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Essay: Pakistan is not a failed state, but a state of failing governance

2023, Pakistan is not a failed state, but a state of failing governance

This abstract provides a comprehensive overview of the intricate relationship between governance and the pursuit of a thriving state in Pakistan. It unveils the insensitivity of Pakistan's governance to effective principles, hindering its path to success. Through a detailed exploration of governance failures – from the lack of citizen protection to economic downturns and widespread corruption – the narrative emphasizes the nation's enduring resilience. Rooted in traditions, entrepreneurial spirit, and democratic yearning, this resilience defies governance hurdles. The essay concludes by advocating for holistic governance reform, sustainable economic strategies, resource allocation for education and welfare, inclusive politics, and global engagement as transformative solutions for Pakistan to overcome challenges and emerge as a thriving state.

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Pakistan has been in crises since its birth. Therefore, everyone knows the disparities Pakistan has in its socio-political and economic domains. In this paper, an alternate structure of governance is given for the resolution of all horizontal and vertical cleavages existing in the country for last sixty-seven years. Therefore, it is call of the day that we must contemplate for an alternate structure of governance. In this paper we are devising a strategy that may sustain our identity that is in question in the contemporary world. This paper is based on empirical analysis.

adnan sultan

Pakistan has been concerned for the improvement of its institutional and human capacity to improve the livelihoods of its citizens since its inception. This surge for improvement in the lifestyle of its citizens is assessed by the level of good governance in the country. Pakistan lags far behind in the field of governance, as the same is evident from the world reports on governance. Pakistan needs to review and revise its policies to earn effective and efficient governance practices. Law and order, energy, economy, political stability and national harmony are the key governance issues in Pakistan, which need comprehensive policy response. Pakistan has to overcome its shortcomings in the corruption control, accountability and mal-administration through legal frameworks in support, to ensure the good governance. Pakistan can achieve the good governance by introducing integrity, coordination, cooperation among individuals as well as institutions, besides the economic sustainability and proper policy process implementation.

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Tasneem Ahmad Siddiqui is a former civil servant who has written a book that is in tune with the governance issues being faced by Pakistan on a variety of fronts. The author has had much experience of the grassroots level and provides the reader a view of the changes at that level for a dynamic societal change. There is clear evidence of the faith that he seems to have in the resourcefulness of the people of Pakistan. The hallmark of the book is its concise and easy reading with not just criticisms but workable solutions that are offered by the author. At the outset, the crisis being faced by Pakistan is highlighted. The author delves into the historical antecedents of this crisis, apportioning blame to the Harvard Advisory Group, as it was their flawed development strategy with a pro-industry bias that ignored agriculture. They believed in jump-start modernisation without giving serious consideration to the fact that Pakistan has a strong agricultural base. The stated wisdom of suc...

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The purpose of this research report is to demonstrate and illustrate the good governance scenario in Pakistan also highlight the current problems and their proposed solution. This idea of governance is not developed from outside human’s experience throughout the ages. This is primarily laid on the lessons from historical backgrounds which recorded both the collapse of different nations that was resulted from the bad governance and also lessons on how distinct nations raised to greater heights as a result of good governance. The government of the state requires to make sure the provision of fundamental social services involving infrastructure poverty reduction programmes, provision of fundamental education to its masses, easy access to health care, protection of environment from pollution and dangerous chemicals as well as security of its public masses. The government is not supposed to ensure the provision of all these services by itself.

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Pakistan, a nation of 185.5 million people and a neighbor to Afghanistan, India and China -- in other words, a country of paramount strategic importance -- is in danger. Unlike other failed states, both a democratic government and a semblance of civilian infrastructure remain intact, and yet the nation is ranked #10 on the 2010 Foreign Policy and Fund for Peace's Failed States Index. Out of the 12 axioms that govern the index, Pakistan scores especially poorly on 'Security Apparatus,' 'Factionalized Elites,' 'Group Grievances,' and 'External Intervention.' A truly failed Pakistani state has grave implications for the international community. In addition to posing terrible physical, economic and humane costs to Pakistani society and citizenry, which constitutes the sixth-most populous nation in the world, a full-blown failure will surely lead to an explosion in militancy that places destabilizing pressures on sensitive neighboring countries. In this paper, I present a reform strategy to overhaul the country's political and economic stability and ensure security, while building on the country's robust elements. Some priorities of this approach are: i) the immediate provision of necessary services and security to disenfranchised groups such as women, minorities and rural peoples, ii) better enforcement of property rights to promote economic development, iii) increased transparency and accountability while reducing bureaucracy, iv) reformation of rules currently governing the security arms of government, v) improving communication between various branches of the state and iv) expanding access low-cost technological developments such as mobile phones in ways that can both empower the Pakistani people and reinforce the pursuit of institutional reform. The rules of the state must change to better reflect the nature of Pakistani society. I first express the policy goals of this strategy and briefly explain the ideology behind the strategy. I then provide a brief history of the nation, survey relevant statistics and identify key players. I will elaborate in detail the challenges facing Pakistan, and the questions we must consider when dealing with these challenges. I finally deliver my proposals to achieve each one of these policy goals, as well as my plans for their funding and implementation. I conclude with an overview of the anticipated effects of a fully-implemented strategy, and some finishing thoughts.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237557751

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In this paper, governance is defined as the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources for development. “Good Governance” is then synonymous with sound development practices. Vital reforms for public expenditure may flounder if accounting systems are so weak that budgetary policies cannot be implemented or even monitored; if poor procurement systems encourage corruption and distort public investment priorities. This only illustrates a broader point; good governance is central to creating and sustaining an environment which fosters strong and equitable development. Governments play a key role in the provision of public goods. They establish the rules that make markets work efficiently, and they correct for market failure. In order to play this role, they need revenues, and ‘agents’ to collect these revenues. This in turn requires systems of accountability, adequate and reliable information, and further, efficiency in resource management and delivery of public services.

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CRISES OF GOVERNANCE IN PAKISTAN: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS

• Inayat Kalim Head Department of Humanities, COMSATS University, Islamabad
• Manzoor Khan Afridi2 Head of Department of PS &IR, International Islamic University Islamabad

Good governance is a key element towards building a strong nation- hood and ensures socio-economic prosperity of the country. It helps support the government to perform its constitutional role in such a fashion that promotes the values of transparency, efficiency, responsiveness, accountability, effectiveness to civil society and rule of law. Investment and economic development go hand in hand with good governance. Today, Pakistan is confronted with a number of challenges to streamline its structure of governance as per international standards. To be proficient in governance, Pakistanis in dire need to reconsider and amend its governing policies. In this background, the paper attempts to explore the gap in policy making and its implementation which is a hurdle in good governance in Pakistan.

Ahmar, M. (January 28, 2019). Crisis in economy and overnance. The Express Tribune.

Awan, B. (2004).“Anti-corruption: Strategies in Pakistan", Lahore: Book Biz.

Brunswich Cananda. (n.d). Economic and Social Inclusion Corporation. Retrieved 05 12, 2020, from Brunswich Cananda:ttps://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/esic/ overview/content/what_is_social_development.html

Cambridge Dictionary. (2020, 05 06). Good governance. Retrieved 05 19, 2020, from Cambridge Dictionary: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/good-governance

Haider, A., Ud- Din, M., & Ghani, E. (2011). Consequences of Political Instability,Governance and Bureaucratic Corruption on Inflation and Growth: The Case of Pakistan. Munich Personal RepEe Archive.

Haq, Dr. I. (2019). Journey to Judicial Reforms. The Daily News. Retrieved on April 6, 2020 HYPERLINK https://www. thenews.com.pk/print/421063-journey-to-judicial-reforms https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/421063-journey-to-judicial- reforms

Hossen, M., & Anwar, K. A. (2011). Problems and Possibilities of Good Governance in Bangladesh: Hurdles to Achieve Sustainable Development. Public Policy and Administration Research.

Imran, M., & Nordin, R. (2018). Good Governance in Pakistan: Challenges and Recommendations. International Journal of Law, Government and Communication, 1-11.

Iqbal, W. (2019, 10 16). Global Competitiveness Report 2019: Pakistan’s ranking drops. Retrieved 05 19, 2020, from Business Recorder: https://www.brecorder.com/2019/10/10/529011/global- competitiveness-report-2019-pakistans-ranking-drops/

Ismail, Z. H. and Rizvi,S. (2010). Some issues of governance in Pakistan. SPDC Document.

Jairo, A.-A., Nguyen, C., Tran, A., & Phung, T. (2015). The Urban- Rural Gap in Governance and Public Administration: Evidence from Vietnam. International Public Management Review, 06(01), 10-25.

Javaid, U. (2010). Corruption and its deep impact on good governance in Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, Vol. 48, No. 1, PP. 123-134.

Javaid, U. (2010).Corruption and its deep impact on good governance in Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, Vol. 48, No. 1, PP. 123-134.

Khan, M. M., & Alam, I. (2020). Good Governance in Pakistan: Parameters,Causes and Measures. Punjab University, 319-336.

Khan, Y.,Rethi, G. and Szegedi, K. (2018). Corruption as Business Challenges in Pakistan. European Scientific Journal, Vol. 14, No. 16. Retrived from Doi:10.19044/esj.2018.v14n16p1

Knight, J. (2012), “The Economic Causes and Consequences of Social Instability in China”, CGC Discussion Paper Series.

Malik, S. (2019, 04 18). Pakistan’s Economic Woes: The Way Forward. Retrieved 05 18, 2020, from The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2019/04/pakistans-economic-woes- the-way-forward/

Mazhar , M. S., & Goraya, N. (2015). Issues of Good Governance in South Asia. South Asian Studies, 125 – 160.

Nawaz, S. (2019). Cross Swords: Pakistan, its Army, and the Wars Within. Amazon.com.

Pollitt, C., & Bouckaert, G. (2017). Public Management Reform. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.

Rana, S. (2020, 04 08). Express tribune. Pakistan’s public debt rises 21% to Rs33.4 trillion.

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Saleem, M. (2014). Poor governance leads to political instability: report. Lahore: Brecorder.

Sarker, M., & Alam, B. (2011). Issues of Capacity-Building and Good Governance: A Case of Bangladesh. International Journal of Business and Technopreneurship.

Sattar, A. R. (2019). Indicators affecting national governance in Pakistan. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 86-96.

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   Copyright © 2021          Pakistan        ISSN (Print) 1990-6579        ISSN (Online) 2706-6177

Crisis of Good Governance in Pakistan: Causes, Impacts, and Remedies

• Amna Shafique
• March 12, 2022
• CSS , CSS Essays , PMS , PMS Essays
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CSS, PMS Solved Essays | Crisis of Good Governance in Pakistan: Causes, Impacts, and Remedies

The essay is attempted by Inspector Amna Shafique on the given pattern, which Sir Syed Kazim Ali  teaches to his students, who have consistently been qualifying their CSS, PMS essays. Sir Syed Kazim Ali has been Pakistan’s top English writing and CSS, PMS essay and precis coach with the highest success rate of his students. The essay is uploaded to help other competitive aspirants learn and practice essay writing techniques and patterns.

Introduction

The imposing tower of miseries resting on Pakistan’s heart has its soul foundation in the presence of a crisis of good governance. It has started robbing the national notion of socio-economic stability in the country. However, pragmatic steps, such as reforming institutional efficiency, upholding accountability and ensuring transparency, can curb the menace of bad governance in Pakistan.

What is a governance crisis in its real sense?  A glimpse of the Governance Crisis in Pakistan How has Pakistan been affected because of bad governance nowadays? Why does Pakistan face the Crisis of Good Governance?

• Non-participation of citizens
• The Weak rule of law
• Absence of a transparent system
• Retarded responsiveness of institutions
• Lack of equity and non-inclusive decision-making
• Poor institutional efficacy and inefficiency
• Lack of accountability
• Lack of consensus among institutions

In what obstacles Pakistan has stuck itself?  Political impacts

• Political instability 
• Political polarization

Economic Impacts

• Economic declivity 
• Unemployment and poverty

Social Impacts

• Societal degradation
• National disintegration

Psychological Impacts

• Promotion of anti-state elements
• Tarnished image of the country

What available tools are there for Pakistan to religiously fix the crisis of good governance? 

• To promote public-private partnership for effective administration
• To hold the culprits accountable by strengthening the transparency mechanism 
• To equip the youth with equitable opportunities 
• To uphold meritocracy in the recruitment process 
• To reform bureaucracy for a better functioning
• To bring consensus among the political leadership at provincial and federal levels 
• To revamp the criminal justice system
• To transform societal attitudes by effective use of media and technology
• To ensure access of the public to information

Critical Analysis Conclusion

The imposing tower of miseries resting on Pakistan’s heart has its soul foundation in the presence of a crisis of good governance. It has started robbing the national notion of socio-economic stability in the country. There is no doubt that good governance is the only tool through which Pakistan can settle all its monumental problems. However, the country has remained unable to sustain its political maturity and socio-economic development due to the prevailing crisis of good governance. Since independence, governance issues have been a part of the debate in Pakistan. The inefficient political leaders, multiple military interventions and delay in constitution-making have manifested poor governance in the country. The plight of governance in Pakistan is due to the non-participation of citizens, the weak rule of law, and the absence of a transparent system. In addition to them, retarded responsiveness of institutions, non-inclusive decision making and poor efficiency of institutions increase the woes of a governance crisis. It is certain that in the absence of good governance, the country cannot integrate into the international economy, and these conditions will lead it toward chaos and instability. Moreover, it cannot drive its people out of poverty; thus, social degradation and the promotion of anti-state elements is inevitable. Now, Pakistan is at a crossroads. It needs to reform its institutional structures by promoting public-private partnerships for effective administration. Furthermore, reforming bureaucracy for better functioning, ensuring accountability and revamping the criminal justice system would enable Pakistan to get its desired position among nations. The need for governance has been rightly remarked by  Benigno Aquino, “With proper governance, life will improve for all” . This essay throws light on the crisis of good governance, its socio-economic and political impacts, and the available tools to fix this crisis.

Governance simply implies the manner and actions governing an organization or a state. It finds its deep roots in the country’s administration, and so is the case in Pakistan. For the first time, the concept of governance was introduced in the late 1980s by United Nations to elaborate on the acute social problems in sub-Saharan Africa. For decades, governance issues have been a part of the debate in Pakistan, stressing their impact on the daily lives of the masses. Unfortunately, Pakistan has been unable to take practicable steps to solve its governance crisis; thus, weakening the socio-economic fabric and political institutions and destroying the precious future of its generations. In order to be seen through the prism of modern economies, Pakistan must ensure exemplary governance, as it is the key to stability and prosperity.  Etounge Manguella  remarked,  “Good governance implies the presence of the rule of law, safeguard of human rights, the existence of honest government, accountability, transparency, predictability and openness.”

Good governance has always been an important issue since the inception of Pakistan. It is evident that the country has always been affected by instability in the political system, both by the civilians and military regimes. Moreover, the delay in constitution-making has also aggravated the country’s governance system. Although Pakistan is rich in resources, its poor management has wreaked havoc on the persistent economic crisis. The quantum of good governance relies on the efficient working of state organs; however, in Pakistan, state institutions face a shortage of accountability, transparency, meritocracy and the weak rule of law. The country is not a collapsed one, but a governed state, lacking equity and non-inclusive decision making. Therefore, the crisis has resulted in political instability, economic declivity and societal degradation. Moreover, the country is dominant in a race of nukes but crawling on the belly in terms of human development. This has accelerated the poverty and unemployment rate. It has been seventy-four years since Pakistan came into being, but it cannot ensure sustainable growth because the Pakistani political leadership has not learned from their previous mistakes. Furthermore, some power-hunger politicians are trying to topple the elected government on the pretext of massive rigging in the 2018 Elections. Until this political thinking prevails, Pakistan cannot materialize its dream of good governance. As  Quaid I Azam  stated,

“If we want to make this great State of Pakistan happy and prosperous, we should wholly and solely concentrate on the wellbeing of the people and especially of the masses and the poor.”

Astonishingly, the governance crisis does not revolve around any one factor; it is ingrained in various structural factors. The policy to keep the majority aloof from administrative matters lies at the heart of this evil. 

Appallingly, it results in a reactive policy instead of a proactive one; the persistent natural gas crisis in winters every year stands evident to this docile policy. Furthermore, lack of transparency results in the exploitation of resources, which in turn is aided by the weak accountability system. According to the latest transparency index report ,  Pakistan ranks 124 among 180 nations, which means it does not do enough on the governance parameter. Besides this, the accountability institutions of Pakistan are unable to perform their duties as credible independent organizations. Dejectedly, they have become a tool of political victimization in the hands of governments; consequently, the incapacity of the institutions to enforce across the board accountability is adding fuel to the fire. As a fact, Pakistan has been entangled between the devil and the deep blue sea, making the country lag behind politically, socially and economically. Moreover, the gap between the masses and the ruling elite continues to widen, aggravating the governance crisis further into a trench.

In addition to the unaccountability across the board, the weak rule of law is a significant hurdle that exacerbates the crisis of good governance in Pakistan. As a result, meritocracy has merely become a dream, concentrating power only in a few hands. Furthermore, the absence of an uninterrupted local government system has also played its part in weakening the country’s governance structure. Similarly, the lack of coordination among institutions is a severe predicament to the prevailing crisis, as the house divided cannot stay long. Evidently, the meagre political system, uprooted on various occasions, has also been an obstacle to consensus building. Therefore, a sense of insecurity is depicted in the Politicians, trying to consolidate power only with their trustworthy people. However, this non-inclusive decision-making has become a double-edged sword; on the one hand, it makes ineffective decisions, and on the other, inefficient by adding to the lengthy procedural complications. Above all, the slow solution of complaints and inability to utilize the resources and opportunities at best have further aggravated Pakistan’s governance structures. The significance of timely decision making is correctly described by  Piyush   Goyal, “The speed of decision making is the essence of ensuring good governance”.  Thus, it is a fact that many factors contributed to making poor governance a daemon, severely impacting the political, economic and social wellbeing of the masses. 

Like every problem has some impacts, poor governance gives birth to political instability and socio-economic chaos. Instead of fulfilling its task and duties, the corrupt bureaucracy gets involved in political engineering and wreaks havoc on the governance system of Pakistan. Besides this, political polarization, another outcome of bad governance, divides the country into religious, ethnic and cultural domains. As a result, the sense of unity and feelings of nationalism disintegrates, which fuels the cultural provincialism in the country. It is evident in Pakistan that the facts and moral truths are losing weight due to political vote blocs. Furthermore, the opposition leaders leave no stone unturned to thwart the political policies and projects of the incumbent government; consequently, the leg-pulling attitude of the opposition cause hindrance and delay in political policy implementation. Thus the country fails to overcome this crisis and disintegrates due to political polarization. A.P Memon rightly says it 

“The unstable government, inefficient political parties and a weak political culture create a scenario of poor governance for a politically unstable state”.

Apart from political instability, economic declivity has grabbed its hold in Pakistan. It is a fact that economic growth is a driving force in reducing poverty. Still, the experience has shown that poor governance has significantly impaired the country’s economic progress. As a result, unemployment and poverty rates have increased with time. According to  the multidimensional poverty index (2016) , around 39% of the population lives in poverty. Thus, bad governance misallocates the resources; consequently, this resource inequality allows the elite to subvert the political regulatory and legal institutions for their gains and oppose institutional reforms against their vested interest. Therefore, these conditions give birth to inequality, and the state fails to provide employment opportunities and other basic services to its people. However, the poor governance of Pakistan has failed to implement economic policies to alleviate poverty.  M.H Mushtaq  has aptly remarked,  “Good governance drives economic development”.

In addition to Pakistan’s political and economic crisis, the deterioration of the social fabric has led to moral bankruptcy. Likewise, Pakistan’s society has, obviously, become a victim of moral degradation. The changing moral fabric and cultural norms of a country induced moral panic, moral transformation and status anxieties within the public. As a result, people violate laws, traffic rules, and other common violations that create distress. Moreover, the use of foul language is common among traffic wardens, health officers and everywhere. Thus the governance system has failed to implement strict punishments in the different sectors; consequently, social chaos has ridden the societal peace. Besides this, national integration is strongly dependent on good governance at the national level where all rights are equally respected without any linguistic, regional or cultural identities. Although Pakistan is multilingual, multicultural, multiethnic and multi-religious, the crisis of good governance has exacerbated the issues of national integration. 

Last but not least, the poor governance structure in Pakistan has given a constant mental dither to its masses. As a result, the anti-state elements create a disturbance and spread anarchy. Besides this, a negative image of Pakistan has been portrayed around the globe; consequently, the worth of the Green Passport has been lost and Pakistanis are perceived as unethical, unprincipled and corrupt individuals. Thus Pakistan has given scant attention to providing good governance not only in recent times but throughout its history. 

  Ibne Khaldun  said,  “Throughout history, many nations have suffered a physical defeat, but that has never marked the end of a Nation. But when a Nation has become the victim of a psychological defeat, then that marks the end of a Nation”.

 As every problem has a solution, there are specific ways to improve the governance structure in Pakistan. The first and foremost option is to promote Public-Private Partnerships for the effective administration of public institutions. Unfortunately, the country’s different sectors, such as the Pakistan steel mill Pakistan International airline, are responsible for aggravating the financial burden on the country’s economy. According to the Prime Minister, Imran Khan, the Pakistan steel mill is the largest loss-making unit that costs 17 billion rupees a year. Therefore, Public-Private Partnership is important to keep losses at a minimum level. Moreover, an unbiased accountability system is an indispensable tool to strengthen the governance mechanism and curb irregularities in the institutional processes. Although the National Accountability Bureau holds politicians accountable, it must uphold unbiased accountability towards all public institutions and their officials.  Quaid e Azam said, “With faith, discipline, and selfless devotion to duty, there is nothing worthwhile that you cannot achieve.” It is proved from the above saying of Quaid e Azam that a nation can achieve whatever it wants without involving any corruption.

In addition to accountability, another significant step is to equip the youth with an equitable opportunity in all sectors and uphold meritocracy in the recruitment process. According to the Trading Economics Global Macro Model, the unemployment rate in Pakistan would reach 5% by the end of 2021. Therefore, it is the need of the hour to abolish nepotism and uphold merit in the recruitment process. Moreover, the provision of equal opportunities would provide equal chances to all the applicants and encourage them to participate positively. Furthermore, the reforms in the bureaucracy would focus on capacity building and training programs, which will enable the civil servants to strengthen their capabilities to respond to the humanitarian crisis. Moreover, an inclusive approach of involving the people and the stakeholders in the decision-making by the field officers of the administrative services would result in the effective and efficient delivery of services.

Besides bureaucratic reforms, the consensus among the political leadership at provincial and federal levels and revamping the criminal justice system are essential elements for good governance. The consensus among politicians on different matters such as E-voting and free and fair elections can curb the political rigging; the present government’s focus on constitutional developments of provincial set-ups and the independent functioning of the election commission of Pakistan can improve governance. Besides political consensus, reconstructing the criminal justice system is the need of the hour; consequently, it would eradicate criminalization based on sex, gender and equality. The following quote of Quaid e Azam throws light on the importance of law and order. He stated,  “The first duty of a government is to maintain law and order so that the life, property and religious beliefs of its subjects are fully protected by the . Last but not least, a change in social attitude towards politics and free flow of information to the public would create awareness among the masses and arouse positive feelings towards politicians and administration. As the role of media has impacted the social, economic, and political aspects of a nation, advanced technology and updated information and its access to people would reduce the crisis of governance in Pakistan.

Pakistan needs bold steps to be taken to be placed in the list of countries with good governance, where it may gain respect and honour in the international community. However, since its inception, it is evident that it has not been on sustainable economic growth, social progress, and cultural development. The reason is that Pakistani political leadership has not learned from their previous mistakes. And, when formidable challenges have surrounded the country, some power-hunger politicians are trying to topple the elected government on the pretext of massive rigging in the 2018 Elections. However, it’s the government, and all the institutions of the state and the masses as well are responsible for such a deteriorated society of Pakistan. To conclude, governance impacts a country’s affairs socially, politically and economically.

In a nutshell, good governance in Pakistan would pave the way toward building morale and upright institutions. Thus, to resolve the governance crisis, there is a need to implement an actual model of democracy that can actually deliver services to its citizens. Moreover, the country cannot flourish until it has skilful leadership, strong accountability, the rule of law and meritocracy. However, national integration and social transformation are essentially needed to root out poor governance. Likewise, coordination among public and private sectors for the uplift of state institutions; and reforms in bureaucracy would promote good governance in the country. Unless the governance crises are not curbed, socio-economic growth and political instability are inevitable. According to  Jairam Ramesh, “There never is a good time for tough decisions. There will always be an election or something else. You have to pick courage and do it. Governance is about taking tough, even unpopular decisions”.

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