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Pharmacy Presentation templates

Medication helps us ease the symptoms of some diseases, and to get them you need to go to the pharmacy. our prescription to create great presentations about this topic is easy: download and edit these google slides and powerpoint templates.

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Pharmacy slideshow.

Send your audience a trustworthy message that lists the best aspects of your pharmacy or healthcare center. What you'll get with this template is a relatively simple slideshow with flat illustrations and a palette composed of pink and orange tones. There're also medical icons that strengthen the context!

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Pharmaceutical Lab Business Plan

Pharmacology is one of the most important fields of the health industry (it already was when Dioscorides was alive!) Unlike our medieval predecessors, we rely on different labs to do some research and to patent and sell new remedies. Promote your Pharmaceutical Lab Business Plan with our template!

Pharmacy Minitheme

Going to the pharmacy has become a regular habit for a lot of people. No, not because they need medicines all the time, but because they sell masks! Anyways, we are glad that pharmacists work so hard, so we've decided to design this minitheme. It's a set of twenty slides...

Pharmacy Project Proposal

Do you know that Slidesgo is like a pharmacy on call? You can find the perfect template 24 hours a day! And speaking of pharmacies and templates... We've combined both, in case you're looking for a design with which to present a project proposal in relation to a pharmacy. We...

Pharmacy Infographics

Since healthcare is a serious matter, upping your game and making your message more visual helps your audience be more receptive to the topic. Use these infographics to talk about medicine or pharmacy. For example, you can use these designs to present a new medicament or provide some statistics on...

Pharmaceutic Industry Breakthroughs

Breakthroughs in the pharmaceutical industry are always a cause of joy, since they usually imply improvements in the quality of life of many people. Use this simple orange template to share your latest discoveries. It includes text boxes to explain the context and introduce the topic; charts to show objectives,...

Everyday Pills Calendar

When we take several medications it is easy to end up getting confused and wondering if we have taken one dose, two or none. With this pill calendar we bring you the solution. It is divided by months, so you can use it throughout the year. It has a colorful...

Spirulina Supplement Benefits Breakthrough

Spirulina is a kind of nutritional supplement that is often used as an antioxidant, for pain-relief and as an anti-inflammatory. Or at least that’s what the people who advocate for it claim it does. What do you know about the subject? Do you want to explain the health benefits of...

Pharmacopeia

There are regular encyclopedias and then there are pharmacopeias, books that contain information about medicines. Such an useful item can be turned into a presentation if you use this template! Its simple design is, however, complemented by an assortment of illustrations of all kinds of pills, caplets, capsules and other...

Polypharmacy Breakthrough

Polypharmacy consists of taking more than five medications daily in a very continuous manner and for more than six months. The presence of polypharmacy is usually found in older people, because, due to their age, they need or believe they need a massive consumption of drugs. However, this is a...

Substance Abuse Problems

Raising awareness of the problems derived from abuse of certain substances can be very informative for society. This new template has been created for the medical community, and can be used to explain a clinical case related to drugs, smoking or other things. Apart from dark gray backgrounds and rounded...

Pharmacovigilance

Download the Pharmacovigilance presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. Healthcare goes beyond curing patients and combating illnesses. Raising awareness about diseases, informing people about prevention methods, discussing some good practices, or even talking about a balanced diet—there are many topics related to medicine that you could be sharing with everyone....

Cream & Pastel Palette Healthcare Center Characters

Let us introduce you to a new way of presenting healthcare centers. Did you think that we were going to use blue? Tut-tut! This time, the palette revolves around cream (the color of the backgrounds) and other pastel tones. As you explain in detail (or in brief) your healthcare services,...

Pharmacology - Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Introduce your Bachelor students to the world of pharmacology with this comprehensive Google Slides and PowerPoint template. It’s fully customizable and perfect for building a strong foundational knowledge. From outlining various medications and their administration routes to discussing potential side effects, the blue and gray slides decorated with medication illustrations...

Pharmacy Major for College: Pharmacology

Download the Pharmacy Major for College: Pharmacology presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. As university curricula increasingly incorporate digital tools and platforms, this template has been designed to integrate with presentation software, online learning management systems, or referencing software, enhancing the overall efficiency and effectiveness of student work. Edit this...

Pharmacology and Toxicology Thesis Defense

Download the Pharmacology and Toxicology Thesis Defense presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. Congratulations, you have finally finished your research and made it to the end of your thesis! But now comes the big moment: the thesis defense. You want to make sure you showcase your research in the best...

Breast Cancer Treatment Breakthrough

Every breakthrough in the treatment of breast cancer should be celebrated, and what better way than with this template! It includes beautiful illustrations, and its soothing backgrounds in pink and yellow make the subject visually appealing. Its photos contribute to the sense of hopefulness, and the overall effect is empowering...

Pharmacology - Doctor of Medicine (M.D.)

Download the "Pharmacology - Doctor of Medicine (M.D.)" presentation for PowerPoint or Google Slides. As university curricula increasingly incorporate digital tools and platforms, this template has been designed to integrate with presentation software, online learning management systems, or referencing software, enhancing the overall efficiency and effectiveness of student work. Edit...

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APhA’s Hot Topics in Pharmacy Education Webinar Series

Learn about the latest top issues and priorities that affect the pharmacy community..

APhA’s Hot Topics in Pharmacy Education is a series of 1-hour, live webinars, presented every month as a member-exclusive benefit, that focus on pertinent public health issues to keep pharmacists up-to-date as front-line healthcare providers.  For the most updated live webinars, please visit our  Live Activities   webpage. 

• Not a member?  Join APhA today!   **  Disclaimer: Membership will be active approximately 48 hours after the membership registration process.  If you have any questions regarding your membership status, please contact  [email protected] .
• Missed the live webinar?    See below for 2020 Hot Topics e-learning offerings. Starting in 2021, you can find all our e-learning offerings in the  APhA Education Library , by searching  Hot Topic.
• Want more?  Check out APhA's Quick Quizzes for an additional 0.5 CPE credits. You can locate these in the  APhA Education Library , by searching  Quick Quiz

Hot Topics E-Learning

The Hot Topic webinars are recorded and are available  exclusively  to APhA members** as an e-learning activity for 30 days.  Thereafter, the e-learning activity will become available to non-members at a cost of $129. Not a member?  Join APhA today for free access to Hot Topic Webinars !   See below for the archived webinars. 

2020 Hot Topic Recorded Webinars

Time’s Up: Sexual Harassment in Pharmacy Practice  -  Pharmacists with experience in the field explain what sexual harassment is, provide personal accounts and examples of sexual harassment in pharmacy practice, and describe strategies that can be used to create a safer working environment.

COVID-19 Testing: Understanding the Different Types of Tests and the Role of the Pharmacy Team  -  During this session, Saswat Kabisatpathy, PharmD, discusses the importance of the COVID-19 testing, the role pharmacy team can play in getting patients appropriately tested, and opportunities for reimbursement.

Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on Patients and their Providers  -  Jeffery Gold, PharmD, BCPP, n expert in the field, discusses the potential psychological impact of COVID-19 using the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and provides recommendations to meet the needs of patients..

Turning Down the Heat: Strategies to Manage Workplace Stress and Pharmacist Well-Being  -  This session provides an overview of the stressors pharmacists often face and evidence to support individual- and organizational-focused interventions. Practical strategies for managing workplace stress are also provided.

Pharmacists on the Frontlines: A Pandemic Response to COVID-19  -  Nayan Patel, PharmD, an expert in community pharmacy, will discuss effective pandemic preparedness strategies for healthcare providers.

Pharmacists on High Alert for Human Trafficking  -  Hannah Van Ochten, PharmD and Laura C. Palombi, PharmD, MPH, MAT, discuss how pharmacists can be utilized to detect trafficking victims and recommend ways to safely intervene. 

Precision Medicine: Your Guide to Incorporating Precision Medicine Into Your Pharmacy Practice Setting  -  Amina Abubakar, PharmD, AAHIVP, an expert in the field will discuss how a patient’s gene makeup can impact drug metabolism, and how pharmacists may be able to incorporate findings from pharmacogenomic testing in their patient care services.

Community Champions: Social Determinants of Health and Pharmacy Practice  -  Tripp Logan, PharmD, a community pharmacy champion who has overcome the challenges associated with social determinants of health will lay out the ground of optimizing pharmacist patient care services.

S tart a Conversation to Address Anxiety and Panic Attacks  -  Julie A. Dopheide, PharmD, BCPP, FASHP discusses the many facets of anxiety and panic attacks as well as strategies for screening, destigmatizing the condition, and engaging in difficult conversations with a patient.

• Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology

Explore the latest in clinical pharmacy and pharmacology, including topics in drug safety, development, pharmacogenetics, and pharmacoeconomics.

Publication

Article type.

This cross-sectional survey analyzes hospital services in Ukraine during the period before and after the Russian invasion.

This network meta-analysis evaluates different dual antiplatelet therapy treatment regimens for patients with minor, nondisabling, acute ischemic stroke.

This comparative effectiveness analysis examines the outcomes of pediatric patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by race and cytarabine pharmacogenomics.

This cohort study examines the association of coprescription of hydromorphone tablet or sustained-release oral morphine and opioid agonist treatment (OAT) vs OAT alone with the probability of subsequent OAT treatment among people with opioid use disorder in British Columbia, Canada.

• Short-Acting, Full Agonist Opioids During Initiation of Opioid Agonist Treatment in the Fentanyl Era JAMA Network Open Opinion May 15, 2024 Substance Use and Addiction Medicine Opioids Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacology Full Text | pdf link PDF open access

This cohort study examines patients with drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms who also have pustules.

This qualitative study examines nonprescribed use of anabolic androgenic steroids among gay, bisexual, and queer cisgender men in New York, New York.

This secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial investigates differences in incidence of cardiovascular outcomes and noncancer deaths in older patients receiving chlorthalidone vs hydrochlorothiazide who do and do not have a history of myocardial infarction or stroke.

• Endocrine Adverse Effects of Long-Term Opioid Use JAMA Internal Medicine Opinion May 13, 2024 Substance Use and Addiction Medicine Opioids Adverse Drug Events Full Text | pdf link PDF

This cross-sectional study examines the composition of the patents protecting the 10 top-selling prescription drugs in the US.

This Viewpoint discusses challenges pharmacies may face under the Inflation Reduction Act and steps that can be taken to prevent unintended consequences.

This cohort study examines the role of comprehensive bridging radiotherapy in the setting of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

This phase 1 dose-escalation trial examines whether inotuzumab ozogamicin plus dose-adjusted etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin (EPOCH) is safe and effective for adults with relapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoma (ALL).

• PhALLCON Soars to New Heights—Faster, Stronger, but Better? JAMA Opinion May 9, 2024 Targeted and Immune Therapy Oncology Full Text | pdf link PDF

This cohort study investigates demographic and clinical patient characteristics associated with risk of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy.

This case series describes a constellation of novel adverse reactions in 3 of 9 patients with uveal melanoma receiving treatment targeting activity of the Brahma-associated factor chromatin remodeling complex.

This economic evaluation examines the cost-effectiveness of HLA-B*15:02 genotyping in Asian Australian patients with epilepsy.

This stepped-wedge cluster trial evaluates the effectiveness of a rapid 5- to 7-day initiation of extended-release naltrexone compared with the standard 12- to 14-day procedure among individuals with opioid use disorder.

• Advancing Pharmacoequity in Atrial Fibrillation—The Case for Direct Oral Anticoagulants JAMA Network Open Opinion May 6, 2024 Health Disparities Anticoagulation Health Policy Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacology Health Inequities Full Text | pdf link PDF open access

This cohort study investigates potential disparities by race, ethnicity, and social vulnerability in the initiation of direct oral anticoagulants among Medicare beneficiaries in the US.

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• Welcome to Pharmacotherapy

Presentations

College of pharmacy.

• Evaluating Dupilumab using the Value-Based Assessment Framework for Health Plan Implementation. Raymond Pan, Tavan Parker, Rupesh Panchal, Laura Britton, Diana Brixner . AMCP 2021
• Changes in Serum Potassium with Concurrent Administration of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor / Angiotensin Receptor Blocker and Potassium Sparing Diuretics. S Syeed, A Gomez-Lumbreras, M Tan, D Malone . AHA Scientific Session 2021. 
• A Scoping Review of Real-World Evidence and Outcomes for Trastuzumab in Breast Cancer. Rupesh M. Panchal, Theodoros Giannouchos, Ainhoa Gomez-Lumbreras, Priyanka Ghule, Diana Brixner, Catherine Lockhart . AMCP Nexus October, 2021 
• A Scoping Review of Real-world Evidence Outcomes for Bevacizumab in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Ainhoa Gomez-Lumbreras, Priyanka Ghule, Rupesh M. Panchal, Theodoros Giannouchos, Catherine Lockhart, Diana Brixner . AMCP Nexus October, 2021. 
• Detecting tizanidine and CYP1A2 inhibitor interaction signals using the FDA’s Adverse Event Reporting System. L Villa Zapata, RD Boyce, A Gomez-Lumbreras, J Horn, DC Malone . 37th ISPE virtual meeting. August 2021. 
• Colchicine and CYP3A4/P-gp inhibitors interaction signal detection using FAERS. A Gomez-Lumbreras, RD Boyce, L Villa Zapata, PD Hansten, DC Malone . 37th ISPE virtual meeting. August 2021. Spotlight poster.  
• Drug interaction of oral anticoagulants and dexamethasone, a nested case control study in the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C). Olga V. Kravchenko, Ainhoa Gomez-Lumbreras, Paul T. Kocis, Daniel Malone, Charles E. Leonard, and Richard D Boyce . In: National Library of Medicine Informatics Training Conference 2021, June 21-23 2021, Seattle, WA. 
• Du Vall SL . Big Data and the VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure. University of Maryland, Baltimore County Center for Hybrid Multicore Productivity Research (CHMPR) Semi-Annual Industry Advisory Board Meeting. Baltimore, MD; December 18, 2012.
• Brixner DI . Personalize Health Care November 26, 2012 Meeting.[Presentation] Panel Discussion: Outcomes and Cost Effectiveness inPersonalized Health Care. University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT. November 26, 2012.
• Curtis JR, Yang S, Patkar NM, Chen L, Singh JA, Cannon GW, Mikuls TR, Delzell ES, Saag KG, Safford MM,  DuVall SL , Alexander K, Napalkov P, Kamauu AWC, Baddley J. Hospitalized Bacterial Infections Among U.S. Veterans with Rheumatoid Arthritis Initiating TNF Antagonist and Newer Biologic Agents. ACR / ARHP 2012 Annual Scientific Meeting, Washington, DC; November 10-14, 2012.
• DuVall SL . VINCI: A convergence of policy and technology for enabling big data analytics in the Department of Veterans Affairs. IBM Canada Software Laboratory Centre for Advanced Studies Research 22nd Annual International Conference, Toronto, Canada; November 5-7, 2012.
• Bellows BK, McAdam-Marx C, Unni S, Ye X , Mukherjee J,  Brixner DI . 12-month HbA1c and weight outcomes by drug class in treatment native patients with type 2 diabetes. Meeting in the Middle Western Pharmacoeconomic Conference. Austin, TX. June 22-24, 2012.
• Stevens V . Pharmacologic Risk Factors for Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI). Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs Informatics, Decision Enhancement, and Surveillance (IDEAS) Center, Salt Lake City, Utah. 2012.
• Stevens V.  Clostridium difficile Infections in Adult and Pediatric Patients. Pediatric Infectious Disease Division Meeting, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT. 2012.
• LaFleur J , Smith J, Nelson S, Nelson R, Adler RA, Nebeker JR, Malone DC. Cost-effectiveness analysis of different strategies for fragility fracture prevention in United States veterans. Value in Health;15(4):A8. International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research 17th International Meeting. Washington, DC. June 4, 2012.
• Ghate SR, Brixner DI . Predictors of Monitoring of Metabolic Parameters in Adolescents on Antipsychotics. Presentation at the 2012 APA Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA. May 5-9, 2012.
• Brixner DI . Department of Family and Preventive Medicine Grand Rounds. Decision Modeling, Outcomes Research and Health Technology Assessment: Experiences from my Austrian Sabbatical. University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT. May 3, 2012.
• Ghate SR , Said Q,  Brixner DI , Hashibe M, Joy E, Porucznik CA. "Comparison of the Trend in Prevalence of Overweight Among Adolescents on Antipsychotics to Non-Users from 2000 to 2009." Presented at the 27th International Conference on Pharmacoepidemiology and Therapeutic Risk Management, Chicago, IL, August 14-17 2011.
• Brixner D, Biskupiak J.  "Application of Real World Databases In the U.S."; AGENS meeting (Working Group on the Use of Secondary Data) University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology; Hall in Tirol, July 22, 2011.
• LaFleur J , Nelson RE, Hayden C, Reimer L, Kone K, Nebeker J. Fewer than a quarter of HIV-positive Veterans adhere to medications at recommended levels. Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development (HSR&D) 2011 National Meeting. Baltimore, Maryland. February 2011.
• Brixner D , Kwong WJ,  Ghate S, Biskupiak J, Ye X . Cost Of Warfarin-Associated Bleeding In Atrial Fibrillation. Presented at the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy, Minnesota, MN. April 27-30, 2011.
• Biskupiak J, McAdam Marx C , Hane CA, Deniz B, McGarry L,  Brixner D.  Costs Associated with HCV and Related Complications in the United States from a Managed Care Payer's Perspective. ISPOR 16th Annual International Meeting. Baltimore, Maryland. May 2011. Recipient of the "Best General Podium Presentations" award.
• Brixner DI  Evaluation of Support Services to Colorectal Cancer Patients in Mexico[Poster Presentation] ISPOR 13th Annual European Congress Prague, Czech Republic November, 2010.
• Brixner DI  Current and Future Use of Pharmacoeconomic and Outcomes Research Data in Decision Making in the USA. [Poster Presentation] ISPOR 13th Annual European Congress Prague, Czech Republic November, 2010.
• Brixner DI , Future Trends in Using HEOR Data in Formulary Decision Making [Round-Table] AMCP 2010 Educational Conference St. Louis, Missouri. October, 2010.
• Brixner DI , Major Challenges and Opportunities for Managed Care Pharmacy [Symposium] AMCP 2010 Educational Conference St. Louis Missouri October, 2010.
• Asche CV , Kim J, Chakravarti P, Kulkarni A, Andersson K. "Assessment of Increased Heart Rate to Cardiovascular (CV) Events among Healthy Subjects: An Electronic Medical Record (EMR) Data Analysis" The 23rd Scientific Meeting of the International Society of Hypertension (ISH), Vancouver, British Columbia, 2010, Sept, 26-30, 2010.
• Brixner, DI. Oderda G , Healthcare and Economics - Educating researchers and health-care policy makers regarding the value of providing medicines. Asian Health Economics Training Workshop Jakarta, Indonesia Sept. 2010.
• Brixner, DI. Oderda G , Application of Economic Evaluation Tools from the United States and Europe Toward Pricing and Reimbursement Stategies in the Asia-Pacific Region. ISPOR 4th Asia-Pacific Conference. Phuket, Thailand August, 2010.
• Brixner DI, Oderda G , Application towards Integrated Learning of the Medical Pipeline in the PharmD Curriculum. AACP Annual Meeting: Expanding Our Horizons. Seattle, WA, July 2010.
• Brixner DI, Biskupiak J , Holtorf AP. Current and future use of health economic and outcomes research data in decision making European Society of Medical Decision Making Workshop. Hall In Tyrol, Austria May 31, 2010.
• Brixner DI . U.S. Primary Care Practice Electronic Medical Record Database: GE Centricity. [Short Course] ISPOR 15th Annual International Meeting. Atlanta, GA. May, 2010.
• Brixner DI , Parkinson J, Eaddy M. Applications In Using Large Databases. ISPOR 15th Annual International Meeting. Atlanta, GA. May, 2010.
• Brixner DI . "Healthcare and Economics" Educating researchers and healthcare policy makers regarding the value of providing medicines. 2nd Global Health Care Summit - Dubai, UAE May 4, 2010.
• Brixner DI , Comparing Adherence Measures Against One-Year Outcomes for Patients with Epilepsy. AMCP 22nd Annual Meeting & Showcase. San Diego, CA. April, 2010.
• Nickman NA . Impact of new technologies on the future of pharmacy practice. DUPHAT 2010 Dubai International Pharmaceuticals and Technologies Conference and Exhibition. Dubai, United Arab Emirates; 2010 March 16.
• Brixner DI, Oderda G . "Healthcare and Economics" - Educating researchers and health-care policy makers regarding the value of providing medicines. Asian Health Economics Training Workshop - Jakarta, Indonesia. Jan. 14, 2010.
• McAdam-Marx C . Late Phase Development of an Antidiabetic Treatment: A Case Study. Late Phase Drug Development World 2009. December 3, 2009. London,UK.
• Nickman NA . Professional skills development in future pharmacists: a world-wide issue. DUPHAT 2009 Dubai International Pharmaceuticals and Technologies Conference and Exhibition. Dubai, United Arab Emirates. March 2009.
• Oderda GM . Naresuan University. Pharmacoeconomics. Phitsanulok, Thailand. March 2009.
• LaFleur J . "Clinical risk factors for fracture: Applying research to knowledge-engineering for decision support" [keynote speech]. University of Utah, Division of Geriatrics and Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC) Geriatric Research Conference. Salt Lake City, Utah. February 2009.
• Brixner DI . Guidelines for Research Using "Real World Data". Enhancing the Rigor and Utility of Medication Use Research A Consensus Development Conference. Rockville, MD. January 2009 Co-sponsored by AACP, PPRA, ISPOR and USP.
• Brixner, DI, McAdam-Marx, C, Ye , XY, Boye, K, Fabunmi, R, Schroeder, B. Real World Six Month Outcomes of Patients Initiating Exenatide in a Primary Care Electronic Medical Record Database. 13th Annual International Meeting International Society of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR), Toronto, Canada, May, 2008.
• Asche CV , Jacobs P, Yim R. Economic databases for pharmacoeconomic evaluations in Canada: Overview and use. 13th Annual International Meeting of the International Society of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR), Toronto, Canada, May 2008.
• Ghate SR, Said Q , Rosenblatt LC, Kim E, Pikalov A, Brixner DI. Real World Association between Antipsychotic Treatment and Weight Gain in an Adolescent Population. International Society of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research 13th Annual International Meeting (ISPOR), Toronto Canada, May 2008.
• Brixner DI, Ghate SR, McAdam-Marx C , Maio V. Analysis of Prescribing Patterns of Antihypertensive Agents (AA) Before and After Publication of the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT), International Society of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) 1st Latin America Conference, Cartagena, Columbia, 2007.
• Brixner DI, Jackson K , Sheng X,  Biskupiak J , Keskinaslan A. Compliance with Multiple Combination Antihypertensive Pharmacotherapy in a Large US Database. ISPOR 10th Annual European Congress, Dublin, Ireland, 2007.
• Said Q, Ghate SR, McAdam-Marx C, Brixner DI . Correlation of weight to cardiometabolic risk as identified by ICD-9 diagnosis codes and prescriptions in primary care. ISPOR 12th Annual International Meeting, Arlington, VA.
• LaFleur J, McAdam-Marx C, Asche CV, Alder S , Sheng X, Brixner DI, Silverman S. The risk of clinical vertebral fracture for postmenopausal patients with specific combinations of fracture risk Factors in a primary-care setting. [Poster] National Osteoporosis Foundation, 7th International Symposium on Osteoporosis: Translating Research into Clinical Practice, Washington, DC.
• Brixner DI . The Differences Between RCTs and �Real World� Studies. Real World Data and the Formulary Decision Process: Bridging the Gap, San Diego, CA.
• Said Q , Gutterman E, Kim M, L'Italien G, Chi-Chang C, Whitehead R,  Brixner DI . The Association Between Antipsychotic Treatment and Unintentional Injury in Patients Diagnosed with Psychiatric Disorder. 2007 International Congress on Schizophrenia Research, Colorado Springs, CO / American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA.
• McAdam-Marx C, Brixner DI , Metrau S, Chan V, Field R. Determinants of Race and Ethnicity Reporting for Youth with Health Data in an Electronic Medical Record Database. Fifth Annual University of Sciences in Philadelphia Scholarly Day, Philadelphia, PA.
• Brixner DI , Magowan S, Accortt N. Evaluation of Prescription Refill Patterns Based on Daily Dosing Regimen and Pill Load for Calcium Channel Blockers. Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy 19th Annual Meeting and Showcase, San Diego, CA.
• Brixner DI, Oderda G, Kirkness C, Said Q . Assessment of Cardiometabolic Risk in a National Primary Care Electronic Medical Database (EMR). Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy 19th Annual Meeting and Showcase, San Diego, CA.
• Brixner DI . The Prevalence and Burden of Migraine and Its Impact on Managed Care. Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy 19th Annual Meeting and Showcase, San Diego, CA.
• Asche CV , Young D,  Brixner DI , Phillips A. Assessment of Physician Prescribing for Primary Care Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in a National Electronic Medical Record (EMR) Research Database. American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) 2007 Spring Practice and Research Forum, Memphis, TN.
• Asche CV , Machado M, Caro J. ISPOR Digest of International Databases for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research. 1st Annual Latin American Meeting of the International Society of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR), Cartagena, Columbia, 2007.
• Asche CV , Cummings G. ISPOR Digest of international databases for pharmacoeconomics and outcomes research. 10th Annual European Meeting of the International Society of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR), Dublin, Ireland, 2007.
• Oderda G , Lieberman M, Asche CV, Brixner DI. Use of electronic medical record (EMR) data in outcomes research. 10th Annual European Meeting of the International Society of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR), Dublin, Ireland, 2007.
• Asche CV , Seal B,  McAdam-Marx C , Crookston B, Svejda R, Mullins CD. Treatment costs associated with community acquired pneumonia by community level of antimicrobial resistance. 10th Annual European Meeting of the International Society of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR), Dublin, Ireland, 2007.
• LaFleur J, McAdam-Marx C, Asche CV , Alder S, Sheng X, Brixner DI, Silverman S. Clinical risk factors for fracture are additive in postmenopausal women who are at risk for fracture in a primary care setting. American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR) 29th Annual Meeting, Honolulu, Hawaii, 2007.
• Asche CV, Brixner DI , L'Italien GJ. Pharmacoeconomic Research in Latin America: Gathering the Data for Dossier Requirements. 1st Annual Latin American Meeting of the International Society of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR), Cartagena, Columbia, 2007.
• Asche CV, McAdam-Marx C , Shane-McWhorter L, Plauschinat C. Adverse Events and Oral Antidiabetic Outcomes in a Real World Setting. American Diabetes Association (ADA), Chicago, IL, 2007.
• Asche CV , Oderda LH, Pepper GA. The Economic Impact of Treatment of Falls- Related Injuries from a U.S. Employers Perspective. Center on Aging Research Retreat, Salt Lake City, UT, 2007.
• LaFleur J, Asche CV, McAdam-Marx C , Alder S, Sheng X. Postmenopausal osteoporosis fracture occurrence and fracture rates by age in a primary-care setting. Utah Health Services Research Conference, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, 2007.
• Asche CV, McAdam-Marx C, Shane-McWhorter L, Plauschinat C. Evaluation of diabetes treatment patterns and adverse events in a usual care setting. Utah Health Services Research Conference, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, 2007.
• Seal B, Mucha L, Lenhart G,  Asche CV . Incremental Costs Associated with Antibiotics Prescribed for Acute Otitis Media. 12th Annual International Meeting of the International Society of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR), Arlington, VA, 2007.
• Mucha L, Seal B, Lenhart G,  Asche CV . Direct and Incremental Costs of Acute Respiratory Infections. 12th Annual International Meeting of the International Society of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR), Arlington, VA, 2007.
• LaFleur J, McAdam-Marx C, Asche CV , Alder S, Sheng X, Brixner DI, Silverman S. The Risk of Clinical Vertebral Fracture for Postmenopausal Patients with Specific Combinations of Fracture Risk Factors in a Primary-Care Setting. National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF), Washington, DC, 2007.
• Said Q , Rosenblatt LC,  Ghate SR , Whitehead R,  Brixner DI . Real World Impact of Second Generation Antipsychotics on Weight Gain in an Adolescent Population. 59th Institute on Psychiatric Services, New Orleans, LA, October 11-14, 2007.
• Asche CV , Mucha L, Lenhart G, Seal B. Incremental Costs Associated Antibiotics Prescribed for Community Acquired Pneumonia Episodes. 12th Annual International Meeting of the International Society of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR), Arlington, VA, 2007.
• Asche CV . Overview of Data used in Outcomes Research. Pharmaceutical Market Research Summit. Leverage Pre and Post Launch Market Research Strategies to Improve Initial Product Positioning and Ongoing Strategic Decision Making. King of Prussia, PA, 2006.
• Asche CV . Improving Outcomes in the Treatment of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections. Independence of Washington State Pharmacy Association Continuing Education Seminars. Washington State Pharmacy Association (WSPA) Mid-Year Meeting. Renton, Washington, 2006.
• Brixner DI  (presenter),  Joish VN, McAdam-Marx C , Arondekar B, Hoblyuk R. Evaluation of Persistency and Outcomes in Patients on SU Combination Therapy with TZD's or Metformin. 2nd Annual Health Services Research Conference. Salt Lake City, UT, 2006
• Brixner DI . Pharmacoeconomics of COPD Management. American Society of Hospital Pharmacists Mid-year Meeting, Anaheim, CA, 2006.
• Brixner DI . Real World Data in Healthcare Decision Making. European Science Foundation Conference on the Global Health Economy, Kiel, Germany, 2006.
• Brixner DI . Assessment of Cardiometabolic Risk in a Primary Care Electronic Medical Database. Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy Meeting, Seattle, WA, 2006.
• Brixner DI . Developing and Implementing Pharmacy Policy for Insomnia Therapies within Managed Care Plans. Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy Meeting, Seattle, WA, 2006.
• Asche CV . Prospective Economic Evaluations in Clinical Trials and Examples, First Western Pharmacoeconomics Conference; Salt Lake City, Utah, 2005.
• Asche CV . Overview of Data used in Outcomes Research. Strategic Research Institute Conference Patient Level Data for the Pharmaceutical Industry; Washington, DC, 2005.
• Brixner DI . Assessment of the Prevalence and Costs of Osteoporosis Treatment Options in a Real World Setting. AMCP Symposium; Nashville, TN, 2005.
• Brixner DI . The Case Against Excessive Cost Sharing for Biologics. AMCP Symposium; Nashville, TN, 2005.
• Brixner DI . Electronic Medical Records in Outcomes Research: The New Frontier. Jefferson Medical College; Philadelphia, PA, 2005.
• Brixner DI . Improving Outcomes in the Treatment of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections AMCP Framework on Quality Drug Therapy. AMCP Annual Meeting; Denver, CO, 2005.
• Brixner DI . Managing Your Osteoporosis Formulary to Maximize Bone Strength and Minimize Fracture. AMCP Annual Meeting; Denver, CO, 2005.
• Joish VN . Risk-adjustment in Outcomes Research: The Case of Diabetes Severity Index. Guest Lecture at the Ohio State University College of Pharmacy; Columbus, OH, 2005.
• Joish VN . Application of Pharmacoeconomics in the Western World. Guest lecture to post-graduate students at Principale K.M. Kundnani College of Pharmacy; Mumbai, India, 2005.
• Joish VN . Cost-effectiveness Analysis and Methodological Issues in Pharmacoeconomics Research. 3 day workshop at the India Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur, India. Workshop for members of Indian Clinical Epidemiologists Network (INDIACLEN), 2005.
• Brixner DI , Corey-Lisle P,  Oberg B , Tuomari V,  Biskupiak JE . Complexity of Depression Treatments: Healthcare Utilization and Costs. APA Annual Meeting, Toronto, Canada, 2005.
• Brixner DI , Jorgenson JA. Relationship Between Health Systems and Colleges of Pharmacy - AACP-Sponsored Program at the ASHP Midyear Clinical Meeting. 2004.
• Brixner DI . Managing the Continuum of Treatment: Modeling the Economic Impact of Treating Diabetes. Symposium in conjunction with the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy. 2004.
• Joish VN . Introduction to Pharmacoeconomics and Health Outcomes Research. Seminar of pharmaceutical company sales staff at Principal K.M. Kundnani College of Pharmacy; Mumbai, India, 2004.
• Brixner DI . Patient Management in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. American Society of Health System Pharmacists Midyear Meeting. 2003.
• Brixner DI . The Management of COPD in Managed Care Systems. Pre- Meeting Symposium to the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy. 2003.
• Brixner DI . The Economics of Insomnia. Pre-Meeting Symposium to the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy. 2003.
• Brixner DI . Evidenced Based Treatment Approaches to Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Pre-Meeting Symposium to the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy. 2003.
• Brixner DI . Utilization of the AMCP Format in Medicaid, Medicaid & Medicare, the Changing Landscape. 2003.

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2021 Poster Presentations

Original Research Posters

Pharmacist Medication Review: An Integrated Team Approach to Service Home-Based Primary Care Patients Submitting Author: Michele Monzon-Kenneke, PharmD, BCPS, BCGP - Clinical Pharmacist - Northwestern Medicine For questions: [email protected]

Additional Authors: Paul Chiang, MD - Physician - Northwestern Medicine   Mark Greg, PharmD - Clinical Pharmacist - Northwestern Medicine

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Evaluation of Burnout Among Illinois Pharmacists Submitting Author: Jennifer D. Arnoldi, PharmD, BCPS, Clinical Associate Professor, SIUE School of Pharmacy For questions: [email protected]

Incidence of Hypoglycemia Using 5 Units verus 10 Units of Regular Insulin in the Treatment of Hyperkalemia Patients in the Emergency Department Submitting Author: Yetunde Adebusayo Ademoyo Pharm.D UIC College of Pharmacy, PGY1 Pharmacy Practice Resident, Memorial Medical Center Springfield IL For questions: [email protected]

Additional Authors: Megan Allen PharmD, BCPS Clinical Pharmacist,  Memorial Medical Center Springfield IL Michael Guithues PharmD, BCPS, ED Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Memorial Medical Center Spring Field IL Don Ferrill PharmD BCPS, Residency Director, Memorial Medical Center Springfield IL Maithili Deshpande PhD, Associate Professor, Pharmacy Practice Southern Illinois University Edwardsville

Assessment of Medication History Accuracy and Completeness at Admission Submitting Author: Alexander Thorp, PharmD PGY1 Pharmacy Resident Department of Pharmacy Practice University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy at Rockford For questions: [email protected]

Additional Authors: Jeremy Kosacz, PharmD Clinical Pharmacist SwedishAmerican Hospital Thomas Carey, PharmD Director of Pharmacy SwedishAmerican Hospital Eva Morrison, PharmD Inpatient Pharmacy Manager SwedishAmerican Hospital Christopher Schriever, PharmD, MS, AAHIVP Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Pharmacy Practice University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy PGY1 Pharmacy Residency Program Director Annette Hays, PharmD, BCPS, CDCES Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Pharmacy Practice University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy UIC College of Pharmacy at Rockford PGY1 Pharmacy Residency Program Coordinator

Comparison of a Centralized versus Decentralized Pharmacy Workflow in a COVID-19 Vaccination Clinic Submitting Author: Ashley Walter, PharmD, HSHS St. Elizabeth's Hospital For questions: [email protected]

Additional Authors: Joshua M. Schmees, PharmD; HSHS Pharmacy Informaticist, Pharmacy Informatics Residency Program Director; HSHS St. Elizabeth's Hospital Julia K. Schimmelpfennig, PharmD, MS, BCPS, CDE; Pharmacy Director; HSHS St. Elizabeth's Hospital   Dawn M. Dankenbring, PharmD, BCPS; Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, PGY-1 Pharmacy Residency Program Director; HSHS St. Elizabeth's Hospital Reina S. Shimozono, PharmD, BCPS; SEO Pharmacy Informaticist/Epic Willow Pharmacist; HSHS St. Elizabeth's Hospital

Assessment of Patient-Specific Risk Factors and Number of Medication Inconsistencies in a Primary Care Setting using Multidisciplinary Medication Reconciliation Submitting Author: Ashley Stefanski, PharmD** For questions: [email protected]

Additional Authors: Edward Foley, MD* Parth Patel, PharmD Candidate 2021** Juhi Buch, PharmD Candidate 2022** Doan Ly, PharmD Candidate 2022** Vivian Harvey, MD* Madeline Knott, MD* Daniel Majerczyk, PharmD, BCPS, BC-ADM, CACP*,** * Loyola Medicine MacNeal Family Medicine Clinic ** Roosevelt University College of Science, Health, and Pharmacy

Encore Posters

Virtual Medication Tour with a Pharmacist as part of a Cystic Fibrosis Telehealth Clinic Submitting Author: Shannon Rotolo, PharmD, BCPS University of Chicago Medicine For questions: [email protected]

Additional Author: Nicole Warda, BS, PharmD candidate 2021 University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy

Impact of an Embedded Pharmacist on Diabetes Control in a Primary Care Practice Submitting Author: Imran Khan, Pharm.D. Clinical Pharmacist, Ambulatory Pharmacy Care Management Northwestern Medicine For questions: [email protected]

Additional Author: Therese Castrogiovanni, Pharm.D, CDCES Clinical Pharmacist RMG Wheaton Internal Medicine

Identification of Patient Factors Predictive of Naloxone Prescription: A Retrospective Cohort Study Submitting Author: Elizabeth Eastman, PharmD Candidate For questions: [email protected]

Additional Authors: Riley Skube, PharmD Candidate, Timothy Cruz, PharmD, Christopher Herndon, PharmD, BCACP

Student Posters

Synthesis of Truncated, Methanethiosulfonate-containing Analogues of ACHN-975 Submitting Author: Parth Shah, PharmD Candidate For questions: [email protected]

Additional Author: Raniah Kareem, Advisor: Margaret E. Olson, PhD

Rocuronium vs Succinylcholine in the Traumatically Injured Brain: A Prospective, Pilot Study Submitting Author: Nadine Alwawi, PharmD Candidate Rosalind Franklin University College of Pharmacy For questions: [email protected]

Additional Authors: Lauren Stambolic, PharmD Advocate Christ Medical Center Marc McDowell, PharmD, BCPS, Advocate Christ Medical Center Sabrin Jaber, PharmD, Stanford University Medical Center Brook Walsh, PharmD, Little Company of Mary Hospital Ellen Omi, MD, Advocate Christ Medical Center Robert Mokszycki, PharmD, BCPS, University of Massachusetts

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• v.149(4); 2016 Jul

Pharmacy Practice Research Abstracts

Table of contents.

This year, the Canadian Pharmacists Association (CPhA) and the Alberta Pharmacists’ Association (RxA) partnered to deliver four days of exciting educational sessions, exceptional keynote speakers, social events and networking opportunities at the annual Canadian Pharmacists Conference.

The Canadian Pharmacists Conference is an excellent opportunity for pharmacists from across Canada to network with colleagues and to share new and exciting ideas, research and innovation. Our oral and poster pharmacy practice research presentations provide an opportunity for members of the pharmacy community to engage in sessions that promote evidence-based practice and decision-making.

To help promote and disseminate pharmacy practice research, CPhA publishes the abstracts of the research presented at the conference in this special supplement of the Canadian Pharmacists Journal .

PHARMACY PRACTICE AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH

S1 ECG screening in community pharmacy: An innovative pilot program to improve detection of cardiac arrhythmias in high-risk patients

S2 Impact of the Community Pharmacists Assisting Total Cardiovascular Health (CPATCH) strategy for improving medication adherence from community pharmacies – A cluster-randomized trial

S3 The Alberta Vascular Risk Reduction Community Pharmacy Project: RxEACH

SUCCESSFUL PHARMACISTS: POINT OF CARE AND MORE

S4 Implementation of a standardized HbA1c clinic worksheet to improve detection of drug therapy problems: Results from a multi-pharmacy pilot program

S5 Community pharmacist bone density point-of-care screening with osteoporosis and fracture risk estimation

S6 Defining characteristics of successful pharmacists

THE ELDERLY IN PHARMACY

S7 Development and implementation of a pharmacist intervention for frail elderly patients in an interdisciplinary primary care team: A qualitative analysis

S8 Identifying drug-related problems in retirement home residents following community pharmacist administered flu vaccinations

S9 Deprescribing guidelines for the elderly: Overview of findings from a 3-year program of research

MEDICATION ASSESSMENT AND MODELS OF CARE

S10 Community pharmacist standardized home medication consultation program by referral: Structured approach to identifying drug-related problems in the home-bound population

S11 The Medication Assessment Centre: A novel student training and patient care program

S12 Collaborative care model involving eHealth to improve treatment adherence and health outcomes of patients with gout

HOT TOPICS IN PHARMACY PRACTICE RESEARCH

S13 Effectiveness of community-based pharmacist interventions in chronic non-cancer pain: A systematic review

S14 The consideration of sex/gender and vulnerable populations in pharmacy practice research

POSTER ABSTRACTS

S15 Introducing a unit-based clinical pharmacist: A pilot study

S16 Patient-centered renovations

S17 Medication reconciliation practices on discharge into primary care homes in Prince George, British Columbia

S18 Stakeholder perspectives on economic analyses of billable pharmacy services in Ontario

S19 Opportunity and cost: Self-monitoring of blood glucose in Manitoba, 2000-2013

S20 Ibuprofen provides superior antipyretic efficacy vs. acetaminophen in childhood fever: Pooled analysis of 2 randomized trials

S21 Development of a hormonal contraception decision support tool for pharmacists

S22 The pharmacy services framework: Communicating the shift to clinical pharmacy services in Alberta

S23 Provider and patient perspectives regarding a community pharmacist-based case finding and intervention program — Alberta Vascular Risk Reduction Community Pharmacy project: RxEACH

S24 An audit of 8 centres’ use of anticoagulant therapies when discharging patients from hospital with acute venous thromboembolism

S25 An audit of 8 centres’ use of anticoagulant therapies when discharging patients from the emergency department

S26 Enhancing depression outcomes with better use of antidepressants: Evaluation of a pharmacy benefit manager–sponsored depression disease state management program

S27 Pharmacist intervention for a frail elderly population in primary care

S28 Impact of pharmacist assessment on classes of high-risk medications in a geriatric outpatient clinic

S29 Description of medication management problems and supports used in community-dwelling seniors

S30 Effectiveness of the peer-to-peer mentoring model for transitioning from classroom to professional practice

S31 Community pharmacy reports of potential QTc-prolonging drug interactions involving fluoroquinolones or macrolides: A multi-incident analysis

S32 Medication incidents involving insulin: A multi-incident analysis

S33 Potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: A multi-incident analysis

S34 Patient counseling: An overarching method to mitigate medication errors and ensure continuity of care

S35 Older people’s attitudes towards deprescribing: A community study in Quebec

S36 The effect of health media reporting on self-medication use

S37 Documentation of functional medication management in older adults within an acute care hospital

S38 Global citizenship framework — Application to pharmacy student experience

S39 How does pharmacist prescribing fit with family physicians’ practice in Alberta? Developing a knowledge translation strategy

S40 Medication incidents involving smoking cessation therapies

S41 Medication incidents involving immunosuppressive agents

S42 Medication incidents that could have been prevented at the prescribing stage

S43 Direct oral anticoagulant medication incidents

S44 Drug allergy incidents in community pharmacies

S45 Medication incidents associated with hospital discharge

S46 Successful pharmacists: A qualitative study to understand pharmacists’ definitions of successful pharmacy practices

ECG screening in community pharmacy: An innovative pilot program to improve detection of cardiac arrhythmias in high-risk patients

John Papastergiou, BScPhm; Larissa Boychuk, BSc, PharmD candidate

Objectives:

Undiagnosed arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation and torsades de pointes can have serious health consequences. Atrial fibrillation causes 1/3 of strokes and 1.4% of these patients are undiagnosed. Over 150 medications are known to prolong QT intervals. The purpose of this study is to assess point-of-care ECG screening in identifying undiagnosed abnormalities in high-risk patients in a community pharmacy setting.

High-risk patients were invited to participate in ECG screening at two community pharmacies in Toronto, Ontario. Patients met eligibility requirements if they were at risk of QT prolongation or atrial fibrillation secondary to medication therapy or a CHADS2 score of >2, respectively. Using the HeartCheckPenTM handheld device, a 30 second lead II screening test was performed. Data was uploaded to an ECG reading service where results were interpreted by a qualified professional. Results were forwarded to the pharmacy for follow-up. Pharmacists referred all patients with abnormal readings to their primary care physician for further investigation.

Thirty-five patients participated in the program. Eleven were identified at risk for atrial fibrillation and 18 for QT prolongation — 5 patients met both criteria. Screening identified 10 (28.6%) patients with one or more abnormal rhythms. These included premature atrial contraction (n=3), wide QRS (n=4), sinus arrhythmia (n=1), sinus tachycardia (n=3) and QT prolongation (n=1). Pharmacists referred all patients and, in the case of QT prolongation, intervened to alter therapy.

Conclusions:

Our experience demonstrates that point-of-care ECG testing can be successfully integrated into pharmacy workflow. The results illustrate the prevalence of abnormal rhythms in high-risk patients. They highlight a significant opportunity for pharmacists to use point-of-care screening as a tool to detect abnormal rhythms, intervene when warranted, and improve medication safety.

Impact of the Community Pharmacists Assisting Total Cardiovascular Health (CPATCH) strategy for improving medication adherence from community pharmacies – A cluster-randomized trial

David Blackburn, PharmD; Charity Evans, PhD; Jeff Taylor, PhD; Kerry Mansell, PharmD; Derek Jorgenson, PharmD; Yvonne Shevchuk, PharmD; Alfred Rémillard, PharmD; Dean Eurich, PhD; Bill Semchuk, PharmD; Anne Champagne, BSP

The highest risk for non-adherence occurs during the first year after starting a new chronic medication. Community pharmacists are well positioned to identify problems and provide support during this critical time.

Thirty community pharmacies in Saskatchewan, Canada, were randomized to deliver a brief adherence intervention or usual care to new users of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins). The intervention consisted of screening for new statin users, assessment for adherence barriers, and individualized follow-up when appropriate. The primary endpoint was mean statin adherence measured by the proportion of days covered (PDC). During follow-up, intervention pharmacies performed monthly assessments to estimate compliance with the study protocol.

A total of 1,906 new statin users were followed for six to twelve months following their first statin dispensation. No significant differences between intervention and control pharmacies were observed for mean adherence (72% (SD 33) vs 71% (SD 33); p=0.64), median adherence (89% versus 88%; p=0.84), or the percentage of subjects achieving optimal adherence (i.e., PDC ≥80%: 57.3% (520/907) versus 55.8% (558/999); p=0.51). However, several intervention stores reported poor compliance to the study protocol. In post-hoc analyses, mean adherence among pharmacies reporting good compliance with the study protocol was substantially higher than stores with poor compliance (76% versus 66%; p<0.01), and the percentage of patients achieving optimal adherence was 63% vs 52% (p<0.01) respectively.

The CPATCH strategy was not effective for improving statin adherence compared to usual care in community pharmacies. However, post-hoc analyses suggested that successful implementation might be the key to achieving important benefits.

The Alberta Vascular Risk Reduction Community Pharmacy Project: RxEACH

Yazid Al-Hamarneh, BS(Pharm), PhD; Ross T. Tsuyuki, BSc(Pharm), PharmD, MSc; Charlotte A. Jones, MD, PhD; Brenda R. Hemmelgarn MD, PhD

Despite the risk associated with hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and smoking, these cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors remain poorly identified and controlled. To evaluate the effect of a community pharmacy-based case finding and intervention program on estimated cardiovascular risk.

Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: 56 community pharmacies across Alberta. Population: Adults at high risk for CVD events, including those with diabetes, chronic kidney disease, vascular disease and/or Framingham score > 20% who have at least one uncontrolled risk factor (hypertension, LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c), HbA1c, or current smoking). Randomization: Participants were randomized (1:1 basis) into advanced or usual care groups. Advanced care: Pharmacists provided participants with: Physical and laboratory assessments; Individualized CVD risk assessment and education; Pharmacists prescribed where appropriate to achieve treatment targets; Regular monthly follow-ups for 3 months. Usual care: Usual pharmacist care with no specific intervention for 3 months. Primary outcome: The difference in change in estimated CVD risk between advanced and usual care groups, calculated using a relevant risk calculator based on participants’ co- morbidities (Framingham, International, or UKPDS).

We enrolled 723 patients. Median age was 62 years (interquartile range 54-69), 57% were male and 27% were smokers. After adjusting for baseline values, the difference in change in CVD risk was 21% (p<0.001): a change of 0.2 mmol/L in LDL-c (p<0.001), 9.4 mmHg in systolic blood pressure (p<0.001), 0.92% in HbA1c (p<0.001), and 20.2% in smoking cessation (p=0.002) between advanced and usual care groupsaccess (96% and 91%).

This is the first large randomized trial of CVD risk reduction in community pharmacy settings. Patients in the advanced care group were 21% less likely to have a heart attack, stroke, or peripheral artery disease when compared to those in the usual care group. RxEACH provides evidence for the benefit of pharmacist care on both global CVD risk and individual risk factors

Implementation of a standardized HbA1c clinic worksheet to improve detection of drug therapy problems: Results from a multi-pharmacy pilot program

John Papastergiou, BScPhm; Bryan Gray, BScPharm, RPh, CDE

Point-of-care HbA1c screening devices are a valuable tool that community pharmacists can use to monitor patients with diabetes and improve their overall management. Here, we report data from a multi-pharmacy pilot program where a standardized worksheet was used by pharmacists offering HbA1c clinics in order to standardize the structure of the patient interviews and improve detection of drug therapy problems.

Thirteen community pharmacies from across Ontario interested in offering HbA1c screening as part of their professional programmes participated in the pilot program. Pharmacists received training on the use of the standardized worksheet and were provided with all the tools required to hold a clinic. HbA1c analysis was performed using the Roxon A1c Now®. Data collection took place over a period of 4 months beginning August 2015.

Eighty-eight patient attended the clinics. The mean HbA1c of the population was 7.76. Overall, 36% of patients had optimal glycaemic control (A1c <7.0%), 45% were hyperglycaemic (A1c >7 and <9%) and 19% of patients had marked hyperglycaemia (A1c >9.0). A total of 204 interventions were performed by pharmacists. An average of 2.32 interventions were performed per patient, and we observed a trend towards increased numbers of interventions in patients with poorer glycemic control. Interestingly, 23% and 15% of patients met the CDA guideline requirements for therapy with a statin and an ACE/ARB, respectively, but were identified by pharmacists as not receiving the appropriate therapy.

These results illustrate the prevalence of suboptimal glycaemic control among patients with diabetes in the community. They highlight a significant opportunity for pharmacists to use point-of-care screening in combination with a standardized worksheet to more readily detect drug therapy problems and intervene to improve disease management when warranted.

Community pharmacist bone density point-of-care screening with osteoporosis and fracture risk estimation

Bryan Gray, BScPharm, RPh, CDE

Point-of-care bone density screening is a valuable tool that community pharmacists can use to identify and educate patients at risk for osteoporosis and fractures. Here, we report data from screening 66 patients (12 male) at structured bone density clinics held at a community pharmacy in Thunder Bay, ON.

Bone density analysis was performed using the Omnisense 8000. Fracture risk factors and the point of care T-scores were interpreted with both the Canadian CAROC estimator and the WHO FRAX risk estimator to provide a 10-year fracture risk assessment. Recruitment involved in-pharmacy promotion to all patients. Data collection took place over a period of 3 months.

Testing successfully identified patients potentially at risk for osteoporosis and fracture. The CAROC found 5, 7, and 54 patients at high, moderate, low risk, respectively, for developing fracture over a 10-year period. The WHO FRAX calculator found a similar distribution with ten patients receiving a major fracture risk estimate 10% or greater, and five patients with a hip fracture risk estimate 5% or greater. The average patient age was 61, and the average BMI was overweight at 29. A total of 273 recommendations were provided by the pharmacist — average 4.13 per patient.

These results illustrate the prevalence of potentially undiagnosed osteoporosis for patients in the community. Our intervention data suggests that a structured bone density consultation by a community pharmacist can identify patients at risk for fractures. Patients at low risk were given evidence based and practical recommendations to maintain their bone health and reduce the risk of developing osteoporosis. Continued expansion in scope of pharmacy practice may contribute to increased osteoporosis identification and reduction in fracture risk.

Defining characteristics of successful pharmacists

Jay Mutch, BScPharm (student); Lydia Cheung, BScPharm (student); Theresa Charrois, BScPharm, ACPR, MSc; Jill Hall, BScPharm, ACPR, PharmD; Meagen Rosenthal, PhD; Ken Cor, PhD

Our primary objective was to identify the self-described characteristics of pharmacists that contribute to their success. Our working definition of success in pharmacy is based on the premise that successful pharmacists practice to the full extent of their knowledge and skills. The definition was derived from a literature review as well as the Blueprint for Pharmacy.

Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with selected pharmacists. The interview tool was developed using previous research on success in health care professions and was modified based on trial interviews with faculty and practitioners. Potential candidates were nominated by prominent pharmacists in the field, using our definition of success. Lists from the nominators were compared and 10 pharmacists who appeared on more than one list were invited to participate.

A total of 8 out of 10 interviews have been analyzed to date. All 8 pharmacists had additional prescribing authorization (APA), with 4 of those pharmacists being early adopters (receiving APA prior to remuneration model implementation). In terms of factors contributing to success, participants noted strong communication skills and developing relationships as important. When asked what success meant to them, participants believed that self-development played a large role. Participants also felt a focus on emotional intelligence would help ensure the success of pharmacist practice in the future.

A clearly delineated definition of success was developed and used to frame interviews with practitioners viewed as successful by their peers. Communication skills were the most prominent factor that contributed to success. This data will help individual pharmacists become aware of what characteristics they may want to foster in themselves in order to have success in practice.

Development and implementation of a pharmacist intervention for frail elderly patients in an interdisciplinary primary care team: A qualitative analysis

Tejal Patel, PharmD; Lindsay Donaldson, BA; Linda Lee, MD; Jillian Bauer, BScPharm; Cathy Schill, BScPharm

There is a paucity of published literature describing activities involved in the implementation of an intervention in an interdisciplinary primary care environment. The objective of this research is to describe the development and implementation of the pharmacist intervention (PI) for frail elderly patients in an interdisciplinary primary care team.

This study is a deductive qualitative analysis of emails and meeting minutes pertaining to the PI for frail patients. Classical content analysis was conducted to quantify previously established codes and themes pertaining to: 1. Goal of the PI (e.g. codes: literature review, objectives of PI, etc); 2. Delivery of the PI (e.g. codes: care provision, follow-up, tracking outcomes, etc); 3. Work Environment (e.g. codes: roles and responsibilities, availability of staff, workflow processes, etc) and 4. Sustainability of PI (e.g. codes: scheduling, etc).

Of the 2,830 email items and minutes of 4 meetings between pharmacists, physicians, nurses, receptionists and administrators that were reviewed, 172 emails and 4 meeting minutes were eligible for classical content analysis. Of the resulting 718 coded items, 40% were related to Work Environment, 36% to the Delivery of the PI, 12%, each, to the Goal and Sustainability of the PI. The number of items coded for Goal of PI decreased from a high of 50 items in the period of 6 months pre-initiation to 2 items at the end of 24 months post initiation of PI. The number of items pertaining to the codes, “tracking” and “follow-up” of patients increased from 4 and 0 at 6 months pre-initiation to 19 and 39 at 24 months post-initiation of PI, respectively.

The impact and importance of the different aspects, such as the goal, delivery of the program, working environment and relationships changed with time. This analysis may be used to improve planning of other interventions in primary care in the future.

Identifying drug-related problems in retirement home residents following community pharmacist administered flu vaccinations

Community pharmacist administered flu vaccinations serve as an opportunity to screen patient’s medication profiles for drug-related problems. Here, we report data from medication consultations of 58 patients (16 male) from three retirement homes in Thunder Bay, ON.

Consenting retirement home residents were scheduled for a flu vaccination and a subsequent medication consultation. Following intramuscular vaccine administration, resident’s medication regimens and health status were screened for potential drug-related problems. Following consultation, the community pharmacist communicated potential drug-related problems to the resident’s primary care provider. Data collection took place over a period of 1 month.

Following vaccination, standardized medication consultations identified a total of 579 potential drug-related problems — an average of 9.98 interventions per patient. Very few of the patients were aware of their overall vaccination status (291 recommendations). Many patients were receiving inappropriate cardiovascular disease medications (over treating hypertension or lipids (76 recommendations). Consolidation of the medication regimen was very well received by residents (46 recommendations). The average patient age was 87 years old, with 9.5 medications per patient (average), with an average number of dosing intervals of 3.6 per day. Recommendations to improve adherence could reduce dosing intervals to 1.9 per day. Patients were appreciative to have their medication regimen and health status reviewed by the pharmacist instead of waiting independently for the 15 minutes post vaccination time period to pass.

In addition to the benefits provided by vaccination, subsequent medication consultations successfully identified potential drug-related problems.This data suggests that retirement home residents may be at risk for drug-related problems which may be mitigated by pharmacist intervention.

Deprescribing guidelines for the elderly: Overview of findings from a 3-year program of research

Barbara Farrell, BScPhm, PharmD, FCSHP; Lalitha Raman-Wilms, BScPhm, PharmD, FCSHP; James Conklin, PhD; Lisa McCarthy, BScPhm, PharmD, MSc; Kevin Pottie; MD MCISc; Carlos Rojas-Fernandez, BSc(Pharm), PharmD; Lise Bjerre, MD, PhD, MCFP; Hannah Irving, MA

Class-specific deprescribing guidelines are a potential solution to address the problem of polypharmacy. Optimal approaches to developing and implementing such guidelines with practitioners have yet to be identified. The purpose of the study was to understand factors associated with successful deprescribing guideline development, implementation and uptake and whether self-efficacy for deprescribing was affected.

Deprescribing guidelines were developed using AGREE-II (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation), and GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) to rate certainty of evidence and strength of recommendations. Developmental evaluation was performed using ethnographic methods: observations and interviews with guideline development and site implementation teams, and facilitated feedback sessions to discuss and agree on process improvements. Self-efficacy surveys were completed. Setting and participants included guideline development team members; members of three Family Health Teams and three Long-Term Care sites in Ottawa, Canada; and study team members.

Three evidence-based deprescribing guidelines were developed (proton pump inhibitors, benzodiazepine receptor agonists and antipsychotics). Process components and resulting decision-aid algorithms will be presented. Factors that facilitate successful development include team members’ expertise in content/ methods, access to additional expertise/resources through professional networks, and staff support. Development processes were modified for the 2nd and 3rd guidelines to ensure clarity in scope and responsibilities. Site implementation experience suggests practitioners are more interested in how to implement deprescribing approaches versus existing evidence to support stopping medications, that practice site priorities and processes shape ability to incorporate recommendations and that aligning guidelines with existing processes is critical to implementation success. Self-efficacy increased among 9 consistent respondents across all guidelines. Examples of how site experiences influence development of deprescribing guidelines will be provided.

Optimizing a deprescribing guideline development and implementation process aims to facilitate clinicians’ ability to address polypharmacy. Developmental evaluation contributes to the improvement of processes used to develop and implement such guidelines.

Community pharmacist standardized home medication consultation program by referral: Structured approach to identifying drug-related problems in the home-bound population

Bryan Gray, BScPharm, RPh, CDE; Laura Bron, BScPharm, RPh, CDE

Perform home medication consultation to identify drug-related problems and communicate concerns to the primary prescriber. Secondary objectives: Identify trends across the different intervention categories, identify drug-related problem trends by disease states and project the anticipated cost savings from avoided hospital admissions.

A referring agency in Thunder Bay, ON, sent requests for Home Medication Consultations for 33 patients (11 male) over a 3 month period. Pharmacists screened the patient’s medication regimen and health status for potential drug-related problems. Following consultation, the community pharmacist communicated potential drug-related problems to the resident’s primary care provider.

A total of 223 interventions (average of 6.76 per patient) were provided to 23 different prescribers. Average age was 76 years. Twelve were immediately accepted, 8 were immediately declined, and the remaining 203 would be discussed at the patient’s next visit Secondary outcome: Pharmaceutical Opinion Classification Trends — The majority of recommendations were related to: requiring additional drug therapy, adherence, and sub-optimal response to current therapy. Secondary outcome: Disease State DRP Trends — Based upon disease state and medical conditions, immunization/vaccination status was the most common DRP, followed by adherence (opportunity to reduce dosing frequency, merge drugs to combination therapy, and adherence packaging), and mental health (8 DRPs related to sleep/insomnia, 14 DRPs related to depression/mood/anxiety, and 2 DRPs related to smoking). Secondary outcome: Projected Case Cost Forecasted Savings — This totals $12,062.19 cost savings for avoided hospital admissions with 2 avoided hospital admissions.

A standardized and structured approach to performing home medication consultations successfully identified potential drug-related problems.

The Medication Assessment Centre: A novel student training and patient care program

Derek Jorgenson, BSP, PharmD, FCSHP; Eric Landry, BSP, ACPR; Katherine Lysak, BSP, MSc candidate

The Medication Assessment Centre (MAC) was launched in 2011 by the College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (University of Saskatchewan), with the dual purposes of: (1) providing access to pharmacist-led comprehensive medication assessments for highly complex patients who cannot access the service elsewhere; and, (2) creating a novel faculty supervised experiential training program for pharmacy students, located on campus. The objective of this project was perform an evaluation of this program from the perspective of patients and physicians.

A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients who attended at least one MAC appointment between March 2014 and July 2015 to measure: number/ description of patients; referral sources; and numbers/severity of drug therapy problems (DTPs). An experience/satisfaction survey was mailed to patients and their physicians who utilized MAC between April and October 2015.

A total of 173 patients were included in the chart review. Patients were referred from both health professionals (65.9%) and self-referrals (34.1%). Patient mean age was 64.8, with a mean of 6.5 diagnoses and 13.8 different chronic medications each. Pharmacists identified 6.2 DTPs per patient (31.1% moderate severity using Schneider criteria). Surveys were mailed to 121 patients and 81 physicians (response rates 66.9% and 43.2%, respectively). Almost 95% of both groups described their experience as very satisfied/satisfied and reported that they would refer MAC to their friends/family/colleagues; 59.2% of patients and 88.6% of physicians felt MAC improved patient outcomes; 98.8% of patients felt they were treated with dignity/ respect and that the pharmacist listened to their concerns; and 97.5% of patients felt they were involved in decisions about their health.

MAC is meeting its objective of providing access to medication assessments for highly complex patients. Physician and patient experience has been very positive and highly supportive of the program.

Collaborative care model involving eHealth to improve treatment adherence and health outcomes of patients with gout

Nicole Tsao, BSc, BScPharm, MScPharm; Kam Shojania, MD; Alison Kydd, MD, PhD; Jessica Galo, BSc; Alyssa Howren, BSc; Carlo Marra, BScPharm, PharmD, PhD; Mary De Vera, PhD

The prevalence of gout is increasing and despite availability of efficacious therapies, sub-optimal clinical outcomes persist due largely to medication non adherence. Pharmacists may have a role in supporting patients to improve their gout management. The objective of this study is to pilot the feasibility of an interdisciplinary care model involving rheumatology, pharmacy, and dietetics using shared electronic medical records (EMRs) to provide gout care.

This is a proof-of-concept study that employs a pharmacist-driven protocol whereby they are responsible for providing medication management, adherence counselling, interpretation of lab tests, and corresponding titration of urate-lowering therapies. Eligible patients are adults age ≥19 who have been diagnosed with gout by a rheumatologist for ≥1 year, ≥1 flare in the past year, and serum uric acid (SUA) >360 µmol/L within past 2 months. Remotely located health team members use shared EMRs to exchange patient information and communicate on care plans. Study outcomes include the impact of the care model on patients’: SUA levels (target <360 µmol/L); medication adherence (Compliance Questionnaire for Rheumatology 5-items); functional status (HAQ); and quality of life (EQ-5D); assessed at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months. Target enrollment is 50 patients.

Preliminary results on 21 patients enrolled from 3 rheumatology clinics since Feb. 2015 include 85% males, mean age 56 years (SD 15). All patients were prescribed allopurinol. At 6 months, adherence rate was 50%, and average SUA was 350 µmol/L versus 445 µmol/L at baseline. To date, pharmacy has provided 71 consultations and dietetics 12 consults. Anecdotal pharmacist interventions also included drug dose increases, discontinuation of unnecessary medications, and prescription continuations.

A virtual interdisciplinary clinic for gout management with expanded pharmacists’ role appears feasible with preliminary data showing improvement in SUA.

Effectiveness of community-based pharmacist interventions in chronic non-cancer pain: A systematic review

Feng Chang, BScPhm, PharmD; Mo Chen, BSc, MSc candidate; Tejal Patel, BScPhm, PharmD

Chronic pain is a common condition that has significant impact on patients’ physical and psychological well-being. Pharmacists have a key role in providing patient-centred care to optimize drug therapy used in the management of chronic pain. To evaluate the effectiveness of interventions by pharmacists providing care in community settings for ambulatory patients with chronic non-cancer pain.

Six electronic databases (PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, COCHRANE, PsychInfo, EMBASE and International Pharmaceutical Abstract) were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCT) and non-randomized studies (NRS) published in the English language involving pharmacists providing direct care in the management of chronic non-cancer pain. Team based approaches were included if a pharmacist was involved. Manual bibliography searches with retrieved articles were conducted. Risk of bias was assessed for all included studies.

The search strategy identified 17 full-text articles from 14 studies. Six of the studies were based on pharmacist-only interventions and the other 8 involved pharmacists working as part of an interprofessional team. The most frequently used pharmacist intervention was consultation involving medication review, recommendations, follow-up, and patient education. There was variation across pain measures and other self-reported measures in the included studies, but most studies showed positive results. Pharmacist interventions significantly decreased pain scores, improved quality of life and patient satisfaction, and reduced medication-related side effects and cost. Pain intensity reduction achieved ranged 8%-21%.

Pharmacist interventions were positive in several domains studied. However, the clinical significance remains debatable due to heterogeneity in relation to intervention, outcome measures, clinical setting, sample size, and study duration.

The consideration of sex/gender and vulnerable populations in pharmacy practice research

Nancy Waite, PharmD; Martin Cooke, PhD; Katie Cook, MA; Emily Milne, PhD; Feng Chang, PhD; Lisa McCarthy, PharmD; Beth Sproule, PharmD

Funders often now require that sex and gender are main considerations in research programs, but provide little guidance about how this can be accomplished. The Ontario Pharmacy Research Collaboration (OPEN), a multi-institutional and multidisciplinary research program, adopted a sex/gender and vulnerable population (GVP) model within the collaboration to promote incorporation of sex, gender and other dimensions of vulnerability across OPEN’s research projects. This presentation (1) addresses why the consideration of GVPs matter to pharmacy practice and (2) describes the GVP model’s mandate, activities and experiences.

This mixed method study incorporates: (1) literature search of published work on this topic; (2) critical reflection of co-leads of the GVP team with regards to the creation and implementation of the model; and (3) surveys (n=37) and interviews (n=23) conducted with OPEN members about their knowledge of GVP issues and engagement with GVP services.

The consideration of sex/gender and vulnerable populations within pharmacy practice research is necessary, but lacking. Within OPEN, a GVP team was established to support research projects in their incorporation of sex/gender and various dimensions of vulnerability into research design, analysis and interpretation. According to OPEN members, knowledge pertaining to GVP issues in research increased through OPEN involvement. The GVP model “surfaced” domains traditionally neglected in the field but important to ensuring quality pharmacist practice. OPEN members have been receptive and engaged with the GVP model and mandate. However, more work needs to be done in order to fully translate this awareness into research practices.

There is a need for increased awareness and consideration of sex/gender and vulnerable populations in pharmacy practice research. The experience of OPEN suggests that a cross-project structure can help integrate these considerations into a large and complex research project. We encourage practitioners to consider GVP focused initiatives, tools, and models within their work.

Introducing a unit-based clinical pharmacist: A pilot study

Vinita Arora, RPh, BScPhm, ACPR, MEd, PharmD; Heather Parker, RPh, BScPhm; Alexandra Hernandez, PhD; Karyn Li, BSc candidate; Mehrdad Alizadeh, RPh, PharmD

A pharmacist was stationed on a forensic mental health unit to more fully participate in the interprofessional team. Since clinical pharmacy services were previously centralized, we evaluated the impact of this change on staff and patients of a forensic wing.

We administered anonymous surveys at three time periods, post 1, post 2, and post 3, at 1, 5, and 12 months, respectively (72 beds; nstaff 25, 27, 28; npatients 21, 21, 18) to examine themes of accessibility, education, and medication therapy management (MTM). Non-parametric chi-square analyses were used to examine differences in overall satisfaction (Strongly Agree and Agree responses combined) scores over the time periods. We also compared percentages of satisfaction in these themes and qualitative changes over time.

The average change in staff satisfaction from post 1 to post 3 was 8% for the Accessibility theme, 9.5% for the Education theme (2 to 17%) and 11% for the MTM theme (1 to 30%), with the increase in MTM satisfaction approaching significance (x2=5.911, p=0.052). The average change in patient satisfaction from post 1 to post 3 for questions in the Education theme was -12.5% (-5 to -24%) and -28% for questions in the Accessibility theme, however the decreases were not statistically significant. Qualitatively, there were positive changes stated by staff in all themes, most notably, accessibility; while patients expressed desire for increased services in all themes.

Being situated on a forensic mental health unit enhances involvement of the clinical pharmacist in the interprofessional team. Accessibility may be a precursor to provision of increased MTM and education. Limitations surrounding patient satisfaction need further consideration.

Patient-centered renovations

Joan Cochrane, BSP

My object was to renovate my pharmacy to make it easy for my pharmacists to provide better patient care.

We have designed our pharmacy so that the pharmacist is the first point of contact for the patient. The pharmacist is situated in a semi-private area at the front of the store. Our design has 2 of these “pharmacist interaction stations” to decrease wait time. The patient comes to the pharmacy, gives their prescription, refill or new, to the pharmacist and sits down across from the pharmacist. The pharmacist station has a computer with Internet access, a phone, a scanner and a computerized blood pressure monitoring system. This allows the pharmacist to handle the prescription in a single efficient interaction with the patient. If there are no problems to solve, the pharmacist can fill the prescription, the label prints at the island in the main dispensary area, if in the robot, it is automatically counted, if not, the technician assembles the medication and then brings it over to the pharmacist, who can hand it out. The pharmacist has been talking to the patient about the prescription and giving the appropriate information. Then the prescription is handed to the patient who is directed to the cash station. If there are problems, drug interactions, 3rd party coverage issues, etc., they can be taken care of right away.

Our staff and patients are very happy with the layout. We are doing more prescriptions every month and yet have found that we have more time than we used to. Our patients feel that when it is their turn with the pharmacist they have their undivided attention. They like that both they and the pharmacist are sitting down.

It is much easier to provide meaningful patient care if you have a pharmacy that is designed primarily with this function in mind. This new design with pharmacist stations and a work island for the techs replacing the long counter has proven to be very effective.

Medication reconciliation practices on discharge into primary care homes in Prince George, British Columbia

Robert Pammett, BSc, BSP, MSc

Medication reconciliation is an integral part of safe medication practices, and should occur at all stages of hospital transition, including discharge to the primary care home (PCH). Ensuring that the PCH has an up to date list of patient medications after discharge can help avoid medication misadventures. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the proportion of patients who had a discharge medication list communicated to the primary care home which contained discrepancies from the hospital medication list, and (2) to categorize discrepancies as prescription medication, non-prescription medication, or medication dose.

Two PCHs were recruited to participate in the retrospective chart review. Records of 50 patients who received a hospital discharge from June 1 2014 to May 31 2015 were identified at each PCH. The list of hospital medications at discharge was compared to the medication list that was communicated to the PCH at discharge. Discrepancies between these lists were identified and categorized, as was the medium in which the medication list was communicated to the PCH.

Seventy-eight cases were included in the final data analysis. Mean age of patients was 46.7 years, 59% being female. The mean number of medications taken was 6.3 per case. Four cases had no medication use. All discharge medication information was communicated via a dictated discharge summary. The total number of discrepancies identified was 280, a mean of 3.6 per case. The majority of discrepancies were prescription medication omissions or errors (69%). The remaining discrepancies were non-prescription medication omissions or errors (18%) and medication dose discrepancies (13%).

A large number of discrepancies were present between the hospital chart and the discharge summary that was sent to the PCH. Improving communication of the medication list at discharge should be encouraged to reduce potential medication errors.

Stakeholder perspectives on economic analyses of billable pharmacy services in Ontario

Sherilyn Houle, BSP, PhD; Jilan Yang, MD, MSc, PhD

A number of pharmacy services in Ontario are government-funded; however, little is known about the costs and benefits of these services. This study solicited stakeholder perspectives on the most valuable economic analysis designs, the priority services, and concerns related to the conduct of the research or dissemination of results.

Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with 16 stakeholders from government, academia, pharmacy industry/associations/regulators, and insurers in March and April 2015. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and coded both manually and using NVivo. Data analysis employed the constant comparison approach to identify emerging themes and patterns.

There was consensus among stakeholders that high-quality economic evaluations of pharmacy services are needed. While evaluation of MedsCheck reviews was considered highest priority, influenza vaccination was widely identified as a suitable starting point given data availability and clear patient outcome measurement. A broad perspective including those of government/payers, the pharmacy profession, and patients is encouraged, with patient outcomes identified as more valuable than financial outcomes. However, accurate and complete patient outcome data collection was identified as a key challenge. Stakeholders reported a desire to be actively involved in economic evaluations and knowledge dissemination.

Researchers considering economic evaluations of pharmacy services are encouraged by stakeholders to incorporate broad perspectives beyond solely the interests of the profession. While patient health outcomes are valued above financial outcomes, care should be taken to ensure this outcome data is accurate and complete to minimize the impact of assumptions on the validity of the results. Stakeholder engagement at all stages of the research can help ensure the relevance and uptake of economic analyses conducted.

Opportunity and cost: Self-monitoring of blood glucose in Manitoba, 2000-2013

Olena Serwylo, BSc(Pharm), PharmD candidate; Kevin Friesen, BSc(Pharm), MSc candidate; Jamie Falk, BSc(Pharm), PharmD; Shawn Bugden, BSc(Pharm), MSc, PharmD

Given the limited evidence of benefit of frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) by non-insulin using patients with diabetes, new guidelines and test strip limit policies have been suggested and implemented in various Canadian jurisdictions. The objective of this study was to assess the overall utilization and cost associated with blood glucose test strips (BGTS) and lancets for SMBG in Manitoba from 2000 to 2013 and to assess potential implications of such a policy.

A cohort of all patients with diabetes in Manitoba from 2000-2013 was established. Test strip and lancet utilization and cost were assessed for the overall cohort and for subgroups based on the type of diabetes treatment. The potential opportunity for a more selective practice of SMBG was assessed.

In the year 2000, 8 million BGTS were dispensed in Manitoba, and this increased by 270% to 21.7 million by 2013. Insulin users accounted for the majority of test strip use. However, it was estimated that test strip use could be reduced by 16 million test strips over 5 years by taking a guideline based approach to monitoring, with 95% of the potential reduction occurring in groups not using insulin. Over the next 5 years, a guideline based approach is projected to save $12.35 million, including $7.3 million in government spending.

Some provinces have placed therapy-linked limits on BGTS use. Whether or not a test strip limit policy is in place there is an important opportunity for pharmacists to help guide patients with diabetes to determine optimal frequency of SMBG. Expenditures above guideline recommendations represent an opportunity cost, money which could be redirected to programs and more useful interventions for the growing population of patients with diabetes in Manitoba.

Ibuprofen provides superior antipyretic efficacy vs. acetaminophen in childhood fever: Pooled analysis of 2 randomized trials

David Kellstein, PhD; Shyamalie Jayawardena, PhD

Compare antipyretic efficacy and safety of ibuprofen (IBU) vs acetaminophen (APAP) in children with fever from a pooled analysis of 2 studies.

Two IRB-approved, randomized, double-blind studies enrolled children 0.5 - 11 y, 13 - 95 lb with fever (101.5 - 104.9°F, rectally, ages 0.5 - 3 y; 101.0 - 103.9°F, orally, ages 4 - 11 y) for ≥2-h duration to single-dose IBU suspension (Children’s Advil® Suspension 7.5 mg/kg) or APAP suspension (Children’s Tylenol® Suspension 10 – 15 mg/kg) based on labelled dose/age. Temperatures (temperature; average of 2 readings) were assessed at baseline (predose) and after single dose of study medication at 15, 30 and 45 min and hourly from 1 - 8 h thereafter. Primary efficacy: time-weighted sum of temp difference from baseline over 8 h evaluated via analysis of variance. Secondary efficacy endpoints included time to onset and duration of temp control (temp: <100°F orally or <101°F rectally) via Cox proportional hazards; percentage with temperature control (Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel); safety was monitored throughout.

In total, 319 children (144 male, 175 female; 94% white; mean age 4.6 y; mean weight 42 lb) were evaluable for efficacy; 333 comprised the safety set. On primary efficacy, IBU 7.5 mg/kg was significantly better in terms of time-weighted sum of temperature differences vs APAP 10 – 15 mg/kg: mean (SD) -11.1 (8.5) vs -7.6 (8.0); p<0.001. Onset of temperature control occurred significantly earlier (median: 94.5 vs 111.6 min; p<0.001), lasted significantly longer (median: 191.3 vs 122.7 min; p=0.042) and occurred in a significantly higher percentage of children (89.6 vs 66.7%; p<0.001) with IBU suspension vs APAP suspension. Fifteen AEs occurred in each group; none severe. Most common AE was vomiting (4.6%: IBU; 6.3%: APAP; p>0.05).

IBU paediatric suspension (7.5mg/kg) is superior to APAP suspension (10 - 15mg/ kg) in treating paediatric fever, with better temperature reduction that was faster and of longer duration compared with APAP. Both products were well tolerated.

Development of a hormonal contraception decision support tool for pharmacists

Nese Yuksel, BScPharm, PharmD, FCSHP, NCMP; Humirah Sultani; Tasneem Siyam, BScPharm, MSc

Hormonal contraception continues to be a popular and effective method of contraception among women. With the expanded scope of practice in Alberta, pharmacists are perfectly positioned to manage the hormonal contraceptive needs of women, including initiating and adjusting hormonal contraceptives. The objective of this project is to develop a decision support tool to help pharmacists manage hormonal contraceptives in the community.

Development of the decision support tool involved a panel of local pharmacists with expertise in women’s health. Content of the tool was informed by current contraception guidelines, published literature and research team experience. The developed prototype was then reviewed by experts in the field including a pharmacist and nurse specialized in contraception, an obstetrician-gynecologist and a family physician with interest in women’s health. The modified prototype was alpha tested in a small cohort of community pharmacists (n=10) for acceptability and usability.

The tool includes 4 sections: (1) Patient Assessment — includes screening for indications, contraindications and risk factors, (2) Initiating Hormonal Contraceptives — includes guidance in choosing among different products, (3) Patient Education — provides an educational overview for shared decision making, and (4) Managing Ongoing Therapy — includes monitoring recommendations, approaches to dealing with side effects and adjusting therapy. An appendix with available Canadian Hormonal Contraceptives is also provided.

An evidence based clinical decision support tool may be a useful tool for pharmacists managing hormonal contraception in the community. Future plans are to evaluate the feasibility and applicability of the tool in the community setting.

The pharmacy services framework: Communicating the shift to clinical pharmacy services in Alberta

Theresa J. Schindel, BSP, MCE; Christine A. Hughes, BScPharm, PharmD; René Breault, BScPharm, PharmD; Deborah Hicks, MA, MLIS

To gain insight into communication of the Compensation Plan for Pharmacy Services, known as the Pharmacy Services Framework (PSF), by interpreting information described in news media articles, policies, government reports, and communications about the PSF.

Publicly available documents published 2012 - 2015 were obtained from websites such as the Government of Alberta, Alberta Blue Cross, the Alberta College of Pharmacists, the Alberta Pharmacists’ Association, and the Blueprint for Pharmacy. Searches using the Canadian Newsstand database and Google identified additional documents. Search terms included “Pharmacy Services Framework,” “Compensation Plan for Pharmacy Services,” pharm*, compensat*, reimburse*, and Alberta. One research team member completed initial analysis of documents using a grounded theory approach and the entire team reviewed emerging thematic categories. During the analysis, attention was paid to how the PSF was presented to pharmacists and other audiences.

Preliminary analysis of documents written for practicing pharmacists consisting of government policies, newsletters, and other communications identified four main themes: reimbursing patient care services, legitimizing pharmacists’ professionalism, shifting focus to patient care role, and collaborating with health care team members. The PSF was framed as payment for professional services and as offering external validation and legitimization for pharmacists’ changing professional service roles. Further analysis of news media and communications directed to other audiences is underway.

Preliminary findings provide insight into how the PSF was communicated to pharmacists and other audiences. Researchers need to consider political and societal contexts that influence provision and reimbursement of clinical services. The results of this study will provide a foundation for future research on how clinical services reimbursed by the PSF are implemented.

Provider and patient perspectives regarding a community pharmacist-based case finding and intervention program — Alberta Vascular Risk Reduction Community Pharmacy project: RxEACH

Maoliosa Donald, BSc, MSc; Kathryn King-Shier, PhD; Ross T. Tsuyuki, BSc(Pharm), PharmD, MSc; Yazid Al Hamarneh, PhD; Charlotte Jones, MD; Braden Manns, MSc, MD; Marcello Tonelli, SM, MD; Brenda Hemmelgarn, PhD, MD

To gain firsthand knowledge of pharmacists’ and patients’ experiences with pharmacist-based management of adults at risk for cardiovascular events.

Design: Qualitative descriptive — one on one telephone interviews. Setting: Community — Alberta. Population: Community pharmacists and patients. Data analysis: Multi-step process using conventional qualitative content analysis.

We completed 35 telephone interviews — 21 pharmacists and 14 patients, where we had 14 dyads (pharmacist and patient relationship). The majority of pharmacists were female (57%) between the ages of 36-45, and worked in an urban setting (57%) with 10 or less years of practice. Pharmacists reported a variety of factors that affected their ability to manage patients’ cardiovascular risk. These included features of their workplace (i.e., work autonomy, resources and physical space); their personal outlook and perspective (i.e., expanded professional role and professional development); collaborative physician/pharmacist relationship; and patient uptake. Common themes identified by patients included their trust of the pharmacist, ease of access to pharmacist services and presumed health care cost.

Understanding the provider and patient perspectives are key to maximizing the impact and sustainability of a pharmacy-based program to manage patients at high cardiovascular risk. Generally, patients were pleased with the clinical services provided by the pharmacist and pharmacists embraced the expanded clinical role.

An audit of 8 centres’ use of anticoagulant therapies when discharging patients from hospital with acute venous thromboembolism

Tammy Bungard, BSP, PharmD; Bruce Ritchie, MD; Cindy Jones, BScPharm; Jennifer Bolt, BScPharm, ACPR, PharmD; William Semchuk, MSc, PharmD, FCSHP

To report anticoagulant (AC) therapies patients receive for acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) upon hospital discharge.

This retrospective chart review from April 2014 to March 2015 included 4 urban Edmonton hospitals, 2 urban Regina hospitals and 3 rural Alberta hospitals. Patients > 18 years of age who were discharged with a diagnosis of VTE (DVT or PE) that lacked another indication for anticoagulant therapy and had an anticipated lifespan > 3 months were included. We primarily sought to assess the anticoagulant regimen prescribed for patients at hospital discharge and with whom follow-up care was to occur. Moreover, we sought to compare differences among the urban and rural centres.

After screening 1,047 patients, 692 (66.1%) were included. The majority of patients discharged from hospital had a PE (Edmonton 84.4%, Regina 81.2%, rural Alberta 63.3%). Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACS) were the most common discharge therapy in rural Alberta (50.0%), followed by warfarin (+/- a parenteral AC) (30.0%). In rural Alberta follow-up most commonly occurred with the GP (66.7%). In Regina, the most common therapy at discharge was warfarin (+/- a parenteral AC (59.0%) followed by a NOAC (23.9%), and a parenteral AC alone (16.2%). In Regina, the majority of follow-up was with the GP (52.1%) or specialist (52.1%). In Edmonton, 40.5% were discharged on warfarin (+/- a parenteral AC), 29.2% a parenteral agent alone, and 28.4% on a NOAC. Follow-up most commonly was with the general practitioner [GP] (29.9%) or VTE clinic (29.1%) in Edmonton.

The majority discharged after VTE-related hospitalizations have PEs, and NOACs are used more commonly in rural Alberta (50%) compared to urban centres (~25%). Depending on the centre, follow-up is either done via the family doctor or through specialists / VTE clinic.

An audit of 8 centres’ use of anticoagulant therapies when discharging patients from the emergency department

To report anticoagulant (AC) therapies patients receive for acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) upon discharge from the emergency department (ED).

This retrospective chart review included patients discharged from the ED with a diagnosis of VTE (DVT or PE) between April 2014 and March 2015. Two urban Edmonton hospitals having VTE clinics (Edm-VTE), 2 without VTE clinics (Edm), 2 urban Regina hospitals and 3 rural Alberta hospitals were included. We primarily sought to assess the AC regimen at ED discharge to the community and with whom follow-up care was to occur. Moreover, we compared differences among the urban and rural centres.

After screening 1,734 patients, 418 (24.1%) were included. The majority were discharged with DVT as compared to PE/PE plus DVT (Edm-VTE 54.5%, Edm 59.0%, Regina 91.7%, rural Alberta 80.0%). For Edm-VTE, discharge therapy with a parenteral AC alone (60.1%) or novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC) (20.0%) with follow up in the VTE clinic (80.6%) was most common. The majority for Edm were prescribed a parenteral AC (41.0%) or NOAC (40.3%) with either general practitioner [GP] (28.1%) or VTE clinic (33.8%) follow-up. In Regina, the majority (75.0%) were discharged on a parenteral AC with warfarin, with 11.9% each on a parenteral AC or NOAC, with GP follow-up (56.0%). Rural Alberta sites most commonly used NOACs (43.3%) or a parenteral AC with warfarin (26.7%), with GP follow up (53.3%).

Urban Alberta sites discharge more patients with PE (43.4%) from ED compared with Regina or rural Alberta sites. Traditional therapy with a parenteral AC (+/- warfarin) is still most commonly used at discharge, with anywhere from 12-43%receiving a NOAC across the sites assessed. NOAC use was most common (~40%) in rural Alberta and at the Edmonton site not having a VTE clinic. Variation in practice is evident.

Enhancing depression outcomes with better use of antidepressants: Evaluation of a pharmacy benefit manager– sponsored depression disease state management program

Katherine Giannoulis, BScPharm, CGP; Leanne McFarlane, BScPharm; Heather Creighton, BScPharm; Moira Reiley, BScPharm, CGP

Non-adherence to antidepressants is associated with poor health outcomes and is common in people with depression. Studies using medication possession ratio (MPR) or proportion of days covered (PDC) to calculate adherence found 34-56% of patients were adherent to therapy. Persistence to antidepressants at 1, 3 and 6 months is estimated to be 70-75%, 56-60% and 40-43% respectively. To improve adherence and patient depression outcomes MHCSI developed and funded a two-year pharmacist Depression Disease State Management (DSM) pilot program for plan members.

Pharmacists within MHCSI’s Preferred Provider Network were encouraged to have multiple consultations with each patient in-program over a one-two year period. Pharmacists received equal compensation for each consultation. Adherence was calculated at program completion based on drug claims data using the PDC method. Patients were considered adherent if the PDC was >80%. Persistence was calculated for patients new to antidepressant therapy. Pharmacists completed a Patient Outcome Survey for each patient.

There were 59 patients in the Depression DSM program. Patients had an average of three consults. The percentage of patients considered adherent to antidepressant therapy was 70%. The average proportion of days covered for participants was 81%. Persistence to 1, 3 and 6 months was 100%, 89% and 61%. Patient Outcome Surveys were completed for 57 of the 59 patients with 81% of respondents reporting that the patient had a better understanding of condition/treatment, 65% of the patients reported “feeling better” and 54% reported productivity gains.

This suggests a pharmacist longitudinal follow-up model may improve adherence to antidepressant medication with the goal of improving patient health outcomes.

Pharmacist intervention for a frail elderly population in primary care

Tejal Patel, PharmD; Jillian Bauer, BScPharm; Linda Lee, MD; Cathy Schill, BScPharm

In 2013, the Centre for Family Medicine Family Health Team initiated a new program called the “Case-Finding for Complex Chronic Conditions in seniors 75+ (C5-75)” to systematically screen for frailty among all persons aged 75 years and older to address medical conditions appropriately and to avert crises. As a component of this program, a pharmacist intervention was developed to address medication-related problems (MRPs). The objectives of this study are to describe the medication use in the population referred and activities performed by pharmacists in this program.

This was a retrospective medical records review of frail elderly patients seen by pharmacists in the C5-75 program from April 2013 to August 2015. Data pertaining to patient demographics, medical conditions, and medication history as well as activities performed and recommendations made by pharmacists were abstracted.

Of 142 patients (54 males and 88 females, mean age 85 years [range: 75-98]) identified as frail, 54 patients accepted the offer of a medication review with a pharmacist in the C5-75 program. At initial visit with the pharmacist, the means for number of total medications was 11.60 (range: 5-23), for prescribed medications, 7.67 (range: 3-20), and for over-the-counter medications, 3.93 (0-15). Polypharmacy and high-risk medication use was highly prevalent (83% and 93%, respectively). A total of 218 MRPs were identified among the 41 patients with at least one follow-up visit with the pharmacist. Pharmacists made a total of 222 recommendations. Of the 138 that were measurable, physicians had accepted 70% and 50% were implemented at most recent follow-up.

Polypharmacy, high-risk medication use and MRPs are highly prevalent in the frail elderly in primary care. Pharmacists were able to address these problems with recommendations, many of which were accepted and implemented.

Impact of pharmacist assessment on classes of high-risk medications in a geriatric outpatient clinic

Sharon Ong, BPharm, PharmD; Alexandra Marin, MD, CCFP, Dip. COR; Imran Hassan, MSc; Ross T. Tsuyuki, BSc(Pharm), PharmD, MSc, FCSHP, FACC; Cheryl Sadowski, BSc(Pharm), PharmD, FCSHP

Seniors often take multiple medications because of a high burden of chronic diseases. This complex population is vulnerable to medication-related problems. Pharmacists can improve suboptimal prescribing in older adults, however, the evidence base for this is weak. Our objective was to determine if pharmacist assessment is effective in reducing classes of high-risk medications in seniors at a geriatric clinic.

We reviewed the medical charts of 245 patients aged 65 and over who were referred to our outpatient geriatric clinic and assessed using comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA). The CGA team consisted of a geriatrician, medical trainee (student, resident or fellow), pharmacist (available part-time), and nurse. Since the pharmacist was only in the clinic on certain days, we conducted a non-randomized comparison of medication use in those seen by a pharmacist versus those who were not. Number of medications was compared using t-test and exact McNemar’s test was performed to assess medication changes.

The mean number of medications of patients assessed by pharmacist (n=99) vs not assessed by pharmacist (n=89) was 10.5 (SD 5.5) vs 9.4 (SD 4.7) with a mean difference of 1.07 (95% CI, -0.41 to 2.55), p=0.157. The proportions of patients taking acetylcholinesterase inhibitor in both pharmacist and non-pharmacist groups increased, respectively, from 20% to 37%, p<0.001 and 14% to 28%, p=0.001. Other classes of medication with statistical significant changes were exclusively in the pharmacist group, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor from 20% to 27%, p=0.007; over-the-counter analgesic e.g. acetaminophen from 30% to 41%, p=0.002; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug from 22% to 16%, p=0.013; and antihistamine or other anticholinergic (not for overactive bladder) from 7% to 2%, p=0.016.

Pharmacist assessment as part of an interprofessional geriatric clinic team led to an improvement in medication use.

Description of medication management problems and supports used in community-dwelling seniors

Objective(s).

Seniors commonly have problems managing their medications due to extensive medication use, medication regimen complexity, and functional or cognitive limitations. With an aging population, it is important to identify these problems so that resources can be directed to meet their health care needs. The purpose of our study was to describe the medication management problems of seniors living in the community.

A retrospective chart review of patients aged 65 years and over who were referred to our geriatric clinic and assessed using comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA). The CGA team consisted of a geriatrician, medical trainee (student, resident or fellow), pharmacist and nurse. Data were analyzed descriptively and McNemar’s test was used for changes in calendar packaging.

The mean age was 80.6 (SD 7.2) years, 41% lived alone and 46% lived with spouse/ partner. On admission, the mean number of medications (n=236) per patient was 9.8 (SD 4.8), and 46% had medications administered via a non-oral route. Medication-related problems were non-adherence (43%), difficulty managing medication (40%) and dependence with medication use (49%). The dependent patients obtained assistance from spouse or partner (37%), family member/living separately (25%), family member/living with (18%), formal home care cueing/ administration (11%) or monitoring (8%), and caregiver (9%). Calendar packaging from 55% to 70%, p<0.001, and community care services from 27% to 42%, following assessment.

Conclusion(s)

About half the seniors seen at the geriatric outpatient clinic had complex medication regimens, were non-adherent, had difficulty managing medications and were dependent with medication use. There appeared to be a high dependency on their spouse and family members in medication management. As such, assessing seniors for medication management and inquiring about supports for medication assistance are important roles for pharmacists in a geriatric practice.

Effectiveness of the peer-to-peer mentoring model for transitioning from classroom to professional practice

Thomas Huang, PharmD (student); Annie Lee, MSc(T), ACPR; Certina Ho, RPh, BScPhm, MISt, MEd; Edric Paw Cho Sing, PharmD; Michael Vinh, PharmD

To better prepare pharmacy students for practice by implementing a peer-to-peer mentoring model of student-led pharmacotherapy sessions (SLPS) in the PharmD program. The learning impact and the utility of the model for student preparedness for Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences and the licensing exam were examined.

Fourth-year students delivered SLPS on Cardiology, Infectious Diseases, and Patient Self-Care online and live to both third- and fourth-year students. Retrospective self-assessment surveys were administered after each SLPS. Five knowledge domains (etiology, clinical presentation, pharmacotherapy, monitoring/follow-up, and overall knowledge) were assessed. A paired t-test was utilized to evaluate the survey data. Thematic analysis was applied to the qualitative comments on the survey.

Eighty-one students (59% third-years; 41% fourth-years) responded to the survey. Prior to the SLPS, 46.8% of students rated their knowledge “Average” (3 of 5), while 33.1% rated their knowledge “Above Average” (4 of 5) in all knowledge domains. After the SLPS, 53.6% of students rated their knowledge to be “Above Average” (4 of 5), while 27.5% rated their knowledge “Excellent” (5 of 5) in all knowledge domains. Statistically significant increase (p<0.001) was shown in all five knowledge domains post-SLPS for both third- and fourth-year students. Students stated that cases, drug charts and therapeutic overview were the most useful. Suggestions for improvement included increased interactions, counselling points, and providing practice examples.

The peer-to-peer mentoring model was an effective model for student learning. Students perceived a therapeutic knowledge increase after attending the SLPS. Student presenters developed public speaking skills and built confidence while consolidating knowledge. This model has proven to be effective in developing skills and knowledge for students transitioning into professional practice.

Community pharmacy reports of potential QTc-prolonging drug interactions involving fluoroquinolones or macrolides: A multi-incident analysis

Roshan Tahavori, RPh, BScPhm, PharmD; Certina Ho, RPh, BScPhm, MISt, MEd

Significantly prolonged QTc may lead to torsades de pointes (TdP) in at-risk patients. Fluoroquinolones (FQs) and macrolides have the potential to prolong the QTc, and given their widespread use, are implicated in relatively high number of significant QTc-prolongation events. The purpose of this project was to analyze incidents of potential QTc-prolonging drug interactions involving FQs and macrolides, in order to fill in patient-safety gaps.

We searched the Community Pharmacy Incident Reporting program for QTc-related incidents involving FQs and macrolides between April 2010 and January 2015. Using a qualitative, multi-incident analysis approach, we analyzed 56 incidents, identified themes, potential contributing factors, and provided recommendations.

Most incidents were pharmacy-intercepted drug interactions (i.e., near misses) involving moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin. Commonly reported classes of interacting drugs were antidepressants, antiarrhythmics, and antipsychotics. The following themes and possible contributing factors were captured: 1) Prescriber-triggered potential for QTc-prolongation due to absence of drug-interaction assessment, 2) Potentially inappropriate pharmacist-intervention due to absence of patient risk-assessment, and 3) Patient-potentiated risk for harm due to polydoctoring and polypharmacy practices while failing to disclose complete medication lists to the providers.

Prescribers should seek patients’ complete medication list and medical history, and make TdP risk-assessment when prescribing drugs with QTc-liability. Pharmacists should assess patients’ risk factors for QTc-prolongation before intervening on drug-interactions. We developed a QTc-Prolongation Risk Factors Checklist to facilitate these assessments. Patients should regularly be provided with a comprehensive medication list and educated on safe medication use by pharmacists.

Medication incidents involving insulin: A multi-incident analysis

Carolyn Kasprzak, RPh, PharmD; Certina Ho, RPh, BScPhm, MISt, MEd

Insulin is a life-saving pharmacological therapy for many diabetic patients. However, insulin has been identified as a high alert medication as it has the potential to cause detrimental patient harm when used in error; particularly, an excessive dose can lead to life-threatening hypoglycemia. The objective of this multi-incident analysis was to examine insulin-related medication incidents and determine potential system-based improvements that may be customized in pharmacy practice to enhance medication safety.

Reports of medication incidents involving insulin were extracted from a national incident reporting database between January and December 2014. After a review of 226 incidents, 81 were included in this qualitative, multi-incident analysis. The incidents were then analyzed and categorized into main themes and subthemes.

The four main themes identified were: (1) product selection (related to unique insulin properties), with prescribing, order entry and dispensing as subthemes; (2) therapeutic regimen change; (3) dosage calculations; and (4) storage requirements. Potential solutions for prevention of insulin-related incidents included the use of standardized pre-printed order forms, integrating warning flags into pharmacy software, incorporation of independent double checks throughout the entire pharmacy workflow, and conducting comprehensive diabetes-focused medication reviews with patients.

Medication incidents involving insulin in pharmacy practice are common and have the potential to cause serious patient harm. Findings from this analysis are intended to educate health care professionals on the vulnerabilities in the medication-use process that may contribute to insulin-specific medication incidents and offer recommendations to prevent such events from recurring.

Potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: A multi-incident analysis

Kelly Ng, BSc, PharmD candidate; Certina Ho, RPh, BScPhm, MISt, MEd; Roger Cheng, RPh, BScPhm, PharmD

Potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults can lead to preventable adverse events, which may account for a significant portion of emergency room visits and hospitalization. This multi-incident analysis identifies points of intervention in the community setting in order to prevent medication incidents that may compromise patient safety.

A qualitative, multi-incident analysis was conducted on medication incidents reported to the Community Pharmacy Incident Reporting (CPhIR) program. Reports of medication incidents involving drug therapy problems, contraindications, and duplications in patients over 65 years of age were extracted between 2010 and 2015. In total, 184 incidents met the inclusion criteria of this multi-incident analysis.

Two main themes were identified: (1) patient-specific factors and (2) drug interactions. Patient specific factors include incidents where the medication was not best suited for the patient due to their intolerances or allergies, medical conditions, and inappropriate dosing/prescribing for older adults over 65 years old. Medication incidents involving drug interactions include antibiotic and chronic medication interactions, interactions between different therapeutic classes, and drug duplications of the same therapeutic class. Comprehensive medication reviews (such as MedsChecks in Ontario) help to ensure patients are safely and appropriately using medication therapies and reduce potential adverse drug events when transitioning between points of care.

Although the use of multiple medications may be appropriate in older adults, the complexity of these medication regimens increases the risk of errors and adverse effects. Implementing system-based strategies in the pharmacy workflow can help pharmacists improve patient safety and mitigate the risks of potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults.

Patient counseling: An overarching method to mitigate medication errors and ensure continuity of care

Tracy He, PharmD candidate; Certina Ho, RPh, BScPhm, MISt, MEd

To explore the methods and behavioural tools in which community pharmacists utilize patient counselling to prevent medication incidents. The findings of this qualitative, multi-incident analysis will substantiate the strongholds in which pharmacists mitigate errors and the role of patient education in encouraging health literacy and continuity of care.

A multi-incident analysis was performed on medication incidents reported to the Community Pharmacy Incident Reporting Program (CPhIR) developed by the Institute for Safe Medication Practices Canada. The keywords in the incident description included patient-counselling terminology, such as “identified,” “counsel,” “explain,” and “teach.” The incidents included in this analysis spanned from September 2014 to August 2015. They were then stratified thematically based on their modes of identification.

Of the 115 incidents that met the inclusion criteria, two emergent themes were identified: pharmacist-led and patient-led identification of medication incidents. The themes gave rise to further subthemes respectively, focussing on prescription reconciliation, therapy evaluation and clarification, storage education, patient identifier verification, and product demonstration. Reinforcement of safe medication use at the stage of patient counselling can also gear pharmacists towards patient-focused care and effective medication therapy management.

Community pharmacy practitioners can effectively identify near misses and medication incidents at the stage of patient counselling. Having a dialogue with patients at the point of care will not solely be helpful for the mitigation of errors, but also serve as a quality assurance of continuity of care.

Older people’s attitudes towards deprescribing: A community study in Quebec

Caroline Sirois, BPharm, PhD; Nicole Ouellet, PhD; Marie-Eve Gagnon, BInf; Joanie Renaud; Lyndia Huard

Polypharmacy is very common among older individuals and has been associated with adverse outcomes. Reducing the number of medications (deprescribing) might be a valuable option to reduce the risks. However, little is known about older individuals’ attitudes towards deprescribing.

We ran a pilot study to evaluate the feasibility of using a self-administered questionnaire among community-dwelling older individuals to address their perceptions towards deprescribing. We used a French version of the Australian Patient’s Attitudes Towards Deprescribing Questionnaire. The questionnaires were distributed in ten community pharmacies and two community centers in the province of Quebec. The participants (n=129) completed the questionnaire containing 10 Likert type questions about polypharmacy/deprescribing and 5 multiple-choice questions. We used descriptive statistics to summarize the participants’ characteristics. We performed chi-square tests to compare the proportions of agreement, and evaluated correlations with Spearman’s Rho (alpha=0.05).

The participants were mostly women (63%) with a median age of 76 years (IQR:7180). The median number of daily medication was 6 (IQR: 3-8). Half of the participants considered they were taking a lot of medications, but 80% judged these medications were necessary and felt comfortable with the number they were taking. More than 80% would agree to take more medications for their health condition if required. Nonetheless, 50% of the participants mentioned they would like to reduce the number of medications they were taking. If their doctor said it would be possible, 71% would be willing to reduce the number of medications used. Those who thought they were taking a lot of medications were more willing to have their number reduced (p<0.001).

The results show that older individuals in the community are eager to undertake deprescribing, conditional on their doctor’s approval.

The effect of health media reporting on self-medication use

I fan Kuo, BSc (Pharm), ACPR, MSc, PharmD; Amanda Church, BSc (Pharm) candidate; Christopher Louizos, BSc (Pharm), PharmD; Brenna Shearer, PhD

The news media serves the crucial role of conveying complex scientific findings and health issues to the general public. The main objectives of this study are (1) to describe the public’s perception of health-related content in the news media and their dependence on the media in decision-making surrounding self-medication use, and (2) to examine potential factors, both individual and media-related, that influence self-medication behaviour.

Twenty-Nine adult volunteers participated in five focus group interviews that were conducted at the College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba in Winnipeg. Each 90 minute interview was moderated by a study coordinator, audio-recorded, and transcribed. Two study team members independently analyzed the transcripts.

The general public expressed varying degrees of uncertainty towards the reliability of health reporting in news media. Most felt overwhelmed and frustrated by the excess sources of information, and the often mixed and transient messages in health news reports. A trusting relationship with a pharmacist or physician was identified as the most important factor in self-medication decision, but not all individuals had access to health care providers, due to a variety of reasons. Other influences on over-the-counter product use include education background, previous experience, upbringing, credentials of the sources, and the individual’s social circle.

Decision-making surrounding the use of over-the-counter products is a complex process, often implicitly influenced by health news reporting in the media. Trusting interaction with health care providers, especially pharmacists is an important component in choosing non-prescription product use, but one that is not always readily accessible. Pharmacists are yet to maximize the opportunity in filling this health care gap.

Documentation of functional medication management in older adults within an acute care hospital

Monika Bolina, BScPharm, ACPR; Allyson Jones, PhD; Sheri Koshman, BScPharm, PharmD, ACPR; Erin Heintz, BScPharm, ACPR; Ronald Lehmann, BScPharm, ACPR; Cheryl Sadowski, BSc(Pharm), PharmD, FCSHP

To describe the documentation of functional medication management (FMM) in adults, age 65 years and older, on medicine wards, during their hospital stay. The secondary objective was to describe the characteristics of the health care providers (HCP) documenting on FMM.

This study was a retrospective chart review of a random selection of 140 patients admitted at the University of Alberta Hospital from January 2013 to October 2014. FMM was defined as the process of taking medications (including ordering, picking up, organizing, preparing, monitoring, and administering medications). This ability requires assessing factors such as physical function (including vision, dexterity, and swallowing ability) related to medications and cognitive function.

A total of 140 patient charts were reviewed. The average age was 78.9 (SD 8.4) years, 68 (48%) male, and mean 8 (SD 3.1) scheduled oral medications taken. Commonly documented components of FMM included administration of medications (52%), organizing of medication (33%), assessments of physical function including vision (25%), swallowing ability of medications (18%), and cognitive function (21%). Documention of these activities was most frequently done by physicians (39%), occupational therapists (34%), and pharmacists (17%).

Clinicians occasionally document FMM. Given the complexity of medication regimens and the functional demands of handling these, there is a need to incorporate these assessments when evaluating patients.

Global citizenship framework — Application to pharmacy student experience

Cheryl Sadowski, BSc(Pharm), PharmD, FCSHP; Lynette Shultz, PhD, Marlene Gukert, BScPharm, ACPR; Cheryl Cox, BSP, MBA

The role of pharmacists as citizens is important in terms of community engagement, public health, and advocacy. Student exposure to global citizenship is important in order to develop a view of citizenship in their future role as pharmacists. The purpose of our research was to apply a framework for global citizenship to student experiences in an international course taught in Italy.

This was an exploratory qualitative study. Students at the University of Alberta enrolled in Pharm 453 (Intercultural Exploration of Pharmacy & Health) between 2011 and 2013 were invited to participate after completing the course. Students who consented individually participated in a semi-structured interview regarding their experience. We applied a published framework and the data was transcribed and analyzed by content analysis methods.

The framework included 4 main components, with examples of application in practice. The components were politics/ideology, social/collective, self/ subjectivity, and praxis/engagement. Examples of each component include: (1) politics — awareness of food insecurity, injustices; (2) social — appreciation of interconnectedness, inclusion of those with different values; (3) self — being aware of one’s own perspectives, concern for social justice; (4) praxis — ethical action and active participation in society.

Applying a framework in describing student experiences with global citizenship through an international course was valuable, and demonstrated that students can be engaged with important citizenship issues.

How does pharmacist prescribing fit with family physicians’ practice in Alberta? Developing a knowledge translation strategy

Chowdhury Faruquee, BPharm, MPharm, MBA; Amandeep Khera, MD, CCFP, MPH; Lisa Guirguis, BSc Pharm, PhD

Alberta family physicians are seeing patients with an increasing number of chronic diseases and complex medication regimens. Pharmacists are medication experts with prescribing authority who can help both physicians and patients to manage medications. However, literature and anecdotes suggest physicians have low level of understanding and speculative beliefs about pharmacist prescribing. Our objective is to develop a knowledge translation strategy to address family physicians’ gap in understanding of pharmacist prescribing.

Qualitative interviews were used to explore Alberta family physicians’ understanding and experience with pharmacist prescribing. We used purposeful sampling method with semi structured face to face or telephone interviews. We planned to interview 12 to 15 Alberta family physicians having experience of pharmacist prescribing in their practice as well as pharmacists who are working with these physicians. Gaps in physicians’ understanding were identified and will be used to develop infographics to communicate pharmacists’ roles in prescribing medications

To date we have interviewed 11 physicians and one pharmacist. Often, family physicians first learned of pharmacist prescribing after receiving notification that a patient received this service or from the pharmacists they work with on teams. Preliminary themes include interprofessional hierarchy, assorted acceptability, building trust, and shared goals. Gaps include knowledge about pharmacist expertise and pharmacist prescribing authority, and communication strategies to foster collaboration. We will create infographics as educational tools, addressing the gaps. We will develop a usability testing survey to test its usability and will refine the educational tools using feedback. We will disseminate our infographics to both physicians and pharmacists through Alberta PCN leads, professional associations, and encourage pharmacists to use it with individual physicians.

We confirmed that some Alberta family physicians have limited understanding of pharmacist prescribing, resulting in lack of trust. Future research should evaluate the effectiveness of this knowledge translation strategy in the Alberta context.

Medication incidents involving smoking cessation therapies

Phillip Yang, PharmD; Certina Ho, RPh, BScPhm, MISt, MEd

Ontario pharmacists have been granted the authority to prescribe medications for smoking cessation in their expanded scope of practice. To help pharmacists minimize errors when prescribing for smoking cessation, medication incidents involving varenicline and bupropion must be examined. The objective of this project was to identify areas of vulnerability when prescribing and dispensing smoking cessation therapies.

A qualitative, multi-incident analysis was conducted using anonymous incident reports submitted to the Institute for Safe Medication Practices Canada Community Pharmacy Incident Reporting Program. Medication incidents involving varenicline and bupropion were included in the analysis.

A total of 360 incidents were analyzed. Our findings were divided into two main themes according to the medication therapies: (1) varenicline and (2) bupropion. The main themes were then further divided into subthemes, comprising prescription instructions, quantity of tablets, and drug formulation. Safety interventions include separation of instructions for starter pack and continuation packs, implementation of preprinted order forms and independent double checks in the pharmacy workflow, and verification of the medication with patients during patient counselling.

As more patients access smoking cessation therapies, there are more opportunities for pharmacist-patient interactions. With pharmacists’ expanded scope of practice, there is also a new potential for near misses and incidents involving prescribing errors in the pharmacy. Through shared learning of existing smoking cessation medication incidents from this project, pharmacists will be more prepared and aware of safe medication use when executing their expanded scopes.

Medication incidents involving immunosuppressive agents

Melody Truong, RPh, BScPhm, PharmD; Amanda Chen, RPh, BSc, BScPhm, ACPR, PharmD; Jim Kong, BSc, PharmD; Certina Ho, RPh, BScPhm, MISt, MEd

Immunosuppressants are potent, immune-modulating medications that can cause significant harm to patients if used incorrectly. The objective of this multi-incident analysis is to assess the challenges of managing immunosuppressive therapy in the community setting and identifying system-based vulnerabilities.

Oral immunosuppressive agents of interest, such as azathioprine and cyclosporine, were retrieved from the American Hospital Formulary Service classification system. Intravenous agents were excluded due to a lack of presence in the community setting. Relevant medication incidents were gathered from ISMP Canada’s Community Pharmacy Incident Reporting (CPhIR) Program between January 2010 and May 2015. From an initial collection of 61 cases, a total of 47 medication incidents met inclusion criteria and were analyzed and reviewed by two analysts independently.

Quantitative analysis found that of the initial 61 medication incidents, 59% (36) were near-misses, 18% (11) resulted in no harm, and 3% (2) resulted in mild harm to the patient. The remaining 20% (12) were excluded due to insufficient narrative information provided by the reporter. Qualitative analysis uncovered three major themes that ran prevalent throughout all 47 incidents: (1) indication, (2) effectiveness, and (3) safety. Indication referred to incidents where an incorrect drug was being prescribed or dispensed due to look-alike/sound-alike names and/ or formulation oversight. Effectiveness primarily focused on medication errors arising from sub-therapeutic dosing that resulted in therapy failure, while safety referred to incidents that resulted in toxicity due to either supra-therapeutic dosing or drug interactions. System-based vulnerabilities included factors such as confirmation bias, practitioner’s knowledge gap, and lack of independent double checks in pharmacy workflow.

Immunosuppressive agents are commonly used by all patient populations within the community. Analysis of medication incidents provides an opportunity for health care practitioners to learn from errors and advance safe medication practices for quality patient care.

Medication incidents that could have been prevented at the prescribing stage

Kacy Park, BSc, PharmD candidate; Jim Kong, BSc, PharmD; Certina Ho, RPh, BScPhm, MISt, MEd

As the initial step in the medication-use process, prescribing errors can lead to a cascade effect that ultimately places the patient at risk for harm. The goal of this multi-incident analysis was to identify and prevent the occurrence of these systematic errors to mitigate patient harm.

Data were gathered from the Community Pharmacy Incident Reporting (CPhIR) Program between January 2010 and April 2015. Search criteria excluded incidents that did not occur during the “Prescribing” stage and/or resulted in “No Error.” A total of 111 incidents met the initial search criteria with 50 incidents being excluded due to insufficient narrative descriptions. The remaining 61 incidents were then analyzed.

Of the 61 medication incidents analyzed, quantitative analysis showed that 84% (51) resulted in mild harm and 16% (10) resulted in moderate harm. No incidents resulted in patient death. Qualitatively, two main themes were extrapolated from these incidents: (1) Therapeutic Plan Error and (2) Therapeutic Plan Execution Error. Therapeutic Plan Error consisted of incidents that occurred due to incorrect dose, medication discrepancy, drug allergies or drug-drug interactions. Underlying contributing factors included a lack of reliable Computerized Decision Support Systems to help capture potential drug therapy problems, and limited communication networks between health care professionals within the patient’s circle of care. Therapeutic Plan Execution Error included incidents that occurred due to incomplete prescriptions, illegible writing, or wrong patients. Potential contributing factors included a lack of system-based or forcing functions to support prescribers when prescribing and documenting medication therapies.

The prescribing stage represents a key step in the patient’s encounter with the medication-use process. Both physicians and pharmacists can improve patient safety by developing system-based strategies to prevent medication incidents at this crucial stage of patient care.

Direct oral anticoagulant medication incidents

Nusrat Amin, PharmD; Jim Kong, BSc, PharmD; Certina Ho, RPh, BScPhm, MISt, MEd

Direct oral anticoagulation utilizing apixaban, dabigatran and rivaroxaban has become highly prevalent due to their ease of use and convenient monitoring parameters. Though their unique pharmacologic properties make them a popular choice among health care professionals, increasing use has also led to an increase in medication incidents involving these medications. This multi-incident analysis serves to explore themes that contribute to incidents involving direct oral anticoagulation medications in the community setting.

Incidents were extracted from the Community Pharmacy Incident Reporting (CPhIR) Program between January 2010 and April 2015. A total of 145 incidents met the initial search criteria with 36 being excluded due to insufficient narrative descriptions. The remaining 109 incidents were then analyzed.

Qualitative, multi-incident analysis found a total of five major themes underlying all medication incidents involving direct oral anticoagulants. These included look-alike/ sound-alike medications, drug-drug interactions, transition of care, intricacies of anticoagulant dosing/frequency, and pharmacy operation. Although the primary focus of the analysis was on medication incidents in the community, transition of care presented a unique challenge as it referred to medication incidents that occurred when patients were transitioning from a different health care setting into the community setting. Numerous contributing factors such as confirmation bias, a lack of reliable Computerized Decision Support Systems, and knowledge deficit of health care practitioners all played a role in facilitating these medication incidents.

The expanding role of direct oral anticoagulants in conventional chronic drug therapy requires increased vigilance from health care professionals. In the community setting, long-term use of direct oral anticoagulants can place the patient at risk of harm if not managed and monitored appropriately. By developing safe medication practices, pharmacists can help educate patients and prevent anticoagulant medication incidents.

Drug allergy incidents in community pharmacies

Leo Kim, RPh, PharmD; Jim Kong, BSc, PharmD; Certina Ho, RPh, BScPhm, MISt, MEd

Drug-induced allergic reactions are frequent, unpredictable events of medication usage in the community setting. The lack of homogeneity in their presentation and severity can range from mild, localized discomfort to systemic, life-threatening anaphylaxis, which presents a challenge for community pharmacists to manage. The objective of this multi-incident analysis was to identify common themes underlying drug allergy medication incidents, involving patients with documented allergies, and offer recommendations to help prevent future incidents in the community setting.

Incidents were extracted from the Community Pharmacy Incident Reporting (CPhIR) Program utilizing the inclusion criteria of “Drug Therapy Problem Documented allergy” for the type of medication incident, and generalized signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis as key words in the narrative description. A total of 273 medication incidents were captured and reviewed in this multi-incident analysis.

The three major themes identified were: (1) missing documentation, (2) computer detection incapacity, and (3) alert bypass. Missing documentation involved medication incidents that stemmed from both prescriber and pharmacy-related databases, while computer detection incapacity and alert bypass incidents only involved pharmacy-related dispensing systems. Recommendations primarily focused on the proper usage/maintenance of computer databases and communication strategies with patients. System-based strategies such as various enhancements to existing pharmacy databases, along with other continuous quality improvement programs, provide further solutions to prevent patient harm.

Drug-induced allergies can be easily screened and documented given the right tools and appropriate resources. Although unpredictable in nature, the presence of an existing drug allergy should prompt health care professionals to be mindful and cautious when prescribing and/or dispensing medications.

Medication incidents associated with hospital discharge

John Cao, PharmD; Kelly Ng, BSc, PharmD candidate; Jim Kong, BSc, PharmD; Certina Ho, RPh, BScPhm, MISt, MEd

Hospital discharge is a form of transitional patient care that involves multistep processes with multiple health care professionals at different levels of care. Due to its innate complexity, this process places patients at high risk for medication errors and potential subsequent hospital readmissions. This project examines common themes that are prevalent in medication incidents associated with hospital discharge, and provides insight into system-based recommendations for advancing safe medication practices.

Incidents were extracted from ISMP Canada’s Community Pharmacy Incident Reporting (CPhIR) Program between April 2010 and December 2014. A total of 83 incidents met the inclusion criteria. These incidents were analyzed and reviewed by two analysts independently.

A qualitative, multi-incident analysis revealed three main themes underlying these medication incidents: (1) error on the discharge prescription, (2) communication issues, and (3) community integration. Error on the discharge prescription involved preparation errors in the hospital such as inappropriate medications being ordered, inadvertent omission of medications, dosing errors, and wrong patient name on discharge prescriptions. Communication issues referred to miscommunication incidents between the hospital and community that involved illegible writing/ print on faxed and written discharge prescriptions, as well as complex medication orders. Finally, community integration explored the lack of continuity between hospital and community care that facilitated medication errors. This included issues such as duplication in medication therapy, different preparations used in the hospital compared to community, and interruptions/additions to multi-medication compliance aids. Medication reconciliation is an effective strategy that can empower community pharmacists to mitigate patient harm and enhance transitional care during hospital discharge.

Patients discharged from hospitals will continue to experience harm from medication incidents if system-based vulnerabilities are not addressed properly. The results of this multi-incident analysis, along with further investigations, will help develop or improve seamless and comprehensive transitional care practices.

Successful pharmacists: A qualitative study to understand pharmacists’ definitions of successful pharmacy practices

Meagen Rosenthal, PhD; Joseph A Dikun, PharmD; Ashley S Crumby, PharmD AAHIVP; Jill Hall, BScPharm, ACPR, PharmD; Theresa L. Charrois; BScPharm, ACPR, MSc

Efforts to improve uptake of advanced pharmacy practice services by various pharmacy professional organizations have included the development of definitions of pharmacists’ role in patient care, meant to transmit what is a successful pharmacy practice. However, there is little evidence of how these messages are reaching practicing pharmacists. The objective of this study is to understand success in pharmacy practice from the perspective of pharmacy practitioners in various settings.

In-depth semi-structured interviews were undertaken. Pharmacist participants were identified through reviews of national professional organization awardee lists and contact with state professional organizations in Mississippi, USA. The interview guide was developed from a scoping review by the authors. Interviews continued until saturation had been achieved. Qualitative content analysis was completed on all transcribed interviews.

A total of 14 interviews were conducted. There was an even split between participants practicing in community and hospital/ambulatory care settings. Two major themes emerged in the analysis. First, success was the development of meaningful relationships with patients, which led to the perceived improved uptake by patients of pharmacists’ recommendations. Second, success was achieving job satisfaction. Job satisfaction was often described as knowing they were making a difference in lives of patients. Participants also identified factors contributing to success, which included communication skills, self-confidence, and a supportive work environment.

The number, or kind, of advanced pharmacy services being provided to patients was not part of the definition of practice success offered. This implies a gap between the objectives of pharmacy professional organizations and practicing pharmacists. This study provides insight into the definition of success by practitioners, and direction for how professional organizations can improve communications with practitioners.

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Developed in partnership with the American Pharmacists Association (APhA) , the Pharmacy Topics section contains links to various disease state / practice area articles and resources. The articles consist of peer-reviewed pharmacy related journal articles, abstracts or references supporting the impact of pharmacists in the pharmacy and healthcare setting. The resources contain topic specific information to assist pharmacists. If you find a link to any of the resources shown below no longer exists, or would like to recommend a resource for this section, please contact us .

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Also, if you upload your poster to one of these sites you can provide handouts or bookmarks with links to the electronic version of your poster at the conference, and keep your work accessible long after the conference.

• Faculty of 1000 Research Posters Open access repository for posters and slide presentations across biology and medicine.
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• Scientific Conference Posters - Webinar This video provides an overview of some tools, resources and key elements to creating a conference poster. Content covers software, general content, design tips, provides image resources, and tips for improved print quality. ~35 min.
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Through a process called upsampling , you can add pixels to low resolution images , and thereby improve the print quality . The short video below demonstrates how to upsample images in Photoshop .

Final Checklist

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Microsoft Publisher Tutorials

The following resources provide guidance on how to use Microsoft Publisher . Resources at the top provide step-by-step guidance about poster creation. Links at the bottom provide general guidance on using Publisher.

• Microsoft Publisher: Conference Poster Sessions University of Liverpool's Microsoft Publisher software video tutorial. Step-by-step demonstration of the key features used to create a poster. Applicable to Publisher 2010, 2013, and 2016. Run time ~12 min.
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PowerPoint Templates & Tutorials

Links to freely available PowerPoint conference poster templates , and guidance for specific software features relevant to poster creation . 

• PhD Posters - Power Point Template Files PPT templates in a variety of sizes. Packed with helpful tips and easy to customize.
• Mega Print Inc - Free Powerpoint Scientific Research Poster Templates PowerPoint® 2007-2013 templates in a variety of sizes.
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• Creating a Poster in PowerPoint 2010 Eastern Michigan University's detailed guide to creating a poster in PowerPoint.

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List of 200+ Healthcare & Medical Presentation Topics

This is a comprehensive list of more than 200 healthcare and Medical Presentation Topics is useful for Powerpoint PPT & Paper Presentations. These topics can be used for webinars, Seminars, conferences, oral presentations, speeches and classroom presentations

Students of MBBS, BAMS, BHMS, B Pharmacy, D Pharmacy, M Pharmacy, Bio-Technology and other medical and healthcare streams can get the benefit of this list of medical presentation topics.

Below is the list of Healthcare & Medical Topics for Presentation.

Abdominal Trauma

Abuse and Neglect

Adult Day Care

Ageing/Geriatrics

Air and community health

Airway Management and Ventilation

Allergies – Anaphylaxis

Alzheimer’s Disease

Ambulance Operations

Artificial respiration

Analysis of qualitative data

Analysis of quantitative data and approaching the families in Community

Attention Deficit Disorder

Aquatic Therapy

Assessment-Based Management

Autonomic nervous system & Peripheral nervous system

Behavioural sciences & their relevance to Community Health

Babysitting

Bacterial Vaginosis

Behavioural and Psychiatric Disorders

Biochemical characteristics of cancer

Biosimulation

Bio-statistics in Health

Bioterrorism – WMD

Birth Control for Moms

Blood Borne Pathogens

Breast Cancer

Breastfeeding & weaning & Baby-Friendly Hospitals Breastfeeding promotion

Cancer/Radiation Therapy

Cardiovascular system

Case-Control Studies

Cataract Surgery

Causation & association

Central nervous system

Childhood Obesity

Children’s Health

Cholesterol

Clinical forensic medicine

Clinical Decision Making

Cohort studies

Collection of data – sampling methods, the sample size

Collection of vital statistics in the community

Commonwealth Health Corporation

Commonwealth Health Foundation

Commonwealth Health Free Clinic

Communications

Community organization in rural and urban areas – community participation

Concepts in Community Health

Creatinine Blood Test

Crime Scene Awareness

Cross-Sectional Anatomy

Culture, habits, customs and community health

Customised treatments

Deep Vein Thrombosis Awareness

Demographic trends in India.

Designing interview schedules – KABP studies

DNA repair mechanisms and related disorders

DNA Replication,

DNA Sequencing for Routine Checkups

DNA Transcription

Documentation

Drive-Thru Clinics

Ears, Nose and Throat Disorders

EMS Systems Roles and Responsibilities

Endocrine System and Individual Endocrine Glands

Endocrinology

Endoscopic Ultrasound: New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications

Environment and community health

Environmental toxicology

Environmental Conditions

Epidemiology as a tool for community health

Expanding Surgical Options for Lung Cancer Treatments

Eye banking & ethics in ophthalmology

Family and its role in health and disease

Family planning methods: permanent methods

Family planning methods: spacing methods

The fate of the antigen-antibody complex

Fertility & fertility-related statistics

Fitness/Exercise

Food habits, customs related to pregnancy, childbirth & lactation

Food Hygiene, Food Adulteration & Food poisoning

Forensic medicine & toxicology

Forensic psychiatry

Gastroenterology

Gastrointestinal System

Genetic Engineering: Recombinant DNA technology

Gynaecology

Hazardous Materials Incidents

Head – Facial Trauma

Health care of special groups: Adolescents & School Children

Health Education Tools & Audio-visual aids

Health hazards faced by agricultural workers

Health Planning in India

Health problem associated with urbanization & industrialization

Health seeking behaviour – barriers to health

The health situation in India

Healthcare Careers

Healthy Lifestyle

Heart Attacks in Women

Heart Disease

Heart Disease & Stroke Risk Factors

Haematology

Haemorrhage and Shock

Haemorrhoids

High Blood Pressure

High-risk strategy & risk factors in pregnancy & childbirth

Histology of various organs/organ systems

History of The Medical Center

History Taking

Home Health Care

Home Medical Equipment

Hospitals at home

Human sexuality; sex and marriage counselling

Hybrid Approach to Coronary Artery Disease

Hypothermia and its clinical applications

IEC & Health Education Strategies

Illness and Injury Prevention

Immunization for international travel

Indoor environment and health

Industrial toxic exposures

Infant & Child Mortality

Infant Care (Safety, CPR, Birth)

Infectious Diseases

Infectious – Communicable Diseases

Introduction to Maternal & Child Health

Jet-Set & Suture

Joint Replacement

Kidney Failure

LASIK (Eye Procedure)

Life tables and life table techniques for evaluation of family planning methods

Life Span Development

Manage Kids’ Diabetes

Massage Therapy

Measurement of Nutritional Status of Community

Introduction to Family Health Advisory Service

Measuring the burden of disease in the community

Measuring vital events in the community

Medical Equipment

Medical Ethics:

Medical Incident Command

Medical jurisprudence

Medical/Legal Issues

Medication Errors/Drug Interactions

Medico-social problems, beliefs and practices related to acute and chronic diseases

Memory enhancement

Men’s Health

Multiple Sclerosis

Musculoskeletal Trauma

Nanorobotics

National Family Welfare Programme – 2;

National Family Welfare Programme – I

National health programmes for the control of communicable/non-communicable diseases

National Population Policy

A natural history of disease and levels of prevention

Neonatology

Neuro Anatomy

Neuromuscular transmission

The normal distribution, Bi-nominal distribution & poison Distribution

Nuclear Medicine (PET Imaging and Radiation Safety)

Nutrition Programmes in India

Nutritional requirements & sources

Osteoporosis

Parenting an ADHD Child

Pathophysiology

Patient Assessment

Patients with Special Challenges

Paediatrics

Pharmacology

Physiological effects of yoga

Planning & Evaluation of Health Education Programmes

Pneumoconiosis

Preserving Fertility in Cancer Survivors

Prevention of occupational diseases & ESI

Principles of bioelectricity

Probabilities and conditional probabilities

Prostate Cancer: Should We Be Screening?

Protein-energy malnutrition, growth monitoring & promotion

Pulmonary Emergency

Reproductive and Child Health Programme

Rescue Awareness and Operations

Review of the Human Body

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Road Traffic Accidents

Senior Health

Sleep and Pulmonary Disorders

Sleep is the new sex

Socio-economic measurement status and its role in community health

Soft Tissue Trauma

Special Sensory Organs

Spinal Trauma

Spirituality & Health

Sports Injuries and Treatment

Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Offers Option to High-Risk Surgery Patients

Stress Management

Stroke/Aneurysms

Survey methods and interview techniques in community Health

Techniques of Physical Examination

Testicular & Prostate Cancer

Tests of significance of statistical hypothesis

The next pandemic

The yogic practices

The Well-Being of the Paramedic

Therapeutic Communications

Thoracic Trauma

Trauma Systems and Mechanism of Injury

Vaccines for All Ages

Varicose Veins

Vascular Disease/Surgery

Venous Access and Medication Administration

Waste disposal

Water and community health

When to Call 911

Women’s Health

Work Injury Management

Working environment and community health

Worksite Wellness

Xenobiotics

Yoga in health and disease

Hope this list of healthcare and medical presentation topics will help you prepare stunning presentations for school, college and other power-point presentations.

For more presentation ideas check this article – 1000+ presentation topic ideas

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7 Tips to Deliver a Successful Presentation

Presentations can be nerve-racking, but with the right tools, they can be mastered

Presentations can be nerve-racking, but with the right tools, they can be mastered.

Here are a few tips for pharmacy students and practicing pharmacists:

1 . Practice

Presenting to yourself ahead of time will build your confidence, help you become more familiar with the material, and calm your nerves. When you hear yourself speaking out loud, you can vary your tone and speed to get through the slide deck in the allocated time while emphasizing specific words you want to get across to the audience.

Once you’ve practiced on your own a few times, present it to a peer for feedback.

2. Check Content and Format

First, have a title slide with your name, in case your audience didn’t catch it when you introduced yourself.

Second, have clear objectives with your audience in mind. Ask yourself, “What are the main things I want them to learn from this?” Those focused objective points should act as checkpoints in relating information while making the presentation clear and simple.

Third, your slides should be organized with bullet points, easy to read with a minimum size 24 font, straight to the point, and logically presented. Try to avoid overcrowding, small font, and typos because they can distract your audience.

Fourth, incorporate images, tables, or diagrams as appropriate to engage your audience. Constant text on a screen can become repetitive and boring.

3 . Use Appropriate Presenting Style

Know what you’re talking about

Choose a topic you’re interested in so you appear enthusiastic and well informed, but don’t read each slide word for word. Good presenters can glance at a point made on a slide and expand from there while still reiterating the information presented. This will demonstrate you’re comfortable and knowledgeable about the subject.

Connect with the audience through sound

Your audience members may not always look at you, but they’re still listening. Enunciating words appropriately and varying your speed and volume can help refocus them while emphasizing certain points. Whenever you’re collecting your thoughts, try to substitute an “um” with a brief pause.

Stand with confidence

Your posture and demeanor should be professional and exude confidence. Try to keep your shoulders up and relaxed with a straight back. Avoid leaning on walls or resting elbows on a podium, as this can convey disinterest.

Make eye contact

This is an important way to connect with audience members, gain feedback on whether they’re interested or bored, and re-engage them as best as you can.

4 . Ask Questions

Ask questions throughout the presentation, or at least at the end of it. This is a nice addition to promote audience engagement and re-enforce your objectives or important information.

Sometimes, you may forget that when you’re giving a presentation, you’re still in a conversation that’s simply using different forms of communication. In a typical conversation, one individual speaks while another listens. With that said, the audience gives you plenty of time to speak, so you must give them a turn.

Be open to hearing their thoughts, especially in a nonaggressive way. Put yourself in their shoes and answer their questions in a way you’d want a presenter to answer yours. If you don’t know the answer to a question, be honest about it.

5 . Provide References

At the end of your slide deck, make sure to include sources used and cite them properly with AMA, MLA, or any appropriate citation format. This helps demonstrate professionalism and prevent plagiarism.

The font for references may be smaller than the rest of your slides, and subscripts can be used throughout to indicate a specific reference if needed. Make sure to also cite images and tables appropriately.

6. Be Prepared

Night before

It’s always better to be safe than sorry when presenting because you never know what may happen. Put your presentation on a USB and check to make sure the file is there. You may also want to e-mail the presentation to yourself as backup.

First impressions matter and can make a big impact, so plan to arrive early, smile, introduce yourself, and dress professionally.

7 . Calm Your Nerves

Here are some quick pointers to try:

• The night before or early before presenting, watch a funny video clip or read an inspirational quote to help dissipate your nerves.
• Give yourself a quick motivational pep talk in the mirror, like, “I can do this and will do this.”
• Listen to an upbeat song or your favorite one.

Overall, you want to put yourself into a good mood and positive attitude where you aren’t thinking about how nervous you are.

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32. Debates of Controversial Therapeutic Topics

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Debates of controversial therapeutic topics.

• Student Activity: Debates of Controversial Therapeutic Topics
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Level of activity: Advanced

Setting: Classroom or APPE (Patient Care or Academic)

  ACPE Standards 2016 : 1.1, 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.6

  EPAs : Patient Care Provider (Collect, Analyze, Care Planning), Information Master (Educate others, Evidence-based care)

  PPCP : Assess, Plan, Communicate

Instructors can request access to the Instructor's Guide on AccessPharmacy. Email Customer Success ( [email protected] ) for more information.

Contributors

Timothy Gladwell, PharmD, BCPS, BCACP, is Associate Dean for Academic Affairs (ADAA) and an Associate Professor of Pharmacy Practice at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore (UMES). Dr. Gladwell received his Doctor of Pharmacy degree from the University of Maryland School of Pharmacy. He completed a PGY1 Pharmacy Residency at the Johns Hopkins Hospital and a PGY2 Pharmacy Residency in Internal Medicine and Cardiology at the University of Maryland School of Pharmacy. He became a Board-Certified Pharmacotherapy Specialist in 2000 and a Board-Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist in 2011. Prior to his current appointment at UMES, he served as a full-time faculty member at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh and at Husson University in Bangor, Maine. As a registered pharmacist for over 20 years, Dr. Gladwell has practiced in a variety of capacities including positions as the clinical pharmacy specialist in Cardiology Critical Care at Allegheny General Hospital in Pittsburgh, the pharmacy manager at Walgreens and CVS, and the ambulatory care clinical pharmacist at Penobscot Community Health Care in Maine and Peninsula Regional Medical Group in Maryland. In his current role as ADAA, Dr. Gladwell oversees the curriculum and assessment for the UMES School of Pharmacy, and he coordinates the Principles of Pharmacotherapy and the Cardiology modules during the SP-2 year.

Brief Overview and Setting

Despite the vast amount of primary literature and evidence-based guidelines available to assist pharmacists in therapeutic decision-making, controversies occasionally arise over the best approach for management of a drug therapy problem due to incomplete or conflicting information. In these situations, pharmacists must be able to apply critical thinking and problem-solving skills to assess the available data and make an informed decision based on a thorough evaluation of the literature. The purpose of this activity is to provide students with the opportunity to develop these higher-level cognitive skills by debating a controversial therapeutic topic after a comprehensive evaluation of the data supporting or refuting the issue. This activity was originally developed for use in the classroom for an elective course on evidence-based pharmacotherapy with a class size of up to 20 students, but it has recently been modified for use during an APPE rotation in Ambulatory Care with just 2 students. Similar modifications could allow this activity to be adapted for use in larger pharmacotherapy or skills lab courses.

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[100+] Pharmacy Research Topics For College Students With Free [Thesis Pdf] 2023

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• Research topics related to

51 Research topics related to Pharmacy

• November 26, 2022
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Looking for research topics related to Pharmacy? this page might help you come up with ideas. Research topics are subjects or issues researchers are interested in when conducting research. A well-defined research topic is the starting point of every successful research project. Choosing a topic is an ongoing process by which researchers explore, define, and refine their ideas.

There are many research topics related to  Pharmacy , depending on your specializations and interests. The topics below are only for guides. We do not encourage writing on any of them because thousands of people visit this page to also get an idea of what topics to write on.

Pharmacy is the science and practice of discovering, producing, preparing, dispensing, reviewing and monitoring medications, aiming to ensure the safe, effective, and affordable use of medicines The main purposes of research topics related to Pharmacy are to inform action, gather evidence for theories, and solutions to problems, and contribute to developing knowledge.

• A Pharmaceutical Equivalence Study Of The Selected Azithromycin  Mg Brands On The [Country] Market
• A Study Of Treatment And Management Procedures Of Peptic Ulcers In Hospitals In [Country]
• Assessment On Analysis Of Water Pollution By Phosphate
• Availability And Storage Of Vaccines In Community Pharmacies
• Antibiotic Sensitivity Patterns Of Staphylococcus Aureus To Methillicin In Clinical Samples At…
• Antihyperlipidemic And Antioxidant Effects Of Phaseolus Vulgaris In [Country]
• Antimicrobial Activity Of Methanol Extract And Fractions Of Moringa Oleifera Lam.
• Assessing Undergraduate Students’ Motivation To Study Pharmacy, Attitudes And Future Career Professional Choices In Universities Of …..
• Assessment Of Knowledge, Attitudes And Practices Of Pharmacovigll, Ance Among Health Care Practitioners At The ….. Hospital
• Assessment Of Quality Of Metronidazole Tablet Brands Sold In Pharmacies In [Location].
• Assessment On Analysis Of Water Pollution By Phisphate In The [Location]
• Assessment Of Effective Use Of Anti-Epileptic Drug Therapy Among Patients At [Location]
• Assessment Of Health Workers’ Adherence To Standard Treatment Guidelines In the Management Of Typhoid Fever At [Location]
• Assessment Of The Chemical Composition And Pesticide Properties Of Cassia Didymobotrya Ash On Myzus Persicae Affecting Tomato Crops In [Location]
• Assessment Of The Quality And Dissolution Profiles Of Branded Fixed Dose Artemetherilumefantrine Tablets Sold At Pharmacies In [Location]
• Availability And Storage Of Vaccines In Community Pharmacies In Some Selected Communities In [Location]
• Determination Of The Microbial Contamination Of Disinfectant And Antiseptic Produced In [Location]
• Determining The Recreational Health Practices By Pregnant Women In Selected Antenatal Clinics
• Development And Validation Of Spectrophotometric Methods For The Determination Of Risperidone In Pure And Tablet Dosage Forms
• Drugs Use Practices In Fako Division: A Case Study Of [Location]
• Estimation Of The Effect Of Cisampelous Owanrensis Benzene Fraction On Glucose Absorption Across The Intestinal Epithelium Of Wister Rats On Aloxan-Induced Diabetes
• Evaluation Of Antibreast And Antiprostate Cancer Activities Of Selected Medicinal Plants From Some Parts Of [Location]
• Factors Affecting Prevalence Of Self Medication Of Antibiotics Among Adult Population In [Location]
• Hypoglycemic Effects Of Sonchus Oleraceus (Moleta) In Normal Albino Rats
• Investigating The Presence Of Staphylococcus Aureus And Escherichia Coli In Dairy Products
• Investigation Of The Social And Economic Impact And Consequences Of Chronic Diseases On Low Income-Earning Family
• Isolation Of Microorganism Associated With Deterioration Of Bananas Fruits
• Inorganic Pollutants In Drinking Water In Mamfe Municipality: Implications On Water Safety And Cancer Risks For The Inhabitants
• Isolation And Identification Of Bacteria Associated With Wound Sepsis
• Isolation Of Microorganisms Associated With Deterioration Of Bananas Fruits In Buea Municipality
• Pharmacoeconomic Analysis Of Hiv/Aids Management Pharmacy
• Pharmacy Project Topics And Materials
• Phytochemical And Antimicrobial Analysis Of Mystetoe Leaves
• Preliminary Phytochemical And Antimicrobial Screening Of Flower And Stalk Of Mangifera Indica (Opioro Mango)
• Preliminary Phytochemical And Antimicrobial Screening Of Seed And Coat Of Citrus Sinensis
• Production Of Mosquitoes Repellants Insecticides (Mosquito Coil) Using Orange Peels (Cestrum)
• Profile Of Antibiotic Use At The Health Centre
• Pharmacoeconomic Analysis Of Hiv/Aids Management Pharmacy In Limbe Municipality
• Prevalence, Treatment, And Gametocyte Carriage In Children With Malaria At [Location]
• Profile Of Antibiotics Use At [Location]
• Recycling Waste Polyethylene Materials To Useful Products Via Pyrolysis
• Reviewing The Nutritional And Pharmacological Importance In Common Vegetables In [Location]
• The Causes And Effects Of Cholera Among Children
• The Effect Of Cisampelous Owarensis Benzene Fraction On Glucose Absorption Across The Intestinal Epithelium Of Wister Rats On Aloxan-Induced Diabetes
• The Use Of Quality Control Parameters In The Evaluation Of Vegetable Crude Drugs
• Working Capital Management And Profitability Of Listed Pharmaceutical Firms In [Location]
• Wound Healing And Anti-Inflammatory Activities Of Ceiba Pentendra (L.) Gaertn In Guinea Pigs

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College of Pharmacy

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Pharmacy Outreach Program

401.874.2676 or 1-800.215.9001  [email protected].

Located in Suite 295 on Level 2 of  Avedisian Hall

Educational Presentations

More than 100 health related topics are in our current library. These range in subject matter from basic disease states such as hypertension and diabetes to contemporary topics such as alternative treatments and herbal remedies. These presentations are available to any interested group in the Rhode Island community.

To schedule one of these educational seminars please call

1.800.215.9001

This service is FREE to the residents of Rhode Island

Avedisian Hall 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881 View Map [email protected] p: 401.874.2761  |  f: 401.874.2181

Future College of Pharmacy Students

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• PHARMACEUTICS & DRUG DELIVERY

Phar 543: Seminar in Current Pharm. Topics

Prerequisites.

• Prerequiste: Junior standing (60 hr).

Instruction Type(s)

• Seminar: Seminar for Phar 543

Subject Areas

• Pharmaceutics and Drug Design (MS, PhD)

Related Areas

• Clinical and Industrial Drug Development (MS, PhD)
• Industrial and Physical Pharmacy and Cosmetic Sciences (MS, PhD)
• Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
• Natural Products Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (MS, PhD)
• Pharmaceutical Marketing and Management
• Pharmaceutical Sciences
• Pharmacoeconomics/Pharmaceutical Economics (MS, PhD)
• Pharmacy (PharmD - USA - PharmD, BS/BPharm - Canada)
• Pharmacy Administration and Pharmacy Policy and Regulatory Affairs (MS, PhD)
• Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Administration, Other