presentation on jupiter

All About Jupiter

Jupiter is a stormy planet that is probably best known for its Great Red Spot. The spot is actually a giant, wild storm that has been raging for more than 300 years. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Jupiter is the biggest planet in our solar system. It's similar to a star, but it never got massive enough to start burning. It is covered in swirling cloud stripes. It has big storms like the Great Red Spot, which has been going for hundreds of years. Jupiter is a gas giant and doesn't have a solid surface. It is still unclear if deeper down, Jupiter has a central core of solid material or if it may be a thick, super-hot and dense soup. Jupiter also has rings, but they're too faint to see very well.

Explore Jupiter! Click and drag to rotate the planet. Scroll or pinch to zoom in and out. Credit: NASA Visualization Technology Applications and Development (VTAD)

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Structure and Surface

• Jupiter is the biggest planet in our solar system. It is actually more than twice as massive than the other planets of our solar system combined.
• Jupiter is a gas giant. It is made mostly of hydrogen and helium.
• Jupiter has a very thick atmosphere.
• Jupiter has rings, but they’re very hard to see.
• The giant planet's Great Red Spot is a centuries-old storm bigger than Earth.

Time on Jupiter

• One day on Jupiter goes by in just 10 hours.
• One year on Jupiter is the same as 11.8 Earth years.

Jupiter's Neighbors

• Jupiter has 95 officially recognized moons.
• Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun. That means Mars and Saturn are Jupiter’s neighboring planets.

Quick History

• Jupiter has been known since ancient times because it can easily be seen with just our eyes. No special equipment is needed.
• Jupiter has been visited or passed by several spacecraft , orbiters and probes, such as Pioneer 10 and 11, Voyager 1 and 2, Cassini, New Horizons, and Juno.
• Jupiter has auroras , just like Earth! Not only are the auroras huge in size, they are also hundreds of times more energetic than auroras on Earth. And, unlike those on Earth, they never cease.

What does Jupiter look like?

This striking view of Jupiter's Great Red Spot and turbulent southern hemisphere was captured by NASA's Juno spacecraft as it performed a close pass of the gas giant planet. Credit: Enhanced image by Kevin M. Gill (CC-BY) based on images provided courtesy of NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS

Astronomers are using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope to study auroras — stunning light shows in a planet's atmosphere — on the poles of the largest planet in the solar system, Jupiter. Credits: NASA, ESA, and J. Nichols (University of Leicester)

This new Hubble Space Telescope view of Jupiter, taken on June 27, 2019, reveals the giant planet's trademark Great Red Spot, and a more intense color palette in the clouds swirling in Jupiter's turbulent atmosphere than seen in previous years. The colors, and their changes, provide important clues to ongoing processes in Jupiter's atmosphere. Credit: NASA, ESA, A. Simon (Goddard Space Flight Center), and M.H. Wong (University of California, Berkeley)

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Planet Jupiter Overview

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Jupiter is the fifth planet from our Sun and is, by far, the largest planet in the solar system – more than twice as massive as all the other planets combined. Jupiter's stripes and swirls are actually cold, windy clouds of ammonia and water, floating in an atmosphere of hydrogen and helium. Jupiter’s iconic Great Red Spot is a giant storm bigger than Earth that has raged for hundreds of years.

Jupiter is surrounded by dozens of moons. Jupiter also has several rings, but unlike the famous rings of Saturn, Jupiter’s rings are very faint and made of dust, not ice.

Jupiter, being the biggest planet, gets its name from the king of the ancient Roman gods.

Potential for Life

Jupiter’s environment is probably not conducive to life as we know it. The temperatures, pressures, and materials that characterize this planet are most likely too extreme and volatile for organisms to adapt to.

While planet Jupiter is an unlikely place for living things to take hold, the same is not true of some of its many moons. Europa is one of the likeliest places to find life elsewhere in our solar system. There is evidence of a vast ocean just beneath its icy crust, where life could possibly be supported.

Size and Distance

With a radius of 43,440.7 miles (69,911 kilometers), Jupiter is 11 times wider than Earth. If Earth were the size of a nickel, Jupiter would be about as big as a basketball.

From an average distance of 484 million miles (778 million kilometers), Jupiter is 5.2 astronomical units away from the Sun. One astronomical unit (abbreviated as AU), is the distance from the Sun to Earth. From this distance, it takes Sunlight 43 minutes to travel from the Sun to Jupiter.

Orbit and Rotation

Jupiter has the shortest day in the solar system. One day on Jupiter takes only about 10 hours (the time it takes for Jupiter to rotate or spin around once), and Jupiter makes a complete orbit around the Sun (a year in Jovian time) in about 12 Earth years (4,333 Earth days).

Its equator is tilted with respect to its orbital path around the Sun by just 3 degrees. This means Jupiter spins nearly upright and does not have seasons as extreme as other planets do.

With four large moons and many smaller moons, Jupiter forms a kind of miniature solar system. Jupiter has 80 moons. Fifty-seven moons have been given official names by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Another 23 moons are awaiting names.

Jupiter's four largest moons – Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto – were first observed by the astronomer Galileo Galilei in 1610 using an early version of the telescope. These four moons are known today as the Galilean satellites, and they're some of the most fascinating destinations in our solar system. Io is the most volcanically active body in the solar system. Ganymede is the largest moon in the solar system (even bigger than the planet Mercury). Callisto’s very few small craters indicate a small degree of current surface activity. A liquid-water ocean with the ingredients for life may lie beneath the frozen crust of Europa, making it a tempting place to explore.

› More on Jupiter's Moons

Discovered in 1979 by NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft, Jupiter's rings were a surprise, as they are composed of small, dark particles and are difficult to see except when backlit by the Sun. Data from the Galileo spacecraft indicate that Jupiter's ring system may be formed by dust kicked up as interplanetary meteoroids smash into the giant planet's small innermost moons.

Jupiter took shape when the rest of the solar system formed about 4.5 billion years ago when gravity pulled swirling gas and dust in to become this gas giant. Jupiter took most of the mass left over after the formation of the Sun, ending up with more than twice the combined material of the other bodies in the solar system. In fact, Jupiter has the same ingredients as a star, but it did not grow massive enough to ignite.

About 4 billion years ago, Jupiter settled into its current position in the outer solar system, where it is the fifth planet from the Sun.

The composition of Jupiter is similar to that of the Sun – mostly hydrogen and helium. Deep in the atmosphere, pressure and temperature increase, compressing the hydrogen gas into a liquid. This gives Jupiter the largest ocean in the solar system – an ocean made of hydrogen instead of water. Scientists think that, at depths perhaps halfway to the planet's center, the pressure becomes so great that electrons are squeezed off the hydrogen atoms, making the liquid electrically conducting like metal. Jupiter's fast rotation is thought to drive electrical currents in this region, generating the planet's powerful magnetic field. It is still unclear if deeper down, Jupiter has a central core of solid material or if it may be a thick, super-hot and dense soup. It could be up to 90,032 degrees Fahrenheit (50,000 degrees Celsius) down there, made mostly of iron and silicate minerals (similar to quartz).

As a gas giant, Jupiter doesn’t have a true surface. The planet is mostly swirling gases and liquids. While a spacecraft would have nowhere to land on Jupiter, it wouldn’t be able to fly through unscathed either. The extreme pressures and temperatures deep inside the planet crush, melt, and vaporize spacecraft trying to fly into the planet.

Jupiter's appearance is a tapestry of colorful cloud bands and spots. The gas planet likely has three distinct cloud layers in its "skies" that, taken together, span about 44 miles (71 kilometers). The top cloud is probably made of ammonia ice, while the middle layer is likely made of ammonium hydrosulfide crystals. The innermost layer may be made of water ice and vapor.

The vivid colors you see in thick bands across Jupiter may be plumes of sulfur and phosphorus-containing gases rising from the planet's warmer interior. Jupiter's fast rotation – spinning once every 10 hours – creates strong jet streams, separating its clouds into dark belts and bright zones across long stretches.

With no solid surface to slow them down, Jupiter's spots can persist for many years. Stormy Jupiter is swept by over a dozen prevailing winds, some reaching up to 335 miles per hour (539 kilometers per hour) at the equator. The Great Red Spot, a swirling oval of clouds twice as wide as Earth, has been observed on the giant planet for more than 300 years. More recently, three smaller ovals merged to form the Little Red Spot, about half the size of its larger cousin.

Findings from NASA’s Juno probe released in October 2021 provide a fuller picture of what’s going on below those clouds. Data from Juno shows that Jupiter’s cyclones are warmer on top, with lower atmospheric densities, while they are colder at the bottom, with higher densities. Anticyclones, which rotate in the opposite direction, are colder at the top but warmer at the bottom.

The findings also indicate these storms are far taller than expected, with some extending 60 miles (100 kilometers) below the cloud tops and others, including the Great Red Spot, extending over 200 miles (350 kilometers). This surprising discovery demonstrates that the vortices cover regions beyond those where water condenses and clouds form, below the depth where sunlight warms the atmosphere.

The height and size of the Great Red Spot mean the concentration of atmospheric mass within the storm potentially could be detectable by instruments studying Jupiter’s gravity field. Two close Juno flybys over Jupiter’s most famous spot provided the opportunity to search for the storm’s gravity signature and complement the other results on its depth.

With their gravity data, the Juno team was able to constrain the extent of the Great Red Spot to a depth of about 300 miles (500 kilometers) below the cloud tops.

Belts and Zones In addition to cyclones and anticyclones, Jupiter is known for its distinctive belts and zones – white and reddish bands of clouds that wrap around the planet. Strong east-west winds moving in opposite directions separate the bands. Juno previously discovered that these winds, or jet streams, reach depths of about 2,000 miles (roughly 3,200 kilometers). Researchers are still trying to solve the mystery of how the jet streams form. Data collected by Juno during multiple passes reveal one possible clue: that the atmosphere’s ammonia gas travels up and down in remarkable alignment with the observed jet streams.

Juno’s data also shows that the belts and zones undergo a transition around 40 miles (65 kilometers) beneath Jupiter’s water clouds. At shallow depths, Jupiter’s belts are brighter in microwave light than the neighboring zones. But at deeper levels, below the water clouds, the opposite is true – which reveals a similarity to our oceans.

Polar Cyclones Juno previously discovered polygonal arrangements of giant cyclonic storms at both of Jupiter’s poles – eight arranged in an octagonal pattern in the north and five arranged in a pentagonal pattern in the south. Over time, mission scientists determined these atmospheric phenomena are extremely resilient, remaining in the same location.

Juno data also indicates that, like hurricanes on Earth, these cyclones want to move poleward, but cyclones located at the center of each pole push them back. This balance explains where the cyclones reside and the different numbers at each pole.

Magnetosphere

The Jovian magnetosphere is the region of space influenced by Jupiter's powerful magnetic field. It balloons 600,000 to 2 million miles (1 to 3 million kilometers) toward the Sun (seven to 21 times the diameter of Jupiter itself) and tapers into a tadpole-shaped tail extending more than 600 million miles (1 billion kilometers) behind Jupiter, as far as Saturn's orbit. Jupiter's enormous magnetic field is 16 to 54 times as powerful as that of the Earth. It rotates with the planet and sweeps up particles that have an electric charge. Near the planet, the magnetic field traps swarms of charged particles and accelerates them to very high energies, creating intense radiation that bombards the innermost moons and can damage spacecraft.

Jupiter's magnetic field also causes some of the solar system's most spectacular aurorae at the planet's poles.

• NASA Planetary Photojournal - Jupiter
• Planetary Rings Node
• NASA's Juno Mission

Learning Space

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Exploring Jupiter

Mankind has been studying Jupiter for more than 400 years. But we've only been sending spacecraft there since the 1970s! Nine spacecraft have visited Jupiter since 1973, and they've discovered a lot about the planet. Flip through the slideshow below to find out about these spacecraft and what they've discovered.

› Download a poster version of this slideshow!

Jupiter 101

Jupiter is the oldest and most massive world in the solar system. Learn about the planet's origin story, its Great Red Spot and oceanic moons, and how this ancient world influenced the formation of the solar system's other planets.

Earth Science, Astronomy

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Related Resources

Jupiter Resources

Explore this page for a curated collection of resources, including activities that can be done at home, as well as videos, animations, posters, and online interactives. This resource package is suitable for educators, students, and anyone interested in learning more about Jupiter!

Discover Jupiter

In addition to the resources on this page, follow along with updates on Jupiter science and current and upcoming missions through @NASASolarSystem on your preferred social media platform.

Jupiter Overview

Learn more about Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar system – more than twice as massive as all the other planets combined.

• Juno's Extended Mission

Europa Clipper

NASA's Juno mission has made numerous scientific discoveries since arriving at Jupiter on July 4, 2016, and continues its exploration during its extended mission phase. This expansion tasks Juno with becoming an explorer of the full Jovian system – Jupiter and its rings and moons – with multiple rendezvous planned for three of Jupiter's most intriguing Galilean moons: Ganymede, Europa, and Io.

NASA's Europa Clipper will conduct detailed reconnaissance of Jupiter's moon Europa and investigate whether the icy moon could harbor conditions suitable for life. The mission is expected to launch in October 2024.

Animations and Videos

NASA's Juno Spacecraft Flies Past Io and Jupiter

On May 16, 2023, NASA's Juno spacecraft flew past Jupiter's volcanic moon Io, and then the gas giant soon after.

Juno Flies Past Jupiter and Ganymede

On June 7, 2021, NASA's Juno spacecraft flew closer to Jupiter's ice-encrusted moon Ganymede than any spacecraft in more than two decades.

Hubble Observes Jupiter's Great Red Spot Changing

Like the speed of an advancing race car driver, the winds in the outermost "lane" of Jupiter's Great Red Spot are accelerating.

Jupiter's Great Red Spot Shrinks and Grows

Learn about Jupiter's Great Red Spot and how it is not only shrinking but is actually growing taller and is deepening in color.

A 'Flight' Over Jupiter

Explore what it might have looked like to ride along with the Juno spacecraft as it performed its 27th close flyby of Jupiter on June 2, 2020.

Juno Mission to Jupiter

Join Dr. Yasmina Martos, a planetary scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, as she takes us on a journey to Jupiter aboard Juno.

Juno Engineering: Precision Matters

The Juno spacecraft posed extreme design challenges for engineers. Learn how the Juno team protected Juno's sensitive science instruments from the elements.

Hubble Maps Jupiter in 4k Ultra HD

Explore imagery from the Hubble Space Telescope that reveals in-depth features on Jupiter.

Jupiter Magnetic Tour

Take a tour of Jupiter's dynamo, the source of its giant magnetic field, in this global map from the Juno mission.

Water Vapor Plumes on Europa

Learn about the detection of water vapor on Jupiter's moon Europa.

Build your own radio telescope and tune in to signals from Jupiter. Radio JOVE students and amateur scientists from around the world observe and analyze natural radio emissions of Jupiter, the Sun, and our galaxy using their own easy to construct radio telescopes.

Become a Jovian Vortex Hunter

Help scientists analyze the stunning images from NASA's Juno spacecraft! A NASA citizen science project, Jovian Vortex Hunter, seeks your help spotting vortices – spiral wind patterns – and other phenomena in gorgeous photos of the planet Jupiter.

Bring Your Colossal Creativity to Giant Jupiter!

Inspired by JunoCam images, each of these coloring sheets features different viewpoints of Jupiter the way the Juno spacecraft sees it. Unleash your creativity and download one of these coloring pages today!

Color With NASA: Jupiter ft. Juno Project Scientist Steve Levin

Color Jupiter with the Project Scientist for NASA's Juno mission.

Make a Planet Mask!

Learn about the planets in our solar system, and make your very own wearable planet mask.

Jupiter's Water Cycle

Observe the water cycle in action! Water vapor in a tumbler condenses on chilled aluminum foil — producing the liquid form of water familiar to us as rain and dew. Learn how Jupiter's lack of a surface simplifies its water cycle. Note: This activity is recommended for children ages 8 to 13.

Jupiter's Storms

Jupiter has storms, but its storms are unlike anything found on Earth! Create your own storms using corn starch, glitter, and water and compare your observations with videos of Jupiter's and Earth's storm movements. Note: This activity is recommended for children ages 8 to 13.

Jiggly Jupiter

In this activity, you will build edible models of Jupiter and Earth to compare their sizes and illustrate their internal layers. Note: This activity is recommended for children ages 8 to 13.

Make a Jupiter Orbiter

Create your very own Juno spacecraft! And you can even use your spacecraft to uncover secrets beneath Jupiter – just like the real Juno.

Discovering Alien Oceans: Magnetism

Jupiter's moon Europa poses exciting new possibilities for NASA's search for life beyond Earth. While there's still much to uncover about Europa, scientists have long known that liquid water exists beneath its icy shell. But how?

Discovering Alien Oceans: Density

Scientists believe that Jupiter's icy moon, Europa, has a liquid-water ocean underneath its frozen surface. While we can't see that ocean directly, we can use the mass and density of known substances to predict what exists underneath the surface. In this activity, you'll use the fundamentals of density to propose a model for the interior structure of Europa.

Additional Resources

NASA Solar System Treks

NASA Solar System Treks are online, browser-based portals that allow you to explore the surfaces of other worlds using real data returned from a growing fleet of spacecraft. Visit Europa and Ganymede now!

Webb's Jupiter Images Showcase Auroras & Hazes

Check out this blog from NASA's James Webb Space Telescope that highlights images Webb captured of Jupiter, and the science we are learning from the images.

Clipper Cam: Live Views from the Clean Room

Check out this stream for live views from the clean room where NASA's Europa Clipper spacecraft is being built.

Gravity Assist Podcast: Jupiter with Dr. Jared Espley

Join Dr. Jared Espley, a planetary scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, as he discusses Jupiter and the Juno mission.

Solar System and Beyond Poster Set

This NASA poster set showcases the beauty of our solar system and beyond.

NASA's Eyes on the Solar System

Find out where Juno is at the present moment with this interactive platform.

Discover More Topics From NASA

Solar System Resource Packages

Science Missions

Solar System Exploration

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Jul 28, 2014

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Jupiter. Additional Planets ect…. Jupiter was the king of the gods in Roman mythology — a fitting name for the largest of the planets. In a similar manner, the ancient Greeks named the planet after Zeus, the king of the Greek Pantheon.

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Additional Planets ect… Jupiter was the king of the gods in Roman mythology — a fitting name for the largest of the planets. In a similar manner, the ancient Greeks named the planet after Zeus, the king of the Greek Pantheon. Jupiter helped revolutionize the way we saw the universe and ourselves in 1610, when Galileo discovered Jupiter’s four large moons, Lo, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, now known as the Galilean moons. This was the first time celestial bodies were not seen circling the Earth, major support of the Copernican (Heliocentric) view that the Earth was not the center of the universe.

Jupiter is the most massive planet in our solar system, more than twice as massive as all the other planets combined, and had it been about 80 times more massive, it would have actually become a star instead of a planet. Its atmosphere resembles that of the sun, made up mostly of hydrogen and helium, and with four large moons and many smaller moons in orbit around it, Jupiter by itself forms a kind of miniature solar system. All told, the immense volume of Jupiter could hold more than 1,300 Earths. The colorful bands of Jupiter are arranged: In dark belts and light zones created by strong east-west winds in the planet’s upper atmosphere of 640 Km per hour. The white clouds in the zones are made of crystals of frozen ammonia, while darker clouds of Other chemicals are found in the belts. At the deepest visible levels are blue clouds, atmosphere traveling more than 400 miles.

The most extraordinary feature on Jupiter is undoubtedly the Great Red Spot, a giant hurricane-like storm seen for more than 300 years. At its widest, the Great Red Spot is three times the diameter of the Earth, and its edge spins counter-clockwise around the center at a speed of about 225 miles (360 Km) per hour. The color of the storm, which usually varies from brick red to slightly brown, may come from small amounts of Sulfur and Phosphorus in the ammonia crystals of Jupiter’s clouds. The magnetosphere of Jupiter, which is comprised of these fields and particles, swells out some 600,000 to 2 million miles (1 million to 3 million kilometers) toward the sun and tapers to a tail extending more than 600 million miles (1 billion kilometers) behind Jupiter.

Jupiter spins faster than any other planet, taking a little under 10 hours to complete a turn on Its axis, compared with 24 hours for Earth. This rapid spin actually makes Jupiter bulge at the Equator and flatten at the poles, making the planet about 7 percent wider at the equator than at the poles. Jupiter’s Orbital Characteristics Composition and Structure Atmospheric composition (by volume) 89.9% molecular hydrogen, 10.2% helium, minor amounts of methane, ammonia, hydrogen deuteride, ethane, water, ammonia ice aerosols, water ice aerosols, and ammonia hydrosulfide aerosols. Magnetic Field nearly 20,000 times stronger than Earth’s chemical composition. A dense core of uncertain composition, surround by a helium-rich layer of fluid metallic hydrogen, wrapped up in an atmosphere primarily made of molecular hydrogen. Internal structure a core of less than 10 times Earth’s mass (Tristan Guillot, “Interiors of Giant Planets Inside and Outside the Solar Science) surrounded by a layer of fluid metallic hydrogen extending out to 80-90 percent of the diameter of the planet, enclosed in an atmosphere mostly made of gaseous and liquid hydrogen.

Saturn was the Roman name for Cronus, the Lord of the Titans in Greek mythology. Saturn happens to be the root of the English word "Saturday”. "Physical Characteristics of the Planet Saturn Saturn is a gas giant made up mostly of hydrogen and helium. Saturn is the second largest planet, big enough to hold more than 760 Earths, and is more massive than any other planet except Jupiter, roughly 95 times Earth’s mass. However, Saturn has the lowest density of all the planets, and is the only one less dense than water — if there were a bathtub big enough to hold it, Saturn would float on top. Although the other gas giants in the solar system — Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune — also have rings, those of Saturn are without a doubt the most extraordinary.The largest one to date is up to 200 times the diameter of the planet. Saturn is the farthest planet from Earth visible to the naked eye. The yellow and gold bands seen in the planets atmosphere are the result of super-fast winds in the upper atmosphere, which can reach up to 1.100 miles per hour (1,800 Km per hour) around its equator combined with heat rising from the planets interior.

Saturn spins faster than any other planet except Jupiter, completing a rotation roughly every10-and-a-half hours. This rapid spinning causes Saturn to bulge at the equator and flatten at its poles. The planet is 8,000 miles (13,000 Km) wider at its equator than between the poles. Orbital Characteristics of the Planet Saturn Composition and Structure Atmospheric composition (by volume) 96.3% molecular hydrogen, 3.25% helium, minor amounts of methane, ammonia, hydrogen deuteride, ethane, ammonia ice aerosols, water ice aerosols, ammonia hydrosulfide aerosols. Magnetic Field: Saturn has a magnetic field about 578 times more powerful than Earth’s. Chemical Composition: Saturn seems to have a hot solid inner core of iron and rocky material surrounded by an outer core probably composed of ammonia, methane, and water. Next a layer of highly compressed, liquid metallic hydrogen followed by a region of viscous hydrogen and helium. This hydrogen and helium becomes gaseous near the planet’s surface and merges with its atmosphere. Internal Structure: Saturn seems to have a core between about 10-20 times as massive as the Earth.

Uranus Uranus is the seventh planet from the sun and is named after the Greek God of the sky in Latin. It is the only planet whose name came from a figure in Greek mythology as opposed to Roman mythology. Because of the strange way it spins, nights on some parts of Uranus can last for more than 40 years. The planet's most extraordinary feature is the tilt of its rotational axis, which is almost perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic, which means that it alternately has its north pole and its south pole turned towards the sun. Even though Neptune is further from the sun, Uranus is the coldest planet in the solar system. Uranus has 27 known satellites. In many Asian languages, Uranus' name is translated into “Sky king star”. Uranus mass is more than 14 times larger than Earth. Uranus and Neptune are both known as Ice Giants. It is the second least dense planet after Saturn.

Neptune After Pluto was declassified as a planet, Neptune became the farthest planet from the sun. Neptune's diameter is about 30,200 miles or almost 4 times the Earth's diameter. The planet was named after the Roman sea God. Neptune is the stormiest planet. The winds there can blow up to 1,240 miles per hour, that is three times as fast as Earth's Hurricanes. The planet has has a system of thin dark rings but they are incomplete rings and are best described as arcs. Neptune is a sea blue color due to the methane gas in its atmosphere. Neptune once had a great dark spot similar to Jupiter. Neptune only receives 1/900 of the solar energy that reaches Earth. Neptune has its own heat source, it emits a quantity of energy 2.7 times greater than it receives. Neptune has 8 known moons. Neptune is 30 times farther from the sun as is the Earth. It goes around the sun once every 165 Earth Years. The atmosphere is made up of Hydrogen, Helium and Methane. Neptune has a rocky core.

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New discoveries about Jupiter's magnetosphere

New discoveries about Jupiter could lead to a better understanding of Earth's own space environment and influence a long-running scientific debate about the solar system's largest planet.

"By exploring a larger space such as Jupiter, we can better understand the fundamental physics governing Earth's magnetosphere and thereby improve our space weather forecasting," said Peter Delamere, a professor at the UAF Geophysical Institute and the UAF College of Natural Science and Mathematics.

"We are one big space weather event from losing communication satellites, our power grid assets, or both," he said.

Space weather refers to disturbances in the Earth's magnetosphere caused by interactions between the solar wind and the Earth's magnetic field. These are generally associated with solar storms and the sun's coronal mass ejections, which can lead to magnetic fluctuations and disruptions in power grids, pipelines and communication systems.

Delamere and a team of co-authors detailed their findings about Jupiter's magnetosphere in a recent paper in AGU Advances . Geophysical Institute research associate professor Peter Damiano, UAF graduate student researchers Austin Smith and Chynna Spitler, and former student Blake Mino are among the co-authors.

Delamere's research shows that our solar system's largest planet has a magnetosphere consisting of largely closed magnetic field lines at its polar regions but including a crescent-shaped area of open field lines. The magnetosphere is the shield that some planets have that deflects much of the solar wind.

The debate over open versus closed at the poles has raged for more than 40 years.

An open magnetosphere refers to a planet having some open-ended magnetic field lines near its poles. These are previously closed lines that have been broken apart by the solar wind and left to extend into space without re-entering the planet.

This creates regions on Jupiter where the solar wind, which carries some of the sun's magnetic field lines, directly interacts with the planet's ionosphere and atmosphere.

Solar particles moving toward a planet on open field lines do not cause the aurora, which largely occurs on closed field lines. However, the energy and momentum of solar wind particles on open field lines does transfer to the closed system.

Earth has a largely open magnetosphere at its poles, with aurora occurring on closed field lines.. It is the transferred energy on those open lines that can disrupt power grids and communications.

In order to study Jupiter's magnetosphere, Delamere ran a variety of models using data acquired by the NASA Juno spacecraft, which entered Jupiter's orbit in 2016 and has an elliptical polar orbit.

"We never had data from the polar regions, so Juno has been transformative in terms of the planet's auroral physics and helping further the discussion about its magnetic field lines," Delamere said.

The debate began with the 1979 flybys of Jupiter by NASA's Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. That data led many to believe that the planet had a generally open magnetosphere at its poles.Other scientists argued that Jupiter's auroral activity, which is much different from Earth's, indicated the planet had a mostly closed magnetosphere at the poles. Delamere, a longtime researcher of Jupiter's magnetic field, published a paper supporting that view in 2010.

In 2021, he was a co-author on a paper by Binzheng Zhang of the University of Hong Kong that suggested through modeling that Jupiter's magnetosphere had two regions of open magnetic field lines at its poles. The model shows one set of open-ended field lines emerging from the poles and trailing outward behind the planet in the magnetotail, the narrow teardrop-shaped portion of the magnetosphere pointing away from the sun. The other set emerges from Jupiter's poles and goes off to the sides into space, carried by the solar wind.

"The Zhang result provided a plausible explanation for the open field line regions," Delamere said. "And this year we provided the compelling evidence in the Juno data to support the model result.

"It is a major validation of the Zhang paper," he said.

Delamere said it's important to study Jupiter to better understand Earth.

"In the big picture, Jupiter and Earth represent opposite ends of the spectrum -- open versus closed field lines," he said. "To fully understand magnetospheric physics, we need to understand both limits."

Delamere's evidence came via an instrument on the Juno spacecraft that revealed a polar area where ions flowed in a direction opposite Jupiter's rotation.

Subsequent modeling showed a similar ion flow in the same area -- and near the open field lines proposed in the 2021 paper by Zhang and Delamere.

"The ionized gas on [closed] magnetic field lines connected to Jupiter's northern and southern hemispheres rotates with the planet," Delamere's new paper concludes, "while ionized gas on [open] field lines that connect to the solar wind move with the solar wind."

Delamere writes that the polar location of open magnetic field lines "may represent a characteristic feature of rotating giant magnetospheres for future exploration."

Other contributors are from the University of Colorado Boulder, Johns Hopkins University, Andrews University, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, University of Hong Kong, University of Texas San Antonio, Southwest Research Institute and O.J. Brambles Consulting in the United Kingdom.

Delamere will present the research in July at the Conference on Magnetospheres of the Outer Planets at the University of Minnesota.

• Solar Flare
• Solar System
• Northern Lights
• Space Exploration
• Extrasolar Planets
• Titan (moon)
• Definition of planet
• Eris (dwarf planet)
• History of Earth

Story Source:

Materials provided by University of Alaska Fairbanks . Original written by Rod Boyce. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference :

• P. A. Delamere, R. J. Wilson, S. Wing, A. R. Smith, B. Mino, C. Spitler, P. Damiano, K. Sorathia, A. Sciola, J. Caggiano, J. R. Johnson, X. Ma, F. Bagenal, B. Zhang, F. Allegrini, R. Ebert, G. Clark, O. Brambles. Signatures of Open Magnetic Flux in Jupiter's Dawnside Magnetotail . AGU Advances , 2024; 5 (2) DOI: 10.1029/2023AV001111

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See Jupiter hide behind the moon during a lunar occultation early on May 17

Early in the morning on Wednesday, May 17, gas giant Jupiter and its four bright Galilean moons will pass behind a very thin crescent moon.

The moon and Jupiter will be quite a sight in the early morning skies tomorrow.

Sometime before or after sunrise (depending on where you are) on Wednesday, May 17, gas giant Jupiter and its four bright Galilean moons will pass behind a very thin — only 5% illuminated — waning crescent moon as seen from North America. This occultation can best be watched from the western third of the United States and Canada, where at least part of it happens before sunrise. At locations where it occurs in a relatively dark sky, you might be able to watch Jupiter disappear using no optical aid at all — although binoculars will give a better view, and you will need a telescope to follow its moons. 

Jupiter will be covered first by the crescent moon's leading sunlit limb, with the moon requiring a minute or more to inch its way across the giant planet's face. Jupiter will reappear from behind the moon's dark edge about an hour or more later; again, the process will be gradual.

Related: Night sky, May 2023: What you can see tonight [maps]

West is best!

Want to get a good look at Jupiter and its four bright moons in the night sky? We recommend the  Celestron Astro Fi 102 as the top pick in our  best beginner's telescope guide . 

The best views of Jupiter's disappearance behind the moon will be from Washington state, Oregon, much of Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, northern and eastern California and the western half of Texas. For these places, Jupiter and the moon will be positioned low to the eastern horizon against a brightening twilight sky. 

Unfortunately, for western and southern sections of California, Jupiter will slip behind the moon prior to moonrise; when the moon first appears above the horizon (for places like San Francisco, Los Angeles and San Diego), Jupiter will already be behind the moon.

As for the reappearance, the western halves of Oregon, Nevada and Arizona as well as all of California are most favored, near and along the Pacific coast of the Golden State, the sun will be about eight degrees below the horizon, while the moon will be a similar distance above the horizon. The emergence of Jupiter from behind the moon's dark limb near mid-twilight could be quite spectacular.

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So far as the Galilean satellites are concerned, they can be glimpsed wherever the sun is at least five degrees below the horizon; the sky should still be sufficiently dark enough to see them with a telescope. Europa will not be visible as it will be immersed in Jupiter's shadow, but Io will be situated very near to Jupiter's eastern limb. Well to the west of Jupiter will be Callisto and Ganymede . In fact, as seen from California, Jupiter's emergence is proceeded by these two satellites by 11 and 7 minutes respectively. Instead of popping out instantaneously like a star, these satellites will "ooze" into view because their disks have an appreciable angular size. 

Problematic visibility farther east

Where Jupiter is occulted in broad daylight — and that will be the case anywhere east of a line running roughly from central Montana down to central Louisiana — it will take place against a bright blue sky (assuming the weather cooperates!). But your telescope still may show this interesting event. 

Probably the easiest option is to locate the moon and Jupiter before sunrise and track them into the day. About 30 to 40 minutes prior to sunup, look very near to the horizon, slightly north of due east. That's where you will find the slender lunar sliver with Jupiter sitting a degree or less to its left. 

The occultation happens during the early morning, with the moon and Jupiter generally being somewhat higher than the sun and well off to its right. If you're search after sunrise, the challenge will be finding the moon and Jupiter at all. Give yourself plenty of time in advance to do this. A lot will depend on the transparency of the sky — in other words, the deepness of its blue color. Point your scope about 28 degrees (nearly three fists-widths at arm's length) from the sun , mostly to the right and, for most locations, about 15 degrees higher. 

If you have a "Go-To" telescope mount or a telescope equipped with setting circles, you can be more accurate about it. But remember that the crescent moon will have a low surface brightness that will probably make it hardly distinguishable from the sky itself. Sweep around this region of the sky, then once you've got the moon, the next challenge is Jupiter. Not only will it appear much smaller (a sixtieth of the moon's diameter), but worse, it will have an even lower surface brightness. However, the moon will show you just where to look. 

Here's the schedule

We thank the International Occultation Timers Association (IOTA) for viewing data, which was taken from this site, which provides times for 953 different locations within the occultation viewing zone. All times on the site are listed in Universal Time (UT). IOTA also provides information regarding the altitudes of the sun and moon as well as a map depicting the region of visibility. While the moon occults Jupiter in the morning for the U.S., Canada, and Central America, the event will also take place during local afternoon hours as seen from northern Europe. 

In the timetable below, we list the local disappearance and reappearance times for 17 selected cities in the U.S., Canada and Mexico. If the time is listed has an asterisk (*), it indicates that the event takes place with the sun below the local horizon. Dashes for disappearance info concerning Los Angeles indicates that the moon is below the horizon for this event. 

If you are hoping to take a close look at the moon or Jupiter during lunar occultations such as the one happening on May 17, our guides to the  best telescopes  are a great place to start. If you want to see the two celestial bodies together during events like this one, turn instead to Space.com's guide to the  best binoculars , which offer a wider view of constellations, occultations or the entire moon.

And if you're looking to take your own photos of lunar occultations or the night sky in general, check out our guide on  how to photograph the moon , as well as our  best cameras for astrophotography  and  best lenses for astrophotography .

Editor's Note:  If you snap an image of the lunar occultation of Jupiter and would like to share it with Space.com’s readers, send your photo(s), comments, and your name and location to [email protected].  

Join our Space Forums to keep talking space on the latest missions, night sky and more! And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: [email protected].

Joe Rao is Space.com's skywatching columnist, as well as a veteran meteorologist and eclipse chaser who also serves as an instructor and guest lecturer at New York's Hayden Planetarium. He writes about astronomy for Natural History magazine, the Farmers' Almanac and other publications. Joe is an 8-time Emmy-nominated meteorologist who served the Putnam Valley region of New York for over 21 years. You can find him on Twitter and YouTube tracking lunar and solar eclipses, meteor showers and more. To find out Joe's latest project, visit him on Twitter.

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• rod The occultation event not visible at my location this morning but the waning crescent Moon and Jupiter quite lovely in binocular views. Observed 0500-0530 EDT. I was able to enjoy some of this celestial event using 10x50 binoculars. Some rain passed during the night and early morning sky featured altocumulus and cirrus clouds passing. The thin waning crescent Moon and Jupiter a lovely pair in my binocular view, almost another world view seeing the two about 1-degree 15 arcminutes apart according to Stellarium 23.1 for my location in MD. While not the best observing conditions, a good sight to see this morning. Temperature 15C, winds NW 8 knots. Sunrise near 0553 EDT. New Moon 19-May-2023 1553 UT. Reply
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