biography of scientist cv raman

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C. V. Raman

By Anna Demming

Chronicle / Alamy

Talented and ambitious from the first, for Indian physicist C. V. Raman, winning the Nobel prize for physics was not so much a distant aspiration as a career plan. He was the first person of colour and the first Asian to receive the award, following the discovery of a light scattering effect that has since become a key characterisation tool in materials science.

Physics and academia ran in Raman’s family, where he was one of eight siblings. His father was a teacher at the local high school, later moving his family to Andhra Pradesh, where he took on a position in the faculty of physics at Mrs A.V. Narasimha Rao College. Raman’s nephew Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar also showed a flair for physics, culminating in the Nobel prize in physics in 1983.

Raman’s own proficiency in physics was recognised early on. He graduated with a BA from the Presidency College at the University of Madras in 1904 aged 16, winning gold medals in both physics and English. He published his first scientific paper as a graduate student aged 18 on “Unsymmetrical diffraction-bands due to a rectangular aperture” in the British journal Philosophical Magazine in 1906.

However, health concerns caused him to forgo the chance to pursue his research in England, and he took a post as an accountant in the Indian Finance Service in Calcutta instead.

In Calcutta, he befriended Asutosh Dey and Amrita Lal Sircar, founder and secretary of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, and Ashutosh Mukherjee, executive member of the institute and vice chancellor of the University of Calcutta. These connections provided access to the necessary resources to continue his research in his spare time.

Despite not having formally been awarded a PhD, he began acquiring research students from the University of Calcutta in 1915, and soon after from several other institutions. He finally took a full professorship at the University of Calcutta in 1917.

Although deferred, Raman did make a trip to England, where he was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society in 1924 and knighted by the British in 1930. He later joined the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore as its first Indian director in 1933, and founded the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1934, also publishing the academy’s proceedings.

He was appointed the first National Professor by the new government following India’s independence in 1947 and founded the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore a year later, working there until the day he died in 1970.

Discovery of the Raman effect

Some of his early work centred around music and acoustics, which, in many ways, laid the path for him to later uncover some of the mechanisms behind light-based phenomena. The first of his more famous breakthroughs came during a trip to England when he was admiring the deep blue of the Mediterranean.

Through subsequent experiments, he was able to counter the prevailing explanation at the time: that the sea’s colour was merely a reflection of the sky, an explanation offered by Lord Rayleigh, whose discoveries had explained why the sky is blue. Instead, reporting in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of London in 1922 , Raman explained that “molecular diffraction determines the observed luminosity and in great measure also its colour”.

From there followed his discovery of the Raman effect. It was actually his new research associate Kariamanikkam Srinivasa Krishnan who observed an additional scattering line in light scattered by certain liquids, which Raman first described as “feeble fluorescence”.

He then devised an early spectrograph to measure and photograph the intensity of light at different wavelengths, and was eventually able to conclude that “when matter is excited by light of one colour, the atoms contained in it emit light of two colours, one of which is different from the exciting colour and is lower down the spectrum”.

This “ Raman scattering ” is now understood to be caused primarily by molecular vibrations where the chemical bonds stretch and bend in a quantised fashion. Rotations of gas molecules and, in the case of incident light at X-ray frequencies, changes in electron energy can also contribute to Raman scattering.

Essentially, as the incident light bounces off the molecule, it either gives it energy to vibrate (Raman Stokes scattering) or takes energy from its vibrations (anti-Stokes) so that the scattered light has a component with a different frequency and direction. Because molecules can only vibrate in very specific ways, this scattering has a very characteristic spectrum, which describes the intensity of the light at different wavelengths.

In fact, materials scientists often liken it to a fingerprint. Raman signals are typically weak, but enhancement techniques using resonant structures and lightning rod type effects have made it easier to exploit for identifying materials.

Becoming a Nobel laureate

Never one to undersell his achievements, Raman was sure the discovery merited a Nobel prize, and was consequently a little miffed when the prize was awarded elsewhere in both 1928 and 1929. However, the following year he was so confident he would win, he booked tickets to attend the ceremony in July, four months before the award was announced. As it turns out his money wasn’t wasted. Raman was awarded the 1930 Nobel prize in physics “for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him”.

The award wasn’t without controversy as it was awarded to him alone, despite the contributions by his research associate Krishnan, as well as independent discoveries of the same effect by Russian physicists Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam at Moscow University.

A further controversy unfolded over a long upheld dispute with the German physicist Max Born over the vibration spectrum of diamond, an argument where posterity has found him in the wrong. Nonetheless, he made many significant contributions to physics, and the institutions he founded and helped establish have been integral in putting India on the map in physics . National Science Day is celebrated on 28 February each year in India to mark the discovery of Raman scattering.

Full name : Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman

Born : 7 November 1888, Tiruchirappalli, southern India

Died : 21 November 1970, Bangalore, aged 82

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was an Indian physicist famous for contributions to the physics of light for which he won the Nobel prize in physics in 1930 for his discovery of the Raman effect.

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• C.V. Raman: The Raman Effect

C.V. Raman and the Raman Effect

International historic chemical landmark.

Designated December 15, 1998, at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science in Jadavpur, Calcutta, India.

Commemorative Booklet (PDF)

"I propose this evening to speak to you on a new kind of radiation or light emission from atoms and molecules." With these prophetic words, Professor C. V. Raman of Calcutta University began his lecture to the South Indian Science Association in Bangalore on March 16, 1928. Raman proceeded to describe a discovery that resulted from a deceptively simple experiment. Conducted far from the great centers of scientific research in the Western world, the results would capture the attention of scientists around the world and bring many accolades, including the Nobel Prize, to their discoverer.

Raman’s Fascination with Light Scattering

Raman measures the effect of light scattering, raman effect as the physicist’s tool.

• Raman Effect as the Chemist’s Tool

The Laser and Raman Spectroscopy

Biography of sir c.v. raman, further reading, landmark designation and acknowledgments, cite this page.

Educated entirely in India, C.V. Raman made his first trip to London in 1921, where his reputation in the study of optics and especially acoustics was already known to the English physicists J. J. Thomson and Lord Rutherford, who gave him a warm reception. Raman's specialty had been the study of the vibrations and sounds of stringed instruments such as the violin, the Indian veena and tambura, and two uniquely Indian percussion instruments, the tabla and the mridangam.

But it was the return trip from London to Bombay aboard the SS Narkunda that would change forever the direction of Raman's future. During the fifteen-day voyage, his restless and probing mind became fascinated with the deep blue color of the Mediterranean. Unable to accept Lord Rayleigh's explanation that the color of the sea was just a reflection of the color of the sky, Raman proceeded to outline his thoughts on the matter while still at sea and sent a letter to the editors of the journal Nature when the ship docked in Bombay.

A short time later Raman was able to show conclusively that the color of the sea was the result of the scattering of sunlight by the water molecules. Ironically, it was exactly the same argument that Rayleigh had invoked when explaining the color of the sky — the blue was the result of the scattering of sunlight by the molecules in the air.

Raman was now obsessed with the phenomenon of light scattering. His group in Calcutta began an extensive series of measurements of light scattered primarily by liquids but also by some solids. As a result, Raman was able to explain the blue color observed in the ice of Alpine glaciers.

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Analysis of light scattered by a liquid is not an easy task, and much of the early work in Calcutta was done by the visual observation of color rather than precise measurements of the light's wavelength as shown in Figure 1 at right. The fundamentals of Raman's crucial experiment are outlined in Figure 2.

The violet light of the solar spectrum is isolated with a violet filter and passed through the liquid sample. Most of the light emerging from the liquid sample is the same color as the incident violet beam: the so-called Rayleigh scattered light. However, Raman and K. S. Krishnan were able to show that some of the scattered light was a different color, which they could isolate by using a green filter placed between the observer and the sample. The advantage of using a visual observation is that several substances can be studied quickly. In his first report to Nature , titled "A New Type of Secondary Radiation," Raman indicated that approximately 60 different liquids had been studied, and all showed the same result — some scattered light had a different color than the incident light. "It is thus," Raman said, "a phenomenon whose universal nature has to be recognized."

The Raman Effect is a very weak effect; only one in a million of the scattered light particles, or photons, actually exhibits the change in wavelength. This explains, in part, why the effect was not discovered earlier. In all of the early light-scattering studies, the excitation source was sunlight, which Raman has described as being plentiful in Calcutta, but it still lacked the desired intensity. The acquisition in 1927 by the IACS of a seven-inch (18 cm) refracting telescope enabled Raman to condense the sunlight and create a more powerful light source for his studies. By early 1928, mercury arc lamps were commercially available, and he switched to this even more intense light source.

Raman knew that visual and qualitative observations alone would not be sufficient information. He methodically set out to measure the exact wavelengths of the incident and Raman scattering by replacing the observer with a pocket spectroscope. He ultimately replaced it with a quartz spectrograph with which he could photograph the spectrum of the scattered light and measure its wavelength. These quantitative results were first published in the Indian Journal of Physics on March 31, 1928.

The significance of the Raman Effect was recognized quickly by other scientists. Professor R. W. Wood of Johns Hopkins cabled Nature to report that he had verified Raman's "brilliant and surprising discovery ... in every particular. It appears to me that this very beautiful discovery which resulted from Raman's long and patient study of the phenomenon of light scattering is one of the most convincing proofs of the quantum theory."

Raman had also recognized that his discovery was important to the debate in physics over the new quantum theory, because an explanation of the new radiation required the use of photons and their change in energy as they interacted with the atoms in a particular molecule. Raman also knew that there was a more important result, remarking in his 1930 Nobel Prize address that "... the character of the scattered radiations enables us to obtain an insight into the ultimate structure of the scattering substance."

In the first seven years after its discovery, the Raman Effect was the subject of more than 700 papers in the scientific literature, mostly by physicists who were using the technique to study the vibration and rotation of molecules and relating those phenomena to the molecular structure. Then, as noted by Raman biographer G. Venkataraman, there was a decline in interest, as "the first bloom of novelty had worn off and physicists were satisfied that they understood the origin of the effect." At the same time, chemists became interested in the Raman Effect as an analytical tool. In James Hibben's words, "The Raman Effect became the adopted child of chemistry."

Raman Effect as a Chemist’s Tool

By the late 1930s the Raman Effect had become the principal method of nondestructive chemical analysis for both organic and inorganic compounds. The unique spectrum of Raman scattered light for any particular substance served as a "fingerprint" that could be used for qualitative analysis, even in a mixture of materials. Further, the intensity of the spectral lines was related to the amount of the substance. Raman spectroscopy could be applied not only to liquids but also to gases and solids. And unlike many other analytical methods, it could be applied easily to the analysis of aqueous solutions. It was a ubiquitous technique, giving information on what and how much was present in a plethora of samples.

The use of Raman spectroscopy as a basic analytical tool changed sharply after World War II. During the war, infrared spectroscopy was enhanced by the development of sensitive detectors and advances in electronics. Infrared measurements quickly became routine operations, while Raman measurements still required skilled operators and darkroom facilities.

Raman spectroscopy could no longer compete with infrared until another development in physics — the laser — revived Raman spectroscopy in a new form beginning in the 1960s.

Raman understood the need for more intense light sources to amplify the effect and observation of the scattered light. The laser provided an even more intense source of light that not only could serve as a probe exploring the properties of the molecule but could also induce dramatically new effects.

With the development of the Fourier transform (FT) technique and the application of computers for data handling, commercial FT-Raman spectrometers became available in the late 1980s, resulting in resurgence in the use of the original Raman Effect.

The new Raman spectroscopy has been used to monitor manufacturing processes in the petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries. Illegal drugs captured at a crime scene can be analyzed rapidly without breaking the evidence seal on the plastic bag. Chemists can watch paint dry and understand what reactions are occurring as the paint hardens. Using a fiber-optic probe, they can analyze nuclear waste material from a safe distance. Photochemists and photobiologists are using laser Raman techniques to record the spectra of transient chemical species with lifetimes as small as 10 -11 seconds. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is used for studying surfaces and reactions on surfaces. And, according to Kathy Kincade, Raman spectroscopy "has the ability to provide specific biochemical information that may foreshadow the onset of cancer and other life-threatening illnesses."

In his 1928 talk in Bangalore, Raman concluded, "We are obviously only at the fringe of a fascinating new region of experimental research which promises to throw light on diverse problems relating to radiation and wave theory, X-ray optics, atomic and molecular spectra, fluorescence and scattering, thermodynamics, and chemistry. It all remains to be worked out."

Seventy years later scientists are still actively working out the results and practical applications of Raman's deceptively simple experiment.

According to Hindu tradition, Raman was originally named Venkataraman after a Hindu deity, preceded by the initial of his father's first name, Chandrasekhara. In school his name was split to C. Venkata Raman, which later became C.V. Raman. With a father who was a professor of physics and mathematics and a mother who came from a family of Sanskrit scholars, Raman exhibited a precocious nature at an early age. He received a B.A. degree from Presidency College in Madras at the age of 16, placing first in his class and receiving a gold medal in physics.

While studying for his M.A. degree, he published his first research paper in Philosophical Magazine at the age of 18. It was the first research paper ever published from Presidency College.

Because of poor health, he was unable to go to England for further education. With nothing else available in India, in 1907 he passed the Financial Civil Service exam, married, and was posted to Calcutta as assistant accountant general.

Shortly after arriving in Calcutta, Raman began after-hours research at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS). In the first 10 years, working almost alone, he published 27 research papers and led the way for the IACS to become recognized as a vibrant research institute. Much of this early work was on the theory of vibrations as it related to musical instruments. After brief postings in Rangoon and Nagpur, he returned to Calcutta, took up residence next door to the IACS, and constructed a door that led directly into the institute, giving him access at any time. He received research prizes in 1912 and 1913 while he was still a full-time civil servant. He also increased the IACS reputation with his extensive lectures in popular science, holding the audience spellbound with his booming voice, lively demonstrations, superb diction and rich humor.

At the age of 29 he resigned from his lucrative civil service job when Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee, vice-chancellor, Calcutta University, offered him the Palit Chair Professorship. He continued to lecture even though it was not required, and he used the IACS as the research arm of the university. By the time of his first visit to England in 1921, his reputation in physics was well known. Three years later he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society — only the fourth Indian so honored. That same year he toured the United States, spending four months at the California Institute of Technology through the invitation of Nobel Laureate Robert Millikan.

After discovering the Raman Effect in 1928, he was knighted by the British government in India and received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1930. Three years later, Raman left Calcutta for Bangalore, where he served as head of the Indian Institute of Science. There he continued his work on the Raman Effect and became interested in the structure of crystals, especially diamond. In 1934 he founded the Indian Academy of Science and began the publication of its Proceedings .

In 1948 he became director of the newly constructed Raman Research Institute, where he remained continually active, delivering his last lecture just two weeks before his death. His research interests changed in later years when he primarily investigated the perception of color.

Jagdish Mehra, a biographer, states, "Educated entirely in India, Raman did outstanding work at a time when the small Indian community worked almost entirely in isolation and few made science a career. In fostering Indian science, Raman emerged as one of the heroes of the Indian political and cultural renaissance, along with ... Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru." But as Raman himself once said, outstanding investigators "are claimed as nationals by one or another of many different countries. Yet in the truest sense they belong to the whole world."

• Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
• Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (nobelprize.org)

Landmark Designation

The American Chemical Society and the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science dedicated The Raman Effect an International Historic Chemical Landmark on December 15, 1998 at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science in Jadavpur, Calcutta, India. The plaque commemorating the event reads:

At this institute, Sir C. V. Raman discovered in 1928 that when a beam of coloured light entered a liquid, a fraction of the light scattered by that liquid was of a different color. Raman showed that the nature of this scattered light was dependent on the type of sample present. Other scientists quickly understood the significance of this phenomenon as an analytical and research tool and called it the Raman Effect. This method became even more valuable with the advent of modern computers and lasers. Its current uses range from the non-destructive identification of minerals to the early detection of life-threatening diseases. For his discovery Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1930.

Acknowledgments

Adapted for the internet from "The Raman Effect,” produced by the National Historic Chemical Landmarks program of the American Chemical Society in 1998.

American Chemical Society International Historic Chemical Landmarks. The Raman Effect. http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/ramaneffect.html (accessed Month Day, Year).

Back to National Historic Chemical Landmarks Main Page .

Learn more: About the Landmarks Program .

Take action: Nominate a Landmark and Contact the NHCL Coordinator .

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C.V. Raman Biography: Early Life,Family, Education, Career, Awards and Achievements

Cv rama biography: november 7 marks the birth anniversary of the great scientist cv raman. he was a physicist, nobel laureate, and bharat ratna recipient who was instrumental in india’s growth in the fields of science and physics. let us read more about c.v. raman, his childhood days, education, family, discoveries, awards, and achievements.      .

National Science Day 2023: Every year, November 7 commemorates the birth of Indian physicist Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman. He discovered the Raman Effect on February 28, 1928, and for this discovery, he was honoured with the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.

This article includes instances from his birth, early life, career, various achievements, and more.

C.V Raman: Biography

C.V. Raman, or Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, was born on November 7, 1888, at Tiruchirappalli in southern India. His father was a lecturer in mathematics and physics. At a young age, he was exposed to an academic environment. His contribution to science and innovative research helped India and the world. 

Dr. Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (C.V. Raman): Early Life and Family

Dr. C.V. Raman was born on November 7, 1888, in a South Indian Brahmin family in Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu. His father's name was Chandrasekhara Ramanathan Iyer. He was a lecturer in mathematics and physics at a college in Vishakhapatnam. His mother's name was Parvathi Ammal.

C. V. Raman has been an intelligent student since his early childhood. At the age of 11, he passed his matriculation and 12th grade on a scholarship. In 1902, he joined the Presidency College and received his graduate degree in 1904. At that time, he was the only student who received the first division. He has a Master's in Physics from the same college and broke all the previous records.  In 1907, he married Lokasundari Ammal and had two sons, namely Chandrasekhar and Radhakrishnan.

Dr. Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (C.V. Raman): Career

Because of his father's interest, he appeared for the Financial Civil Services (FCS) examination and topped it. In 1907, he went to Calcutta (now Kolkata) and joined as an assistant accountant general. But in his spare time, he went to the laboratory to do research at the Indian Association for Cultivation of Sciences. Let us tell you that, his job was very hectic, and he also continued his research work at night due to his core interest in science.

Though the facilities available in the laboratory were very limited, he continued his research and published his findings in leading international journals, including 'Nature', 'The Philosophical Magazine', 'Physics Review', etc. At that time, his research was focused on the areas of vibrations and acoustics.

He got an opportunity to join the University of Calcutta in 1917 as the first Palit Professor of Physics. After 15 years at Calcutta, he became a Professor at the Indian Institute of Science at Bangalore from 1933 to 1948 and since 1948, he has been the Director of the Raman Institute of Research at Bangalore which was established and endowed by him only.

Dr. Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (C.V. Raman): Works and Discovery

He established the Indian Journal of Physics in 1926 where he was the editor. He also sponsored the establishment of the Indian Academy of Sciences and served as the President since its inception. He was the President of the Current Science Association in Bangalore, which publishes Current Science (India).

In 1928, he wrote an article on the theory of musical instruments for the 8th Volume of the Handbuch der Physik. He published his work on the "Molecular Diffraction of Light" in 1922 which led to his ultimate discovery of the radiation effect on February 28, 1928, and earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930. He became the first Indian to receive a Nobel Prize.

Other research carried out by Dr. C.V. Raman was on the diffraction of light by acoustic waves of ultrasonic and hypersonic frequencies and the effects produced by X-rays on infrared vibrations in crystals exposed to ordinary light.

In 1948, he also studied the fundamental problems of crystal dynamics. His laboratory has been dealing with the structure and properties of diamonds, and the structure and optical behaviour of numerous iridescent substances like pearls, agate, opal, etc.

He was also interested in the optics of colloids, electrical and magnetic anisotropy, and the physiology of human vision.

No doubt, he was honoured with a large number of doctorates and memberships in scientific societies. In 1924, he was also elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society early in his career and was knighted in 1929.

As briefly described he is best known for discovering the 'Raman Effect' or the theory related to the scattering of light. He showed that when light traverses a transparent material, some of the deflected light changes its wavelength.

Dr. Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (C.V. Raman): Awards and Honours

- In 1924, he was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society early in his career and was knighted in 1929.

- He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.

- He was awarded the Franklin Medal in 1941.

- He was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954, the highest civilian award in India.

- In 1957, he was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize.

- The American Chemical Society and the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science in 1998 recognised Raman's discovery as an International Historic Chemical Landmark.

- On 28 February every year, India celebrates National Science Day to commemorate the discovery of the Raman Effect in 1928 in his honour.

In 1970, he received a major heart attack while working in the laboratory. He took his last breath at the Raman Research Institute on 21st November 1970.

Dr. C.V. Raman was one of the great legends from India whose hard work and determination made India proud and became the first Indian to receive a Nobel Prize in Physics. He proved that, if a person wants to pursue his/her desires nobody can stop. His interest in science and dedication towards research work made him discover the Raman Effect. He will always be remembered as a great Scientist, Physicist, and Nobel laureate.

Get here current GK and GK quiz questions in English and Hindi for India , World, Sports and Competitive exam preparation. Download the Jagran Josh Current Affairs App .

• Why is National Science Day celebrated? + NationalScience Day is observed on 28 February to commemorate the discovery of the 'Raman Effect'. In 1986, the Government of India designated 28 February as National Science Day (NSD). On this Day, Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, also known as CV Raman announced the discovery of the 'Raman Effect' for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1930.
• When is National Science Day observed? + Every year on 28 February, National Science Day is celebrated to pay tribute to the Nobel Laureate Dr. C.V. Raman.
• When did C.V. Raman die? + Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (C.V. Raman) died on 21 November 1970.
• When and Why was C.V. Raman awarded with Nobel Prize? + Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (C.V. Raman) won Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him that is the Raman Effect.
• What is the full name of C.V. Raman? + C.V. Raman full name is Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman. He was born at Tiruchirappalli in Southern India on 7 November 1888.
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Sir CV Raman Biography, Awarded Nobel Prize in Physics for Raman Effect

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, known as CV Raman, was an eminent Indian physicist who earned the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930. Check here Sir CV Raman Biography in detail.

Table of Contents

Sir CV Raman Biography

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, commonly known as CV Raman, was an eminent Indian physicist whose groundbreaking work in the field of light scattering earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930. Born on November 7, 1888, in Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, Raman’s contributions not only significantly advanced the understanding of light and its interaction with matter but also paved the way for modern spectroscopy techniques. His life and work remain an inspiration to scientists worldwide, particularly in India.

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Sir CV Raman Biography Overview

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Sir CV Raman’s Early Life and Education

C.V. Raman was born into a Tamil Brahmin family. His father, Chandrasekhara Ramanathan Iyer, was a lecturer in mathematics and physics. From a young age, Raman showed a keen interest in science and mathematics, often conducting experiments at home. He attended local schools in Tiruchirappalli before enrolling at the prestigious Presidency College in Madras (now Chennai) for his undergraduate studies. After completing his Bachelor’s degree, he pursued a master’s degree in physics, graduating in 1907 with top honors.

Career and Contributions of Sir CV Raman in Science

Following his education, Raman began his career as a government servant but soon transitioned to academic research. He joined the Indian Finance Department as an assistant accountant general in Calcutta (now Kolkata) but continued his scientific pursuits in his spare time. In 1917, he took up a position as a professor of physics at the University of Calcutta, where he conducted the research that would later earn him the Nobel Prize.

Raman’s most significant contribution to science came in 1928 when he discovered what is now known as the “ Raman Effect .” While studying the scattering of light in various substances, he observed that when light interacts with molecules, it undergoes a slight change in wavelength. This phenomenon, later named after him, provided crucial insights into the behaviour of light and the molecular structure of materials. The discovery of the Raman Effect revolutionized spectroscopy, allowing scientists to study the vibrational and rotational modes of molecules with unprecedented precision.

In addition to his work on light scattering, Raman made significant contributions to various other areas of physics, including acoustics, magnetism, and optics. He published numerous papers throughout his career, establishing himself as one of the leading scientists of his time. In 1934, he founded the Indian Academy of Sciences and served as its president for several years, further promoting scientific research and education in India.

Awards Honoured to Sir CV Raman

Honourable works of sir c v raman, legacy and honors of cv raman.

C.V. Raman’s contributions to science were widely recognized during his lifetime. In addition to the Nobel Prize in Physics, he received numerous awards and honors from scientific societies and governments around the world. He was knighted by the British government in 1929, becoming the first Indian to receive a knighthood in the field of science.

Beyond his scientific achievements, Raman was also a passionate advocate for science education and research in India. He believed in the importance of nurturing young talent and established several research institutes and laboratories to support scientific endeavors in the country.

Check here: Nobel Prize in Physics 2023

Sir C.V. Raman’s life and work exemplify the spirit of scientific inquiry and discovery. His groundbreaking discoveries in the field of light scattering have had a profound impact on various branches of science and continue to inspire researchers today. As a pioneer of Indian science, Raman’s legacy serves as a reminder of the potential for excellence and innovation within the scientific community. His contributions will be remembered for generations to come, cementing his place as one of the greatest scientists of the 20th century.

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Sir CV Raman Biography FAQs

What did sir cv raman discover.

In 1928 Venkata Raman discovered that a small portion of the scattered light acquires other wavelengths than that of the original light.

Who did C.V. Raman marry?

Lokasundari Ammal

Did C.V. Raman got Nobel Prize?

Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was an Indian physicist who won the 1930 Nobel prize for physics for his work on light scattering, known as the Raman effect.

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National Science Day: Who is CV Raman, remembering the legacy of a Nobel Laureate

Every year on february 28th, india celebrates national science day to commemorate the discovery of the raman effect by the renowned physicist sir cv raman.

Every year on February 28th, India celebrates National Science Day to commemorate the discovery of the Raman Effect by the renowned physicist Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, commonly known as CV Raman.

This day serves as a reminder of his ground-breaking contributions to science and technology, leaving behind a legacy that continues to inspire generations worldwide.

Born on November 7, 1888, in the city of Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, C.V. Raman exhibited an early passion for science and education. His journey towards scientific excellence began with a Bachelor's degree in Physics from Presidency College, Chennai, followed by a Master's degree from the University of Calcutta.

Subsequently, he pursued doctoral research at the University of Cambridge, where his exceptional intellect and curiosity propelled him towards remarkable discoveries.

It was during his tenure as a professor at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) in Kolkata that Raman made his most significant breakthrough. In 1928, while conducting experiments on the scattering of light, he observed an unexpected phenomenon that would revolutionize the field of physics. This phenomenon, known as the Raman Effect, demonstrated the inelastic scattering of photons by molecules, providing valuable insights into molecular structure and dynamics.

The discovery of the Raman Effect earned C.V. Raman the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930, making him the first Indian to receive this prestigious accolade. His pioneering research not only enhanced our understanding of light-matter interactions but also laid the foundation for various scientific and technological advancements in fields such as spectroscopy, materials science, and telecommunications.

Among his other notable contributions is his work on the acoustics of musical instruments, where he investigated the physics behind the sounds produced by various instruments. Additionally, Raman made significant contributions to the field of crystal physics, elucidating the behaviour of light when passing through transparent materials such as crystals and gemstones.

Beyond his scientific achievements, C.V. Raman was a visionary leader who played a pivotal role in shaping India's scientific landscape. He advocated for the establishment of research institutions and laboratories to foster scientific inquiry and innovation in the country.

His efforts led to the founding of the Indian Academy of Sciences and the Raman Research Institute, institutions that continue to uphold his legacy by promoting excellence in scientific research and education.

Furthermore, C.V. Raman was deeply committed to science outreach and education, recognising the importance of nurturing young minds and fostering a scientific temperament among the masses. He believed in the democratisation of knowledge and strived to make science accessible to all sections of society, inspiring countless individuals to pursue careers in science and engineering.

As we commemorate National Science Day, it is imperative to reflect on the enduring legacy of C.V. Raman and his invaluable contributions to the world of science. His insatiable curiosity, relentless pursuit of knowledge and unwavering dedication serve as a beacon of inspiration for scientists, researchers, and students alike.

Moreover, C.V. Raman's legacy underscores the significance of investing in scientific research and innovation as drivers of socio-economic development. By honoring his memory and celebrating his achievements, we reaffirm our commitment to fostering a culture of scientific inquiry, creativity, and excellence in India and beyond.

National Science Day serves as a fitting tribute to the remarkable legacy of C.V. Raman, whose brilliance and passion continue to illuminate the path of scientific discovery. As we pay homage to this visionary Nobel Laureate, let us renew our commitment to advancing the frontiers of science and building a brighter future for generations to come.

(Author C Shoban Babu is Science Teacher and Incharge - Atal Tinkering Lab, Sree Vidyanikethan. Views are personal)

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CV Raman: The Visionary Scientist

Last updated on March 11, 2024 by ClearIAS Team

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, more commonly known as CV Raman, was a pioneering Indian physicist whose work in the field of light scattering earned him the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics. Read here to learn more about his life.

National Science Day is celebrated in India on February 28th every year since 1986 to mark the discovery of the Raman Effect by Indian physicist Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman on this day in 1928.

This celebration not only commemorates Raman’s groundbreaking discovery, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 but also aims to spread the message of the importance of science and its application in the daily life of the people.

Table of Contents

The early life of CV Raman

Born on November 7, 1888, in Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, Raman displayed a prodigious intellect from an early age, finishing his secondary education by the age of 11.

He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Presidency College, Madras, in 1904, and subsequently completed his Master’s in Physics in 1907.

• Despite beginning his career in the Indian Finance Department as a civil servant, Raman’s passion for science never waned.
• He conducted research at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) in Kolkata during his spare time, which led to significant discoveries in acoustics and optics.

CV Raman made his first trip to London in 1921, where his reputation in the study of optics and especially acoustics was already known to the English physicists J. J. Thomson and Lord Rutherford.

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• Raman’s specialty had been the study of the vibrations and sounds of stringed instruments such as the violin, the Indian veena, and tambura, and two uniquely Indian percussion instruments, the tabla, and the mridangam.

But it was the return trip from London to Bombay aboard the SS Narkunda that would change forever the direction of Raman’s future.

• During the fifteen-day voyage, his restless and probing mind became fascinated with the deep blue color of the Mediterranean.
• Unable to accept Lord Rayleigh’s explanation that the color of the sea was just a reflection of the color of the sky, Raman proceeded to outline his thoughts on the matter while still at sea and sent a letter to the editors of the journal Nature when the ship docked in Bombay.

A short time later Raman was able to show conclusively that the color of the sea was the result of the scattering of sunlight by the water molecules.

• Ironically, it was the same argument that Rayleigh had invoked when explaining the color of the sky – the blue was the result of the scattering of sunlight by the molecules in the air.

Also read: Indian Scientists: From Ancient to Modern Era

Nobel Prize and the Raman Effect

CV Raman’s most celebrated discovery, the Raman Effect, came in 1928. It demonstrated that when light traverses a transparent material, some of the deflected light changes wavelength and amplitude.

• This discovery was groundbreaking because it confirmed the quantum nature of light and was the first strong evidence of the quantum behavior of molecules.
• Raman used a simple apparatus to show that when light passes through a transparent substance, it scatters, and the scattered light contains frequencies not present in the original light, a phenomenon that could not be explained by classical physics.

For this discovery, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930, becoming the first Asian and the first non-white to receive a Nobel Prize in the sciences.

What is the Raman effect?

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The Raman Effect occurs when light interacts with the molecules of a material, causing a change in the energy and wavelength of the scattered light.

• When monochromatic light (light of a single wavelength, usually from a laser) is directed at a material, most of the light scatters elastically (Rayleigh scattering), meaning it retains its original energy and wavelength.
• However, a small fraction of the light (approximately 1 in 10 million photons) scatters inelastically, either gaining or losing energy in the process. This inelastic scattering is the Raman Effect.

Stokes and Anti-Stokes Scattering

The energy change in the scattered light corresponds to the vibrational energies of the molecules in the material.

• If the scattered light loses energy (shifts to a longer wavelength), it is called Stokes scattering.
• Conversely, if the scattered light gains energy (shifts to a shorter wavelength), it is called Anti-Stokes scattering.
• The difference in energy between the incident and scattered light directly relates to the vibrational energy levels of the molecules in the sample.

The discovery of the Raman Effect was a milestone in experimental physics and quantum theory.

• It provided the first experimental evidence of the quantum nature of light and molecules, supporting the theoretical predictions of quantum mechanics.
• The Raman Effect showed that light-matter interactions could result in the exchange of energy, leading to a deeper understanding of molecular energy levels and the electromagnetic spectrum.

Application of Raman effect

In the first seven years after its discovery, the Raman Effect was the subject of more than 700 papers in the scientific literature, mostly by physicists who were using the technique to study the vibration and rotation of molecules and relating those phenomena to the molecular structure.

By the late 1930s, the Raman Effect had become the principal method of non-destructive chemical analysis for both organic and inorganic compounds.

• The unique spectrum of Raman scattered light for any particular substance served as a “fingerprint” that could be used for qualitative analysis, even in a mixture of materials.
• Raman spectroscopy could be applied not only to liquids but also to gases and solids.
• The use of Raman spectroscopy as a basic analytical tool changed sharply after World War II.
• During the war, infrared spectroscopy was enhanced by the development of sensitive detectors and advances in electronics.

Other applications:

• Material Science : It helps in characterizing materials, understanding their structure, and studying phase transitions.
• Biological Studies : Raman spectroscopy is used in the medical field to diagnose diseases, analyze biochemical changes in cells, and study drug interactions at the molecular level.
• Pharmaceuticals : It assists in drug development and quality control by identifying the molecular composition and crystalline forms of drugs.
• Environmental Science : It is employed in detecting pollutants and analyzing environmental changes.

Academic and Research Contributions

After his Nobel win, Raman’s reputation and influence grew. He served as the director of the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore from 1933 to 1937.

He established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore in 1948, where he worked until he died in 1970.

He also founded the Indian Journal of Physics in 1926, of which he is the Editor. Raman sponsored the establishment of the Indian Academy of Sciences and has served as President since its inception.

His research at these institutions spanned various domains of physics, including crystal dynamics, musical instruments, and the properties of diamonds.

Raman’s legacy is not just in his scientific discoveries but also in his role as a leader in Indian science. He was instrumental in promoting scientific research in India, inspiring generations of scientists.

Despite facing several challenges, including limited resources and recognition from the global scientific community initially, Raman’s perseverance and dedication to science shone brightly. His work laid the groundwork for numerous scientific advancements, including the study of molecular energy levels, chemical analysis techniques, and even the investigation of quantum mechanics.

Sir CV Raman passed away on November 21, 1970, leaving behind a rich legacy of scientific inquiry and discovery. His life and work continue to inspire scientists around the world, underscoring the importance of curiosity, perseverance, and the relentless pursuit of knowledge.

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CV Raman biography: The First Asian Who Received Nobel Prize in Science

Table of Contents

Introduction

CV Raman, full name Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, was a renowned Indian physicist who made groundbreaking contributions to the field of physics. He was born on November 7, 1888, in the city of Tiruchirappalli, in the Madras Presidency of British India (now Tamil Nadu, India).

CV Raman’s pioneering research on the scattering of light earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930, becoming the first Asian and first Indian to receive the prestigious award in science. His discovery, known as the “Raman Effect,” has since become a fundamental tool for the analysis of molecular structures in physics and chemistry.

Apart from his scientific achievements, CV Raman also held various important positions in his lifetime, including the directorship of the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore and served as the President of the Indian Science Congress Association.

Throughout his life, he remained deeply committed to promoting scientific research and education in India, and his contributions have had a lasting impact on the scientific community worldwide. This biography will explore the life and work of this remarkable physicist, shedding light on his legacy and impact on the field of physics.

Early and education life of “CV Raman”

Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, also known as CV Raman, was an Indian physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for his groundbreaking work on the scattering of light, now known as the “Raman Effect.” Here are some details about his early and educational life:

CV Raman was born on November 7, 1888, in the city of Tiruchirapalli in the Madras Presidency (now Tamil Nadu, India) to a Tamil-speaking Brahmin family. His father, Chandrasekhar Iyer, was a teacher of mathematics and physics, and his mother, Parvathi Ammal, was a homemaker.

CV Raman’s early education took place at home, where his father taught him the fundamentals of mathematics and physics. He also received a rigorous education in Sanskrit, a language he would later use extensively in his research.

In 1902, at the age of 13, CV Raman entered Presidency College in Madras (now Chennai) to study physics and mathematics. In 1904, he received a scholarship to study at the University of Madras, where he earned his Bachelor’s degree in Physics in 1907. He continued his studies at the same university, earning his Master’s degree in Physics in 1909.

In 1910, CV Raman was awarded a scholarship by the Indian Finance Department to study abroad. He chose to go to England, where he enrolled at the University of Cambridge to work under the supervision of J.J. Thomson, the discoverer of the electron. Raman worked on a variety of topics during his time at Cambridge, including the scattering of X-rays and the theory of diffraction.

In 1913, CV Raman returned to India and joined the faculty of the University of Calcutta as a professor of physics. He would later serve as the Director of the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore from 1933 until his retirement in 1948.

Throughout his career, CV Raman conducted extensive research in a wide range of fields, including acoustics, optics, and crystal physics. He made numerous contributions to the study of light, sound, and matter, and his discovery of the Raman Effect remains one of the most significant scientific breakthroughs of the 20th century.

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CV Raman’s career as a scientist

As a scientist, CV Raman had a prolific career that spanned several decades. Here are some details about his scientific career:

After returning to India in 1913, CV Raman became a professor of physics at the University of Calcutta. He continued his research in a variety of areas, including the theory of diffraction and the scattering of light. In 1921, he discovered what is now known as the “Raman Effect,” which occurs when light is scattered by molecules and results in a change in the wavelength of the scattered light. This discovery would go on to win him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.

CV Raman’s discovery of the Raman Effect propelled him to international fame, and he became one of the most renowned scientists of his time. He continued his research in a variety of areas, including acoustics, optics, and crystal physics.

In 1933, CV Raman was appointed as the Director of the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, a position he held until his retirement in 1948. During his tenure as Director, he oversaw the expansion and modernization of the institute and worked to establish it as a leading research institution.

CV Raman also continued to conduct research during his time as Director, and he made significant contributions to a variety of fields. In the 1940s, he conducted pioneering work on the optics of colloids and the fluorescence of diamond. He also investigated the optical properties of crystals and made important contributions to the understanding of crystal structures.

Throughout his career, CV Raman received numerous honors and awards for his scientific contributions. In addition to the Nobel Prize, he was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian honor, in 1954. He also served as the President of the Indian Science Congress and the Royal Society of London. His legacy as one of the greatest scientists in Indian history continues to inspire generations of researchers and scholars.

CV Raman’s contributions to science

CV Raman made significant contributions to various fields of science throughout his career. Here are some of his major contributions:

• Raman Effect: CV Raman’s most famous contribution is the discovery of the Raman Effect in 1928. This phenomenon occurs when light is scattered by molecules, resulting in a change in the wavelength of the scattered light. This discovery opened up a new field of study in spectroscopy and has had important applications in chemistry, physics, and materials science.
• Optics of Colloids: In the 1940s, CV Raman conducted pioneering work on the optics of colloids. He investigated the scattering of light by small particles in a liquid medium and developed techniques for studying the size and shape of particles using light scattering.
• Fluorescence of Diamond: CV Raman also made significant contributions to the study of the fluorescence of diamond. He discovered that when exposed to light, diamonds emit a weak red glow, which he called “photoluminescence.” This phenomenon has important applications in gemology, as it can be used to identify and authenticate diamonds.
• Acoustics: CV Raman also made important contributions to the field of acoustics. He conducted research on the properties of sound and developed new methods for studying the transmission of sound waves through materials.
• Crystal Physics: CV Raman also studied the properties of crystals and made significant contributions to the understanding of crystal structures. He developed new techniques for studying crystal lattices using light scattering, and his work laid the foundation for the field of crystallography.
• Polarization of Light: CV Raman conducted research on the polarization of light and developed new methods for studying the phenomenon. His work helped to deepen our understanding of the properties of light and its interaction with matter.
• Spectroscopy: CV Raman was also a pioneer in the field of spectroscopy. He developed new techniques for studying the interaction of light with matter and used these techniques to make important discoveries in a variety of fields.

These are just a few of the many contributions that CV Raman made to the field of science. His work continues to inspire and inform research in a wide range of areas.

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Awards won By CV Raman

CV Raman won several awards throughout his life as a scientist. Here are some of the most significant awards and honors he received:

• Nobel Prize in Physics: In 1930, CV Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics “for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the Raman Effect.” This award is one of the most prestigious in the field of science, and CV Raman was the first Asian to receive it.
• Fellow of the Royal Society: In 1924, CV Raman was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, one of the oldest and most prestigious scientific societies in the world. He was the first Indian scientist to be elected to the society.
• Bharat Ratna: In 1954, CV Raman was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian honor, for his contributions to science.
• Franklin Medal: In 1941, CV Raman was awarded the Franklin Medal in Physics, one of the most prestigious awards in the field.
• Hughes Medal: In 1930, CV Raman was awarded the Hughes Medal by the Royal Society of London for his work on the scattering of light.
• Padma Bhushan: In 1954, CV Raman was awarded the Padma Bhushan, one of the highest civilian awards in India, for his contributions to science.
• Knighthood: In 1929, CV Raman was knighted by the British government for his contributions to science.

These are just a few of the many awards and honors that CV Raman received throughout his life. His contributions to science continue to be celebrated and recognized to this day.

Death of CV Raman

CV Raman passed away on November 21, 1970, at the age of 82, in Bangalore, India. He had been suffering from illness for some time prior to his death. His passing was mourned by the scientific community in India and around the world, and he was widely regarded as one of the greatest scientists in the country’s history.

CV Raman’s legacy continues to live on to this day, and his contributions to science have had a lasting impact on the field. The Indian government has established a number of institutions and awards in his honor, including the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore and the CV Raman Award for Physics. His work is also celebrated in a variety of other ways, including through scientific lectures and seminars, exhibitions, and other events.

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CV Raman was a brilliant Indian physicist and scientist who made significant contributions to various fields of science, including optics, acoustics, crystal physics, and spectroscopy. His discovery of the Raman Effect in 1928 was a landmark achievement and opened up a new field of study in spectroscopy. He was the first Indian to receive the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930, and his work continues to be celebrated and recognized to this day.

Throughout his life, CV Raman was committed to advancing science and promoting scientific research in India. He founded the Indian Academy of Sciences and the Raman Research Institute, both of which have played important roles in the development of science in India. He was also a champion of science education and worked to promote science literacy among the general public.

CV Raman’s contributions to science have had a lasting impact on the field, and his legacy continues to inspire scientists around the world. He remains one of the most celebrated and respected scientists in Indian history, and his work serves as a testament to the power of scientific inquiry and discovery.

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• C V Raman Biography

Writing a Biographical Essay of a Historical Figure

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, was an Indian physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for his work on light scattering and the discovery of a new form of scattering called Raman scattering or the Raman effect. The compositions of solids, liquids, and gases can all benefit from this effect. It can also be used to diagnose diseases and track manufacturing processes. 

Biography is an account of a person’s life by another person. It is a descriptive work written in detail. Biographical pieces can be in various forms, like a video or book and they can be of any length, like a book or an essay. An authorized biography is written with the permission of the subject and an unauthorized one is not. However, biographies of historical figures written for purely academic purposes do not require consent from the subject or people who hold the rights of consent for the subject.

Choosing the Right Level

Biographies can be written by students of all classes. The higher the class, the more details go into the essay. The biography by a fifth-grader will be smaller and less detailed than that written by a ninth-grader. The demand for making it more interesting and decorating it with aptly placed figures of speech grows with grade.

Choosing the Right Source

Biography is not fiction or a made-up story. It is the arrangement of boring dates and facts into a beautiful landscape that would be the subject’s life. For the facts to be accurate and true, trustworthy sources must be consulted, like a known book or reliable websites that contain life information.

Choosing the Right Information

Having selected the right source of information, it can get mind-boggling to choose what information to keep and what not to mention in the essay. It is better to have too much information than too little so that the best out of them can be chosen. A biography should answer some basic questions about the person. The place and date of his birth and death. Information about his immediate family. Important milestones of his life, like schooling, occupation, marriage, kids, appointments, or discoveries. His accomplishments during his lifetime. And then the legacy he leaves behind, like his impact on society or education and the historical significance.

How to Arrange the Information?

Biographies are descriptions of someone’s life, so setting the tone and making it sound interesting relies freely on the writer’s shoulders. The student can make life sound fun and lively, or gripping and intense. This is where the talent of a writer shines through, so use all of the writing tools at hand and make the best of them.

The Person Behind the Facts

The personality of the subject should shine through the essay. Select appropriate adjectives to build upon the character of the person. If interesting anecdotes highlight the kind of person he was, use them to build upon his personality.

Legacy in Conclusion

The achievement of his life and his notable works need to be mentioned, as well as how he affects posterity. In conclusion, the importance of his work and legacy should be highlighted.

It should be remembered that however tempting it feels to include interesting details and fun facts, the word limit should be kept in mind. This is what should rule which facts go and which do not in the essay. The introduction, body, and conclusion need to be clearly arranged. A biographical essay is not a story-telling spree, so the spirit of an essay should be intact.

The best essays are easy to read and the flow from one part to another is seamless. It might sound contradictory to keep a seamless flow while keeping the three parts of an essay demarcated, but it is not impossible and this is the delicate balance that can only be achieved by persistent practice. Language is not much different from Maths or Science in this aspect – practice makes perfect.

Information About C V Raman

Sir C V Raman’s birthday- November 7, 1888

Sir C V Raman’s death day- November 21, 1970

Alma mater- The University of Madras (M.A.)

Known for Raman effect

Spouse- Lokasundari Ammal (1908–1970)

Children- Chandrasekhar Raman and Venkatraman Radhakrishnan

About C V Raman’s Family and Background

Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was born to a Tamil Brahmin family in Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, on November 7, 1888. Raman's forefathers were agriculturists who settled in the Tanjore district near Porasakudi Village and Mangudi. Chandrasekhara Iyer, his father, attended a school in Kumbakonam and graduated with honours in 1881. He eventually earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Physics from Tiruchirapalli's Society of the Promotion of the Gospel College in 1891. In the same college, Chandrasekara became a lecturer. He married Parvathi Ammal after passing the Matriculation exam and they had eight children: five sons and three daughters. Chandrasekaran, Raman's father, moved to Visakhapatnam when he was four years old to work as a lecturer at Mrs. A.V. Narasimha Rao College. He taught Physics, arithmetic, and physical geography at the university. Chandrasekaran was regarded as physically and mentally powerful due to his involvement in athletics, physical culture, and Indian Carnatic music, among other things. Raman, unlike his father, was not physically powerful, but he was a brilliant thinker. He excelled in school and displayed early signs of exceptional ability, receiving praise from his teachers as well as numerous prizes and scholarships. While still in school, Raman developed an interest in Physics. He once designed a dynamo on his own and was fascinated with how physical principles and machines worked. C. V. Raman graduated from high school at the age of eleven, receiving first place in the Matriculation Examination (top marks). He then enrolled in the AVN College to prepare for the Intermediate Exam. He received more accolades this time, and he received top scores on the university test. In 1903, he received a scholarship to study for a BA degree at the Presidency College in Chennai (then Madras), where he was the youngest student. At the time, the Presidency College was the best in Southern India. When Raman was in college, the majority of his professors were Europeans. Raman's interest in Physics grew even stronger during this period, and he also developed a strong liking for English. Raman earned first place in the university's BA exams in 1904, and gold medals in English and Physics. Raman's teachers encouraged him to continue his education in England, but the Madras Civil Surgeon refused, arguing that the young Raman was too weak to endure the English climate. Raman, on the other hand, completed his MA in Physics at Presidency College and did not travel abroad until he was thirty-three years old.

About C V Raman’s Early Career and Marriage

In January 1907, Raman sat for and passed his Master's examination, earning top marks and a slew of awards and prizes. While he desired to focus on science (particularly research), there were no research opportunities in India (specifically for Indians). Owing to his deteriorating health at the time, he was unable to travel to England. As a result, Raman's thoughts turned to work for the government, which is known to be clean, stable, and even prestigious. Even in this situation, he desired to enter the prestigious Indian Civil Service (ICS), the highest level of government service, but this meant training in England and taking the exam there—an option that was also ruled out due to medical reasons. The Financial Civil Service (FCS), where Raman's brother C.S. Iyer was already a member, which was his next preference. The FCS served as a forerunner to today's Indian Audit and Accounts Service. Raman passed the FCS examination in 1907 and married Lokasundari before taking up an official job. This period of his life unfolded unusually. Typically, parents arranged Indian marriages, which includes finding a suitable horoscope match for their infant. This included looking at the positions of the stars on their birth date, as well as other horoscopic statistics.  The boy and his parents then pay a visit to the girl's house to see if she likes them; during this period, the girl is normally asked to give a musical performance. The date for their marriage is fixed if all arrangements are in agreement and the girl's family provides adequate dowry. Raman's marriage went in a different direction. Mr. Ramaswamy Sivan, a freemason, theosophist, and radical thinker, was a friend of Raman's as a college student. Mr. Sivan's house was a frequent stop for Raman, and one day he heard music from an Indian classical instrument, the veena, played by Lokasundari, Sivan's sister-in-law, who was visiting from Madurai. Lokasundari was a natural at playing the veena, and Raman was instantly drawn to her. Sivan discussed this idea with Raman, who immediately accepted it since Lokasundari was of marriageable age at the time and her family was looking for a suitable groom. Raman then continued to seek permission from his parents. However, it was later discovered that Lokasundari, thought of the same caste as Raman (Brahmin), belonged to a separate subset—a match that was strictly forbidden at the time. Raman's father, who is a rather liberal man, agreed that Raman could choose his bride, even if she came from a different subset. The rest of the family, including Raman's mother, was unhappy, however. Despite these challenges, Raman followed his heart and kept on doing things his way. In mid-1907, Raman was appointed Assistant Accountant-General in Calcutta, even though he was still a teenager. His pay, including the marriage allowance, was Rs. 400 at the time. Raman and Lokasundari set out for Calcutta, the capital of British India at the time. Raman took advantage of Calcutta's vibrant and scientific environment, allowing him to fully articulate his scientific creativity—Calcutta was then regarded as the East's premier science city. Raman was sent to Nagpur and Rangoon in addition to Calcutta; no matter where he was posted, Raman still found a way to perform experiments at home.

C V Raman Contribution to Science

Raman productively used the time he had with Professor Jones while studying Physics at Presidency College, designing and creating experiments to address the boundless questions he had. Only the most basic laboratory instruments (enough for classwork) were available in the Physics lab at the time, but Raman made use of them all. Raman's questions were frequently those for which there were no answers in the literature. As a result, the nature of science came naturally to him, prompting him to perform experiments throughout his life. Raman experimented with asymmetric diffraction of light though he was well aware of light in a wave shape and the principle of diffraction. Professor Jones was given his observations on this experiment, which he collected and gave to him for feedback. Professor Jones, on the other hand, remained silent for many months. Raman was aware of the Philosophical Magazine at the time, possibly those subscribed to by the Connemara Public Library, which was about five kilometers from Presidency College (it is not certain how Raman came to know of this magazine). This paper was written in 1906, and Raman, who was only 18 at the time and had not yet graduated from high school, was the sole author with no acknowledgments. Raman's achievement was all the more remarkable because Presidency College was not a research institution, and Raman's paper was the first to emerge from there. Almost immediately after Raman's first publication, Johns Hopkins University's R.W. Wood published another. Wood later sent a cable to Nature announcing the Raman Effect's discovery. Raman left the government in 1917 to take up the newly established Palit Professorship in Physics at the University of Calcutta. Simultaneously, he continued his study at the IACS, where he eventually rose to the position of Honorary Secretary. Raman referred to this period in his career as his "golden age." At the IACS and the University of Calcutta, he was surrounded by a group of gifted students. In 1929, he presided over the 16th session of the Indian Science Congress. Raman worked on the acoustics of musical instruments in addition to his Nobel Prize-winning work on light scattering. Based on superposition velocities, he developed a theory of transverse vibration of bowed strings. In comparison to Helmholtz's method, this does a great job of describing bowed string vibration. He was also the first to explore the harmonic essence of Indian drum sounds like the tabla and mridangam. Raman was appointed director of the newly established Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore in 1933. The IISc was established in 1909 with the aim of conducting original research and providing science and engineering education. Before Raman's appointment, all of IISc's directors, as well as the majority of its faculty, were British. He remained a Professor of Physics for another two years. The new government of Independent India named him the country's first National Professor in 1947. In 1948, he retired from the Indian Institute of Science and a year later founded the Raman Research Bangalore, Karnataka, where he served as director until he died in 1970.

C V Raman’s Discovery

Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for his research on light scattering and the discovery of the Raman effect. The inelastic scattering of a photon is known as "Raman scattering" or "Raman effect." This phenomenon is the basis for Raman spectroscopy.

What led to C V Raman’s Invention of Raman Effect?

C V Raman Discovery of the Physics of Musical sound- Understanding the Physics of musical Sound was one of Raman's passions. The Sensations of Tone by Hermann Von Helmholtz, which he came across when he entered IACS, inspired him. Between 1916 and 1921, he researched and published a lot of his observations. Based on the superposition of velocities, he developed the principle of transverse vibration of bowed string instruments. The wolf tone in violins and cellos was one of his earliest experiments. He investigated the acoustics of various violins and related instruments, as well as water splashes and Indian stringed instruments. "Experiments with mechanically-played violins" was one of his works. C V Raman Discovery behind the Blue colour of the sea- In 1919, Raman began investigating light scattering as part of his broadening foray into optics. His first amazing discovery was the mechanics of seawater's blue colour. In September 1921, he reflected on the Mediterranean Sea's blue colour while sailing home from England on the S.S. Narkunda. He tested the seawater with basic optical instruments, including a pocket-sized spectroscope and a Nicol prism. No.56 Lord Rayleigh's explanation in 1910, "The much-revered dark blue of the deep sea has little to do with the colour of water, but is the blue of the sky seen by refraction," was the strongest of many theories on the colour of the sea. C V Raman Inventions: Most photons are elastically dispersed as light is scattered from an atom or molecule. The incident photons have the same energy (frequency) as scattered photons, and therefore the same wavelength. Excitations of optical frequencies distinct from, and normally lower than, the frequency of the incident photons scatter a small fraction of scattered light (roughly one in ten million photons). Raman scattering may occur in gas when a molecule's vibrational, rotational, or electronic energy changes. "The character of scattered radiations allows us to obtain an insight into the ultimate structure of the scattering," Raman explained. Raman published his thesis on "Molecular Diffraction of Light" in 1922, the first of a series of investigations with his collaborators that eventually led to his discovery of the radiation effect that bears his name (on February 28, 1928). In 1928, C. V. Raman and K. S. Krishnan, as well as Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam, independently identified the Raman effect. Raman's discovery was hailed by physicists as evidence of the quantum theory. The vibrational Raman effect is of primary interest to chemists. The Raman Effect was named a National Historic Chemical Landmark by the American Chemical Society in 1998, in recognition of its importance as a method for studying the structure of liquids, gases, and solids. The Raman Effect is distinct from the fluorescence mechanism. The incident light is completely absorbed in the latter case, and the system is transferred to an energetically excited state from which it can only transition to various lower states after a certain period (resonance lifetime). Both processes emit a photon with a different frequency than the incident photon, and the molecule is brought to a higher or lower energy level. However, the Raman Effect can occur for any frequency of incident light, which is a significant difference. The Raman Effect, in contrast to the fluorescence effect, is not a resonant effect.

C V Raman’s Contribution as an Author

C V Raman’s discoveries led him to write a set of books which are listed below-

Vol. 1 -Scattering of Light (Ed. S Ramaseshan)

Vol. 2 -Acoustic

Vol. 3 -Optica

Vol. 4 -Optics  of Minerals and Diamond

Vol. 5 -Physics of Crystals

Vol. 6 -Floral Colours and Visual Perception

C V Raman’s Achievements and Awards

Many honorary doctorates and memberships in scientific societies were bestowed upon Raman. He was a member of the Deutsche Akademie in Munich, the Swiss Physical Society in Zürich, the Royal Philosophical Society in Glasgow, the Royal IrishAcademy, the  Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Sciences of The Soviet Union, the Optical Society of America, and the Mineralogical Society of America, the Romanian Academy of Sciences, the Catgut Acoustical Society of America, and the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1924. He did, however, resign from the fellowship in 1968 for unknown reasons, making him the only Indian FRS to do so. In 1929, he was the President of the Indian Science Congress's 16th session. From 1933 until his death, he was the first President of the Indian Academy of Sciences. In 1961, he was elected to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.

Though still employed by the Indian Finance Service, Raman won the Curzon Research Award in 1912. While still working for the Indian Finance Service, he received the Woodburn Research Medal in 1913. The Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze in Rome awarded him the Matteucci Medal in 1928. He was knighted in 1930. The Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin, conferred him a Knight Bachelor in a special ceremony at the Viceroy's House (now Rashtrapati Bhavan) in New Delhi after his inclusion in the 1929 Birthday was postponed. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for "research on light scattering and the discovery of the phenomenon named after him."He was the first Asian and non-white person to win a Nobel Prize for Science. Rabindranath Tagore (another Indian) had previously won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913. He was awarded the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society in 1930. The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia awarded him the Franklin Medal in 1941. He received the Bharat Ratna award in 1954. (along with politician and former Governor-General of India C. Rajagopalachari and philosopher Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan). He received the Lenin Peace Prize in 1957.

FAQs on C V Raman Biography

1. What is the discovery of C V Raman about?

On a boat trip back from England in 1921, Indian physicist C.V. Raman began work on a line of research that would lead to the discovery of a new scattering effect, now known as the Raman effect, in February 1928. The Raman effect is significant in Physics and Chemistry.

2. Why write a biography about CV Raman?

Writing a biography is a good way to practice research and describe a person and his legacy to mankind. CV Raman is an apt topic for biography because he was a historical figure of great importance and his legacy in the field of Mathematics and Physics is big and easily available for research.

3. Are there ways of talking about a subject other than a biographical essay?

A biographical essay is just one of the many ways of describing a person’s life. Some other forms are a documentary, a biographical movie, the life of a person written as a play or story – it can be short or long – the options are as endless as one’s creativity. Refer to the official website of Vedantu or download the app for an elaborate explanation.

4. What are the tools that one can use to make a boring biography interesting?

Writing tools that can brighten up a boring biography are figures of speech, including relevant quotes, presenting the facts in a story-telling manner, etc

5. Was CV Raman a scientist or a mathematician?

CV Raman was a Nobel Prize-winning Physicist whose exemplary work in Optics won him a place in the annals of history.

6. C V Raman is Famous For?

The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to C.V. Raman in 1930 for his discovery of the Raman effect, in which light passing through a substance is dispersed and the wavelength of the scattered light is altered due to an energy state transfer in the material's molecules.

A short biography of C. V. Raman

Published by prakrsinha on January 19, 2021 January 19, 2021

A short biography of C. V. Raman: C. V. Raman or (Sir Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman), was born on 7 November 1888 Trichinopoly Madras presidency  British India ( Tamil Nadu ,  India ). The innovative work of this legend from India, within the sphere of scattering of sunshine, earned him a reward in Physics in 1930.

Raman studied in St. Aloysius Anglo- Indian High school in Vishakhapatnam. Raman completed his metric education at 11 and intermediate at the age of 13 years in 1902. Raman joined Presidency College in Madras (now Chennai).where his father (Chandrasekhar Ramanathan Iyer) had been transferred to teach mathematics and physics. There Raman got a B.A. (Bachelorof Arts) degree from the University of Madras in Physics. There he was awarded a laurel wreath in physics, later in 1907 he completed his M.A. (Master of Arts) with the highest distinction.

His brother (Chandrasekhar Subrahmanya Ayyar ) joined The IFS (Indian Finance service) which is that the foremost honorable government service in India, which is now called Indian Audit and Account service. He started his career working in an exceedingly government sector, but in 1917 he left that job because at that time India wasn’t independent so Britishers weren’t supporting Raman to go further within the field of Physics, but after independence, in 1948 he founded his institute named “Raman research Institute where he did all his researches. Raman also contributed greatly to IACS (Indian Association of the cultivation of the science).

What is Raman Effect?

C.V. Raman was on a Ship, while he was going he saw that the color of the water is blue but he knew that water is transparent i.e. we can see through it and light can completely pass through it. After coming from the trip he did research on it and he found the reason behind this and later it was called Raman Effect.

Raman scattering, change in the wavelength of light that occurs when a light beam is deflected by molecules or atoms. When a beam of light transverse a dust-free, transparent sample of a chemical compound a little fraction of the light emerges in directions other than that of the incident (incoming).His effect is feeble in liquid compound. A short part, however, has wavelengths different from that of the incident light; its presence is a result which is called Raman Effect.

Awards and Honors

•  He was given Curzon Research Award in (1912), while he was working in Indian Finance Services.
• He was awarded Franklin Medal in (1941), in Franklin Institute which is in Philadelphia.
• In 1954 he was awarded Bharat Ratna.
• In 1957, he was awarded the Lenin Peace prize
• In 1930, he received the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society.
• In 1928, he received the Matteucci from the Academia in Rome.
• In 1930, Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman was given Nobel Prize in Physics. He was given this award because he has Discovered the “Raman Effect of Scattering of light’’. Before him, Rabindranath Tagore was awarded Nobel Prize in Literature.

He experienced a major heart attack at the end of October in 1970, while he was working in a laboratory. After this major heart attack, he was referred to a hospital where he lived for few days, he refused to stay there further and when he was counting his last breathe he arranged a meeting with the professors of his institute. And he died in the garden of Raman research institute.

Written by: Pranjal Gautam (Class VIII)

Mike Foley · January 20, 2021 at 11:53 am

Very good written on Sir Raman and I am happy that Small age students are encouraged in writing articles. Keep it up !!!

Pranjal · January 20, 2021 at 11:54 am

THANK YOU SIR,

Naitik · January 20, 2021 at 5:56 pm

nice Article !!! (:

Alex · January 20, 2021 at 7:05 pm

It was really great. Research work is awesome

Navya · January 20, 2021 at 7:36 pm

Great article….Would like to see more articles from you:)

Navya · January 20, 2021 at 7:40 pm

Great article….Would like to see some more educational articles from you… 🙂

Aditya · January 21, 2021 at 5:58 pm

Bro nice article on C.V. Raman 👍👍👍👏👏👏 Keep it up !!!!

Mayank · January 23, 2021 at 5:10 pm

Very Nice written Article !!! OOOOPPPPP!!!

Mayank · January 23, 2021 at 5:12 pm

Very Nice written Article !!! OOOOPPPPP!!! Very good Keep it up

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National Science Day: The Raman Effect, which CV Raman won the Nobel for

In 1986, the government of india designated february 28 as national science day, to commemorate the announcement of the discovery of the “raman effect”. here is more about cv raman and his groundbreaking discovery..

In 1986, the Government of India, under then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, designated February 28 as National Science Day to commemorate the announcement of the discovery of the “Raman Effect”.

This was the discovery which won physicist Sir CV Raman his Nobel Prize in 1930. Conducting a deceptively simple experiment, Raman discovered that when a stream of light passes through a liquid, a fraction of the light scattered by the liquid is of a different colour. This discovery was immediately recognised as groundbreaking in the scientific community, being the subject of over 700 papers in the first seven years after its announcement.

What is the “Raman Effect”? Why is it so important? Most importantly, who was the man behind this momentous discovery?

A young prodigy conducting after-hours research

Raman was born to a family of Sanskrit scholars in Trichy (present-day Tiruchirapalli) in the Madras Presidency in 1888. At the age of only 16, He received a BA degree from Presidency College in Madras, and was placed first in his class. While studying for his MA degree, at the age of 18, he got published in the Philosophical Magazine: this was the first research paper ever published by Presidency College.

Due to his ill health, he was unable to travel abroad for further education. Thus, in 1907, he got married and settled down in Calcutta as an assistant accountant general. While still a full-time civil servant, Raman began after-hours research at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS). Raman raised the profile of IACS, doing some award-winning research as well as conducting public demonstrations with charisma. At the age of 29, he finally resigned from his civil services job and took up a professorship in Presidency College, Calcutta.

A voyage across the ocean leads to interest in the scattering of light

By 1921, CV Raman had gained a solid reputation as a top scientific mind both in India and in the West. That year, he made his first journey to England. It was on the return journey that Raman would make an observation that would change his life and science forever.

While passing through the Mediterranean Sea, Raman was most fascinated by the sea’s deep blue colour. Dissatisfied with the then-accepted answer (“the colour of the sea was just a reflection of the colour of the sky”), his curious mind delved deeper.

He soon found out that the colour of the sea was the result of the scattering of sunlight by the water molecules. Fascinated by the phenomenon of light-scattering, Raman and his collaborators in Calcutta began to conduct extensive scientific experiments on the matter – experiments that would eventually lead to his eponymous discovery.

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The Raman Effect

Simply put, the Raman Effect refers to the phenomenon in which when a stream of light passes through a liquid, a fraction of the light scattered by the liquid is of a different colour. This happens due to the change in the wavelength of light that occurs when a light beam is deflected by molecules.

In general, when light interacts with an object, it can either be reflected, refracted or transmitted. One of the things that scientists look at when light is scattered is if the particle it interacts with is able to change its energy. The Raman Effect is when the change in the energy of the light is affected by the vibrations of the molecule or material under observation, leading to a change in its wavelength.

In their first report to Nature, titled “A New Type of Secondary Radiation,” CV Raman and co-author KS Krishnan wrote that 60 different liquids had been studied, and all showed the same result – a tiny fraction of scattered light had a different colour than the incident light. “It is thus,” Raman said, “a phenomenon whose universal nature has to be recognised.”

Raman would go on to verify these observations using a spectroscope, publishing the quantitative findings in the Indian Journal of Physics on March 31, 1928.

The importance of the discovery

CV Raman’s discovery took the world by storm as it had deep implications far beyond Raman’s original intentions. As Raman himself remarked in his 1930 Nobel Prize speech, “The character of the scattered radiations enables us to obtain an insight into the ultimate structure of the scattering substance.” For quantum theory, in vogue in the scientific world at the time, Raman’s discovery was crucial.

The discovery would also find its use in chemistry, giving birth to a new field known as Raman spectroscopy as a basic analytical tool to conduct nondestructive chemical analysis for both organic and inorganic compounds. With the invention of lasers and the capabilities to concentrate much stronger beams of light, the uses of Raman spectroscopy have only ballooned over time.

Today, this method has a wide variety of applications, from studying art and other objects of cultural importance in a non-invasive fashion to finding drugs hidden inside luggage at customs.

This is an updated version of an explainer first published last year.

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Study Material

Sir CV Raman and His Contributions

Quest for upsc cse panels.

Sub-Categories:

GS-III: Science & Technology

Prelims:   General Science

Mains: Achievements of Indians in science and technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology.

Sir CV Raman was born in Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, on November 7, 1888. Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, the son of a teacher who taught physics and mathematics, was raised in an academic environment from an early age. After earning his M.A. in physics in 1907 from Presidency College, Madras, Sir CV Raman was involved in research in the area of atomic physics and optics. The first Asian to get the Nobel Prize in Physics and the first Bharat Ratna awardee, Sir CV Raman is best known for his advanced theory of the scattering of light - an inelastic theory of scattering .

Sir CV Raman and his student KS Krishnan found that the light, after passing through a transparent medium, changes its wavelength and energy during the scattering - the phenomenon is called the Raman Effect or Raman Scattering , which has various applications in spectroscopy.

Sir CV Raman and Raman Effect

Rayleigh had already established the phenomenon of the scattering of light and had provided reasons for the blue colour of the sky. But his work was based on the multi-wavelength light passing through the atmospheric gases that scatter the light of lower wavelengths. C. V. Raman established a more advanced theory of scattering.

Molecular Scattering of Light

When light is scattered by a molecule, the oscillating electromagnetic field of a photon induces a polarisation of the molecular electron cloud, which leaves the molecule in a higher energy state after the energy of the photon is transferred to the molecule.

• This is sometimes referred to as the virtual state of the molecule and can be thought of as the formation of a very brief-lived complex between the photon and molecule.
• The virtual state is unstable and the photon is reemitted almost immediately, as scattered light.
• The wavelength of the scattered photon is equal to that of the incident photon in the vast majority of scattering events because the energy of the molecule remains constant following its interaction with the photon. This is the main process and is known as elastic (energy of a scattering particle is conserved) or Rayleigh scattering .
• Sir CV Raman and his student, K. S. Krishnan, in 1928 found an inelastic scattering of photons by matter (medium), meaning that there is both an exchange of energy and a shift in the light's wavelength. This phenomenon is called the Raman Effect .
• They found that there is a shift in the energy of the scattered photons (light particles) - either energy absorption (called Stokes scattering ), resulting in a redshift, or energy release (called a nti-Stokes scattering ), resulting in a blue shift.

Importance of the Raman Effect

Although termed a very weak effect, as only one scattered particle out of a million undergoes the shift in wavelength, the Raman Effect has proved to be a significant achievement in physics due to its various applications.

• Nature of light: The Raman Effect further cemented the particle theory of light, which holds that light is composed of tiny particles known as photons.
• Proof of quantum theory: The study of the phenomenon of light scattering is one of the most convincing proofs of quantum theory.
• Applications: The Raman Effect (scattering) provides information on vibrational, rotational and low-frequency modes of energy of molecules, which are the basis of its numerous applications.

Raman Spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy is an analytical technique where scattered light is used to measure the vibrational energy modes of a sample.

• Raman spectroscopy provides chemical as well as structural information of molecules.
• Raman spectroscopy extracts this information through the detection of Raman scattering from the sample.
• Both organic and inorganic compounds can be nondestructively analysed by the Raman spectroscopy. 
• Resonance Raman Spectroscopy (RRS)
• Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)
• Micro-Raman Spectroscopy
• Non-linear Raman Spectroscopic Techniques

Other Scientific Works of Sir CV Raman

Apart from scattering of light, Sir CV Raman was associated with other scientific works. 

• Spin of photons: With Suri Bhagavantam, Sir CV Raman determined the spin of photons in 1932, which further confirmed the quantum nature of light. 
• This effect has enabled optical communication components based on laser systems through the use of modulators and switching systems.
• Study on diffraction of light: He conducted theoretical and experimental studies on the effects of X-rays on infrared vibrations in crystals exposed to ordinary light, as well as on the diffraction of light by hypersonic and ultrasonic acoustic waves.
• From 1944 to 1968, he studied the structure and characteristics of diamonds .
• In the early 1950s, he studied the structure and optical behaviour of many iridescent materials, including labradorite, feldspar, agate, quartz, opal, and pearl. 
• His last interests in the 1960s were in biological properties such as the colours of flowers and the physiology of human vision.

Honours Received by Sir CV Raman

Sir CV Raman has been honoured with a number of awards and recognitions for his contributions.

• In 1930, Sir CV Raman was conferred with the Nobel Prize in Physics. He was the first Asian to get this recognition.
• He was one of the recipients who got the Bharat Ratna for the first time in 1954 (along with S. Radhakrishnan and C. Rajagopalachari).
• Sir CV Raman was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize in 1957.
• Raman, a lunar crater, is named after Sir CV Raman.

National Science Day (NSD)

The day on which the Raman Effect was discovered by CV Raman (February 28, 1928) is commemorated as National Science Day in India.

• History: The National Council for Science and Technology Communication (NCSTC) requested that the Indian government declare February 28 as National Science Day in 1986.
• The then-Indian government agreed and announced the day as National Science Day in 1986.
• February 28, 1987, marked the first National Science Day.
• NSD 2023: "Global Science for Global Wellbeing" is NSD-2023's theme.
• The theme "Global Science for Global Wellbeing" was chosen to increase public understanding of the scientific issues in a global context that are affecting global well-being.

FAQs on Sir CV Raman

What is the raman effect, named after sir cv raman.

Sir CV Raman and his student, K. S. Krishnan, in 1928 found an inelastic scattering of photons by matter (medium), meaning that there is both an exchange of energy and a shift in the light's wavelength. This phenomenon is known as the Raman Effect.

What is the contribution of Sir CV Raman to the field of physics?

Sir CV Raman gave Raman Effect. Raman spectroscopy uses the Raman effect. He was also part of the Raman-Nath theory.

Why was Sir CV Raman awarded the Nobel Prize in physics?

On February 28, 1928, Sir C.V. Raman introduced the "Raman effect," for which he was given the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.

Which honours have been received by Sir CV Raman?

In 1930, Sir CV Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. He was the first Asian to get this recognition. Sir CV Raman was one of the recipients who got the Bharat Ratna for the first time in 1954. Raman, a lunar crater, is named after him.

Where was Sir CV Raman born?

Sir CV Raman was born in Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, on November 7, 1888.

When is National Science Day celebrated?

The day on which the Raman Effect (named after Sir CV Raman) was discovered, February 28, 1928, is commemorated as National Science Day in India.

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National Science Day: How CV Raman changed the world by just looking at the sea

Dr cv raman discovered the phenomenon of raman scattering in 1928, for which he was awarded the nobel prize in physics in 1930..

Listen to Story

• Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was born on November 7, 1888
• The Raman Effect revolutionised not only physics but also chemistry
• Raman's discovery was a symbol of India's emerging prowess

As the world grapples with the growing burden of cancers, researchers are exploring a new tool to better screen this deadly disease.

Raman spectroscopy allows for the analysis of molecular composition, which can be useful in distinguishing between normal and cancerous tissues. But do you know who gave the world this revolutionary tool? It was an Indian.

Dr CV Raman discovered the phenomenon of Raman scattering in 1928, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930. This age-old discovery, today, plays a key role in identifying and analysing biological tissues.

Blue light, with its shorter waves, scatters more than other colours, making the sky appear blue to us. Lord Rayleigh suggested that the sea looks blue because it reflects the color of the sky.

Raman knew all this but couldn't agree with Lord Rayleigh's explanation for the sea's colour. He thought it might be due to light scattering by water molecules, but his idea needed scientific proof.

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🗒️CV Raman Biography: Life, Family, Education, Awards and Achievements

• Updated on  
• Nov 4, 2023

Sir Chandrashekhar Venkata Raman ( CV Raman ) was born on 7 November 1888 in Tiruchirappalli, India. He made tremendous contributions in the field of physics for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. CV Raman’s father was a lecturer of mathematics and physics. Hence, watching him get involved in science , Raman also developed an interest in the field of physics. He acquired his higher education in Physics from the Presidency College, Chennai in 1904. CV Raman is famous for his discovery of the scattering of light which is popularly known as Raman’s Effect. Stay tuned and read this article to know more about CV Raman Biography!

Also Read: Importance of Technology in Education

CV Raman Biography

Dr CV Raman was an intelligent scientist who was born on 7 November 1888. He was involved in academics from his childhood. His father, Chandrasekhara Ramanathan Iyer was a lecturer and his mother was a homemaker. They both supported him in his higher education.

In 1907, Raman married Lokasundari Ammal. He had two sons who were also great at studies. CV Raman once said that his wife was his greatest critic and supporter, whereas his children were the source of inspiration. He became a teacher and dedicated his life to teaching and mentoring young scientists at the Indian Institute of Science where is served as a Director from 1933 to 1948.

CV Raman Education 

CV Raman acquired his higher education from the Presidency College, Madrad in 1902 and obtained his bachelor’s degree in physics ( BA ) in 1904. He secured first place and won the gold medal in physics. Post graduation he completed an MA degree in physics in 1907 with the highest distinctions. CV Raman has researched in the field of optics and acoustics and gave the most popular discoveries i.e. scattering of light.

In 1907, he joined the Indian Finance Department and while working he took out time to conduct experimental research in the labs of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science at Calcutta.

In 1917, he earned the Palit Chair of Physics at Calcutta University. He also served as a Professor at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore (1933-1948) and then, he became the director of the Indian Institute of Science. 

Also Read: MSc Physics

Awards and Achievements 

CV Raman’s great contributions in the field of science and technology have inspired many young scientists. He also became the first Indian physicist to win the Nobel Prize. Some of his awards and achievements are listed below:

• Nobel Prize in Physics (1930)
• Bharat Ratna (1954)
• Lenin Peace Prize (1957)
• Hughes Medal of the Royal Society (1930)
• Matteucci Medal (1928)
• Franklin Medal (1941)
• Knight Bachelor (1930)
• Fellow of the Royal Society (1924)
• Woodburn Research Medal (1913)
• Curzon Research Award (1912)

Also Read: Why Sky is Blue in Colour?

Relevant Blogs

CV Raman was an Indian physicist born at Tiruchirappalli on 7 November 1888. His father was a lecturer of mathematics and physics so his efforts inspired him to get into the science stream. He was the discoverer of the scattering of light. 

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was the first Indian to win a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for his famous work on the scattering of light also referred to as the Raman effect.

CV Raman got married to Lokasundari Ammal.

For more information on such interesting topics, visit our Important Days website and follow Leverage Edu .

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CV Raman Essay

CV Raman represented and contributed significantly to India's scientific community as he was well-versed in philosophical thought and had an exquisite attention to detail. His discovery of the Raman Effect changed the world of science and made him the first ever Indian to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930. Here are a few sample essays on ‘ CV Raman ’.

100 Words On Essay On CV Raman

200 words on essay on cv raman, 500 words on essay on cv raman.

Since his father taught physics and mathematics at AV Narasimha Rao College in Visakhapatnam, CV Raman was raised in an academic environment. Raman was a dedicated student. He enrolled in the Presidency College in Madras in 1902, and in 1904 he successfully completed his BA programme, earning first place and a gold medal in Physics. He received the highest honours when he earned his MA in 1907. His early studies in optics and acoustics—the two areas of study to which he devoted his whole professional life—were conducted while he was still a student. Raman's primary study was on musical instruments and acoustics, which helped him be elected as a fellow of the Royal Society in 1924.

Early Life | C. V. Raman was born in Madras Province, India on November 7, 1888 in Thiruvanaikoil, Tiruchirappalli. His full name was Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman. He was the son of Parvati Ammal and R. Chandrasekhara Ver. His father taught physics and mathematics at Presidency College in Madras. His early studies in optics and acoustics were conducted while he was still a student. Raman began working for the Indian Finance Department in 1907 after finding that a scientific career did not appear to give the best opportunities at the time. Raman found opportunities to do experimental research in the lab of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences in Calcutta, despite his office duties consuming the majority of his time.

Accomplishments | The advancement of science in India was influenced by the work of Indian physicist C. V. Raman. In 1930, he became the first Indian scientist to receive the prestigious Nobel Prize in Physics. His discovery is commonly referred to as the "Raman effect" or "Raman scattering," which is the inelastic scattering of a photon. He received numerous honorary doctorates and memberships in prestigious scientific institutions. He passed away in Bangalore on November 21, 1970, at the age of 82. In India, National Science Day is observed on February 28 every year to commemorate the day that Indian scientist Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman discovered the Raman phenomenon.

CV Raman was the first Indian and Asian to be awarded the Physics Nobel Prize. Most importantly, he accomplished this while India was not well-known in the scientific community.

The Raman Effect

In 1928, while researching how light refracts in different materials, he discovered that when a transparent substance is lit by a beam of light of a particular frequency, a small amount of the light exits at right angles to the original direction, some of which is of a different frequency from the incident light. The energies connected to changes in rotational and vibrational states in the scattering material were named as Raman frequencies. In short, the Raman effect, discovered by C.V. Raman, occurs when light that shines through a material is scattered and its wavelength varies from that of the original incident light due to interactions with the molecules in the substance.

Academic Contribution

Raman received his knighthood in 1929, and in 1933 he relocated to the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore to take over the physics department. He was appointed the Raman Research Institute's director there in 1947, and in 1961 he was elected a member of the Pontifical Academy of Science. He helped establish almost all Indian research institutions during his lifetime, founded the Indian Journal of Physics and the Indian Academy of Sciences, and mentored hundreds of students who went on to hold significant positions in academic institutions and government in India and Myanmar (Burma).

His Work and Achievements

After spending 15 years in Calcutta, he moved to Bangalore to work as a professor at the Indian Institute of Science (1933–1948), and in 1948 he was appointed director of the Raman Institute of Research, which he had founded and endowed. The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences appointed him as Honorary Secretary. In 1926, he also started the Indian Journal of Physics, serving as its Editor. Raman supported the creation of the Indian Academy of Sciences and presided over it. He also served as the president of the Bangalore Current Science Association. Raman had produced credible work in his discipline, and the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences published his early autobiographies. These addressed the maintenance of vibrations and the theory of violin-family musical instruments. He presented a paper on the "Molecular Diffraction of Light" in 1922, marking the beginning of a series of studies with his associates that eventually resulted in the discovery of the radiation effect, which bears his name. He won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for this work. He and Suri Bhagavantam made the quantum photon spin discovery in 1932.

Raman lost consciousness in his lab at the end of October 1970. He pulled through and requested to be moved from the hospital to his institute's grounds. On November 21st, 1970, he passed away. His life served as an example of how hard work, dedication, and patience can lead to success. A new era of higher science began with him, and he set the example for others to follow.

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