the reign of terror essay

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Between 1793 and 1794, the French Revolution entered its most dramatic period, known as the Reign of Terror, which saw huge violence against those considered to be enemies of the Revolution. Why did the revolutionary government approve so many killings? What was their purpose, and what were their effects?

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Reign of terror: summary

Also known simply as 'The Terror', the Reign of Terror was incited by factors such as political and religious upheaval. During 'The Terror' anyone considered an enemy of the Revolution was executed. At this point, an enemy was essentially anyone suspected of opposing revolutionary ideas. The death toll ranged in the tens of thousands, with around 17,000 of those being official executions.

Causes of the Reign of Terror

The main cause of the Terror was the perceived disunity of France at a time of extreme political instability in the face of internal crisis and external threats. This instability showed itself in religious and popular rebellions as well as disagreements over the management of those threats.

Threats of foreign invasion

The monarchies of Europe were hostile to the French Revolution , fearing that revolutionary ideas would spread to their own dominions if it was not stopped. This led Leopold II of Austria (brother of Marie Antoinette) and Frederick William II of Prussia to issue the Pillnitz Declaration on 27 August 1791. The Declaration stated that they would invade France if the French King Louis XVI was threatened, and called on other European powers to join them.

The Declaration created a real fear of invasion and a sense that outside forces were meddling in French affairs. This not only made the revolutionaries more hostile to the King who was thought to be conspiring with other monarchs but led the Jacobins and Girondins to declare war against Austria and Prussia on 20 April 1792. This started the War of the First Coalition .

Jacobins : originally founded as the Club Breton , the Jacobin Club was led by Maximilien Robespierre from 31 March 1790. Jacobins were radicals concerned that the aristocracy and other counter-revolutionaries would do anything to reverse the gains of the Revolution.

Girondins : the Girondins were never a formal club but an informal alliance, centred around deputies from the southwestern Gironde region (of which Bourdeaux is still the capital). The Girondins supported the Revolution but opposed its increasing violence and favoured a decentralised, constitutional solution.

France suffered devastating defeats in the war until September 1792 when they stopped the Austro-Prussian forces from invading France at the Battle of Valmy .

Their prolonged defeats created paranoia around the continued threat of invasion. This served as a justification for the violence of the Terror, necessary to unify France in the face of foreign threats. Indeed, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, the president of the National Convention, who would become known as the Archangel of the Terror, defended the use of violence:

That which produces the general good is always terrible, or it seems utterly strange when it is begun too early.

National Convention : a unicameral (one house only) parliament that governed France from August 1792 to October 1795.

The First Coalition consisted of the Austrian and Russian empires, the Dutch Republic, and the kingdoms of Prussia, Spain, Naples, Portugal, Sardinia, and Great Britain. These countries were committed to defeating France and undoing the Revolution.

The War of the First Coalition started when France declared war on Austria on 20 April 1792 , following the Pillnitz Declaration , rapidly bringing Austria's ally, Prussia, into the war against France. Several other European states joined and formed the First Coalition. The war lasted more than five years, ending in 1797 , and took place mainly along the eastern borders of France, with fighting in Flanders (now in Belgium), along the Rhine, and Italy.

The war saw the creation of French client states, the first 'sister republics': the Batavian Republic (the Netherlands) and the Cisalpine Republic (northern Italy). Several future French leaders got their start during this war, most notably a young Napoléon Bonaparte who helped retake the southern city of Toulon from an alliance of French royalists and Coalition forces in 1793.

Popular pressure

The need for Terror was increased by the constant pressure on the Convention from ultra-revolutionary groups. On 10 March 1793, the Revolutionary Tribunal was created in order to judge the actions of perceived enemies of the Revolution. The tribunal's creation was a response to several uprisings that sprung up all over France against the National Convention, known as the Federalist Revolts . Like the Girondins, Federalists favoured a decentralised France. Notable revolts took place in the Vendée and Lyon in 1793.

An uprising by a radical revolutionary sect known as the Enragés took place on the same day as the Tribunal's creation. The sect was known for extremist views and constantly instigated uprisings to force the Convention to take more radical revolutionary actions. In response, on 18 March 1793, the Convention issued the death penalty for anyone supporting the views of the Enragés.

A key turning point in the course of the Terror was an armed insurrection by the sans-culottes which took place between 31 May and 2 June 1793. The sans-culottes stormed the Convention and demanded that its 29 Girondin deputies be expelled because the sans-culottes viewed them as too moderate.

Sans-culottes: literally 'without breeches', this is a term used to describe working-class revolutionaries, so-called because they were stereotyped as wearing more practical trousers rather than knee-breeches. Originally an insult, it was adopted as a term of pride. The sans-culottes would be the backbone of the Revolution in its early years.

The Jacobins took this opportunity to arrest the Girondins and take over the Convention. As a result, increasingly terroristic methods were used to maintain the unity of the country.

Religious upheaval

The French Revolution was characterised by a dramatic rejection of religion. The conflict between those who rejected the concept of God entirely in favour of atheism and those who still remained devoted to Catholic Christianity created extreme religious upheaval all around France. This became another cause that urged the use of terror to maintain order.

The first tangible rejection of Catholicism came with the Civil Constitution of the Clerg y, issued on 12 July 1790. This involved the reorganisation of the Catholic Church, effectively making priests into civil servants, with wages paid by the State, and a system of elections.

On 27 November 1790, the National Assembly commanded members of the clergy to take an oath proclaiming their support for the French constitution and reorganising the church. Only around 50% of French priests took the oath, splitting the French church. As historian Noelle Plack put it:

While on paper asking clerics to take an oath of fidelity to the nation, the law, the king, and the new Revolutionary constitution may have seemed relatively benign, in reality it became a referendum on whether one’s first loyalties were to Catholicism or to the Revolution. 1

National Assembly : the National Constituent Assembly governed France following the Storming of the Bastille in July 1789 and dissolved itself in October 1791.

To maintain order, the National Convention tried various methods:

• It created the Law of Suspects in September 1793, arresting many dissenting priests.
• On 5 October 1793, the Convention decided to abolish all religious holidays and created a new non-religious calendar. The date of the First French Republic's establishment in 1792 became Year I.
• To replace Catholicism Maximilien Robespierre attempted to create a form of deism in the Cult of the Supreme Being . Robespierre thought atheism would encourage anarchy and that the populace needed a common faith, but his plan utterly failed. It only encouraged a further divide in the country as many people refused to follow the Cult and thus intensified the need for Terror.

Deism: belief in the existence of a supreme being/creator, who does not intervene in the universe.

Cult of the Supreme Being: a religion of 'reason' created by Robespierre based on Enlightenment values.

Events and purpose of the Reign of Terror

The Terror's purpose was to maintain the unity of France during a period when multiple internal and external actors were threatening the Revolution. So, what happened during the Terror?

The Committee of Public Safety

The Terror had its foundation in the Committee of Public Safety which was brought into being in April 1793. The National Convention supported the Committee's near-dictatorial power as they thought offering them expansive powers would lead to efficiency of government.

Committee of Public Safety : the provisional government of France between April 1793 and July 1794. Robespierre was elected to the Committee of Public Safety in July 1793 and used it to eliminate his enemies.

The Committee's main role was to protect the Republic against foreign attacks and internal division. It was given control over military, judicial, and legislative efforts but this was only to be a wartime measure.

The Committee struggled to control the populace, and as the threat of invasion by the First Coalition grew, along with internal strife, so did the Committee's powers. This was because the Committee believed that the more tightly they controlled the French people, the more unified the country would stay.

Maximilien Robespierre and the Reign of Terror

In July 1793, following the expulsion of the Girondists from the National Convention, the leaders of the Jacobin Club, Maximilien Robespierre and Saint-Just, were elected to the Committee.

The power of the Committee of Public Safety increased following this unrest, with the National Convention giving it executive powers. The Committee attempted to use these powers to persecute the Federalists, Girondins, monarchists, and others suspected of counter-revolutionary activity like the clergy. This caused a falling-out between Robespierre and his former ally and popular Jacobin leader, Georges Danton, who renounced the use of political violence.

The Committee’s increasingly extreme stance did nothing to curb counter-revolutionary sentiment around France. Many moderates believed that the Terror went against the ideals of justice and equality upon which the Revolution was founded. To make matters worse, popular unrest and violence continued in the regions of Lyon, Marseille and Toulon.

The Execution of Danton

Robespierre wanted to carry the Revolution with one single will, as he put it. As a result, he conducted a fratricidal (brother-against-brother) campaign against any fellow Jacobins he perceived as counter-revolutionary or a threat to his position.

At the end of March 1794, Georges Danton, a vocal critic of the Committee of Public Safety, was arrested on charges of financial corruption and conspiracy. Robespierre insisted that Danton was in the pay of a foreign power, likely Great Britain. Danton and Camille Desmoulins, another prominent Jacobin and Montagnard, were executed along with thirteen others on 5 April 1794. The death of Danton would come back to haunt Robespierre.

The Law of 22 Prairal

Robespierre's manic wish to purify the Republic led to tyranny and he essentially killed anyone who disagreed with him. Thousands were arrested, and, on 10 June 1794, the National Convention passed the Law of 22 Prairial Year II (the corresponding date on the French revolutionary calendar), which suspended the rights to a public trial and to legal assistance.

Juries could only acquit or sentence the accused to death. Subsequently, the rate of executions increased sharply and at least 1300 people were executed in June 1794 alone. Executions increased to such an extent after the Law of 22 Prairial that the month following its enactment became known as the Great Terror , only ending with July's Thermidorian Reaction .

The Battle of Fleurus

On 26 June 1794, a French army under General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan won the Battle of Fleurus (in the Austrian Netherlands ) against the First Coalition, marking a turning point in France’s military fortunes. With the First Coalition now on the backfoot, this lowered the likelihood that France itself would be invaded. It undermined the necessity of strict wartime measures and the legitimacy of the Revolutionary Government, which had justified extreme measures as necessary to resist foreign powers. Jourdan himself had been temporarily dismissed by Robespierre in early 1794.

The Thermidorian Reaction

The Thermidorian Reaction on 27 July 1794 ( 9 Thermidor Year II in the revolutionary calendar) was a parliamentary revolt against Maximilien Robespierre, who had been the leader of the National Convention since June 1794.

As the paranoia of the Great Terror gripped France everyone was suspecting everyone of treason. Robespierre addressed the National Convention on 26 July 1794 suggesting that he was aware of a number of people who had committed treason but he would not name them. This caused a frenzy amongst the members of the Committee as they feared that any of them could be convicted and executed.

To prevent this, the next day the members of the National Convention shouted him down and decreed his arrest. Robespierre along with his supporters barricaded at the Hôtel de Ville (the centre of the Parisian civic government) but he was arrested on 28 July 1794. On the same day, he was executed, along with 21 of his closest associates.

Over the next few days, around 100 supporters of Robespierre were executed. Although the Reign of Terror was ending, the White Terror had just begun: moderates now started terrorising the Jacobins and other radicals.

Consequences of the Reign of Terror

The Reign of Terror had the opposite results to those intended. Arbitrary executions and lack of accountability created a sense of paranoia across France. Many became completely disillusioned with the Revolution and helped fuel the counter-revolution calling for a return to the monarchy. Eventually, even Robespierre's former allies turned against him during the Thermidorian Reaction as he himself turned against his fellow Jacobins and Montagnards.

Montagnards : named for the highest benches of the National Assembly ( La Montagne : 'The Mountain'), this was a loosely-defined inner circle of Jacobins that gathered around Robespierre from 1792 onwards.

When Robespierre was arrested on 9 Thermidor, he was rendered momentarily speechless. At this, a fellow deputy reputedly cried out:

The blood of Danton chokes him! 2

Robespierre, shocked at this, simply remarked that if the execution of Danton had bothered the members of the National Convention so much, then they should have done something to save him.

The Reign of Terror and the resulting White Terror permanently damaged the position of the Jacobin Club. They never again held the power that they did between 1792 and 94 and their membership dropped massively following the executions of Robespierre and his supporters. On 12 November 1794, the National Convention unanimously passed a decree permanently closing the Jacobin Club.

The Reign of Terror - Key takeaways

The Reign of Terror (1793–94) was a period of violence during the French Revolution incited by several factors such as political and religious upheaval.

The main causes of the Terror were the perceived threats of the Revolution within and outside of France. Notable examples were the threat of invasion by foreign monarchies and pressure inflicted on the Convention by radical French sects.

The purpose of the Terror was to maintain French unity. The country was fracturing due to religious, social, and political pressures. The Convention thought that they could force everyone to comply with their vision of revolutionary government through terroristic methods.

The effects of the Terror were devastating to France. Many became utterly disillusioned with the Revolution and even called for a return to the monarchy. Ultimately, the Thermidorian reaction and the fall of Robespierre brought an end to the Terror and the beginning of the White Terror.

1. Noelle Plack, 'Challenges in the Countryside, 1790–2', in David Andress (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution (Oxford, 2015), p. 356.

3. Simon Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution (New York, 1999), p. 844.

Frequently Asked Questions about The Reign of Terror

--> what happened during the reign of terror.

During the Reign of Terror, Maximilien Robespierre and the Girondins used the powers of the Committee of Public Safety to execute around 17,000 suspected 'counter-revolutionaries' and imprison many more. They justified these executions as necessary to unify France against the threat of the First Coalition. Ultimately, this failed and the National Assembly turned against Robespierre in the Thermidorian Reaction.

--> Why did the Reign of Terror end?

The Reign of Terror ended with the arrest and execution of Maximilien Robespierre on 28 July 1794. The execution of popular politician, Georges Danton, in April 1794 and the escalating violence of the period between June and July 1794 finally turned the National Convention against Robespierre and the Terror.

--> What was the Reign of Terror and why was it important?

The Reign of Terror was a period of nearly a year from September 1793 onwards, during which Maximilien Robespierre and the Girondins used the powers of the Committee of Public Safety to execute around 17,000 suspected 'counter-revolutionaries' and imprison many more. This was the most radical phase of the French Revolution and the instability and violence disillusioned many republicans. In 1795, it led to the royalist White Terror and the creation of the French Directory to restore order.

--> What is a summary of the Reign of Terror?

The Reign of Terror was a period of mass execution in France between 1793 and 1794, carried out by the Committee of Public Safety against anyone suspected of 'counter-revolutionary' ideas.

--> How did the Reign of Terror affect France?

The Reign of Terror increased unrest in France and turned the National Assembly against Robespierre and the Girondins, leading to Robespierre's downfall in the Thermidorian Reaction. The Reign of Terror also prompted a royalist reaction in the form of the White Terror and the increased unrest led to the formation of the French Directory.

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Describe the range of privileges that the nobility experienced.

They were exempt from military conscription, and they did not have to pay the gabelle. They benefited from feudal dues (imposing duties upon peasantry). They had monopoly rights to manage mills or wine presses. They were also exempt from the toughest tax: the taille.

Why did the peasants from the Third Estate resent the monarchy?

The peasantry had to pay taxes, which made them utterly resentful. The peasants paid tithe to Church, feudal dues to their landlords, and taxes to the State. The feudal dues were paid in grain or crops, varying between 33% of the harvest. The taxes paid to the State steeply increased between 1749–83 due to France being involved in wars. The worst burden was paying rent to the landlords – the rent increased during the second half of the 18th century due to the population growth. 

What did the philosophers from the Enlightenment period criticise?

The philosophers attacked the Church and the government. They did not accept the literal interpretation of the Bible, as any miracle would be perceived as a superstition. The Church was criticised for its corrupt and wealthy nature. The philosophers did scrutinise the government, specifically denying that God chose a King to lead the country.

Give some short-term causes for the execution of Louis XVI. 

1. France’s involvement in the American War of Independence. Many French soldiers who fought for the Independence of America were exposed to revolutionary ideals (liberty and democracy), diminishing the support for the King even more. The involvement exhausted the government’s resources. Jacques Necker financed the war by raising loans instead of taxes. 

2. Political crisis was another reason. The King was urged to convoke the Estates-General. After the convocation, the Third Estate pronounced itself to be the National Assembly. The King’s attempts to control the situation resulted in the Tennis Court Oath (commitment to a national constitution and a more representative government) the declaration of the National Constituent Assembly (was formed during the first stage of the Revolution). National Constituent Assembly assumed its power. The King’s executive authority was passed on to the Nation’s elected representatives. The French Revolution had started. 

3. The King lost his credibility. The King ignored the advice to abdicate and attempted to flee with his family to the eastern frontier in 1791. He was caught at Varennes and escorted to Paris, losing his credibility as a monarch. The people accused him of repudiating the revolutionary reforms. The King also refused to implement the constitution of 1791, which he had agreed previously to. The publication of the manifesto by the Austrian commander, the duke of Brunswick, asserting the intent of Austria to restore the King’s powers, pushed everyone over the edge.

What was Louis XVI accused of?

Louis XVI was accused of high treason (he refused to cede his power to the Revolutionary Government) and the crimes against the State.

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3 (page 38) p. 38 The reign of terror

• Published: May 2018
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What are the origins of terrorism? ‘The reign of terror’ explains that the notion of terrorism, or terror, came from the French Revolution. The terror transformed the Revolution from a liberating to a destructive force. Those who instigated the terror had to find justification for their violent killing. Their motivation provides a key to the distinctive nature of modern terrorism. The revolutionaries may have seemed to act as crusaders, but the Reign of Terror was informed by the Enlightenment assumption that human agency can change the social order. The French Revolution’s use of violence created a model for the application of terrorizing force by state actors that lasted two centuries.

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The Reign of Terror: when Revolution Turned Blood Red

This engaging essay takes us on a vivid journey through one of history’s most tumultuous periods, the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution. Set in the backdrop of 1790s France, the piece brings to life the chaotic and fear-laden atmosphere of the era, marked by the rise of the Jacobins and their leader, Maximilien Robespierre. The essay paints a vivid picture of the paranoia, suspicion, and extreme measures that characterized this period, where the guillotine became a symbol of both justice and terror. It delves into the complex character of Robespierre, acknowledging his progressive policies amidst the rampant executions. The narrative captures the tension and contradiction of the Reign of Terror, highlighting its role as a critical, albeit dark, phase in the fight for liberty, equality, and fraternity. The essay concludes by reflecting on the Reign of Terror as a profound lesson in the dangers of extremism and the moral dilemmas inherent in revolutionary change, posing questions about the true cost of freedom and justice that resonate through the ages. PapersOwl showcases more free essays that are examples of Revolution.

How it works

Picture this: France in the 1790s, a place where the air crackles with the promise of change and the shadow of the guillotine looms large. This is the setting of the Reign of Terror, a period in the French Revolution where things went from hopeful to horrifying faster than you can say “liberté, égalité, fraternité.”

The story of the Reign of Terror is like a rollercoaster that only goes down. It all kicked off after the French Revolution had already flipped the country upside down.

The monarchy? Gone. But what filled the void wasn’t peace and freedom; it was chaos and fear. Enter the Jacobins, led by the infamous Maximilien Robespierre, a group of radicals who believed that protecting the revolution justified some pretty extreme measures. And by extreme, I mean sending thousands to the guillotine, including Queen Marie Antoinette herself.

This period was marked by paranoia and suspicion on steroids. People were accused of being enemies of the state for just about anything, and the Revolutionary Tribunal was more like a conveyor belt to the guillotine than a court of justice. It was a time when saying the wrong thing, or nothing at all, could have you seeing the business end of Madame Guillotine.

But let’s not paint Robespierre as just a villain in a horror show. The guy believed he was doing what was needed for the revolution’s survival. Under his watch, there were some pretty progressive moves like price controls to keep bread affordable and abolishing slavery in the colonies. It’s just that these changes were overshadowed by the daily head count from the guillotine.

The Reign of Terror finally hit the brakes when Robespierre himself got a taste of his own medicine. His execution in July 1794 was like a wake-up call, ending the bloodbath and paving the way for a less terrifying phase of the revolution.

Reflecting on the Reign of Terror is like staring into a dark abyss of human nature. It’s a chilling reminder of how a quest for freedom can spiral into a freefall of violence. It makes you wonder about the price of change and what happens when the power to bring about that change gets a little too absolute.

In the end, the Reign of Terror stands as a bloody chapter in the tale of the French Revolution, a complex saga of power, ideology, and the human cost of radical change. It’s a part of history that asks us hard questions about justice, freedom, and how far we’re willing to go for our ideals. And let’s be honest, these questions are as relevant now as they were back in the tumultuous streets of 1790s France.

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Home Essay Samples Government Reign of Terror

Examining the Reign of Terror: Understanding its Unjustifiability

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Home — Essay Samples — History — Reign of Terror — The Justification of the Reign of Terror During the French Revolution

The Justification of The Reign of Terror During The French Revolution

• Categories: Reign of Terror

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Words: 792 |

Published: Nov 6, 2018

Words: 792 | Pages: 2 | 4 min read

The essay analyzes the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution, discussing its justification, unjustifiability, and partial justification from various perspectives. The Reign of Terror, characterized by its radical measures and mass executions, was a pivotal phase in the French Revolution, marked by the leadership of figures like Maximilien Robespierre and Jean-Paul Marat.

The essay suggests that the Reign of Terror can be justified under certain circumstances. After the execution of King Louis XVI, the National Assembly aimed to establish equality for all citizens and address France's financial problems. However, internal and external threats, such as rebellions and foreign powers, pushed the government to take extreme measures to maintain control, making the Reign of Terror appear justified.

Conversely, the essay argues that the Reign of Terror can also be deemed unjustified. Despite the Declaration of Rights of Man promising fair trials and innocent until proven guilty, many individuals were executed without due process, highlighting the corruption and unfairness of the government. The abolition of the monarchy, which most of France supported, and the influence of radical Jacobins contributed to the perception of an unjustified Reign of Terror.

Additionally, the essay suggests that the Reign of Terror can be mostly justified. Jean-Paul Marat's advocacy for the Reign of Terror gained support after his assassination, as it was believed that there were enemies everywhere. The public's endorsement of the Reign of Terror is evident in their reactions to executions. Moreover, Robespierre argued that the government should protect peaceful citizens and viewed internal and external enemies as one and the same.

Reign of Terror

Works cited:.

• Brown, R. (2007). Retelling Stories, Framing Culture: Traditional Story and Metanarratives in Children's Literature. Routledge.
• Davis, C. (2011). Chasing Davis: An Atheist's Guide to Morality Using Logic and Science. Eloquent Books.
• Edinger, R. E. (1994). The Eternal Drama: The Inner Meaning of Greek Mythology. Inner City Books.
• Hamilton, E. (2013). Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes. Grand Central Publishing.
• Hesiod. (n.d.). Theogony and Works and Days. (M. L. West, Trans.). Oxford University Press.
• Kerenyi, K. (1951). The Gods of the Greeks. Thames & Hudson.
• Morford, M. P. O., & Lenardon, R. J. (2011). Classical Mythology. Oxford University Press.
• Powell, B. B. (2015). Classical Myth. Pearson.
• Rose, H. J. (2018). A Handbook of Greek Mythology. Routledge.
• Vernant, J. P. (1991). Mortals and Immortals: Collected Essays. Princeton University Press.

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Short note on reign of terror.

1. the period from 1793 to 1794 ce is known as the reign of terror. robespierre, the leader of jacobin club, followed a policy of strict control and punishment. 2. he arrested, imprisoned and then tried all the people he saw as enemies of the republic through a revolutionary tribunal. 3. they included exnobles and clergy, members of other political parties, even members of his own party who did not agree with his methods. if the court found them guilty, they were guillotined. 4. robespierres government issued laws placing an upper limit on wages and prices. all the people were allowed to have only a fixed amount of meat and bread. 5. peasants were forced to send their grain to the cities and sell it at prices fixed by the government. the use of more expensive white flour was forbidden. 6. all the citizens were required to eat a loaf of bread made of whole wheat. 7. churches were shut down and their buildings were converted into barracks or offices..

Home / Essay Samples / Government / Reign of Terror / The Truth About the Reign of Terror: Was It Justified or Not

The Truth About the Reign of Terror: Was It Justified or Not

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