different domains were performed in succession, resting-state EEG data were used for analysis to avoid mixed effects of different domain-specific functional networks in this study. Ten non-consecutive resting-state 2-s epochs for each participant were carefully reviewed and selected by two board-certified neurologists according to the following protocol: (1) presence of continuous physiological alpha activity with voltage maximum in posterior regions; (2) absence of artifacts, epileptiform discharges, and other nonstationary elements; and (3) absence of patterns indicating drowsiness or arousal.

Graph-theoretic and statistical analyses

Resting-state FC was evaluated by coherence, which reflects the level of functional signal communication between different regions of the brain 21 . The coherence is defined as

where S xy ( f ) is the cross-spectral density between x and y , and Sxx ( f ) and Syy ( f ) are the auto-spectral densities of x and y , respectively. K represents the coherency function. | S | denotes the modulus of S . The coherence value ranges between 0 and 1 with 0 denoting no statistical relationship and 1 being full coherence 21 . In addition, the phase lag index (PLI) was used to measure phase synchronization between all pairs of 19 EEG channels 22 , 23 . The PLI is defined as PLI  = |< sign[Δφ( t k )] >|, where Δφ( t k ) is the phase difference of time series t k ( k  = 1, …, N ). It ranges between 0 and 1—0 indicates either no coupling or phase difference centered around 0 mod π, while 1 indicates perfect phase synchrony as a value of Δφ different from 0 mod π. Epochs were then bandpass filtered into the following frequency bands: delta (0.1–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–13 Hz), beta (13–30 Hz), and gamma (30–50 Hz). Subsequent analyses were performed separately for each band. Network properties were characterized using a weighted undirected network model of graph-theoretic analysis in order to avoid the arbitrariness of threshold selection for producing an adjacency matrix and to preserve the continuous nature of the correlated information 24 . Graph measures (average degree, average strength, radius, diameter, characteristic path length, global and local efficiency, clustering coefficient, transitivity, modularity, assortativity, and small-worldness) were computed using the Brain Connectivity Toolbox ( http://www.brain-connectivity-toolbox.net ) and BRAPH toolbox ( http://braph.org ) working on MATLAB R2019b (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) 24 , 25 . PLI analysis and visualization were performed using tailored Python scripts and the MNE-Python package (version 0.22.0) 26 .

Graph measures were compared before and after consumption of canned coffee using non-parametric tests with 1,000 permutations. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05 and corrected for multiple comparisons using false discovery rate (FDR). Differences in the results of neuropsychological tests before and after consumption of canned coffee were compared using paired t -test. Since the ranges of the graph measures’ values differed from each other, the degree of change was normalized, and then the correlation between the score changes of Trail Making Test Part B and the graph measures was analyzed using the normalized changed values (Pearson’s correlation, P < 0.05). The purpose of the statistical tests is to determine whether each of the graph measures is correlated with the score change of Trail Making Test Part B. Accordingly, the statistical test was performed independently for each graph measure with respect to the neuropsychological test.

Neuropsychological tests

The results of the neuropsychological tests are detailed in Table 1 . All participants had an MMSE score of 30. Performance in the Digit Span Forward (8.5 ± 0.8 digits vs. 8.9 ± 0.2 digits, P = 0.025) and Backward tests (6.2 ± 1.8 digits vs. 7.3 ± 1.1 digits, P = 0.001) improved after coffee consumption relative to baseline. There were no errors in the target detection task using the tapping test, Trail Making Test Part B, and short-term and delayed memory recall tests before and after coffee consumption. Compared to baseline, performance in the Trail Making Test Part B improved after coffee consumption (5.8 ± 1.4 s vs. 4.9 ± 1.2 s, P = 0.002). Individual changes in performance in the Trail Making Test Part B after coffee drinking are presented in Fig.  2 .

Acute effects of coffee consumption on executive function. Individual changes in time (s) to complete Trail Making Test Part B are presented.

Graph-theoretic analyses

FC in terms of coherence is represented with adjacent matrices, connectivity circles, and brain topologies in Fig.  3 A–C. PLIs are presented using the connectivity circles in Fig.  4 A. FC was enhanced in all frequency bands for both methods, and similar patterns were found—the delta and gamma bands exhibited relatively large increases in both coherence (Fig.  3 C) and PLI (Fig.  4 A); for coherence, the theta, alpha, and beta bands increase less than those of delta and gamma; the alpha band also largely increased for PLI. The ten most highly increased connectivities are displayed in Fig.  4 B; this indicates the relevant brain regions responsible for the increase of FC. Comparisons of global graph measures between the conditions are detailed in Table 2 .

Coherence averaged across all subjects. ( A ) The plots show the coherence between 19 pairs of scalp electroencephalography electrodes in each frequency band at baseline (upper) and after coffee consumption (low). ( B ) Brain topologies of functional connectivity at baseline (upper) and after coffee consumption (low) are presented. ( C ) Each column corresponds to a frequency band as indicated on the top of the figure. Coherence matrices corresponding to the resting-state EEG before and after coffee consumption are plotted on the first and second rows, respectively; to avoid confusion from too many lines, those of coherence less than 0.5 are not shown. The third row displays the top 10 most increased lines.

Phase lag index (PLI) averaged across all subjects and ten most highly increased nodes in each band. ( A ) Each column corresponds to a frequency band as indicated on the top of the figure. PLI matrices corresponding to the resting-state EEG before and after coffee consumption are plotted on the first and second rows, respectively; lines that have PLI values under 0.05 are not displayed. The third row plots the top 10 most increased lines. ( B ) The ten channels (nodes) with the highest increase in connectivity in terms of coherence (top row) and PLI (bottom row) are shown for each frequency band (corresponding to each column). Node connectivity was determined by taking the ten most highly increased links after coffee consumption from the averaged functional connectivity matrix (as in the third rows of Figs.  3 C and A) and summing the weights of those edges connected to each node.

Compared to baseline, the relative ratio of global graph measures after coffee consumption is presented in Fig.  5 A. Average degree (except in gamma band), average strength (except in beta band), global efficiency (except in alpha and beta bands), and local efficiency (except in beta band) increased after coffee consumption relative to baseline in most frequency bands (FDR-corrected P < 0.05). The clustering coefficient in delta and theta bands, as well as transitivity in the delta, theta, and gamma bands, increased after coffee consumption relative to baseline (FDR-corrected P < 0.05). Compared to baseline, modularity in the delta, theta, and gamma bands decreased after coffee consumption (FDR-corrected P < 0.05). Significant differences in the nodal measures (degree, strength, global efficiency, local efficiency, and clustering coefficient) between the conditions were prominent mainly in the fronto-centro-parietal regions, especially in the delta and theta bands (Fig.  5 B).

Results of graph-theoretic analyses and correlation analysis. ( A ) By setting the values of graph measures at baseline to 1.0 (shown as a line at the value of 1.0), the relative ratio of global graph measures after coffee consumption are presented. ( B ) Changes after coffee consumption in the nodal measures of graph-theoretic analyses are presented (FDR-corrected P < 0.05). Larger nodes indicate greater differences between the conditions. The regions showing higher significance of differences are colored red, whereas the regions showing lower significance of difference are colored blue.

Correlation analyses

The degree of improved performance in Trail Making Test Part B after coffee consumption was negatively correlated with diameter in the alpha band (r = ‒ 0.657, P = 0.002) and assortativity in the beta band (r = ‒ 0.488, P = 0.029), whereas it was positively correlated with small-worldness in the alpha band (r = 0.627, P = 0.004; Fig.  6 ). There was no relationship between the results of other neuropsychological tests and changes in graph measures.

Correlations between the changes in global graph measures and the degree of improved performance on Trail Making Test Part B after coffee consumption. The horizontal bars represent the values of correlation coefficient. The color bar represents statistical significance (P value). Asterisks (*) represent statistical significance (P < 0.05).

We investigated the acute effects of caffeine on neurocognition and EEG FC in healthy adults. The major findings were as follows: (1) the property of EEG FC was reorganized toward a more efficient network after coffee consumption relative to baseline, (2) Performance in the Digit Span tests and Trail Making Test Part B was improved after coffee consumption, and (3) improved performance in the Trail Making Test Part B after coffee consumption was correlated with changes in graph measures reflecting a shift toward efficient network property.

The human brain is considered to be a large-scale complex network and has properties of efficient small-world networks that refer to locally well-connected clusters and efficient global connections 24 , 27 . The properties of small-world networks are known to enable higher rates of information processing and learning with a lower cost than those of random networks 28 . In terms of these network properties, changes in cognitive functional status or cognitive capacity might be associated with changes in the configuration of brain functional networks 27 . Indeed, there are several lines of evidence suggesting that loss of the small-world configuration might be implicated in the cognitive deficits observed in various brain disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, and brain tumors 29 , 30 , 31 . Based on the aforementioned notion, our findings of changes in graph measures to high clustering and short path length after coffee consumption suggest that functional reorganization toward more efficient network properties might be a mechanism underlying the enhancement of cognitive function observed after coffee consumption.

The mechanism underlying the shift in FC toward efficient network properties after coffee consumption remains to be determined. It is believed that caffeine’s effect on cognition is associated with the blockade of the inhibitory properties of endogenous adenosine (particularly at A1 and A2A receptors), resulting in increased dopamine, norepinephrine, and glutamate release 4 . In addition, the cardiostimulatory effects of caffeine are considered to result from interactions with both adenosine and phosphodiesterase 32 . The caffeine-induced increases in dopamine and glutamate concentrations, coupled with phosphodiesterase inhibition, could be considered as a crucial mechanism underlying the net increase in the central nervous system and cardiovascular activity. Based on the actions of caffeine, it is plausible that the stimulatory effects of caffeine might directly lead to the reorganization of network properties toward a state of increased efficiency. A recent fMRI study showed that habitual coffee drinkers had distinct brain FC properties from non-coffee drinkers, which could support our speculation 33 . Further studies are needed to unveil the mechanisms underlying the changes in network properties after coffee consumption.

Our findings of improved performance in the Digit Span Forward test suggest that attentional function could be enhanced by coffee consumption, which is in line with previous observations that coffee consumption has beneficial effects on attention 7 , 34 , 35 , 36 . In addition, our findings of greater performance in the Digit Span Backward test 18 after coffee consumption may support findings from previous studies that have shown the role of coffee in improving working memory 37 , 38 , 39 . A recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study found that the alerting network, known as being responsible for maintaining an alert state throughout task performance, recruited a distributed network of brain regions, primarily the thalamus and bilateral fronto-parietal regions 40 , 41 . Based on these fMRI findings, our results that FC changes after coffee consumption are mainly observed in the fronto-centro-parietal regions imply that improvement of attentional function might be derived from activation of the alerting network.

We also found that performance in the Trail Making Test Part B was improved after coffee consumption and that the degree of improvement of the test was correlated with the changes in graph measures reflecting a shift toward more efficient network properties. It is well known that the Trail Making Test Part B is a representative tool for evaluating the ability of executive function responsible for psychomotor speed, visuospatial searching, target-directed motor tracking, and set-shifting 42 . Therefore, our findings further support previous studies that showed the beneficial effects of caffeine on executive function and psychomotor speed 4 , 5 , 43 . Performance of executive controls requires activation of widespread prefrontal regions in concert with the anterior cingulate cortex 4 , 44 , 45 . These brain areas have been shown to be upregulated by caffeine 39 , 46 , supporting the stimulatory effects of caffeine on executive function. Moreover, dopamine was found to be a critical neurotransmitter for supporting executive function in these areas 47 . Given that dopamine concentrations can be increased by caffeine through blockade of the inhibitory properties of adenosine, caffeine may enhance executive function through the interaction of dopaminergic pathways with anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortical regions.

Our findings of the relationship between improved executive function and graph measures suggest that changing network topology toward more efficient network properties might be a crucial mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of coffee on executive function. Our speculation is supported by prior studies using fMRI that found increases in FC in multiple brain regions during the performance of the Trail Making Test Part B 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 . In addition, the aforementioned relationships were mainly observed in the alpha band, which is in accordance with a recent study showing that executive functions have a positive relationship with alpha coherence between regions of the right and left hemispheres 52 . Taken together, our findings support those of previous studies that coffee may enhance the FC responsible for performance on executive function, especially in the alpha band. Meanwhile, we did not find any changes in nodal graph measures after coffee consumption in the alpha band. The changes in global network properties without any region-specific changes in the alpha band suggest that coffee consumption might further enhance the improvement of physiological network efficiency responsible for activating cognitive function across the whole brain, rather than causing changes in the network properties of specific localized areas. Given the involvement of the dopaminergic pathways in executive function 47 , another plausible explanation is that our findings of changes in cortico-cortical network properties may not fully reflect the interactions of subcortical dopaminergic pathways with the cortical areas responsible for executive function.

We did not find any relationship between performance in Digit Span tests and graph measures. It is not fully understood why the results of the Digit Span tests, which reflect the function of attention/working memory, were not correlated with graph measures. However, it is plausible that there was a ceiling effect in the performance of the Digit Span tests in our cognitively normal population. In addition, given that attention/working memory is associated with not only cortical function but also various subcortical neurotransmitter systems (e.g., basal forebrain cholinergic systems and dopaminergic systems), a FC analysis evaluating the cortico-cortical network using EEG might not be sufficient to reveal the mechanism underlying the attention/working memory function.

There are several limitations of the present study that should be considered when interpreting our results. First, our study population was relatively small, and was only composed of highly educated young adults. Therefore, our results could not be generalized to the overall population, especially to the elderly. Second, we did not measure individual differences in biological susceptibility to caffeine or expectancy for coffee drinking to stimulate cognitive function 12 . Further studies incorporating measurements of caffeine blood level and investigation of a subjective expectation of coffee drinking as a cognitive enhancer may clarify the dose–response relationship and main contributor of the FC changes. Third, the results of the neuropsychological tests after coffee consumption may be biased due to learning effects. However, learning effects were likely mitigated by the use of different sets of contents in the repetition of the same tests. Finally, since canned coffee contains various ingredients other than caffeine, it is unclear whether our results were due to the effect of caffeine or the combined effects with other ingredients. Nevertheless, our study is the first EEG network analysis investigating the effects of canned coffee, containing a precisely controlled content of caffeine, on neurocognitive function.

The strength of our study is that FC was evaluated using two methods, coherence and PLI, which were compared to mitigate the limitations of scalp-level EEG analysis. We used two representative building blocks for characterizing brain FC in sensor space, coherence, and PLI, and obtained consistent results. Coherence is the most common method used to quantify the correlation between signals from different brain regions in terms of both amplitude and phase. In contrast, PLI measures the stability of the phase differences of short- and long-range neuronal activities over time independent of the amplitude of oscillations. This method is designed to reliably estimate phase synchronization against the presence of common sources such as volume conduction and active reference electrodes. In brief, it can be accomplished by discarding 0 and π phase differences between two time series 22 .

While not reported with the results, we performed classification of functional connectivities before and after coffee consumption using machine learning/deep learning algorithms. Eight global graph-theoretic measures of the PLI networks were used for classification using 70% and 30% training-test data split. We used supervised machine learning methods including support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbor (kNN), decision tree, naïve Bayes, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and logistic regression. Among the algorithms tested, the kNN (k = 4) exhibited the highest classification accuracy of 63.7%. This limited accuracy obtained may be because those machine learning techniques do not properly reflect geometric information based on channel locations. Observing the changes in functional connectivity between specific channels (Figs.  2 and 3 ) may be more informative for assessing the effects of drinking coffee. We note that several methods have been used to distinguish the EEG of patients with depression from control 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 . In particular, some methods had been proposed that detect depression with good accuracy using three-electrode EEG devices 54 , 55 . This suggests that performing channel selection with methods such as kernel-target alignment 56 may provide additional insights into coffee consumption by identifying the key channels. We leave this to a future study.

Our results support the general belief and previous notion that coffee improves cognitive function. Moreover, our findings suggest that the beneficial effects of coffee might be attributed to reorganization of FC toward more efficient network properties. Our findings of changes in network properties may provide novel insights into the biological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of coffee on cognitive function. Furthermore, the patterns of network reorganization could be quantitative markers for elucidating the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of coffee on cognition, especially executive function.

Butt, M. S. & Sultan, M. T. Coffee and its consumption: Benefits and risks. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 51 , 363–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390903586412 (2011).

Article   CAS   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Ludwig, I. A., Clifford, M. N., Lean, M. E., Ashihara, H. & Crozier, A. Coffee: Biochemistry and potential impact on health. Food Funct. 5 , 1695–1717. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4fo00042k (2014).

Franke, A. G., Bagusat, C., Rust, S., Engel, A. & Lieb, K. Substances used and prevalence rates of pharmacological cognitive enhancement among healthy subjects. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 264 (Suppl 1), S83-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-014-0537-1 (2014).

Article   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Lorist, M. M. & Tops, M. Caffeine, fatigue, and cognition. Brain Cogn. 53 , 82–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00206-9 (2003).

McLellan, T. M., Caldwell, J. A. & Lieberman, H. R. A review of caffeine’s effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 71 , 294–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.001 (2016).

Souissi, Y., Souissi, M. & Chtourou, H. Effects of caffeine ingestion on the diurnal variation of cognitive and repeated high-intensity performances. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 177 , 69–74 (2019).

Article   CAS   Google Scholar  

Einother, S. J. & Giesbrecht, T. Caffeine as an attention enhancer: Reviewing existing assumptions. Psychopharmacology 225 , 251–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2917-4 (2013).

Smith, A., Kendrick, A., Maben, A. & Salmon, J. Effects of breakfast and caffeine on cognitive performance, mood and cardiovascular functioning. Appetite 22 , 39–55 (1994).

Brunye, T. T., Mahoney, C. R., Lieberman, H. R., Giles, G. E. & Taylor, H. A. Acute caffeine consumption enhances the executive control of visual attention in habitual consumers. Brain Cogn. 74 , 186–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2010.07.006 (2010).

Dong, X., Li, S., Sun, J., Li, Y. & Zhang, G. Association of coffee, decaffeinated coffee and caffeine intake from coffee with cognitive performance in older adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014. Nutrients 12 , 840. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030840 (2020).

Article   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Edwards, S., Brice, C., Craig, C. & Penri-Jones, R. Effects of caffeine, practice, and mode of presentation on Stroop task performance. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 54 , 309–315 (1996).

Oei, A. & Hartley, L. R. The effects of caffeine and expectancy on attention and memory. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 20 , 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.681 (2005).

Varela, F., Lachaux, J.-P., Rodriguez, E. & Martinerie, J. The brainweb: Phase synchronization and large-scale integration. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2 , 229–239 (2001).

Friston, K. J. Functional and effective connectivity in neuroimaging: A synthesis. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2 , 56–78 (1994).

Article   Google Scholar  

Sporns, O. Structure and function of complex brain networks. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 15 , 247–262 (2013).

Farahani, F. V., Karwowski, W. & Lighthall, N. R. Application of graph theory for identifying connectivity patterns in human brain networks: A systematic review. Front. Neurosci. 13 , 585. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00585 (2019).

Article   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Rogers, P. J. Caffeine, mood and mental performance in everyday life. Nutr. Bull. 32 , 84–89 (2007).

Baddeley, A. The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory?. Trends Cogn. Sci. 4 , 417–423 (2000).

Kortte, K. B., Horner, M. D. & Windham, W. K. The trail making test, part B: Cognitive flexibility or ability to maintain set?. Appl. Neuropsychol. 9 , 106–109. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324826AN0902_5 (2002).

Fredholm, B. B., Battig, K., Holmen, J., Nehlig, A. & Zvartau, E. E. Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use. Pharmacol. Rev. 51 , 83–133 (1999).

CAS   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Thatcher, R. W., Krause, P. J. & Hrybyk, M. Cortico-cortical associations and EEG coherence: A two-compartmental model. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 64 , 123–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(86)90107-0 (1986).

Stam, C. J., Nolte, G. & Daffertshofer, A. Phase lag index: Assessment of functional connectivity from multi channel EEG and MEG with diminished bias from common sources. Hum. Brain Mapp. 28 , 1178–1193. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20346 (2007).

Fraga Gonzalez, G. et al. EEG resting state functional connectivity in adult dyslexics using phase lag index and graph analysis. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 12 , 341. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00341 (2018).

Rubinov, M. & Sporns, O. Complex network measures of brain connectivity: Uses and interpretations. Neuroimage 52 , 1059–1069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.003 (2010).

Mijalkov, M. et al. BRAPH: A graph theory software for the analysis of brain connectivity. PLoS One 12 , e0178798. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178798 (2017).

Article   CAS   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Gramfort, A. et al. MEG and EEG data analysis with MNE-Python. Front. Neurosci. 7 , 267. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2013.00267 (2013).

Bassett, D. S. & Bullmore, E. Small-world brain networks. Neuroscientist 12 , 512–523. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858406293182 (2006).

Simard, D., Nadeau, L. & Kröger, H. Fastest learning in small-world neural networks. Phys. Lett. A 336 , 8–15 (2005).

Article   ADS   CAS   Google Scholar  

Stam, C. et al. Graph theoretical analysis of magnetoencephalographic functional connectivity in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain 132 , 213–224 (2009).

Liu, Y. et al. Disrupted small-world networks in schizophrenia. Brain 131 , 945–961. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn018 (2008).

Bosma, I. et al. Disturbed functional brain networks and neurocognitive function in low-grade glioma patients: A graph theoretical analysis of resting-state MEG. Nonlinear Biomed. Phys. 3 , 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-4631-3-9 (2009).

Davis, J. M. et al. Central nervous system effects of caffeine and adenosine on fatigue. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 284 , R399–R404. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00386.2002 (2003).

Magalhães, R. et al. Habitual coffee drinkers display a distinct pattern of brain functional connectivity. Mol. Psychiatry https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01075-4 (2021).

Alharbi, W. D. M., Azmat, A. & Ahmed, M. Comparative effect of coffee robusta and coffee arabica (Qahwa) on memory and attention. Metab. Brain Dis. 33 , 1203–1210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-018-0230-6 (2018).

Haskell-Ramsay, C. F. et al. The acute effects of caffeinated black coffee on cognition and mood in healthy young and older adults. Nutrients https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101386 (2018).

Brunye, T. T., Mahoney, C. R., Lieberman, H. R. & Taylor, H. A. Caffeine modulates attention network function. Brain Cogn. 72 , 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2009.07.013 (2010).

Klaassen, E. B. et al. The effect of caffeine on working memory load-related brain activation in middle-aged males. Neuropharmacology 64 , 160–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.026 (2013).

Nehlig, A. Is caffeine a cognitive enhancer?. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. JAD 20 (Suppl 1), S85–S94. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-2010-091315 (2010).

Koppelstaetter, F. et al. Does caffeine modulate verbal working memory processes? An fMRI study. Neuroimage 39 , 492–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.08.037 (2008).

Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Sommer, T., Raz, A. & Posner, M. I. Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 14 , 340–347. https://doi.org/10.1162/089892902317361886 (2002).

Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Fossella, J., Flombaum, J. I. & Posner, M. I. The activation of attentional networks. Neuroimage 26 , 471–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.004 (2005).

Arbuthnott, K. & Frank, J. Trail making test, part B as a measure of executive control: Validation using a set-switching paradigm. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 22 , 518–528. https://doi.org/10.1076/1380-3395(200008)22:4;1-0;FT518 (2000).

Soar, K., Chapman, E., Lavan, N., Jansari, A. S. & Turner, J. J. Investigating the effects of caffeine on executive functions using traditional Stroop and a new ecologically-valid virtual reality task, the Jansari assessment of Executive Functions (JEF((c))). Appetite 105 , 156–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.05.021 (2016).

Bush, G., Luu, P. & Posner, M. I. Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends Cogn. Sci. 4 , 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01483-2 (2000).

Fan, J., Flombaum, J. I., McCandliss, B. D., Thomas, K. M. & Posner, M. I. Cognitive and brain consequences of conflict. Neuroimage 18 , 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.2002.1319 (2003).

Koppelstaetter, F. et al. Caffeine and cognition in functional magnetic resonance imaging. J. Alzheimers Dis. 20 (Suppl 1), S71-84. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-1417 (2010).

Ko, J. H. et al. Increased dopamine release in the right anterior cingulate cortex during the performance of a sorting task: A [ 11 C]FLB 457 PET study. Neuroimage 46 , 516–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.02.031 (2009).

Moll, J., de Oliveira-Souza, R., Moll, F. T., Bramati, I. E. & Andreiuolo, P. A. The cerebral correlates of set-shifting: An fMRI study of the trail making test. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr. 60 , 900–905. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2002000600002 (2002).

Jacobson, S. C., Blanchard, M., Connolly, C. C., Cannon, M. & Garavan, H. An fMRI investigation of a novel analogue to the Trail-Making Test. Brain Cogn. 77 , 60–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2011.06.001 (2011).

Allen, M. D., Owens, T. E., Fong, A. K. & Richards, D. R. A functional neuroimaging analysis of the Trail Making Test-B: Implications for clinical application. Behav. Neurol. 24 , 159–171. https://doi.org/10.3233/ben-2011-0278 (2011).

Zakzanis, K. K., Mraz, R. & Graham, S. J. An fMRI study of the Trail Making Test. Neuropsychologia 43 , 1878–1886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.03.013 (2005).

Basharpoor, S., Heidari, F. & Molavi, P. EEG coherence in theta, alpha, and beta bands in frontal regions and executive functions. Appl. Neuropsychol. Adult https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2019.1632860 (2019).

Sun, S. et al. Graph theory analysis of functional connectivity in major depression disorder with high-density resting state EEG data. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 27 , 429–439. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2019.2894423 (2019).

Shen, J., Zhao, S., Yao, Y., Wang, Y. & Feng, L. A novel depression detection method based on pervasive EEG and EEG splitting criterion. IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine ( BIBM ) 1879–1886. https://doi.org/10.1109/BIBM.2017.8217946 (2017).

Shen, J. et al. An improved empirical mode decomposition of electroencephalogram signals for depression detection. IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAFFC.2019.2934412 (2019).

Shen, J. et al. An optimal channel selection for EEG-based depression detection via kernel-target alignment. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform. https://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2020.3045718 (2020).

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grants of Korea University College of Medicine (JBK, K1922861, K2022991) and Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Institutional program with projects (KH, 2E30762, 2K02430). We would like to thank the participants themselves, all of whom contributed greatly to the successful completion of this study.

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Department of Neurology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Hayom Kim, Seong Hwan Kim, Jihyeon Hwang, Jae-Gyum Kim & Jung Bin Kim

Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Sung Hoon Kang

Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Laboratory of Computational Neurophysics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Soon Ho Kim & Kyungreem Han

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Contributions

Conceptualization: H.K., J.B.K.; Formal Analysis: S.H.K. (Soon Ho), K.H., J.B.K.; Data curation: S.H.K. (Sung Hoon), S.H.K. (Seong Hwan), J.H., and J.G.K.; Writing—original draft preparation: H.K., K.H., J.B.K.; Writing—review and editing: H.K., J.B.K.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Kyungreem Han or Jung Bin Kim .

Ethics declarations

Competing interests.

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article.

Kim, H., Kang, S.H., Kim, S.H. et al. Drinking coffee enhances neurocognitive function by reorganizing brain functional connectivity. Sci Rep 11 , 14381 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93849-7

Download citation

Received : 24 February 2021

Accepted : 01 July 2021

Published : 13 July 2021

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93849-7

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

This article is cited by

Differences in functional network between focal onset nonconvulsive status epilepticus and toxic metabolic encephalopathy: application to machine learning models for differential diagnosis.

• Seong Hwan Kim
• Jung Bin Kim

Cognitive Neurodynamics (2023)

Differentiating amnestic from non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment subtypes using graph theoretical measures of electroencephalography

• Jae-Gyum Kim
• Kun-Woo Park

Scientific Reports (2022)

By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines . If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.

Quick links

• Explore articles by subject
• Guide to authors
• Editorial policies

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Coffee consumption, health benefits and side effects: a narrative review and update for dietitians and nutritionists

Affiliations.

• 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Università Telematica Pegaso, Via Porzio, Centro Direzionale, isola F2, 80143 Napoli, Italy.
• 2 Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
• 3 Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
• 4 School of Medicine, Universidad Católica Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
• 5 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, P.O. Box 11-5020 Riad El Solh, Beirut 11072809, Lebanon.
• 6 Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
• 7 Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Terapia Intensiva, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
• 8 Intensive Care Unit, Sanatorio Franchín, Bartolomé Mitre 3565, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
• 9 Cattedra Unesco "Educazione alla salute e allo sviluppo sostenibile", University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
• PMID: 34455881
• DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1963207

Coffee is one of the most popular beverages worldwide; however, its impact on health outcomes and adverse effects is not fully understood. The current review aims to establish an update about the benefits of coffee consumption on health outcomes highlighting its side effects, and finally coming up with an attempt to provide some recommendations on its doses. A literature review using the PubMed/Medline database was carried out and the data were summarized by applying a narrative approach using the available evidence based on the literature. The main findings were the following: first, coffee may contribute to the prevention of inflammatory and oxidative stress-related diseases, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes; second, coffee consumption seems to be associated with a lower incidence of several types of cancer and with a reduction in the risk of all-cause mortality; finally, the consumption of up to 400 mg/day (1-4 cups per day) of caffeine is safe. However, the time gap between coffee consumption and some drugs should be taken into account in order to avoid interaction. However, most of the data were based on cross-sectional or/and observational studies highlighting an association of coffee intake and health outcomes; thus, randomized controlled studies are needed in order to identify a causality link.

Keywords: Coffee; caffeine; metabolic syndrome; nutritionist; obesity.

Publication types

• Coffee / adverse effects
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* / prevention & control
• Nutritionists*
• Risk Factors

• Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
• Crop Biology and Sustainability
• Research Topics

Sustainable Coffee Production

Total Downloads

Total Views and Downloads

About this Research Topic

The high demand for coffee grains and leaves continue to surge, fueling a global industry. Generally, coffee beans are processed and brewed to make coffee that is palatable for human consumption and can now be consumed in many ways. Coffee cultivation, production, industrial processing, and preparation ...

Keywords : COFFEE, Coffea sp, cropping systems, ecophysiology, plant breeding, beverage production, sustainable coffee production

Important Note : All contributions to this Research Topic must be within the scope of the section and journal to which they are submitted, as defined in their mission statements. Frontiers reserves the right to guide an out-of-scope manuscript to a more suitable section or journal at any stage of peer review.

Topic Editors

Topic coordinators, recent articles, submission deadlines, participating journals.

Manuscripts can be submitted to this Research Topic via the following journals:

total views

• Demographics

No records found

total views article views downloads topic views

Top countries

Top referring sites, about frontiers research topics.

With their unique mixes of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author.

The Beverage Guidance Panel, assembled to provide recommendations on benefits and risks of various beverage categories, found tea and coffee—preferably without creamer or sweetener—tied as the number-two healthiest beverages, second only to water.

Indeed, studies have shown many potential benefits to coffee consumption. For those infected with hepatitis C, for example, drinking coffee may reduce DNA damage , increase the clearance of virus-infected cells, and slow the scarring process, which may help explain coffee’s apparent role in reducing liver disease progression risk.

What about coffee and Parkinson’s ? Consumption seems to be associated with about one-third lower risk. The key ingredient appears to be the caffeine, since tea also seems protective and decaf coffee does not. And for treating Parkinson’s? Giving Parkinson’s patients the caffeine equivalent of two cups of coffee a day significantly improved movement symptoms within three weeks.

The National Institutes of Health–AARP Diet and Health Study, the largest-ever prospective study conducted on diet and health, found that people who drank six or more cups of coffee per day had a 10 to 15 percent lower mortality rate due to fewer deaths from heart disease, respiratory disease, stroke, injuries, accidents, diabetes, and infections. However, when a study looked at people 55 and younger, the opposite effect was found: Drinking more than six cups of coffee daily was found to increase the risk of death. The bottom line, based on all the best studies to date, is that coffee consumption may indeed be associated with a small reduction in mortality, on the order of a 3 percent lower risk of premature death for each cup of coffee consumed daily.

We used to think caffeine might increase the risk of atrial fibrillation, an irregular heart rhythm, but studies dispelled that myth. Moreover, “low-dose” caffeine, defined as drinking fewer than about six cups of coffee a day, may even have a protective effect on heart rhythm.

Harvard University researchers found that people who drank two or more cups of coffee daily appeared to have about only half the suicide risk compared to non-coffee drinkers, and a Kaiser Permanente study found that people who drank more than six cups a day were 80 percent less likely to commit suicide , though drinking eight or more cups daily has been associated with increased suicide risk.

Coffee is not for everyone, though. People with glaucoma, epilepsy, and gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD ) may want to stay away from caffeinated coffee.

For substantiation of any statements of fact from the peer-reviewed medical literature, please see the associated videos below.

Subscribe to our free newsletter and receive our Daily Dozen Meal Planning Guide .

Popular Videos for Coffee

Does Coffee Inhibit Iron Absorption? What Are the Effects of Having Too Much Iron?

Coffee Put to the Test for Treating Parkinson’s Disease

Do the Health Benefits of Coffee Apply to Everyone?

Which Coffee Is Healthier: Light vs. Dark Roast?

Does Low-Acid Coffee Cause Less Acid Reflux?

Does Adding Milk Block the Benefits of Coffee?

Does Coffee Affect Cholesterol?

Coffee and Mortality

Preventing Liver Cancer with Coffee

Coffee and Artery Function

Coffee and Cancer

All videos for coffee.

Do Collagen Supplements Work for Skin Aging?

I assumed that collagen proteins would get completely broken down in the digestive tract, but I was wrong.

How to Delay the Age of Menopause with Diet and Lifestyle Factors

Approximately half of the variability of age of menopause among women is explained by genetics. What behaviors or circumstances can help explain the rest?

How Not To Age – Live Presentation

In this live lecture, Dr. Greger offers a sneak peek into his latest book, How Not to Age, a New York Times Best Seller.

Caffeine Shampoo and Rosemary Oil for Hair Growth

I cover natural topical treatments for hair growth, including pumpkin seed oil, caffeine, green tea, pyrithione zinc, ginger, Chinese knotweed, and rosemary.

How to Get a Good Night’s Sleep Without Sleeping Pills

Taking less than just 18 Ambien-class sleeping pills in an entire year may triple the risk of dying prematurely.

Coffee and common herbal teas impair iron absorption, which may help explain some of their benefits.

Potential Vitamin and Mineral Deficiency Risks on a Vegan Diet

What is the best way to get the nutrients of concern on a plant-based diet?

Coffee can improve Parkinson’s symptoms within three weeks compared to placebo, but do the benefits last?

Fasting for Irritable Bowel Syndrome

More than half of IBS sufferers appear to have a form of atypical food allergy.

Optimizing Water Intake to Lose Weight

Two cups of cold water on an empty stomach a few times a day for weight loss.

The SARS Coronavirus and Wet Markets

The role live animal markets and the trade in exotic animals have played in the emergence of deadly coronavirus outbreaks.

What Are the Best Foods?

A review of reviews on the health effects of animal foods versus plant foods.

What Are the Best Beverages?

A review of reviews on the health effects of tea, coffee, milk, wine, and soda.

Alternate-Day Intermittent Fasting Put to the Test

Does every-other-day-eating prevent the metabolic slowing that accompanies weight loss or improve compliance over constant day-to-day calorie restriction?

Genetic differences in caffeine metabolism may explain the Jekyll and Hyde effects of coffee.

What is low-acid coffee, and does it help those who suffer from acid reflux, heartburn, and indigestion?

Dark roast coffee is more effective than light roast coffee in reducing body weight.

Are There Benefits of Energy Drinks?

The effects of Red Bull and Monster brand energy drinks on artery function and athletic performance.

Are There Risks to Energy Drinks?

Red Bull and Rockstar brand energy drinks are put to the test.

How to choose the healthiest coffee, and the effects of adding milk vs. soymilk.

New data suggest even paper-filtered coffee may raise “bad” LDL cholesterol.

Viagra and Cancer

What is the role of erectile dysfunction drugs like Cialis and Levitra in the promotion and progression of prostate cancer and melanoma?

Apple Peels Put to the Test for Chronic Joint Pain

Are the health benefits associated with apple consumption simply due to other healthy behaviors among apple-eaters?

How Much Arsenic in Rice Is Too Much?

What are some strategies to reduce arsenic exposure from rice?

The Benefits of Açai vs. Blueberries for Artery Function

What are the effects of açai berries, cooked and raw blueberries, grapes, cocoa, green tea, and freshly squeezed orange juice on artery function?

How to Lower Lead Levels with Diet: Thiamine, Fiber, Iron, Fat, Fasting?

Iron, zinc, oil, and even doughnuts are put to the test to see if they can block lead absorption.

Club Soda for Stomach Pain and Constipation

Is carbonated water good or bad for heartburn, dyspepsia, and bowel regularity?

Is Something in Tobacco Protective Against Parkinson’s Disease?

The tobacco industry points to dozens of studies purporting to show tobacco use is associated with a lower incidence of Parkinson’s disease.

Caution: Anti-Inflammatory Foods in the Third Trimester

For the same reason that anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin and ibuprofen are advised against during late pregnancy, anti-inflammatory foods may increase the risk of premature closure of the ductus arteriosus.

What effect does coffee and tea consumption have on longevity, cancer risk, GERD reflux, bone fractures, glaucoma, sleep quality, and atrial fibrillation (irregular heartbeat)?

Does Chocolate Cause Weight Gain?

Big Candy boasts studies showing that those who eat chocolate weigh less than those who don’t, but what does the best science show?

Aspartame and the Brain

The reason artificially sweetened beverages have been associated with depression may be because of psychological disturbances recently tied to aspartame (“Equal” or “NutraSweet”).

The new dietary guidelines for beverages recommend tea and coffee second only to water in healthfulness, but what about concerns they might impair the function of our endothelium?

Based on studies linking coffee consumption with lower liver cancer risk, coffee is put to the test to see if it can help reduce liver damage in those with hepatitis C.

Essential Tremor & Diet

Neurotoxins in chicken, such as the beta-carboline alkaloid harman, may explain the link between meat consumption and hand tremor, the most common movement disorder.

Is Liquid-Smoke Flavoring Carcinogenic?

Different brands of liquid smoke flavorings have been tested for DNA-damaging potential, p53 activation, and levels of known carcinogens. Smoked foods such as ham, turkey, barbequed chicken, herring, and salmon were also tested.

Eggs and Cholesterol: Patently False and Misleading Claims

Egg industry claims about egg safety found to be patently false, misleading, and deceptive by the U.S. Court of Appeals.

Childhood Tea Drinking May Increase Fluorosis Risk

Green tea consumption may help prevent cavities, but excessive consumption among young children may lead to dental fluorosis, due to the natural fluoride content of the plant.

Bacterial Vaginosis and Diet

A more plant-based diet may help prevent vaginal infections, one of the most common gynecological problems of young women.

Flaxseeds for Breast Pain

A tablespoon a day of ground flax seeds appears to improve ovarian function, and is considered a first-line therapy for breast pain associated with one’s period (cyclical mastalgia).

Pin It on Pinterest

Articles on Coffee

Displaying 1 - 20 of 120 articles.

Who invented the flat white? Italian sugar farmers from regional Queensland likely played a big role

Garritt C. Van Dyk , University of Newcastle

Think $5.50 is too much for a flat white? Actually it’s too cheap, and our world-famous cafes are paying the price

Emma Felton , University of South Australia

Hazardous mould contaminates many food staples – what you should know about mycotoxins

Oluwadara Pelumi Omotayo , North-West University

From crop to cup – a new genetic map could make your morning coffee more climate resilient

Denis J Murphy , University of South Wales

Caffeine: here’s how quitting can benefit your health

Adam Taylor , Lancaster University

Got period pain or cramps? What to eat and avoid, according to science

Lauren Ball , The University of Queensland ; Emily Burch , Southern Cross University , and Pui Ting Wong , The University of Queensland

What does Australian-grown coffee taste like, and how does it compare? Our research describes its unique ‘terroir’

Lei Liu , Southern Cross University ; Simon Williams , Southern Cross University , and Tobias Kretzschmar , Southern Cross University

How is decaf coffee made? And is it really caffeine-free ?

Lauren Ball , The University of Queensland and Emily Burch , Southern Cross University

Can coffee help you avoid weight gain? Here’s what the science says

Lost in the coffee aisle? Navigating the complex buzzwords behind an ‘ethical’ bag of beans is easier said than done

Spencer M. Ross , UMass Lowell

‘Design of Coffee’ course teaches engineering through brewing the perfect cup of coffee

William D. Ristenpart , University of California, Davis

Can coffee or a nap make up for sleep deprivation? A psychologist explains why there’s no substitute for  shut-eye

Kimberly Fenn , Michigan State University

Best time to play Tim Hortons’ Roll up to Win? The middle of the night dramatically increases your odds

Michael Wallace , University of Waterloo

Nope, coffee won’t give you extra energy. It’ll just borrow a bit that you’ll pay for later

Emma Beckett , University of Newcastle

Starbucks fans are steamed: The psychology behind why changes to a rewards program are stirring up anger, even though many will get grande benefits

H. Sami Karaca , Boston University and Jay L. Zagorsky , Boston University

Here’s how your cup of coffee contributes to climate change

Luciano Rodrigues Viana , Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC) ; Charles Marty , Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC) ; Jean-François Boucher , Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC) , and Pierre-Luc Dessureault , Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC)

Global warming puts Arabica coffee at risk, and we’re barrelling towards a crucial threshold

Jarrod Kath , University of Southern Queensland and Scott Power , University of Southern Queensland

Good coffee, bad coffee: the curious tastes of cultural omnivores

Anissa Pomiès , EM Lyon Business School and Zeynep Arsel , Concordia University

Plunger, espresso, filter? Just because your coffee is bitter, doesn’t mean it’s ‘stronger’

Mixed messages: Is coffee good or bad for us? It might help, but it doesn’t enhance health

Thomas Merritt , Laurentian University

Related Topics

• Agriculture
• Climate change
• Coffee farmers
• coffee production
• Health Check
• Sustainability

Top contributors

Laureate Professor in Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Newcastle

Research fellow, Coventry University

Senior lecturer in Pharmacology, University of Adelaide

Professor of Community Health and Wellbeing, The University of Queensland

Accredited Practising Dietitian and Lecturer, Southern Cross University

Professor, Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University

Research Associate, Southern Cross University

Associate Professor, Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo

Professor of History; Special Advisor to the PVC Research and Enterprise, University of Hertfordshire

Adjunct Senior Lecturer, Nutrition, Dietetics & Food Innovation - School of Health Sciences, UNSW Sydney

Clinical Affiliate, University of Sydney

Assistant Professor of Accounting, University of Sheffield

Assistant Professor of Computational Materials Chemistry, University of Oregon

Assistant Professor in Sport and Exercise Science, Coventry University

Senior Lecturer in Psychology, Federation University Australia

• X (Twitter)
• Unfollow topic Follow topic

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

• Advanced Search
• Journal List

Coffee and Caffeine Consumption for Human Health

Raquel abalo.

1 Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Alcorcón, Spain; [email protected] ; Tel.: +34-91-488-8854

2 High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System (NeuGut-URJC), URJC, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain

3 Associated I+D+i Unit to the Institute of Medicinal Chemistry (IQM), Scientific Research Superior Council (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain

4 Working Group of Basic Sciences in Pain and Analgesia of the Spanish Pain Society (Grupo de Trabajo de Ciencias Básicas en Dolor y Analgesia de la Sociedad Española del Dolor), 28046 Madrid, Spain

Coffee is one of the most popular and consumed beverages worldwide, and caffeine is its best-known component, present also in many other beverages (tea, soft drinks, energy drinks), foodstuffs (cocoa, chocolate, guarana), sport supplements and even medicines. Besides caffeine, many other components, either beneficial for health (chlorogenic acids, polyphenols, diterpenes, micronutrients, melanoidins, fiber) or not (lipids in unfiltered coffee, or acrylamide resulting from coffee bean roasting), are present in coffee. Just to illustrate the scientific interest of coffee and caffeine, when these terms are combined in PubMed (as “coffee OR caffeine”), almost 50,000 papers can be retrieved (as of 10 August 2021). Furthermore, from 2000 to 2020, the number of manuscripts published per year has more than doubled (from 972 to 2601). Within this context of increasing interest in the topic, the Special Issue (SI) on “Coffee and Caffeine Consumption for Human Health” has collected twenty-one manuscripts (five narrative reviews and sixteen original articles, including two meta-analyses).

Most of the original reports obtained information on coffee or caffeine consumption in humans through dietary surveys or interviews. These studies have the limitation of recall bias. In addition, caffeine content needs to be estimated for most foods from packaging, databases, scientific literature or extrapolated from similar foods, although in some cases it was directly measured from samples of coffee or soft drinks. Rochat et al. found that, in agreement with reports from other high-income countries, coffee is the main source of caffeine consumption in Switzerland, mostly consumed early in the morning (6–9 am), although some differences were found across age groups, smoking status, and linguistic regions [ 1 ]. Cultural differences in coffee/caffeine consumption are important and may contribute to the health effects observed in different geographic regions. Furthermore, coffee/caffeine consumption may be likewise modulated by expectation (placebo) effects and vice versa. Mendes et al. translated, adapted, and validated the Caffeine Expectancy Questionnaire (CaffEQ), originally designed for the American population [ 2 ], to the Brazilian culture (CaffEQ-BR), and confirmed that coffee is the main source of daily caffeine intake in Brazil [ 3 ], the largest coffee producer and exporter in the world market.

Most studies tried to determine whether there is an association between coffee/caffeine intake and different health outcomes. Rodas et al. specifically evaluated the effect of caffeine intake, physical activity levels, and sedentary behavior on the inflammatory status in healthy staff and students at the University of the Balearic Islands (Mallorca, Spain). In this sample, sedentary behavior and body fat accumulation had clear pro-inflammatory effects, whereas regular but relatively low caffeine consumption (whose main source was also coffee) could not be demonstrated to exert robust anti-inflammatory effects [ 4 ]. Antwerpes et al., analyzed the relationship between regular coffee intake and neurocognitive performance in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus, who experience an accelerated aging process and cognitive impairment. The authors showed a positive association between elevated coffee intake (three or more cups per day) and neurocognitive functioning parameters, even after adjusting for liver disease correlates, suggesting that coffee intake may be neuroprotective in these patients [ 5 ]. Likewise, Herden and Weissert studied the effect of coffee and caffeine consumption on patients with multiple sclerosis (MS)-related fatigue. Importantly, the authors showed that coffee intake did not cause severe side effects in MS patients and identified a specific set of patients who might benefit from coffee consumption [ 6 ]. One meta-analysis evaluated the effect of caffeine consumption on the risk and progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Individuals consuming caffeine on a regular basis had a significantly lower risk of developing PD during follow-up evaluation, and those that already had the disease and consumed caffeine showed a significantly decelerated PD progression. However, Hong et al. could not determine the optimal daily dosage or food source of caffeine [ 7 ]. According to the review by Jee et al., coffee/caffeine neuroprotective effects seem to be broader and sex- and age-specific. Indeed, they concluded that caffeine consumption reduces the risk of stroke, dementia, and depression in women and that of PD in men. Nevertheless, it may increase sleep disorders and anxiety disorders in adolescence in both men and women. They suggested that caffeine use should be individualized according to sex (and age) in the context of neurologic and psychiatric diseases [ 8 ]. Nowaczewska et al., on the other hand, reviewed the ambiguous role of caffeine in migraine headache. They did not find any scientific evidence showing that a single dose of caffeine may trigger migraine, although it may influence migraines (i.e., through its vasoconstrictor actions during the premonitory symptoms). Chronic caffeine overuse may lead to migraine chronification and sudden caffeine cessation may trigger migraine attacks. Thus, as recommended by the authors, migraine sufferers should avoid caffeine withdrawal headache by keeping a consistent daily intake, not exceeding 200 mg [ 9 ].

Three studies evaluated the relationship of coffee consumption with the risk of metabolic, endocrine, or cardiovascular diseases according to genetic polymorphisms. Using data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KGES), Jin et al. identified five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related with habitual coffee consumption in this Korean population and showed the lowest risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes among black-coffee consumers with minor alleles of these SNPs compared with those with major alleles [ 10 ]. Using data from KGES too, Han et al. found that subsets of genetic variants in the adenosine receptors (involved in caffeine signaling) gene family modulate the effect of coffee intake on dyslipidemia risk in a sex-dependent manner [ 11 ]. In the third study, Liu et al. found that consumption of coffee was significantly associated with a decreased risk of coronary heart disease among Taiwanese adults carrying the GG genotype of TRIB1 (tribbles pseudokinase 1, a gene involved in cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis process) [ 12 ]. These three examples of genetic studies strongly suggest that dietary guidelines for coffee intake in the prevention and management of metabolic, endocrine, and cardiovascular disorders should consider the influence of genetic polymorphisms.

The main problem with the survey/interview-based studies is the lack of accurate information regarding type (roasting) or brand of coffee, caffeine content (caffeinated, decaffeinated), methods of preparation (boiled, filtered, brewed), and consumption of other caffeine sources. Thus, quantification of daily consumption of caffeine (and other compounds) is a real challenge in this kind of studies. Moua et al. tried to overcome this limitation by using volume of coffee consumed (not number of cups) in a dose-response meta-analysis of the association between coffee consumption and c-reactive protein, a general biomarker of chronic inflammation. Unfortunately, heterogeneity of study populations (differences in sample size; cultural differences in coffee composition; relevant individual confounders such as age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol intake, diet, activity, comorbidities, etc.) produced inconsistent associations [ 13 ]. Thus, in addition to collecting detailed information on coffee type and preparation method, measuring biomarkers of coffee consumption such as urinary metabolites may be helpful to more precisely determine the amounts of bioactive compounds consumed and their effects. In this sense, Wu and Chen explored the association between urine caffeine metabolites and urine flow rate, using data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and metabolomics for urine analyses. The association was positive, with more metabolites showing certain flow-dependency in males compared to females and in young compared to elderly participants [ 14 ]. This factor is important to correctly interpret urinary data regarding caffeine.

Intervention studies allow to establish more robust cause-effect associations. In this SI, two original studies used a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design to evaluate the ergogenic effects of caffeine. In 13 males and 17 females, Fuller et al. examined the effects of trait (long-standing pre-disposition) mental and physical energy and fatigue to changes in moods, cognitive and fine-motor task performance. The results suggest that evaluating trait may be a practical, low-cost method to control for interindividual differences in the ergogenic neurocognitive effects of caffeine, without the need for genetic testing [ 15 ]. On the other hand, Wilk et al. demonstrated that a single moderate dose of caffeine (3–6 mg/kg b.m.) increased mean power output and mean bar velocity during an explosive bench press throw in 12 male athletes habituated to caffeine ingestion, meaning that caffeine enhances performance in this context, although the long-term training effects with caffeine need to be determined [ 16 ].

This SI includes three original studies showing new data in animal models using different beverages for different purposes, somehow representative of those also addressed in humans. Ahmad et al. performed a classical toxicity study in rats of the beverage Tongkat ali, widely used in Malaysia, made of coffee infused with the additive Eurycoma longifolia . This study demonstrated a good safety profile for this beverage in male and female rats [ 17 ]. The other rat study, by Velázquez et al., investigated the effects of caffeine alone or as part of a green coffee extract (GCE) in lean female rats with diet-induced hepatic steatosis, as a preclinical model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a highly prevalent condition nowadays, without specific pharmacological treatment. Using different techniques, including lipidomics on liver tissue, the GCE, but not caffeine alone, was found to reduce liver triglyceride levels, through a combination of different molecular mechanisms of action [ 18 ]. Whether longer treatment duration and/or higher doses might be even more effective is unknown. In the last preclinical study, a controlled laboratory trial performed in piglets, Treml et al. showed that a high dose of Red Bull, a popular energy drink among athletes containing caffeine, taurine and glucose among other compounds, increased heart rate at near sea level. However, a high dose of this beverage did not worsen tachycardia during acute short-term hypoxia (simulating high altitude conditions). The authors demonstrated that this beverage significantly increased pulmonary shunt fraction without changing distribution of pulmonary blood flow during hypoxia [ 19 ]. The specific contributions of the different components of this beverage remain to be identified.

Ruta and Farcasanu reviewed the studies evaluating the molecular mechanisms of action of caffeine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a simple model of eukaryotic cell. In addition to its three well-known mechanisms, namely intracellular mobilization of calcium, inhibition of phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors, the studies performed in this yeast model have confirmed that the pleiotropic effects of caffeine involve also key molecular mechanisms related with DNA repair mechanisms, cancer, and aging [ 20 ]. In contrast, Kolb et al. reviewed the mechanisms that might contribute to explain the beneficial effects of habitual coffee consumption on health. The authors excluded caffeine content as well as radical scavenging properties, anti-inflammatory activity, and genetic polymorphisms as major contributors to coffee healthy effects. Instead, they propose that the mechanisms involve a combination of factors promoting cell protection, namely upregulation of proteins with antioxidant, detoxifying and repair functions through coffee phenolic phytochemicals, as well as modulation of the gut-microbiota, through the non-digestible components of coffee (prebiotics), although this has been scarcely explored [ 21 ]. Since the gastrointestinal tract is the first body system that gets in contact with ingested coffee, Iriondo-DeHond et al. reviewed the effects produced by coffee and its components on the different constituents of the gut wall (mucosa, muscle layers, enteric nervous system), the different gastrointestinal organs, the gastrointestinal tract as a whole and the brain-gut axis, only to find that the effects of coffee and its derivatives on the health of this axis (that affect not only gastrointestinal motility, permeability and sensitivity but also a complete spectrum of central nervous functions and disorders, from emotions to neurodegeneration) have not been deeply investigated yet [ 22 ].

Altogether, the current view is that coffee/caffeine intake exerts multiple health benefits in humans, at least in specific populations (with a particular genetic profile or suffering from specific diseases), but the specific effects in the different organs and systems, as well as the mechanisms involved are far from clear. Furthermore, within the current context aiming to sustainable development, the coffee plant Coffee sp. and its so-far relatively neglected by-products are expected to become soon a source of ingredients for new functional foods whose properties will need to be precisely determined. We hope the readers of this SI will find inspiration for new studies on the topic.

Acknowledgments

The author research is funded by the following projects: “Novel Coffee by-Product Beverages for an Optimal Health of the Brain–Gut Axis (COFFEE4BGA)”, by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PID2019-111510RB-I00); “N-acetilcisteína frente a la COVID-19 grave y sus secuelas: estudio en un modelo preclínico de pseudoinfección y sepsis (NACfightsCOVID-19)”, funded by URJC-Banco de Santander (2020 call). The author is grateful to all the researchers that submitted their interesting reports to this SI.

This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Coffee Research Paper

View sample coffee research paper. Browse other  research paper examples and check the list of history research paper topics for more inspiration. If you need a history research paper written according to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced writers for help. This is how your paper can get an A! Feel free to contact our custom writing service for professional assistance. We offer high-quality assignments for reasonable rates.

As coffee spread from its native Africa to the Middle East, then to Europe and other parts of the world, it was transformed from the drink of a select few to a product for mass consumption. Throughout its rich and varied history, coffee has been associated with prayer, luxury, colonialism, and slavery. It has stimulated all manners and modes of conversation, energized the workforce, and affected myriad aspects of human life.

Academic Writing, Editing, Proofreading, And Problem Solving Services

Get 10% off with 24start discount code.

Coffee’s indirect journey—from Africa to the Middle East, across the Indian Ocean to Europe, then to Latin America and the United States, and lately as far as Australia and eastern Asia—reflects its different uses throughout history by distant and distinct peoples. Coffee was first consumed by hunters and warriors; it became over time an aristocratic luxury, then a bourgeois treat, and finally, for many caffeine lovers, a necessity—only to reemerge in the late twentieth century as an object of distinction in the age of specialty beans and brews. Coffee production, marketing, and consumption have been intimately involved in the creation of the modern world, for good and for bad. Coffee has helped fuel the expansion of the modern world economy and has helped energize the industrial workforce. It also prolonged the use of slaves while industrializing food production and enriched colonial empires while heightening awareness of fair trade practices.

The Origins of Coffee

Although the origins of the term coffee are disputed, most scholars today agree that it probably derives from the corruption of an Arabic word qahwah, which was a derogatory word for liquor, a prohibited beverage in Islam. Numerous species of trees and bushes and many more cultivars produce the “bean” for coffee, which is actually a seed more like the pit of a cherry. (“Bean” is a corruption of the Arabic word for coffee, bunn.)

Coffee appeared naturally in various parts of Africa. Coffea arabica, the most common and valuable species, spread from Harrar (today in Ethiopia), where beans were harvested from wild trees. There it was sometimes served as a hospitality drink flavored with salt, butter, or spices, or used as an energy pill for hunters, who included it ground with balls of fat to provision their trips.

Coffee’s first appearance in history is disputed. Some scholars point to questionable passages in the Odyssey and the Bible as evidence of coffee’s great antiquity. Others cite references in Arabic texts from around the year 800 CE. As far as world history is concerned, we can safely put the beginnings of coffee as a commodity at the end of the fifteenth century, but in Yemen, not in Ethiopia.

The Shadhili Sufisect of Islam, based in Yemen, are generally accepted as the group who popularized a drink made from roasted and ground arabica coffee beans suffused in hot water. They certainly did not set out to stimulate world trade. On the contrary, they sought to flee the material world to reach spiritual fulfillment. The caffeine in coffee served to keep them awake in their religious chanting rituals, which they celebrated at night. But as worldly people with day jobs, they spread the popularity of the drink in the secular world as well.

By the middle of the fifteenth century coffee was so associated with Islam that the Coptic Christians of Ethiopia forbade it. But Muslims found coffee—and the coffeehouses that sprang up to serve it—enticing. It was particularly well suited to the observation of Ramadan, the month of obligatory fasting during daylight. Coffee and the coffeehouse created a public nighttime activity. Muslims on pilgrimages to Mecca for the Hajj acquired the coffee-drinking custom and spread it as far to the east as Indonesia and India, west to western Africa, and north to Istanbul and the Balkans. Despite this growing market for coffee, until the end of the 1600s almost all coffee in world trade was grown in the small, irrigated gardens cut into Yemen’s steep hillsides. Production was small, (12,000 to 15,000 metric tons per year) and the price high, enhanced by Ottoman taxes and the cost of transporting by camel caravans or boats.

Coffee Drinking Spread to Europe and Its Colonies

Coffee drinking spread nonetheless. By the middle of the 1500s the centers of coffeehouse culture were Istanbul, Cairo, and Damascus. Men from many walks of life enjoyed the drink and the cafes, which were centers of artistic, intellectual, political, and mercantile life (women only drank coffee in the home or at special baths).

European Christians adopted the habit of drinking coffee initially because it was associated with the splendor and wealth of the Ottoman Turks, whose empire was at its height in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Served in porcelain cups, newly arrived from China, and on plates made from Mexican silver, spiced with sugar from the Caribbean (Muslims had used cardamom rather than sugar) and joined with tobacco from the Americas, coffee was a mark of distinction for the rising masters of the world economy, who sipped it in luxurious salons.

Coffea arabica became a middle-class drink in England, where a Greek merchant was probably the first to open a coffeehouse in Oxford and then in London in the mid-1600s. The Puritan English became leading European consumers of coffee until tea overshadowed it in the 1700s. Northern Europeans adopted the coffee habit, and Amsterdam became the principal coffee market. This led the Dutch to seek to control production as well as commerce. Beginning in the 1690s, Yemen’s leadership position in production was gradually dislodged when the Dutch transplanted coffee to their colony in Java (today in Indonesia). The French began growing coffee in the Indian Ocean island of Reunion and the British in Ceylon (today Sri Lanka). The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries witnessed the apogee of coffee colonialism. Almost all coffee was grown in Dutch, French, and British overseas colonies, with the French colony of Saint Domingue (today Haiti), becoming the world’s largest producer, exporting some 40,000 metric tons in 1789.

European control of the trade led to an intensification of the use of African slaves to grow the crop. Although slavery had been known in Ethiopia and Yemen, coffee producers seem to have been peasants, as they were in Java. But in Java, and later in Ceylon, growers and workers were often coerced into coffee cultivation. In Reunion and then the Americas, which had already imported millions of African slaves to grow sugar, coffee became connected with human bondage.

The nineteenth century saw another great transformation of the world coffee market as two new players entered the arena: Brazil (a coffee-producing nation) and the United States (a coffee-consuming nation). Brazil turned to coffee production after a slave revolt on Saint Domingue almost ended the island’s coffee production. World prices skyrocketed. Brazil, independent after 1822, was the world’s primary coffee producer by the 1850s. Its vast fertile fields and the importation of over a million African slaves (slavery was not abolished in Brazil until 1888) allowed Brazilians to lower production costs and reduce the world price of coffee. By late in the nineteenth century, coffee became increasingly a mass beverage available to the working class in both the coffee-buying and coffee-growing countries. This trend was particularly noticeable in what became the world’s largest coffee market, the United States.

As a tea-drinking colony under the British, the United States turned to coffee under the influence of the low price of Brazilian coffee and the immigration of millions of Europeans, for whom coffee was a status symbol. Per capita consumption grew in the nineteenth century from well under a pound in 1800 to thirteen pounds in 1900. World coffee imports grew fifteen-fold during the nineteenth century with the United States responsible for almost half the expansion of consumption. In terms of the value of international commerce, coffee trailed only grains and sugar as a world commodity in 1900.

Twentieth- and Twenty- First-Century Trends in Coffee Drinking

The cultivar Coffea arabica, which had been virtually the only source for the world coffee economy since its inception, was joined by Coffea robusta at the end of the nineteenth century. Native to equatorial Africa, robusta matured faster and, more importantly, was resistant to the leaf blight, hemileia vasatrix, which destroyed the coffee plantations of Java, Ceylon, and the Philippines in the last decades of the nineteenth century. The robusta permitted those countries to return to coffee cultivation and spurred more dramatic changes in the world coffee economy of the twentieth century. Late in the twentieth century new variants of the arabica and the robusta that were shorter, more resistant to disease and direct sunlight, and with higher yields were developed. They led to more intensive farming, with five to six times more bushes per hectare and greater investments in fertilizers, pesticides, and processing equipment on smaller, monocultural plots.

The processing and marketing sides also reflected the greater dependence on capital. In 1900 green (raw and unroasted) beans sold according to their port of provenance comprised the great majority of coffee traded. Importers sold them to wholesalers, who roasted and ground the beans themselves or sold the green beans to consumers, usually housewives, who did the final roasting, grinding, and brewing at home. Gradually packaged, industrially roasted and trademarked coffee took over the market. The vacuum-sealed can allowed local companies to become regional, and after World War II, national. The invention of decaffeinated coffee and instant coffee, which became popular after mid-century, increased the processors’ share of the final retail price. Chain stores and supermarkets further concentrated production among an ever smaller number of huge roasters and food conglomerates. In the last decades of the twentieth century, mergers and takeovers allowed a few gigantic diversified companies to dominate production in many parts of the world. Large investments in advertising and market power to secure shelf space in supermarkets allowed the concentration of the industry to continue.

Until after World War II the largest share of the final price of green coffee went to coffee growers and merchants. As processing and marketing technology grew, a greater share of the final price was pocketed by the processors. Calculations vary greatly, but whereas growing counties by one estimate earned about half of the final price in 1950, today they take in only 10 to 15 percent, though marketers of what is known as fair-trade coffee offer above-market prices to growers.

As early as 1906, growers began making efforts to protect their market share and to bolster prices on the world market, a trend that culminated in the 1961 International Coffee Agreement (ICA). The agreement was partially a result of Cold War fears that the 1959 revolution in Cuba would repeat itself in the poor and troubled coffee-growing countries of Latin America. For twenty-eight years the ICA negotiated quotas and prices with growers and buyers to insure that growers received a living wage. When the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 ended the Cold War, fears of Communist revolutions waned, and the United States decided to push for global free trade. Coffee support prices were among the first victims as the United States withdrew from the ICO. A handful of major food conglomerates became the masters of the world coffee economy.

Latin America, especially Brazil, is still the leading supplier. But its dominance has been challenged since the 1960s by Colombia and Africa, especially the Cote d’Ivoire, though production has fallen of late because of internal unrest. Vietnam, grower of low-quality robusta, suddenly became the world’s second largest coffee producer, while Indonesia and India have once again become major producers. The 2010 World Coffee Conference in Guatemala focused on bringing large and small growers together to discuss trends in production, demand, and social and environmental sustainability. Because coffee-bean producing plants are notoriously sensitive, and small changes in temperature and precipitation can have big impacts on coffee quality and quantity, a warmer climate will encourage more coffee farmers to plant the heartier robusta varieties, which are caffeine-rich but bitter, instead of the mild, tasty arabica coffees preferred by people in the United States, the world’s largest coffee consumer.

The per capita use of coffee in the United States, however, has steadily declined since the 1960s as consumers increasingly imbibe caffeine in soft drinks. Brazil is today the world’s second-largest consumer, and Japan has become the world’s fifth largest. Chinese import of coffee doubled between 1997 and 2002, and it is still one the rise. Ironically, coffee, which originated in Africa and gained popularity in the Middle East five hundred years ago, is now seen in eastern Asia as a symbol of Western modernity.

Bibliography:

• Bates, R. (1997). Open politics economy: The political economy of the world coffee trade. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
• Bernstein, I. (1993). Coffee floats, tea sinks: Through history and technology to a complete understanding. Roseville, Australia: Helian Books.
• Dean, W. (1976). Rio Claro: A Brazilian plantation system, 1820–1920. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
• De Oliveira, J. T. (1984). Historia do cafe no Brasil e no mundo [The historxy of coffee in Brazil and the world]. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Livraria Kosmos.
• Digum, G., & Luttinger, N. (1999). The coffee book: Anatomy of an industry from crop to the last drop. New York: New Press.
• Ellis, A. (1956). The penny universities: A history of the coffee houses. London: Secker and Warburg.
• Hattox, R. (1985). Coffee and coffeehouses: The origins of a social beverage in the medieval Near East. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
• Heise, U. (1987). Coffee and coffeehouses. (P. Roper, Trans.). West Chester, PA: Schiffer Publishing.
• Jacob, H. E. (1935). Coffee: The epic of a commodity (E. Paul & C. Paul, Trans.). New York: Viking Press.
• Laerne, C. F. V. D. (1885). Brazil and Java: Report on coffee-culture in America, Asia and Africa. London: W. H. Allen & Co.
• Paige, J. (1997). Coffee and power: Revolution and the rise of democracy in Central America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• Palacio, M. (1980). Coffee in Colombia, 1850–1970: An economic, social and political history. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Pendergrast, M. (1999). Uncommon grounds: The history of coffee and how it transformed our world. New York: Basic Books.
• Perez Brignoli, H., & Samper, M. (Eds.). (1994). Tierra, cafe y sociedad [Land, coffee, and society]. San Jose: FLACSO.
• Roseberry, W., Gudmundson, L., & Samper, M. (Eds.). (1995). Coffee, society, and power in Latin America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Smith, W. C., & Topik, S. (Eds.). (2003). The global coffee economy in Africa, Asia, and Latin American, 1500–1989. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Stein, S. J. (1985). Vassouras: A Brazilian coffee county (2nd ed). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
• Stolcke, V. (1988). Coffee planters, workers and wives. Basingstoke, U.K.: Macmillan.
• Talbot, J. (1997). Where does your coffee dollar go: The division of income and surplus along the coffee commodity chain. Studies in Comparative International Development, 32(1), 56–91.
• Taunay, A. D. E. (1939–1943). Historia do cafe no Brasil [History of coffee in Brazil]. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Departmento Nacional de Cafe.
• Thurber, F. B. (1881). Coffee: From plantation to cup. London: Trow’s.
• Topik, S., & Wells, A. (1998). The second conquest of Latin America. Austin: University of Texas Press.
• Ukers, W. (1935). All about coffee. New York: The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal.
• Weinberg, B. A., & Bealer, B. K. (2001). The world of caffeine: The science and culture of the world’s most popular drug. New York: Routledge.

ORDER HIGH QUALITY CUSTOM PAPER