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Culture of Manipur: Mesmerizing Tradition, Art, Music, Food and Festivals

Culture of Indian States
Indian Culture
Northeast India

The influence of korea in culture of manipur, food culture of manipur, music of manipur, dances of manipur, handicrafts of manipur, art forms of manipur, architecture of manipur, festivals of manipur.

Manipur, fondly called “the bejeweled land”, is truly one of the hidden gems of Northeast India . Relatively unexplored as compared to the other parts of the country, the culture of Manipur is full of treasures. Here, we dive deep into the rich tradition and culture of Manipur that is home to enchanting art forms, delicious food, and vibrant festivals .

Culture-of-Manipur-Manipuri-Korean-Influence

The Manipuri culture is a distinct blend of Korean, Central Indian, and Northeast Indian cultures . Owing to the Hallyu or the Korean wave that has spread worldwide, the impact of South Korean way-of-life is prominent among the younger Northeastern and specially Manipuri people. Korean international competitions are also held in the state, with famous K-pop artists visiting them for music tours. Many youngsters can even converse in Korean fluently! Korean movies and dramas are seen regularly, with their CDs being sold on the sidewalk and huge stores alike. Yet, such is the beauty of Indian culture , that while integrating other aspects, the natives have not lost their traditional culture of Manipur.

The cuisine of Manipur is as diverse as the state itself. With each of the multitude of tribes of the state having their special dishes, their blend is a wonderful concoction of culture. Popular dishes include those like Eromba Chutney, Yen Thongba (chicken), Nganu Thongba (duck), Oak Thongba (pork), and San Thongba (beef). Prepared in a style of cooking exclusive to the region, their usage of the native spices gives an edge to the brilliant food culture of Manipur. Though daily home-cooked meals include rice and side dishes of vegetables or meat.

The indigenous culture often includes various aspects like melodious music skillfully produced from the instruments like Pena which have existed since centuries. The Pena, which is similar to a violin, is made of bamboo and has stood the test of time. Today, it has become one of the most popular Manipuri instruments. Nameirakpam Ibemni Devi is a highly acclaimed musician from the state who was awarded one of the country’s highest civilian awards, the Padma Shri. She was an accelerator of the Khongjom Parba genre of Manipuri classical music.

The dances of Manipur are often so mesmerizing that the viewers are left stunned by its beauty, grace and coordination. The distinct dance form of the state is the Manipuri dance or Jagoi which is recognized as one of India’s major classical dance forms. This dance depicts the love story of Lord Krishna and his lover Radha during the festival of Raas Leela. Unlike the popular Kathakali dance and its similar forms which heavily rely on facial expressions and eye movements, the Manipuri dance is quite lax in this forte. Instead, the dance form is more focused on the graceful movement of the entire body.

Another popular dance form of the state is the Pung Cholom, literally meaning ‘the roar of the drums’ which is a drum dance. It begins on a mild note with a few men or women playing the drum called Pung but quickly escalates to mid-air acrobatics with them whirling about, all while playing the Pung. This dance form, true to its inspiration, resembles martial arts.

The notable art and heritage crafts forms of the land include extensive usage of bamboo and Papier-mâché. The Kauna variety of reed that grows on the river banks is also used for the local handicrafts. The notable art style of the state is the Longpi pottery that originates from the two villages of Longpi. The Tangkhul Naga tribes inhabiting this region are skilled at crafting these beautiful utensils from black serpentinite stone and a special brown clay and then polishing them with the leaves of a native tree. These utensils and pottery have recently seen a rise in international sales and have become a major export.

The state’s traditional form of martial arts is the Huyen Langlon, otherwise known as Thang-Ta. This native art has both armed and unarmed versions, with weapons like spears, axes and shields. This martial-art form steers away from violence and instead focuses on self-defence.

Manipur has also produced many skilled film directors, actors and musicians. The prominent names in Manipur’s entertainment industry include Ratan Thiyam, who served as the director of National School of Drama and set up famous theatre groups in his state. Some of the acclaimed dancers of the state are Haobam Ongbi Ngangbi Devi and Kshetrimayum Ongbi Thouranisabi Devi. They both have been awarded the Padma Shri.

The architecture itself is a form of art in Manipur. The temples of the state like Kiyong, Thellon, and Laishang are the best examples of the state’s architecture. After the arrival of Hinduism, the Vaishnava influence could be seen clearly on the structures. These temples also had the holy horns or Chirongs as a distinguishing feature of the architecture. These Chirongs were also added to the tribal houses as these were believed to make the house complete. On these symbolic Chirongs, various elements relating to daily lives, like birds and flowers are carved.

Vibrant cultures often lead to numerous festivals to celebrate their diversity. Manipur too has many such events. Many Indian cultures have their unique forms of boat racing. Manipur celebrates its version in the Langbal month of their calendar annually. The lively boat races that take place in the Bijoy Govinda Canal are a spectacle to behold. The northeastern states of our country have a significant Christian population. The religion is a majority in many of these states. In Manipur, the festival takes place with great pomp and joy, and all religious communities celebrate this festival in harmony. Another festival is the Lai Haraoba, literally the festival of Gods, which revers all the lords of Manipuri Mythology simultaneously.

Suggested Read – Festivals of Manipur, A Mesmerising Visual Treat to Your Eyes

Like most Northeastern states, Manipur is also waiting for its appropriate share of tourism and economic boost. Truly, it is an unexplored gem of our country. Tucked away in the lands of rolling hills and wading rivers, and guarded by the dragon lords, Manipur is waiting to be discovered.

Image credits: The copyright for the images used in this article belong to their respective owners. Best known credits are given under the image. For changing the image credit or to get the image removed from Caleidoscope, please contact us.

10 COMMENTS

Well, where are the culture and identities of tribal people living in the hill areas of Manipur Aren’t they part of manipur ? Why only meitei culture is exposed and why is tribal culture hidden?

We have exclusively covered the tribes of Northeast in this article, please check. https://www.caleidoscope.in/art-culture/northeastern-tribes-of-india

This is a very well written article! As someone who is not familiar with Manipuri culture, this article gave me a very good overview of how beautiful Manipur is. Looking forward to more articles from you!

COOOOOOOOOOOOOOL! I got awesome information from this Article.

The claim of Korean influence on the Meitei culture is wildly inaccurate. They both share in the expansion of the Tai Shan from what is now western China, but had entirely different developments of that culture.

As a Manipuri and a Meitei, I find it misleading that our culture would be appropriated in this way. While it is true that Korean culture is popular among the youngsters of the state because of the global spread of kpop and k-dramas, it is a big leap to claim that Korean culture is a part of Manipuri culture. Also, as stated in one of the comments above, this article is very one dimensional since it focuses only on the Meiteis and omits the various other tribes inhabiting our state. The writers can hopefully rectify these in the future if they do write another article about Manipur.

nice article thanks caleidoscope for this valuable informative article

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Immersing in Tradition: Exploring the Rich Culture of Manipur

Manipur, a state in northeastern India, is a tapestry of vibrant traditions, art and culture and a rich historical legacy. This picturesque region is renowned for its unique blend of ethnic diversity and cultural expression.

One of the most distinctive facets of culture of Manipur is its traditional dance forms, particularly the graceful and ritualistic “Ras Leela” and “Thang Ta.” These dances of Manipur are an integral part of religious and social events, portraying mythological tales and martial arts prowess. Manipur’s diverse ethnic groups, primarily the Meiteis, Nagas, and Kukis, contribute to a colorful mosaic of customs, languages, and festivals. The Meitei people, in particular, celebrate their indigenous festivals like Lai Haraoba and Yaoshang with fervor and joy.

Manipur’s cuisine reflects its local produce, with dishes like Eromba and various chutneys infused with the fiery Bhut Jolokia pepper. The state’s handicrafts, such as intricate handwoven textiles and delicate bamboo work, are esteemed for their craftsmanship.

The region’s cultural vibrancy is bolstered by its historical significance and natural beauty, making Manipur a cultural gem that continues to enchant and captivate visitors from around the world.

Table of Contents

History of Manipur

Manipur , a state in northeastern India, boasts a rich and diverse history, with its origins tracing back to the Bronze Age. The Meitei people were among the early inhabitants, and the region witnessed the rise and fall of several kingdoms and empires, including the flourishing Meitei Kingdom in the 1st century AD.

During the colonial era, Manipur came under British rule in the late 19th century and remained a princely state until India gained independence in 1947. Post-independence, it integrated into the Indian Union.

However, Manipur’s history is marked by ethnic and political conflicts, with numerous indigenous communities seeking greater autonomy and recognition. The Naga insurgency and the Mizo insurgency during the late 20th century had significant repercussions on the region.

In terms of more recent history, records indicate Manipur’s existence around 900 CE. Notable events include a treaty between Raja Jai Singh and the British in 1762 to repel Burmese invaders. Disputed successions led to political turmoil until Chura Chand became the raja in 1891, and British supervision was instituted for eight years, leading to social reforms.

Manipuri governance went through various changes until it joined India in 1947, becoming a union territory and eventually achieving full statehood on January 21, 1972. This historical journey reflects the complex tapestry of Manipur’s past, marked by both ancient traditions and modern political transformations.

Festivals of Manipur

These are few of the many festivals celebrated in Manipur, reflecting the culture of Manipur and the diversity of its communities. Each festival is an opportunity for people to come together, celebrate, and express their cultural identity.

Cheiraoba : The Manipur New Year

Cheiraoba, one of the main culture of Manipur and most renowned festivals, unfolds on the first day of the Sajibu month, typically falling in March or April. This joyous occasion, often referred to as the Spring Festival, is a vibrant celebration of culture and community. Festivities center around donning traditional attire, paying visits to friends and family, exchanging warm greetings and gifts, and relishing local delicacies. Central to Cheiraoba is the veneration of the regional goddess Sanamahi, adding a spiritual dimension to the festivities.

Preparations for the festival encompass sprucing up homes and adorning them with colorful decorations. Culinary delights hold a special place, as locals craft special dishes, initially offered to various deities as a mark of devotion. In April, a unique ritual involves villagers ascending the nearby hilltops, believing that this act will elevate their prospects in life, symbolizing their aspirations to reach greater heights. Cheiraoba is a beautiful tapestry of tradition, faith, and togetherness in Manipur’s cultural mosaic.

Yaoshang Festival

Celebrated for five days commencing from the full moon day of Phalguna (February/March), Yaoshang is the premier festival and culture of Manipur. The Thabal Chongba – a kind of Manipuri fold dance, where boys and girls hold hands together and sing and dance in a circle, is particularly associated with this festival. Boys and girls and even old women collect donations from house to house and the money so collected is spent on parties and feasts. Indeed, Yaoshang to Manipur is what Durga Puja is to Bengal, Diwali in north India and Bihu to Assam.

Lui Ngai Ni

Lui Ngai Ni, the seed-sowing festival, marks the start of the Manipur season and is a prominent celebration among the tribes in Manipur . This festival, rich with enthusiasm, is the centerpiece of Manipur’s festivities. Its name, “Lui-Ngai-Ni,” is a unification of three Naga tribal languages, all signifying the act of sowing seeds. During this festival, tribal communities pay their respects to the deity of crops through joyful dancing and singing. For a distinctive and thrilling experience, consider attending one of the most captivating Manipur festivals in 2022.

Kang (Rath Yatra):

The Kang Festival, a significant celebration for the Hindu community in Manipur, spans ten days in July. It centers around Lord Jagannath’s departure from his temple in a vehicle called the “Kang,” which is pulled by enthusiastic devotees competing for the honor. The festival, also known as Rath Yatra, unfolds at the Govindjee temple in Manipur annually. During this event, idols of Jagannatha, Balarama, and Subhadra are transported in the Kang, which is a local term for a chariot.

Devotees, filled with zeal, pull the Kang and accompany it with the sounds of nahal, gongs, bells, drums, and conch instruments. As a gesture of devotion, they offer barti, which are cotton balls soaked in ghee, to the deities during the yatra. The festivities continue with communal feasts held in the evenings, making this ten-day celebration one of the most significant festivals in Manipur.

Kut Festival:

The autumn festival of the Kuki-Chin-Mizo tribes in Manipur is known by different names, such as Chavang Kut or Khodou, depending on the specific tribe. It’s a joyous occasion for villagers who have worked hard throughout the year and are now blessed with an abundance of food. This festival is celebrated on the 1st of November annually and is one of Manipur’s most prominent and colorful celebrations.

The Kut festival has transformed over time into a symbol of peace, unity, communal bonds, and friendship. Also referred to as Chavang-Kut or Khodou, it serves as a way to express gratitude to the deities for the year’s bountiful harvest through singing, dancing, and revelry.

Gang-Ngai Festival:

Gang Ngai is a vibrant celebration of the customs and traditions of the Kabui Nagas in Manipur, spanning five joyous days. The initial day is dedicated to paying homage to their ancestors. The subsequent four days are filled with indulgent feasts, lively dancing, melodious singing, and a diverse range of programs. The tribe showcases their rich musical heritage through the enchanting sounds of their ethnic instruments. Additionally, this festive occasion includes the heartwarming exchange of gifts among community members.

Chumpha Festival:

The Chumpha Festival, celebrated for seven days in December by the Rangkhul Nagas, is a significant event following the harvest season. The last three days are dedicated to social gatherings and joyful celebrations. This festival is also observed by the Tanghul Nagas, and it’s one of Manipur’s popular festivities, spanning a week after the harvest. During this time, people come together to celebrate the year’s harvest with great enthusiasm, particularly during the final three days.

Sangai Festival:

The Manipur Sangai Festival, an annual event held in November, has been a vibrant culture of Manipur celebrated since its inception in 2010. Over the years, it has become a significant platform for showcasing the indigenous art and culture of Manipur. The festival offers a delightful array of dance, music, and sports performances, as well as exhibitions featuring local handicrafts and cuisine.

As a part of the Manipur Sangai Festival 2022, the Manipur Film Festival is jointly organized by MSFDS and Film Forum Manipur, showcasing movies and short films created by local directors. This endeavor contributes to the promotion of Manipur’s film industry on a national and international scale.

Cuisines of Manipur

The cuisines of Manipur, a northeastern state in India, is diverse and reflects the rich cultural of Manipur and the heritage of the region. Here are some details about Manipuri cuisine:

Rice is a staple food in Manipur. Various varieties of rice are grown in the region, and rice is the primary component of most meals.

Fish and Meat:

Manipuris are fond of fish, and it’s a famous cuisine in Manipur and a key part of their diet. Various fish preparations, both dried and fresh, are popular. Meats like chicken, pork, and mutton are also commonly consumed.

Vegetables:

Manipur has a rich tradition of growing a variety of vegetables. Leafy greens, bamboo shoots, lotus stems, and various herbs are widely used.

This is a traditional Manipuri dish made from mashed vegetables (usually potatoes and leafy greens) mixed with fermented fish or shrimp. It has a unique, pungent flavor.

Similar to Iromba, Eromba is a curry made with vegetables and fermented fish. It’s known for its strong, spicy taste.

Rice-based Dishes:

Manipuris have various rice-based dishes such as ‘Chak-hao Kheer,’ a black rice pudding, and ‘Eromba,’ a rice and fish stew.

This is a popular Manipuri salad made from raw vegetables and herbs. It’s a healthy and refreshing dish.

Sticky Rice:

Sticky rice is also a part of Manipuri cuisine, and it’s often used in desserts and snacks.

Manipuri chutneys are famous for their fiery and tangy flavors. The ‘U-morok’ (chili chutney) is a must-try for those who enjoy spicy food.

Fermented Foods:

Fermentation plays a significant role in Manipuri cuisine. Various foods are fermented, such as bamboo shoots, fish, and soybeans, adding unique flavors to the dishes.

Sana Thongba:

This is a popular Manipuri dish made with paneer-like cottage cheese cooked in a savory gravy.

A traditional Manipuri meal often includes a thali, which consists of rice, vegetables, fish or meat preparations, and chutneys.

Tea and Snacks:

Manipuris enjoy tea, and tea stalls are a common sight. Snacks like ‘Singju’ and ‘Pakora’ are often served with tea.

Manipur has its share of sweets, including ‘Chamthong,’ a rice dessert, and ‘Morok Metpa,’ a sweet chili preparation.

Local Brews:

Rice beer is a traditional drink in Manipur and is consumed during festivals and social gatherings.

Manipur’s cuisine is known for its use of local ingredients, unique flavors, and a balance of spicy and tangy tastes. It’s deeply rooted in the culture and traditions of the state, making it a fascinating culinary experience for those who have the opportunity to try it.

Dresses of Manipur

Traditional Manipuri clothing has long been a culture of Manipur and cornerstone of fashion, blending ethnic trends with ease. Prioritizing comfort and functionality, these vibrant outfits maintain a connection to ancient concepts.

Yet, fashion in Manipur has evolved, with the younger generation infusing new elements into these time-honored garments, resulting in a debonair blend of tradition and modernity. Explore Manipuri conventional wears to elevate your fashion game with a touch of uniqueness. Some of the dresses of Manipur are:

Inaphi is an intricate traditional wraparound shawl worn by Manipuri women. It is made from fine cotton fabric and is known for its vibrant colors and unique patterns. Inaphi is an essential part of the Manipuri women’s attire, and it is draped elegantly around the body.

The Phanek is the traditional skirt of Manipur. It is usually woven from cotton and comes in various designs and colors. Women wear the Phanek by wrapping it around their waist and securing it with pleats. It’s a fundamental element of traditional Manipuri attire.

Mayek Naibi:

Mayek Naibi is a traditional blouse worn by Manipuri women. It is often brightly colored and decorated with intricate embroidery or designs. The Mayek Naibi complements the Phanek and Inaphi, completing the ensemble.

Lai Phi and Chin Phi:

Lai Phi and Chin Phi are traditional ornaments worn by Manipuri women. Lai Phi is a circular-shaped pendant with intricate designs, often depicting deities or natural motifs. Chin Phi, on the other hand, is a type of necklace or chain adorned with various pendants, including Lai Phi. These ornaments are considered auspicious and add elegance to the attire.

Dhoti-Pagri/Khamen Chapta:

Manipuri men often wear a traditional outfit that includes a dhoti (a piece of cloth wrapped around the waist) and a Pagri (turban) or Khamen Chapta (headwear) depending on the occasion. The colors and patterns of these garments can vary and hold cultural significance.

The Potloi is a traditional dress worn by Manipuri brides. It’s a special and elaborately designed ensemble, often adorned with intricate embroidery and motifs. The Potloi is a symbol of beauty and grace and is typically worn during weddings and other important ceremonies.

Marriage traditions in Manipur

In Manipuri weddings, the ceremony unfolds at the bride’s residence. The groom, accompanied by his family, is warmly welcomed by three elder female members of the bride’s family, offering betel leaves and betel nuts on banana leaves. The wedding mandap, centered around a tulsi plant, serves as the focal point for rituals.

The groom, alongside the priest, recites prayers while the bride joins later. They unite their hands, bound by thread and blessed by the bride’s mother, who presents a plate with coconut, banana, betel leaf, and betel nut. Elders offer blessings and monetary gifts, and the couple exchanges garlands after the bride’s seven rounds around the groom.

Manipur, a region in North-East India, boasts a rich musical heritage. It encompasses the culture of Manipur and has a diverse range of folk music traditions, including Khullang Eshei, which are rural love songs, the rhythmic Lai Haraoba eshei with veiled references to erotic mysticism, and pena eshei, accompanied by the traditional pena instrument made from bamboo and gourd or coconut shells. The pena holds a special place as a symbol of Manipuri culture.

In addition to folk music, Manipur features classical nat music performed on special occasions, devotional nupi pala songs sung by women, Gaur Padas praising Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, and dhob songs accompanied by the jhal, a large cymbal. Manohar Sai songs, dedicated to a notable figure from the 19th century, and Khubakeshei songs that rely solely on clapping are also significant elements of Manipuri music.

Instruments used in Manipur

A type of drum made from wood and animal skin, used in Manipuri classical dance performances.

Another traditional drum made from clay and animal skin, often used in Manipuri music and dance.

A barrel-shaped drum, typically played during Manipuri folk and classical music performances.

A pair of wooden clappers that are commonly used as a percussion instrument in folk and devotional music.

A stringed musical instrument resembling a violin, used in classical Manipuri music.

Bamboo flutes are used in various folk and traditional music forms in Manipur.

A unique, plucked string instrument, often played during traditional Manipuri music and dance.

Leirum Pena:

A single-stringed instrument with a resonator made from a bamboo tube, commonly used in Manipuri folk music.

Trombone and Trumpet:

Western brass instruments are sometimes incorporated into contemporary Manipuri music.

Art,Crafts and Handicrafts

Manipur, a state in northeastern India, has a rich tradition of art, crafts, and handicrafts. Here are some of the notable ones:

Handloom and Textiles:

Manipur is renowned for its handwoven textiles. Moirangphee and Leirum are popular traditional fabrics. The state produces exquisite shawls, sarongs, and phaneks (wraparound skirts) with intricate motifs and designs.

The traditional pottery of Manipur is distinctive for its black pottery, also known as Longpi pottery. These items are made using a unique clay mixture and are known for their durability and aesthetics.

Bamboo and Cane Craft:

Manipur’s artisans are skilled in bamboo and cane craft, creating a wide range of products such as baskets, furniture, mats, and even traditional weapons like the bamboo spear.

Wood Carving:

Skilled woodcarvers in Manipur create intricate designs on furniture, household items, and decorative pieces. Wood carving is an art form passed down through generations.

Manipuri jewelry often features intricate designs and vibrant colors. Silver jewelry, in particular, is popular among the people of Manipur, with unique designs for necklaces, bangles, and earrings.

Manipuri Phulkari:

This is a unique form of embroidery practiced in the state. Women create colorful and intricate floral designs on shawls and textiles using silk threads.

Manipuri artists are known for their traditional and contemporary paintings. The themes often revolve around nature, religious motifs, and daily life in Manipur.

Dolls and Toys:

Doll making is a popular craft in Manipur. Artisans create beautiful, handmade dolls that often reflect the traditional attire and culture of the region.

Thangka Painting:

While Thangka painting is more commonly associated with Tibetan culture, it is also practiced in some parts of Manipur. Thangkas are intricate scroll paintings often depicting Buddhist deities and narratives.

How many cultures are there in Manipur ?

-Manipur is a diverse state in northeastern India with a rich cultural tapestry. It is home to several ethnic communities and cultures. There are over 29 major tribes in Manipur, with the Meiteis being one of the largest groups. Each of these tribes has its own distinct culture, traditions, and languages. So, there are numerous distinct cultures in Manipur, making it a culturally vibrant and diverse state.

What are the cultural symbols of manipur?

Manipur, a northeastern Indian state, has several cultural symbols. The “Ras Lila” dance depicts Krishna’s life, celebrated during festivals. The “Phanek” is a traditional wraparound skirt worn by women. The “Nongma Panba” is a boat race symbolizing unity. The “Sangai” deer is an endangered species and the state’s emblem.

What is the cultural dress of Manipur?

The traditional attire of Manipur varies among its different ethnic communities. However, one of the most well-known traditional dresses in Manipur is the “Phanek” for women. It’s a wraparound skirt often woven with intricate designs. Men typically wear a “Phee,” which is a kind of cloth wrapped around the waist. The clothing can be quite colorful and reflects the cultural diversity of the region. There are also various shawls, headgear, and accessories that are part of the traditional attire in Manipur.

Why is Manipur called the Jewel of India?

Manipur is often referred to as the “Jewel Land” of India due to its unique geography, featuring an oval-shaped valley encircled by nine picturesque hills, resembling a naturally formed jewel.

What is the main festival of Manipur?

The main festival of Manipur is called “Lai Haraoba.” It is a traditional festival that celebrates the Manipuri belief in the indigenous deities and the Meitei culture. Lai Haraoba typically involves various rituals, music, dance, and performances that showcase the rich cultural heritage of Manipur.

The Enigmatic Kuki Tribes of Manipur: Culture and Tradition

Nestled in the picturesque landscapes of Manipur, the Kuki tribes stand as a vibrant tapestry of cultural heritage and ancient traditions. With their unique customs, intriguing language, and strong sense of community, these tribes have captured the fascination of anthropologists and travellers alike. In this article, we embark on an enthralling journey to explore the multifaceted aspects of the Kuki tribes, diving into their geographical context, distinctive specialities, rich culture, and language.

Geography of Manipur

Located in the northeastern part of India, Manipur is a land of immense natural beauty, adorned with lush valleys, rolling hills, and pristine lakes. Bordered by Nagaland, Assam, Mizoram, and Myanmar, the state’s diverse topography plays a significant role in shaping the cultures and traditions of its various indigenous communities.

Where is Kuki located?

The Kuki tribes predominantly inhabit Manipur’s picturesque hills and valleys, a state known for its diverse topography. They are found in various state regions, with significant populations residing in the hill districts such as Churachandpur , Chandel , Senapati , and Ukhrul . These areas offer a tranquil environment and fertile lands, allowing the Kuki people to maintain their agricultural way of life and nurture their distinct cultural practices. Amidst the stunning landscapes of Manipur, the Kuki tribes have found a harmonious home, deeply connected to the land that shapes their traditions and identity.

About The Kuki Tribe

The Kuki tribes are one of the oldest and most prominent ethnic groups in Manipur. Revered for their resilience and a strong sense of identity, the tribal people have preserved their distinct way of life over centuries. Their community is known for its agricultural prowess, with the cultivation of crops like rice, millet, and maize being central to their livelihood.

Culture and Traditions

The Kuki tribes boast a rich and colourful culture, beautifully reflected in their festivals, rituals, and art forms. The “Kut” festival, celebrated with fervour, is a grand occasion of thanksgiving to the gods for a bountiful harvest. Traditional dances like “Kuki Dance” and “Genna Dance” are performed with exquisite grace during various festivities, highlighting the tribe’s artistic expression.

The Kuki people converse in their indigenous language, known as “Kuki,” which belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family. Preserving their linguistic heritage, the Kuki language carries a deep sense of identity and is an integral part of their cultural fabric.

Community Bond and Social Structure

The Kuki tribes exhibit a tight-knit community bond, with kinship and communal values forming the backbone of their society. Elders hold a position of respect and influence, contributing to the guidance and preservation of tribal customs. Village councils, known as “Thadouba,” play a vital role in resolving disputes and maintaining harmony within the community.

The Kuki tribes of Manipur enchant us with their vibrant culture, rich traditions, and deep-rooted sense of belonging. As guardians of their cultural heritage, the Kuki people remind us of the significance of preserving our unique identities in an ever-changing world. By exploring the essence of the Kuki tribes, we celebrate the kaleidoscope of human diversity that makes our world an awe-inspiring tapestry of culture and tradition.

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Manipur's culture and heritage for the first timers

Precious Rongmei , TIMESOFINDIA.COM , THINGS TO DO , MANIPUR Created : Jul 25, 2022, 20:00 IST

The state of Manipur is a hot-pot of rich culture and traditions. Surrounded by the states of Nagaland, Mizoram and Assam, one can see influences of these neighbouring states in the culture and traditions of Manipur. When we talk about Manipur’s culture and heritage, we have to talk about the tribes that inhabit the hills and the Meiteis from the plains. Together, they offer a very diverse yet rich cultural experience to the discerning traveller.

Here is the best of Manipur’s heritage to help you plan a beautiful and fun trip.

Manipur is home to the Manipuri Raas Leela, locally known as the Jagoi Raas , one of the eight major classical dance forms in India. Manipuri Raas Leela is based on the Hindu Shastra of Vaishnavism, with its roots in the ancient Natya Shastra . In Manipur, this dance form is passed down generations and is performed as a dance cum play. From the attire to the instruments used to produce the music, everything is traditional.

Sagol Kangjei

Did you know that the modern game of polo actually originated from Manipur? Manipuri polo or Sagol Kangjei was a common man’s game, unlike the modern posh version that is played all over the world. Bare feet, in traditional dhoti and turban, and astride the indigenous Manipuri ponies, this game was how common people in the olden times played in Manipur. The Imphal Polo Ground is actually the oldest working polo ground in the world. Isn’t that just amazing?

Ima Keithel

Translated as Mothers' Market, the Ima Market in the capital city of Imphal is an experience one must have in their lifetime. The market is also known, locally, as Ima Keithel or Nupi Keithel (nupi meaning women in Meitei language). This market, completely run by women is one of the biggest commercial centres in the state and it was established back in the 16th century.

Here, you will find items like traditional handicrafts, handlooms, food items, souvenirs and daily use items; the market’s got them all. Any man trying to set up shop here is not only frowned upon but is in fact against the law! One can’t help but wonder how immensely independent the women must feel.

Dailong Village

Dailong village, located in Tamenglong district, is home to the Rongmei tribes. The village and the surrounding forest area is one of the 12 biodiversity heritage sites in India. Dailong area is a great example of how indigenous communities are dependent on the forest for their sustenance and hence they protect their forest and treat it as sacred. The forests of Dailong are sacred groves and are open to tourists, provided, all visitors respect the law of the land and don’t litter or cause damage to the forest. The village is a biodiversity heritage site because of the presence of the Indian wild orange, locally known as biurengthai , the parent species of all cultivated citrus fruits. Earlier it was believed that the species was limited to Garo Hills in Meghalaya, but it was also discovered in Dailong recently.

Kangla Fort

Kangla Fort or the Palace of Kangla was an important seat of the Meitei rulers. The fort’s history dates back to 1597 - 1652 AD when King Khagemba was the ruler. The entrance to the fort was rebuilt and what’s left of the old Kangla Fort is just ruins and a moat. Some sources also say that the existence of this fort goes back to 33 AD, when the land was ruled by the mythical God-King Nongda Lairen Pakhangba.

Imphal War Cemetery

The Imphal War Cemetery is now home to the memorial stones of 1,600 Commonwealth soldiers of the Second World War. The site is maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Most of the soldiers buried here were killed during the Battle of Kohima and Imphal. The war cemetery gets a lot of international visitors who come to pay respect to these fallen soldiers. A lot of them are the family members of these WWII soldiers.

Located in Bishnupur district, this spot right by the side of the road was once a bloody battlefield. The present-day Red Hill or the Maibam Lokpaching was where the British and the Japanese soldiers fought one of the deadliest and bloodiest battles in the history of World War II. Hence, the hill on which the battle was fought got its name. The Battle of Imphal moved all the way to Kohima in Nagaland.

In 1994, Japanese war veterans constructed the India Peace Memorial right next to the Red Hill. The site is a popular tourist attraction where one can still see the old canons that were used during the war. Interestingly, in India, Imphal and Kohima were the only two places where World War II was fought. Many family members of the fallen Japanese soldiers come to visit Red Hill and India Peace Memorial to pay their respects.

Andro 'Doll' Village

If you are curious to know about Manipuri art and cultural heritage, Andro is the place for you. The ride to the quaint Andro village is quite bumpy but once you reach it, you forget the road and instantaneously get immersed in the beauty of the village. The village represents the cultural heritage and creativity of the many Manipuri tribes.

There is a cultural complex in the village, run by the Mutua Museum, Imphal, where one will see traditional huts of all the tribes from Manipur. But, why is it called a doll village? That’s because there is a huge collection of traditional dolls, 29 types in total, that represents the Manipuri tribes. It’s a very unique experience. You will find tribal artefacts like totem poles and other items that were once either daily use or decorative items.

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Manipur's culture and heritage for the first timers

Manipur Festivals

Manipur is a land of festivals, merriment and mirth all the year round. A year in Manipur presents a cycle of festivals. Hardly a month passes without a festival or two. To the Manipuri’s, festivals are the symbols of their cultural, social and religious aspirations which, besides removing the monotony of life by providing physical diversions, mental recreation and emotional outlet, it also helps them lead a better and fuller life….

Luira Festival of Tangkhuls (Feb)

This is the main agriculture festival of the year, which lies in the month of February and its celebration spread over a period of about eleven days. It is celebrated to mark the sowing season. The Village Chief sows some seeds in first instance marking the sowing season and then the rest of the villagers start to sow their fields. During all these days, merry-making takes the form of eating, drinking, games, dancing and singing. Dancing and singing usually commence in the evening, tall bamboo and pine resin torches light up the grounds and the dancers dance round the fire. Flickering lights, glimmering dresses and ornaments, flashing spears and daos with background songs add the attraction of the festival.

Lui-Ngai-Ni Festival (Feb)

The Lui-Ngai-Ni Festival is one of the biggest festivals of the Nagas (Anal, Mao, Maram, Poumai, Tangkhul, Zemei, Liangmai, Rongmei, Puimei, Moyon, Monshang, Maring, Tarao, Lamkanq, Chothe, Kharam, Chiru, Koireng, and Thangal Naga tribes) of Manipur. Lui-Ngai-Ni Festival is a seed sowing festival and marks the onset of the sowing season. The festival is celebrated every year with great zeal in all the Naga inhabited areas of Manipur. Lui-Ngai-Ni is a cultural festival and is marked by a plethora of cultural displays and events. The main highlights of the Lui-Ngai-Ni celebrations are:

lighting of the sacred fire
blessing of the seeds to be sown for the season
traditional log drum beating
traditional folk dances and songs
traditional fire making

Over the years the Lui-Ngai-Ni celebrations has evolved to adding in dashes of modernization and is now also an occasion for youths to connect with their roots. It is also a platform for various local artistes and musicians to showcase their talents and enthral the people with their art.

Yaoshang – The premier festival of Manipur Hindus (Feb/March)

Celebrated for five days commencing from the full moon day of Phalguna (February/March), Yaoshang is the premier festival of Manipur. The Thabal Chongba – a kind of Manipuri folk dance, where boys and girls hold hands and sing and dance in a circle, is particularly associated with this festival. Boys and girls and old women collect donations from house to house and the money so collected is spent in a number of parties and feast. Indeed, Yaosang to Manipur is what Durga Puja is to Bengal, Diwali in north India and Bihu to Assam.

Cheiraoba – The Manipur New Year (April)

During the festival, people clean and decorate their houses and prepare special festive dishes which are first offered to various deities. Celebrated during the month of April, a part of the ritual entails villagers climbing the nearest hill tops in belief that it will enable them to rise to greater heights in their worldly life. The Pangals (Manipuri Muslims) also observe it.

Lai Haraboba (April/May)

The Manipuri spring festival honours the many pre-Hindu nature deities revered in the regon. Special prayer ceremonies, dazzling displays of Manipuri martial arts and graceful ritual dances are performed to appease the deities. The most beautiful celebrations take place at Moirang.

Kang Chingba (July)

The Kang Chingba is to Manipur what the Puri Rath Yatra is to Orissa. It’s an eight day religious festival that celebrates the journey of Lord Jagannath, his brother Balabhadra, and sister Subhadra. Thousands of devotees help pull the massive chariots that carry them. Feasting and dancing continue into the night.

Heikru Hitongba (Sept)

Heikru Hidongba is the traditional boat race festival celebrated in Manipur during the month of September. It has been a celebration of great cultural and religious significance held every year at the sacred Thangapat in Sagolband Bijoy Gobinda, Imphal since 1779. The festival is observed by offering of Heigru (Amalaki) fruit to Lord Bejoy Govinda on the 11th day of Meetei lunar month (Langban), accompanied with an exciting contest of ‘Hiyang Tanaba’ (Boat race) in traditional attires, which is the main highlight of the festival. The boats are operated by rowers and each boat has a leader or captain known as ‘Tengmai Leppa’. Thousands of people from different parts of the state gathered around the Thangapat to witness the event. The rituals and other highlights of the festival:

Carry the sacred idol of Lord Bejoy Govinda out of the sacred temple (Mani Mandir) to the sacred boat (Khunet-hi) in the early hour of the day.
Offering of the Heigru Pareng (Garland) to the scared idol of Lord Bejoy Govinda by the priests for the bliss and welfare of the society and devotees.
The scared idol is then carried on a boat around the moat to receive offerings from thousands of worshipers waiting on both the banks of the moat and then places it near the finishing point of the moat field, symbolising – the divine Umpire’s position of the boat race competition.
Retreat of the scared idol into the Mani-Mandir after the boat race in the midst of noisy shouts and singing of devotional songs.

Ningol Chakouba – the social festival of Manipuries (Nov)

It is a remarkable social festival of the Meiteis. Married women of the family who were married to distant places come to the parental house along with her children and enjoy sumptuous feast. It is a form of family rejoinder to revive familial affection. The festival is also observed by the Pangals (Manipuri Muslims) to a certain extent now-a-days. It is observed on the second day of the new moon in the Manipuri month of Hiyangei.

Sangai Festival (Nov)

This festival has been around for many years, and is an annual affair organised by the Manipur Tourism Department. It was dubbed the Sangai festival back in 2010 to highlight the state animal – the endangered brow-antlered deer (also known as the dancing deer of Manipur). The festival is a definite must for anyone looking to enjoy the best of Manipur’s art and culture, music, dance, and local food. Did we mention the gorgeous textiles and crafts available at great prices?

Chumpha Festival (Nov-Dec)

This harvest festival – celebrated by Tanghkul Nagas in Ukhrul, Manipur – is based on an old Tangkhul custom wherein the daughter-in-law seeks permission from her mother-in-law to enter the family granary. This seven-day festival usually takes places between November and December, with the last three days witnessing processions, dances and music performances. Traditionally, this was an all-women affair and men had to spend the night outside, albeit with a generous supply of food and drinks. Interestingly, eating new rice before performing the ritual is taboo.

Ramjan ID – The premier festival of Manipur Muslims

Ramjan Id is the most popular festival of the Manipuri Muslims (Meitei Pangal) in Manipur and is observed in the usual spirits of joy and festivities as in other Muslim world Ramjan is the ninth month of Hijri year since the time of prophet Mohammed and during this month the Muslims practice seld denial ny avoiding any food, drink and smoke from pre-dawn till sunset. During this month is spent on prayers. After the month on the second day of shawwal, when the new moon is visible they breakfast and this fast breaking day is called Id-Ul-Fitre. On this day, they go to the mosques to offer prayers and take delicious dishes, exchange greetings and call on the friends and relatives.

Chavang Kut – the festival of Kuki-Chin-Mizo (Nov)

It is an autumn festival of the different tribes of Kuki-Chin-Mizo groups of Manipur. The festival has been variously described at different places amongst different tribes as Chavang-Kut or Khodou etc. It is a happy occasion for the villagers whose food stock is bountiful after a year of hard labour. The festival is a thanks giving feasts with songs and dances in merriment and joviality for all, in honour of the giver of an abundant harvest, it is observed on the 1st of November every year.

Gang-Ngai – Festival of Kabui Nagas (Dec/Jan)

Celebrated for five days in the month of Wakching (December/Janaury) Gang-Ngai is an important festival of the Kabui Nagas. The festival opens with the omen taking ceremony on the first day and the rest of the days are associated with common feast, dances of old men and women and of boys and girls, presentation of farewell gifts etc.

Christmas – The festival of Christians (Dec)

The Christmas is the greatest festival of all the Christains of Manipur, observed for two days on December 24 and 25. Prayers, reading of Gospels, eating, singing of hymns, lectures on Christ, sports etc., form the major part of the festival. In some villages where the inhabitants are well-off, the celebration continues till Janaury 1 on which the New Years day is also observed.

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The Oral Folk Literature of the Ancient Meiteis of Manipur: An Analysis of its Cultural Significance by Thounaojam Caesar and Reena Sanasam

Oral narratives are the earliest forms of storytelling as they exist in every culture as a part of religious rituals, folk music and songs. They include ritual texts, curative chants, epic poems, musical genres, folk tales, creation stories, songs, myths, spells, legends, proverbs, riddles, tongue twisters, word games, recitations and other narratives not recorded in writing. With the invention of writing, the ancient forms of oral narratives have undergone a lot of changes and have become valuable works of literature. However, the charm of oral narratives often told by improvisation and even gestures as a part of tradition cannot be transcribed into literature. As oral stories are brought down from generation to generation and are committed only to the memory, the various stages of the growth of such narratives give an account of the culture of the people. These are the sources of popular entertainment and are closely associated with festivals and religious ceremonies. At present, our society feels the need to safeguard and protect these indigenous forms of arts from the danger of extinction due to the impacts of globalisation and commercial entertainments. The exploration of the meanings and themes of ancient narratives, in a broader social context, and the significant role of the variant folklore genres in maintaining collective wisdom, national identity, solidarity and traditional moral values are points of great concern in this study. Keywords: Oral Folk Literature, Ancient Meiteis, Cultural Significance, Manipur, India

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In the absence of a written literature and language for ages, the oral tradition was one of the distinguishing characteristic features of the various tribes of Nagaland and Meghalaya. In the case of the Khasis of Meghalaya, “…their alphabet is of very recent history, no older than when Thomas Jones, the Welsh Presbyterian missionary, introduced the Roman script in 1842, to form the essentials of the Khasi written word.” (Nongkynrih vii) For the Nagas, even the oral dialects spoken by the different indigenous tribes are different and hence, it was not an easy task to keep the oral tradition alive amidst so much of diversity. The origin tales that find mention in the oral narratives of both the Nagas and the Khasis play an important role in the comprehension of the unique culture and tradition of both the tribes. This paper is an attempt to explore the tales related to the origin of the Nagas and the Khasis, to explore their rich oral tradition, how these tales mirror the cultural ide...

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India is popular as the land of storytelling. Themes and events found in the Vedas, the Puranas, and other mythological literature, as well as the two great epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharat, are frequently the basis for storytelling in India. Within the fringes of Rajasthan's oral folk storytelling traditions are a variety of artistic expressions, such as music (both instrumental and vocal), visual arts (such as paintings, scrolls, painted wooden temples, and mandanas), performative arts (such as puppetry, various dance forms, and Lok Natya), and literature (Lok Katha, Lok Gatha, Lok Geet, and Lok Kahavat). A vast corpus of subgenres fall within these headings. Stories have been an important tool for explaining morality and helping people understand abstract philosophical ideas, such as the differences between right and wrong, virtue and vice, and righteous and unrighteous action. They emerge as a result of the fundamental human need to tell stories that elucidate the essence of existence and illustrate how people react to different obstacles in life. Narrative therapy has demonstrated efficacy in treating psychiatric problems, psychological trauma, and self-conflict in individuals. This research aims to investigate the many forms and purposes of Rajasthani folk storytelling traditions.

Dr. Lopamudra Maitra (she/her)

The paper is an attempt towards understanding the importance of the disciplines of folklore and culture studies, especially those pertaining to oral tradition which forms an important part of the intangible heritage of man and his environment and the discipline of archaeology in India. Both are complimentary disciplines and needs to be studied for a holistic understanding of the term culture and folk traditions in a society. The paper traces a brief background of both the disciplines of folklore studies as well as archaeology as it developed in the sub-continent and thereby attempts to highlight the need to perceive and understand both. A cumulative study is an imperative necessity in the recent global world where the term ‘culture’ denotes a much wider definition than was connoted decades ago as part of the civilisation of man.

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Narrative encompasses every realm of history. The function of memory plays a vital role in the studies related to memory and reconstruction. Historical studies of memory accounts for the analysis of the textual, visual or oral representations of the past. History and memory are expressed in multiple voices and the reinterpretations of the past can be varied. The Puyas are the ancient written texts of the Meiteis, i.e. one of the ethnic groups of Manipur, a state in India. The Puyas with its varied narrations of oral traditions, myths, religious rites and rituals, history, folklore, art, literature, political and social aspects have been instrumental in nurturing the indigenous being and culture of the Meiteis. Exploring the narratives and oral cultures ubiquitous in the Puyas, the paper seeks to capture the collective memory of the Meiteis into retelling the history of Manipur. The paper further examines the various challenges encountered in constructing the historical memory throug...

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Manipuri Cuisine: A Unique Experience in Earthy Flavours

The cuisine of Manipur reflects the geographical and socio-cultural peculiarities of this land situated in the North-Eastern part of the Indian subcontinent. The culinary fare of this region reflects the intimate connection of its people with nature. With an exciting ensemble of flavours ranging from plain to piquant, Manipuri food is an absolute delight to the senses.

A traditional spread of Manipuri dishes

To have a closer understanding of the Manipuri cuisine, a brief overview of the geographical and socio-cultural features of the land is important. The state of Manipur is endowed with a stunning diversity of flora and fauna and is one of the recognised biodiversity hotspots of the world. The geographical formation of this region can be divided into two main categories: a central valley and the surrounding hills and mountains. The state has an impressive forest cover of 67% of the total landmass. Aquatic bodies such as lakes and swamps also constitute a prominent feature of this region. The ecological diversity is closely matched by the socio-cultural and ethnic diversity of the population. Apart from the Meiteis who comprise the ethnic majority, there are 29 major tribes that belong to two ethnic denominations called the Naga and the Kuki. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. Wet rice cultivation is practiced in the valley while the tribes inhabiting the hills mostly engage in jhum cultivation. The socio-cultural, as well as economic lifelines of the region, depend heavily on the exchange of resources between the hills and the plains. The food habits of the region are conditioned by the geographical as well as socio-cultural diversity of the region.

Manipur, a land of exquisite topography

Yongchak or bitter beans

Manipuri Cuisine is marked by abundant use of rice, fish and leafy green vegetables. The region experiences heavy rainfall of over 1000m annually and is thus suitable for the cultivation of several small, long-grained and scented varieties of rice. As the region is dotted with many small and large water-bodies, fish is also found in abundance. Apart from fresh catch, fermented and dried fish called ngari is an important ingredient of a majority of dishes.

Thangjing or foxnut

Ngari (fermented and dried fish)

Manipuri food is also marked by the use of a variety of vegetables, many of which are exclusive to this region and not known in the rest of the Indian subcontinent. The vegetables are mostly grown at home by the householders or are procured from the local market. As a result of this, the dishes of the Manipuri cuisine are predominantly seasonal and organic. The common vegetables that are indigenous to this region include pumpkins, various kinds of beans, gourds, brinjals, etc. Vegetables that were introduced under the rule of the British include potatoes, cabbage, tomatoes, radishes, peas, carrots and turnips. Apart from this, vegetables that are unique and native to this region are yendem (a kind of taro), kolamni (water spinach), thangjing (foxnut), koukhaa (katniss), yongchak (a variety of bitter beans), sougri (roselle leaves) and so on.

Umorok or king chilli

A typical Manipuri meal consists of the following dishes: steamed rice (which is the staple) is accompanied by kangsoi (a vegetable stew with ngari), ooti (a thick curry made of green/yellow peas, chives and beans), nga Atoiba thongba (a curry made of fish), kanghou (stir-fried vegetables), eromba (a mash of boiled vegetables, ngari and chilli), singju (a salad made of seasonal vegetables) and morok metpa (a paste of roasted chilies, ngari and garlic). An exotic dessert called chakhao (a pudding made of black rice) completes the meal. The most popular methods of cooking involve boiling and steaming. Oil is used only sparingly. Yet, fried items such as various kinds of boras or fritters also exist. Ingredients such as bay leaf, onion, ginger and garlic are added for enhancing flavour and aroma. A major spice which features in most dishes is the umorok or king chilli.

A significant feature of the Manipuri cuisine is the use of aromatic herbs and roots. These ingredients lend the Manipuri cuisine its unique character and also endow the food with nutritional and medicinal values. The use of these herbs and roots by the communities inhabiting this region, reflect their traditional knowledge of the cycle of nature and the wild flora and fauna. For example, various exotic species of wild mushrooms form a part of the Manipuri cuisine. The knowledge of identifying the edible from the non-edible varieties is crucial. Such knowledge is handed down from one generation to another and is an integral part of their social and cultural life. It stands testimony to the intimate connection of these communities with nature and their sustainable use of natural resources.

Manipuri women selling fish at Ima Keithel or Mother’s market

Another defining feature of Manipuri cuisine is the use of various forms of fermented food items. Apart from fish, the repertoire of fermented foods also includes tender bamboo shoots called soibum and a dish made of fermented soya beans called hawaijar . As discussed earlier, in Manipur, a predominant area of the landmass is covered under forests, hills and mountains and water bodies. Thus, the area of land under cultivation is low. Traditionally, the fermentation of certain food products ensured that they were available throughout the year. The process of fermentation also adds to the nutritional and pharmacological qualities of certain food items, apart from enhancing their flavour. Sometimes, elaborate techniques are used for fermentation. For example, ganang tamdui is a traditional preparation in which mustard leaves are dried in the sun and then kept in bamboo culms till they release a pungent odour. The leaves are then pressed to extract their juice which is then boiled. This liquid is preserved and used in the preparation of a soup called tam . The dishes prepared by using fermented products are usually characterised by delightfully piquant flavours and aromas and might require some getting used to for people who have not yet been initiated into this unique cuisine.

Manipuri women serving food at Ima Keithel

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Identity and Violence in Manipur, India

A history of political and economic mismanagement, paired with armed militancy based in ethnic identity, helps explain the protracted violence in the region.

Akkai Padmashali, a prominent transgender activist holds a placard during a protest against violence in the northeastern Indian state of Manipur, on July 21, 2023 in Bengaluru, India.

The first time the world took notice of the gross human rights violations being perpetrated in Manipur, India, was in July 2023, when a video of Manipuri women from the Kuki tribe who had been tortured, raped, and paraded around naked went viral on social media. These heinous acts came on the heels of the tremendously violent communal conflict that engulfed Manipur earlier in the year.

In reality, the violence follows a long and fraught socio-political history. The region has been prone to ethnic violence for decades, ever since the king of Manipur, Bodhachandra, signed an accord with the Government of India to become a part of the newly independent nation of India in 1949. The traditional conflict was between the Naga and Kuki tribes, but the recent violence has been between the Meiteis and Kukis.

A map of India with Manipur highlighted in red

Vibha Arora and Ngamjahao Kipgen explain the origin of these ethnic groups and their conflicts in their paper, “ The Politics of Identifying with and Distancing from Kuki Identity in Manipur ,” published in 2012 in the Sociological Bulletin . Historically, the Meitei dynasty ruled the independent kingdom of Manipur. After Manipur formally joined India, it was administered as a “C” scheduled state, along with nine other states, including Ajmer, Bhopal, and Himachal Pradesh. Unlike “A” states, which were overseen by an elected governor, “C” states were governed by chief commissioners appointed by the President of India. Manipur became a Union Territory (e.g., a territory governed by the federal government) in 1956 and a finally full state, with elected governors, in 1972.

Arora and Kipgen describe Manipur as “a multi-ethnic society inhabited by three main ethnic groups—namely, the Nagas, the Kukis, and the Meiteis—who occupy distinct territories and topographies.” Manipur’s highlands are the domain of “Christianized Naga and Kuki tribes who constitute about 34 per cent of the total population,” with the Nagas living in the northern mountains and the Kukis in the southern hills. “[T]he valley areas are largely inhabited by the Meiteis, who are predominantly Hindu,” they note. Other tribes, including the predominantly Muslim Pangans, live in Manipur as well, but the conflicts between the Naga, Kuki, and Meitei tribes shape the social landscape. Over the years, the permutations and combinations of clashes between constituents may have changed, but the violence continued unabated.

In his paper “ Armed Violence in Manipur and Human Rights ,” published in The Indian Journal of Political Science in 2011, Oinam Jitendra Singh points towards three prominent reasons for this. The first, he says, is political.

“The basic structural violence in Manipur today, at the political plane,” he argues, “is the total denial of a democratic space to the Manipuri people at the ground level for such a long time.” In other words, the Manipur monarchy was forced to transition to a “C” state, after which “a corrupt bureaucracy accountable to Delhi was running the show.”

The second factor is economic. Manipur came into India with an almost entirely agrarian economy, with a surplus of rice. After the merger, household industries declined as the economy was managed centrally. As Singh argues,

[t]he opportunity to build an economy with a strong productive base was wasted by the corrupt bureaucracy here [Manipur] on the one side and by the remote controlled, centralized planning on the other. There was no room for local initiatives.

And finally, the third reason Singh offers for the conflict is social, caused by the influx of immigrants following the assimilation of Manipur into India. The state’s population rapidly increased with the arrival of new residents from mainland, with the demographic shifts leading to structural change that

alarmed the indigenous population. They naturally feel that their distinctive culture and identities are facing a grave threat from the Indo-Aryan peoples of being submerged under or assimilated by them.

Singh shows that these factors led to the rise of secondary violence in the late 1970s, as armed opposition groups, soon to be labelled “terrorist organizations,” developed along ethnic lines. As a result, the Parliament of India instituted the Armed Forces Special Powers Act of 1958, authorizing the Commissioner of Manipur to use armed forces to maintain public order. But the arbitrary and heavy-handed use of the Special Powers Act led to the “unfettered use of force even against innocent civilians,” he writes, with “gross human rights violations including torture, extra-judicial execution, rape and enforced disappearances.”

Arora and Kipgen add to this, explaining that armed insurgencies are a common way to claim ethnic homelands, followed by “negotiating with the state and the national governments, and signed accords.” That being said, few of those signed accords “have engendered durable peace and participatory development.” They wonder,

How many ethnic groups are really assessing the success of their political elites in facilitating development and trickling down resources after the formation of exclusive homelands? […] While particular insurgents disappear or get absorbed into the political mainstream, insurgency per se does not decline, as other insurgents arise.

Insurgency can be a profitable business, they note, but it just leads to more disorder.

Ch. Sekholal Kom’s “ Ethnic Mobilization and Militance in Northeast India: A Case of Manipur ,” published in The Indian Journal of Political Science in 2010, had already highlighted the role of ethnic mobilization in militant formations in Manipur. As Kom notes, the defining of one ethnic group “kindled and accentuated the ethnic identity of another group.”

The idea of “ethnic identity” acted as a contagion, he explains. “The prospect of greater autonomy for one group stimulated similar demands from other groups.” Should one group be awarded political power and resources based on ethnicity, why should they not also go to another group?

“Most of the political developments in Northeast, from reorganization to protracted violence, are intrinsically linked to the question of ethnicity,” he writes. Ethnic differences—and the mobilization of those differences in the context of Manipur’s politics—has led to what he describes as “ethnic militancy” in the region. “These ethnic militants…have become the most resorted means for ethnic assertion and bargaining and even to the extent of achieving economic political power.”

Kom sees ethnic militancy as “one of the most serious threats to peace, security and development” in the region. Moreover, the instability and violence has been made even worse by the state, which “has failed to contain militancy through negotiations, dialogues and peace accords and instead countered by launching a massive counter insurgency offensive through its military and intelligence.” Insurgency begets insurgency.

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Kom offers a solution to the government of Manipur, requesting that they address ethnic aspirations by providing autonomy to each group in a guided manner so that conflicts may be reduced. He ends with poignant advice that rings especially true in today’s context, pointing out that that a “resolution requires that a meaningful and acceptable political arrangement…meet[s] competing ethnic demands.” The state must demonstrate that it’s “serious in finding a lasting solution despite the many odds that would be inevitable.”

In other words, writes Kom, the Government of Manipur, like all parties involved in the conflict and resolution, needs “to tread all tracks and walk the talk.”

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The small state of Manipur is vibrant with colours and boasts of a rich culture. Their history and customs are likely to attract many people from around the globe. Their belief and superstitions have always charmed foreigners. Hence, a small place like this should be explored and admired.

Here are a few things that entail Manipur Culture:

Traditional Dress
Handicrafts

1. Festivals of Manipur

Manipur hosts numerous festivals; some of the major ones are Dol Jatra (Yaoshang ), Rath Jatra, Lai-Haraoba, Ramjan ID, KUT, Gang-Ngai, Chumpha, Cheiraoba, Heikru Hidongba, Lui-Ngai-Ni, and Kwak Jatra.

In Lai-Haraoba , the festival is celebrated in the name of the deity called Umang Lai which takes place in May.
Kut festival is celebrated by the Kuki-Chin-Mizo groups of Manipur. It takes place on 1st November in honor of an abundant harvest.
Gang-Ngai is a festival lasting five days. It starts with the omen taking ceremony which is later continued with dance and feast.
Cheiraoba is the Manipur New Year which takes place in April. As part of the traditional belief, the villagers climb the nearest hill which helps in bringing good fortune.
Yaosang is like the festival of Holi which is considered the most important festival in Manipur. The locals take part in the celebration of merrymaking. Recently, the festive energy is directed towards sporting events to identify talents at the ground zero levels.

Rice is the staple diet of Manipuris. Kabok is their specialty where the rice is fried with lots of vegetables. Manipuri’s love Ngri which is a type of fermented fish and carries a distinct smell. They mainly love nga-thongba, ooti, chagem pombaand kangshoi. Lonchak happens to be their favorite vegetable which is none other than a bean. Iromba is a fermented delicacy, which is a combination of fish, vegetables and bamboo shoots.

3. Traditional Dress

Innaphi and Phanek are the most common Manipuri traditional dress for women. The people also weave a special Phanek called Mayek Naibi where the designs on Naibi are horizontal stripes making it look beautiful.
The Meitai Females stitch a cloth which called Kanap Phanek which has various designs on it. ‘Lai-Phi’ and ‘Chin-Phi’ are other Manipuri traditional costume.
The white turban called Pagri is the most common among men.
When the kings ruled the land, Khamen Chatpa were gifted to poets and geniuses. Even now, Khamen Chatpa is worn by men belonging to the superior class.
Nowadays with modernization taking over traditional culture, the people wear the traditional dress only during festivals or rituals.

For the Manipuri’s, dance is an integral part of the culture, and for the audience, it’s a visual treat due to its lyrical beauty and rhythm.

History says that King Khuyoi Tompok was a great lover of art and culture and developed Manipuri Dance in the 2nd century AD. After the introduction of Vaishnavism in the 15th century, the dance form started becoming familiar and very common.
The Raas Lila which is the love story of Radha and Krishna is the most famous dance forms and have been dominating the state’s performing arts so far. It is performed at the temples of Shree Shree Govindjee in Imphal and also during night time of Basanta Purnima, Kartik Purnima and Sarada Purnima.
Nupa Pala , also known as Kartal Cholom or Cymbal Dance, acts as a prologue to the Raas Lila. It is a group performance by male partners using cymbals and wearing white turbans.
Pung Cholom dance is performed when the person dancing is trying to call upon the deity. It is the soul of Manipuri Sankritana music.
Maibi dance is performed during the festival of Lai-Haraoba which is an annual ritual festival of Manipur. In this dance, the Maibis dance and describe the whole lifestyle of how Manipuri people live.
Khamba Thoibi dance is a duet dance between a man and a woman. It is dedicated to the sylvan deity and is performed by Khamba (hero) and Thoibi (heroine) of the Moirang episode of the past.

Manipuri people are very fond of music and an ardent admirer of the same. Mostly folk songs dominate the region.

Khullong Ishei is sung by the Meities in villages when they go to work like fishing. The theme is love where the singer adjusts the lyrics of the song with his own tune.
Pena Ishei is another form of song which is accompanied with the help of a musical instrument called Pena. The theme is mostly the love story of Khamba-Thoibi. A Pena looks like a slender bamboo rod which is attached to the round dry shell of gourd of coconut. To produce the musical symphony, the bamboo rod is held in the left hand, and the drum shell is pressed against the chest. The right hand is used for holding the curved iron rod. The strings are rubbed with the curved iron rod.
Lai Haraoba Ishei is a song which is known for erotic mysticism, but the inner meaning is covered up by the use of simple words. It is sung during the ceremonial occasion of Lai-Haraoba. Thoubal Chongba, Nat, Gaur Padas, Dhob, Napi Pala, Khubaishei, and Raslila songs are some of the many famous songs sung in that region.

6. Handicrafts

It’s not surprising that northeastern states have people who are into the creative business and their craft is very different than the rest of the country. It is said to be one of the largest producers of bamboo crafts in India and many decorative items like sofa sets, stools, mats, basketry and flower vases are made.

Kauna is a kind of reed this is used for making mats and cushions and often exported to countries like the UK, Netherlands, Germany, France, UAE and Switzerland.
Pottery is an age-old craft of Manipur which is painted in different and bright colours.
Textile Weaving is practiced by the women and also known as Laichamphi.

One should not miss out this exciting place and the things it has to offer. Unique and uncanny, Manipur is a treat to the eyes and all those who visit this vibrant state are never disappointed.

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States › Manipur › Art & Craft

Art & Craft Manipur

The art & craft of Manipur is as rich as its natural abundance. Each ethnic group in this Northeast India state has its distinct culture and tradition which can be seen embedded in its art & crafts as well. In fact, Manipur ’s handloom and handicraft products are so deftly done that have become famous across the globe for their designs, colourfulness, and usefulness. The state is also one of the largest producers of bamboo crafts in India. Wood Carving, textile weaving, stone carving, block printing and hand-embroidery, Papier mache, decorative ivory, collectible dance dolls, bamboo, and cane work are some of the many crafts of this state. The pottery skill is worth seeing in Manipur, the locals are skilled in making black as well as ceramic pottery. On the other hand, the tribes of Andro, Thongjao, and Nungbi have mastered the skill of pottery over the centuries and that too without the use of a potters’ wheel. Wood carving is one of the top products you can find in Manipur. The craftsmen depend on local wood to make products like a wooden tray, spoon, and drum, etc.

The women in Manipur are engaged in loin loom weaving also known as Laichamphi in which cotton or woolen yarn is used. Toys are also made of cloth, cotton clay, wood and bamboo which make for pretty decor items as well. In the Bishnupur District of the state, stone-carving is popular; items of utility like bowls, candle-stands, grinders, flower-vases, and plates are made use this skill. Hand block printing is yet another important art & craft in Manipur. Earlier hand block-printed towels called Khamen Chatpa were made for the warriors and village chiefs but today, we can see the use of this skill in making pillow-covers and bedsheets. Hand embroidery is also a common art seen in Manipur which is practiced both by local men and women. Tablecloth bed-cover, handkerchief, and T.V. covers are some of the common items. Kauna (Water Reed) Mat is a special craft to see in Manipur. Kauna is a type of reed usually grown in the wetlands and marshes which is used by the craftsmen to make mats and cushions.

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Get authentic information on how to plan a perfect holiday to Manipur. At Tour My India you will get important details on how to reach Manipur by different means of transport along with information on where to go and what to do on Manipur tour. Get information on best time to visit Manipur along with a comprehensible travel guide to varied destinations in the state that are worth visiting.

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Essay on Manipur

Students are often asked to write an essay on Manipur in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Manipur

Introduction.

Manipur, a jewel of India, is a state in Northeast India. Known for its diverse culture, it is rich in every sense, be it in the beauty of nature or the culture of the populace.

Manipur is bordered by Nagaland, Mizoram, Assam and Myanmar. It has a unique topography with hills, valleys, forests and several rivers.

The state is a melting pot of culture. It is renowned for its dance forms like Manipuri dance, festivals like Yaoshang, and art forms.

The economy is primarily agrarian, with significant contribution from handicrafts, handlooms and tourism sectors.

Also check:

Paragraph on Manipur

250 Words Essay on Manipur

Manipur, a jewel of India, is a northeastern state known for its diverse culture, rich history, and breathtaking landscapes. It is an epitome of harmony, blending various tribes, communities, and cultures.

Geographical Significance

Nestled amid high ridges, Manipur is surrounded by Nagaland in the north, Mizoram in the south, and Assam in the west. Its eastern frontier borders Myanmar. The state’s topography is unique, with 90% hilly terrain and a central valley, home to Loktak Lake, the largest freshwater lake in northeastern India.

Cultural Diversity

Manipur’s cultural diversity is its hallmark. It is home to various ethnic groups like Meiteis, Nagas, Kukis, and Pangals, each with its distinct traditions, dialects, and art forms. Manipuri dance, also known as ‘Ras Lila’, is a classical Indian dance form recognized globally.

Economic Aspects

Manipur’s economy primarily relies on agriculture, handicrafts, and handloom. The state’s sericulture industry is notable, producing a unique variety of silk, Moirang Phee. However, the state’s economic potential remains untapped due to infrastructural challenges and geographical isolation.

Manipur, the ‘Switzerland of India’, is a state of immense potential. Its geographical beauty, cultural richness, and unique biodiversity make it a treasure trove. However, it requires focused efforts to overcome its economic and infrastructural challenges to fully harness its potential.

500 Words Essay on Manipur

Manipur, often referred to as the “Jewel of India”, is a state in Northeast India that boasts a rich cultural heritage, unique traditions, and breathtaking natural beauty. The state is a melting pot of cultures, with over 29 different ethnic groups cohabiting in harmony.

Nestled amidst verdant hills, Manipur is bordered by Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south, and Assam to the west, while sharing an international border with Myanmar to the east. The state’s topography is characterized by a central valley surrounded by mountain ranges, with the Barak River being a significant water body. The unique Loktak Lake, the largest freshwater lake in Northeast India, is a significant geographical feature of Manipur, housing the only floating national park in the world – Keibul Lamjao National Park.

Manipur is a mosaic of traditions and cultures. The majority of the state’s population comprises the Meitei, who follow Sanamahism, a form of animism, alongside Hinduism. Other ethnic groups include the Nagas, Kukis, and Pangals (Manipuri Muslims), each with their unique customs and traditions. The state’s rich cultural tapestry is reflected in its traditional dance forms like Manipuri Raas Leela and martial arts like Thang-Ta.

Economy and Development

Agriculture is the backbone of Manipur’s economy, with around 70% of the population engaged in it. The state is also known for its handloom and handicrafts industries, producing exquisite textiles and bamboo products. However, Manipur faces numerous developmental challenges, including a lack of infrastructure, political instability, and armed conflicts. Despite these, the state has shown resilience and is steadily moving towards progress with increased focus on sectors like tourism and information technology.

Manipur’s Role in Indian History

Manipur played a significant role in India’s freedom struggle and World War II. The Battle of Imphal, fought in Manipur, was a turning point in World War II. Manipur was also a princely state during the British Raj and merged with the Indian Union in 1949.

Manipur, with its diverse cultures, rich history, and scenic beauty, is a microcosm of India’s diversity and resilience. The state, despite its challenges, continues to contribute significantly to India’s socio-cultural fabric and economic growth. Its unique blend of tradition and modernity serves as a beacon of cultural preservation and progressive change. As such, understanding Manipur is crucial for comprehending the complexities of India’s Northeast and its role in shaping the country’s identity.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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Interesting Facts /

Top 10 Facts About Manipur That Will Make You Visit It Now!

Updated on
May 23, 2024

Manipur is one of the seven sisters of northeast India. With its capital at Imphal, the state has both national and international borders. It boasts a rich history of over 2,500 years. It borders Nagaland, Mizoram, and Assam within India while sharing an international border with Myanmar’s Sagaing Region. Encompassing over 22,000 sq km and housing a population exceeding 3.1 million, Manipur has traditionally thrived on agriculture but holds potential for hydroelectric power. Connected by Imphal Airport, this cultural and economic bridge between the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia is renowned for its native sports and vibrant dance forms. Well, there are many facts about Manipur that we believe you might haven’t heard of. So let’s jump right here.

Table of Contents

1 About Manipur
2 Facts About Manipur
3.0.1 Related Blogs

Also Read- 13 Interesting Facts About Indian Culture

About Manipur

The state has a rich history and has contributed to the growth of India in many ways. The table given below says a lot about the state.

Also Read- Uncovering The Top Interesting Facts About Himachal Pradesh

Facts About Manipur

Manipur is anything but boring, just like the people there. this is one of the states people haven’t traveled to frequently. So buckle up and know these facts about the state.

Beginning the list of facts about Manipur with the most amazing one. Every village in Manipur has a common town hall and community pond in every village or maybe most of them do.
Manipur consists of hills on most of the lands, it is said that Naga stay on the hills, and Manipur people reside in the plan areas.
The most common corkery in your house probably would be either steel or glass, right? As a matter of fact, for Manipur, the most common cutlery, crockery, and utensils are of black stone.

Also Read- 60+ Interesting Facts about India

This state is the land of the only floating national park in the world.
A proto-constitution of 429 AD by King Naophanga was the world’s first written constitution in the world.
We are sure some of the polo players reading this might have already known this fact about Manipur. It is the world’s oldest polo ground. Polo was first played in Sagol Kangjei, Manipur in 3100 B.C.
Manipur is a dry state. However, there is production of local liquor that people might produce but nothing from outside of this state.
Hindi films are not released in Manipur because of the rebel faction that broke out in the state in the year 2000.
You require an Inner Line Permit to visit protected areas of the state. People who are planning to visit this state read this fact again and get your Inner Line Permit sorted.
Manipur is home to a market that is completely run by women of the state. The name of this market is called Ima Market.

Manipur’s rich culture, vibrant dance and music, scenic landscapes, and delectable cuisine make it a land of captivating experiences.

With a history of over 2,500 years, Manipur has served as a crucial hub for Asian economic and cultural exchange.

Related Blogs

Now we come to the end of the facts about Manipur. If you want to know more about topics like this, then visit our general knowledge page! Alternatively, you can also read our blog on general knowledge for competitive exams !

Himansha Bahuguna

A young and enthusiastic professional content writer with more than 3 years of experience in the ed-tech industry, she has excelled in writing study-abroad pieces of information, be it long from articles or short-form blogs. At her free time you will find her sipping coffee!

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IMAGES

Culture of Manipur: Mesmerizing Tradition, Art, Music, Food and Festivals
Manipuri Culture & Tradition
Culture of Manipur: Mesmerizing Tradition, Art, Music, Food and Festivals
Manipuri Classical Dance, Costume, Origin, History, Style, Images
Essay on Manipur in English
Manipuri Dance : History, Costume, Meaning and Significance

VIDEO

Representing Manipur & Indian Culture: Multicultural Day @Majestic Way Elementary , California

COMMENTS

Culture of Manipur: Mesmerizing Tradition, Art, Music ...
Manipur, fondly called "the bejeweled land", is truly one of the hidden gems of Northeast India. Relatively unexplored as compared to the other parts of the country, the culture of Manipur is full of treasures. Here, we dive deep into the rich tradition and culture of Manipur that is home to enchanting art forms, delicious food, and vibrant ...
Manipuri Culture & Tradition
Here are a few things that entail Manipur Culture: 1. Festivals of Manipur. Manipur hosts numerous festivals; some of the major ones are Dol Jatra (Yaoshang ), Rath Jatra, Lai-Haraoba, Ramjan ID, KUT, Gang-Ngai, Chumpha, Cheiraoba, Heikru Hidongba, Lui-Ngai-Ni, and Kwak Jatra. In Lai-Haraoba, the festival is celebrated in the name of the deity ...
Manipur
Manipur gained independence on 28 August 1947, but this happiness did not last long because, on 15 October 1949, Manipur was included as a state in India.. Culture. Manipur is inhabited by people from many cultures such as Kuki, Naga, Pangal, and Mizo, who speak many languages. There is no shortage of arts and culture in this state and this state is surrounded by blue hills on all sides.
Manipur
Manipur, state of India, located in the northeastern part of the country. Like other northeastern states, it is largely isolated from the rest of India. Its economy centers on agriculture and forestry, and trade and cottage industries also are important. The state capital is Imphal, located in the center of the state.
Immersing in Tradition: Exploring the Rich Culture of Manipur
The main festival of Manipur is called "Lai Haraoba.". It is a traditional festival that celebrates the Manipuri belief in the indigenous deities and the Meitei culture. Lai Haraoba typically involves various rituals, music, dance, and performances that showcase the rich cultural heritage of Manipur. Delve into the rich and vibrant culture ...
The Enigmatic Kuki Tribes of Manipur: Culture and Tradition
The Kuki tribes of Manipur enchant us with their vibrant culture, rich traditions, and deep-rooted sense of belonging. As guardians of their cultural heritage, the Kuki people remind us of the significance of preserving our unique identities in an ever-changing world. By exploring the essence of the Kuki tribes, we celebrate the kaleidoscope of ...
Manipur
The state of Manipur or the "Jewelled Land" is adorned with rich biodiversity and art and culture. Manipur shares boundaries with Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south, and Assam to the west. It covers an area of 22,327 Sq.Km. with lofty mountains and lush valleys. It is believed that Manipur is the birthplace of Polo.
PDF Myth, History, and Culture of Manipur: Past and Present
M. Mani Meitei. Former Professor, Department of English and Cultural Studies, Manipur University, Imphal, Manipur. Myth, history and culture are vital organs of ethnography studies. Through them we can understand beliefs, customs, observances, practices handed down for a long time from prehistoric times to the present.
Manipur's culture and heritage for the first timers
The state of Manipur is a hot-pot of rich culture and traditions. Surrounded by the states of Nagaland, Mizoram and Assam, one can see influences of these neighbouring states in the culture and ...
Manipuri
manipuri, one of the six classical dance styles of India, the others being bharata natyam, kathak, kathakali, kuchipudi, and odissi. It is indigenous to Manipur and is characterized by a variety of forms that are linked to folk tradition and ritual. Themes are generally taken from episodes in the life of Krishna, the pastoral god.
Manipuri Dance
This dance form is named after the north-eastern state of Manipur, India from where it originated but it has its roots in 'Natya Shastra', the age-old Sanskrit Hindu text. A mix of Indian and southeast Asian culture is palpable in this form. The age-old dance tradition of the place is manifested from great Indian epics, 'Ramayana' and ...
Manipur
Manipur (/ ˌ m ʌ n ɪ ˈ p ʊər /, US also / ˌ m æ n ɪ ˈ p ʊər /; Meitei: Kangleipak) is a state in northeast India, with the city of Imphal as its capital. It is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west. It also borders two regions of Myanmar, Sagaing Region to the east and Chin State to the south. The state covers an area of ...
Manipur Culture and Traditions
Lui-Ngai-Ni Festival is a seed sowing festival and marks the onset of the sowing season. The festival is celebrated every year with great zeal in all the Naga inhabited areas of Manipur. Lui-Ngai-Ni is a cultural festival and is marked by a plethora of cultural displays and events. The main highlights of the Lui-Ngai-Ni celebrations are:
(PDF) The Oral Folk Literature of the Ancient Meiteis of Manipur: An
Some of the literature are inspired by local myths and legends originating from their culture and closely reflecting their way of life and promoting the elements of humanism among the people of the realm. Kirti, M (1993). Folk Culture of Manipur. Delhi: Manas Publication, p. 49, 128 (ISBN: 81-7049063-4) References Paniker, K. Ayyappa. (1997).
MANIPUR CULTURE TRADITION
The culture of MANIPUR can be best expressed as comprising the following : ORIGIN AND ETHNICITY. Though the Meiteis are believed to be the Kuki-Chin branch of the Mongolians, there are also other controversies regarding their origin. There are theories which states that the Meiteis are Aryans by origin or they are the descendants of Arjuna of ...
Manipuri Cuisine: A Unique Experience in Earthy Flavours
Yongchak or bitter beans. Manipuri Cuisine is marked by abundant use of rice, fish and leafy green vegetables. The region experiences heavy rainfall of over 1000m annually and is thus suitable for the cultivation of several small, long-grained and scented varieties of rice. As the region is dotted with many small and large water-bodies, fish is ...
PDF A Concise Socio-Political and Cultural History of Manipur At
They were the servants of king. Various hill tribes, took important parts to the establishment of the history of Manipur. Immigrant or war captives of Muslim known as Meitei Pangal was also began to settle in Manipur before 17th Century mainly during the time of King Khagemba (1597 - 1652 A.D.).
PDF Youth of Manipur: Skill and Development
This essay explores the unique characteristics that make Manipur a truly remarkable destination. Manipur is located in the easternmost part of India, bordered by Nagaland, Mizoram, Assam, and the ... the approximate population of Manipur is 36.49 Lakhs. Adding the culture, skills, potentials and the aids from government, the youths has much ...
Identity and Violence in Manipur, India
The first time the world took notice of the gross human rights violations being perpetrated in Manipur, India, was in July 2023, when a video of Manipuri women from the Kuki tribe who had been tortured, raped, and paraded around naked went viral on social media. These heinous acts came on the heels of the tremendously violent communal conflict ...
Our Culture & Traditions
Here are a few things that entail Manipur Culture: 1. Festivals of Manipur. Manipur hosts numerous festivals; some of the major ones are Dol Jatra (Yaoshang ), Rath Jatra, Lai-Haraoba, Ramjan ID, KUT, Gang-Ngai, Chumpha, Cheiraoba, Heikru Hidongba, Lui-Ngai-Ni, and Kwak Jatra. In Lai-Haraoba, the festival is celebrated in the name of the deity ...
Manipur Culture
The state is also one of the largest producers of bamboo crafts in India. Wood Carving, textile weaving, stone carving, block printing and hand-embroidery, Papier mache, decorative ivory, collectible dance dolls, bamboo, and cane work are some of the many crafts of this state. The pottery skill is worth seeing in Manipur, the locals are skilled ...
Education in a Conflict-ridden State, Manipur: A Narrative Analysis
The overall analysis. (Singh 2010). The state is predominantly based on agriculture of the cases of conflict has come to the point that conflict and nearly 49.1% of people are engaged in agricultural brings negative impact on society at large scale, and severely activities (Census 2011). The literacy rate of Manipur is 79.2% affects education.
100 Words Essay on Manipur
Paragraph on Manipur; 250 Words Essay on Manipur Introduction. Manipur, a jewel of India, is a northeastern state known for its diverse culture, rich history, and breathtaking landscapes. It is an epitome of harmony, blending various tribes, communities, and cultures.
Top 10 Facts About Manipur That Will Make You Visit It Now!
A proto-constitution of 429 AD by King Naophanga was the world's first written constitution in the world. We are sure some of the polo players reading this might have already known this fact about Manipur. It is the world's oldest polo ground. Polo was first played in Sagol Kangjei, Manipur in 3100 B.C.
India: How a year of ethnic violence changed Manipur
05/13/2024. The distrust between mostly Christian Kuki and predominantly Hindu Meitei runs deep amid simmering violence in Manipur state. With radical groups growing stronger, smaller tribes are ...
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Please submit 250-300-word abstracts along with 150-word bio-note by September 1, 2024, via the portal on the South Asian Literary Association's webpage: 2025 SALA Annual Conference Paper and Panel Proposal Forms. If you have any conference related questions, please email the conference co-chairs at [email protected].
Of 69,000 South Asians Displaced Last Year, 67,000 Were From Manipur
The report said that of a total displacement of 69,000 people in South Asia, Manipur alone accounted for 67,000 people. "Figures for displacement triggered by conflict and violence in South Asia ...
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Afrofuturism, Special Issue of Studies in American Culture. deadline for submissions: July 3, 2024. full name / name of organization: Studies in American Culture. contact email: [email protected]. As an aesthetic and cultural movement, Afrofuturism began with Mark Derry's 1993 essay, "Black to the Future.".
Biden Blocks Release of Interview Tapes on Classified Papers
May 16, 2024 at 12:06 PM PDT. Listen. 3:06. President Joe Biden has exerted executive privilege over recordings from the investigation into his handling of classified documents, escalating a fight ...
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Call for Papers. a service provided by www.english.upenn.edu. FAQ changelog: 2024/05/22. flag as inappropriate. Lonergan on the Edge Graduate Student Conference 2024 ... [email protected]. Lonergan, Human Dignity & Culture - Lonergan on the Edge Graduate Student Conference 2024. at Marquette University, held Friday September 13th and ...