animal testing titles for essay

105 Animal Testing Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Looking for interesting animal testing topics to research and write about? This field is truly controversial and worth studying!

• 🌶️ Titles: Catchy & Creative
• 🐶 Essay: How to Write
• 🏆 Best Essay Examples
• 📌 Good Topics to Research
• 🎯 Most Interesting Topics to Write about

❓ Animal Testing Research Questions

In your animal testing essay, you might want to explore the historical or legal perspective, focus on the issue of animal rights, or discuss the advantages or disadvantages of animal testing in medicine, pharmacology, or cosmetic industry. We’ve gathered the most creative and catchy animal testing titles and added top animal testing essay examples. There are also useful tips on making and outline, formulating a thesis, and creating a hook sentence for your animal testing essay.

🌶️ Animal Testing Titles: Catchy & Creative

• What would life be like without animal testing?
• Animal testing: the cruelest experiments.
• AWA: why does not it protect all animals?
• What if animals experimented on humans?
• In the skin of a guinea pig: a narrative essay.
• Opposing animal testing: success stories.
• Animal-tested products: should they be destroyed?
• What have we gained from experiments on animals?
• Animal testing and cancer research: past and present.

🐶 Animal Testing Essay: How to Write

Animal testing has been an acute problem for a long time. Scientists and pharmaceutical firms use this approach to test cosmetics, foods, and other products people use daily.

Essays on animal testing are important because they highlight the significance of the problem. Writing outstanding animal testing essays requires extensive research and dedication.

We have prepared some do’s and don’ts for your excellent essay. But first, you should select a topic for your paper. Here are the examples of animal testing essay topics you can choose from:

• The question of animal intelligence from the perspective of animal testing
• Animal testing should (not) be banned
• How animal testing affects endangered species
• The history and consequences of animal testing
• The controversy associated with animal testing
• Animal Bill of Rights: Pros and cons
• Is animal testing necessary?

Remember that these animal testing essay titles are just the ideas for your paper. You are free to select other relevant titles and topics for discussion, too. Once you have selected the problem for your essay, you can start working on the paper. Here are some do’s of writing about animal testing:

• Do extensive preliminary research on the issue you have selected. You should be aware of all the problems associated with your questions, its causes, and consequences. Ask your professor about the sources you can use. Avoid relying on Wikipedia and personal blogs as your primary sources of information.
• Develop a well-organized outline and think of how you will structure your paper. Think of the main animal testing essay points and decide how you can present them in the paper. Remember to include introductory and concluding sections along with several body paragraphs.
• Start your paper with a hooking sentence. An animal testing essay hook should grab the reader’s attention. You can present an interesting question or statistics in this sentence.
• Include a well-defined thesis statement at the end of the introductory section.
• Your reader should understand the issue you are discussing. Explain what animal testing is, provide arguments for your position, and support them with evidence from your research.
• Discuss alternative perspectives on the issue if you are working on a persuasive essay. At the same time, you need to show that your opinion is more reliable than the opposing ones.
• Remember that your paper should not be offensive. Even if you criticize animal testing, stick to the formal language and provide evidence of why this practice is harmful.

There are some important points you should avoid while working on your paper. Here are some important don’ts to remember:

• Avoid making claims if you cannot reference them. Support your arguments with evidence from the literature or credible online sources even if you are writing an opinion piece. References will help the reader to understand that your viewpoint is reliable.
• Do not go over or below the word limit. Stick to your professor’s instructions.
• Avoid copying the essays you will find online. Your paper should be plagiarism-free.
• Avoid making crucial grammatical mistakes. Pay attention to the word choice and sentence structures. Check the paper several times before sending it for approval. If you are not sure whether your grammar is correct, ask a friend to look through the paper for you.

Do not forget to look at some of our free samples that will help you with your paper!

Animal Testing Hook Sentence

Your animal testing essay should start with a hook – an opening statement aiming to grab your reader’s attention. A good idea might be to use an impressive fact or statistics connected to experiments on animals:

• More than 100 million animals are killed in US laboratories each year.
• Animal Welfare Act (AWA) does not cover 99% animals used in experiments: according to it, rats, birds, reptiles, and fish are not animals.
• More than 50% adults in the US are against animal testing.

🏆 Best Animal Testing Essay Examples

• Animal Testing: Should Animal Testing Be Allowed? — Argumentative Essay It is crucial to agree that animal testing might be unethical phenomenon as argued by some groups; nonetheless, it should continue following its merits and contributions to the humankind in the realms of drug investigations […]
• Should Animals Be Used in Medical Research? It is therefore possible to use animals while testing the dangers and the toxicity of new drugs and by so doing; it is possible to protect human beings from the dangers that can emanate from […]
• Cosmetic Testing on Animals The surface of the skin or near the eyes of such animals is meant to simulate that of the average human and, as such, is one of easiest methods of determining whether are particular type […]
• The Debate on Animal Testing The purpose of this paper is to define animal testing within a historical context, establish ethical and legal issues surrounding the acts, discuss animal liberation movements, arguments in support and against the act of animal […]
• Animal Testing and Environmental Protection While the proponents of animal use in research argued that the sacrifice of animals’ lives is crucial for advancing the sphere of medicine, the argument this essay will defend relates to the availability of modern […]
• Animal Testing in Medicine and Industry Animal testing is the inescapable reality of medicine and industry. However, between human suffering and animal suffering, the former is more important.
• Preclinical Testing on Animals The authors argue that despite the recent decline in the level of quality and transparency of preclinical trials, the scientific communities should always rely on animal testing before moving to human subjects and the subsequent […]
• Using Animals in Medical Research and Experiments While discussing the use of animals in medical research according to the consequentialist perspective, it is important to state that humans’ preferences cannot be counted higher to cause animals’ suffering; humans and animals’ preferences need […]
• Animal Testing: History and Arguments Nevertheless, that law was more focused on the welfare of animals in laboratories rather than on the prohibition of animal testing.
• Laboratory Experiments on Animals: Argument Against In some cases, the animals are not given any painkillers because their application may alter the effect of the medication which is investigated.
• Animal Testing From Medical and Ethical Viewpoints Striving to discover and explain the peculiarities of body functioning, already ancient Greeks and Romans resorted to vivisecting pigs; the scientific revolution of the Enlightenment era witnessed animal testing becoming the leading trend and a […]
• Negative Impacts of Animal Testing To alter these inhumane laws, we should organize a social movement aiming at the reconsideration of the role of animals in research and improvement of their positions.
• Animal Testing: Long and Unpretty History Nevertheless, that law was more focused on the welfare of animals in laboratories rather than on the prohibition of animal testing.
• Animal Testing as an Unnecessary and Atrocious Practice Such acts of violence could be partially excused by the necessity to test medications that are developed to save human lives however, this kind of testing is even more inhumane as it is ineffective in […]
• Animal Experiments and Inhuman Treatment Although the results of such a laboratory may bring answers to many questions in medicine, genetics, and other vital spheres, it is frequently a case that the treatment of such animals is inhumane and cruel. […]
• Animal Testing for Scientific Research Despite the fact that the present-day science makes no secret of the use of animals for research purposes, not many people know what deprivation, pain, and misery those animals have to experience in laboratories.
• Animal Testing and Ethics I believe it is also difficult to develop efficient legislation on the matter as people have different views on animal research and the line between ethical and unethical is blurred in this area.
• Animal Testing: History and Ethics Moreover, in the twelfth century, another Arabic physician, Avenzoar dissected animals and established animal testing experiment in testing surgical processes prior to their application to man. Trevan in 1927 to evaluate the effectiveness of digitalis […]
• Animal Testing Effects on Psychological Investigation In this context, ethical considerations remain a central theme in psychological research.”Ethics in research refers to the application of moral rules and professional codes of conduct to the collection, analysis, reporting, and publication of information […]
• Genetic Modification and Testing: Ethical Considerations It is done on a molecular level by synthesizing DNA, generating sequences and then inserting the received product into the organism which will be the carrier of the outcome. Another possibility is that the time […]
• Animal Testing: Why It Is Still Being Used The major reason for such “devotion” to animal testing can be explained by the fact that alternative sources of testing are insufficient and too inaccurate to replace conventional way of testing.
• Effects of Animal Testing and Alternatives Another challenge to the proponents of animal testing is related to dosage and the time line for a study. Animal rights values rebuff the notion that animals should have an importance to human beings in […]
• Ethics Problems in Animal Experimentation In spite of the fact that it is possible to find the arguments to support the idea of using animals in experiments, animal experimentation cannot be discussed as the ethical procedure because animals have the […]
• Animal Testing: Ethical Dilemmas in Business This means that both humans and animals have rights that need to be respected, and that is what brings about the many dilemmas that are experienced in this field.
• Should animals be used for scientific research? Therefore, considering the benefits that have been accrued from research activities due to use of animals in scientific research, I support that animals should be used in scientific research.
• Use of Animals in Research Testing: Ethical Justifications Involved The present paper argues that it is ethically justified to use animals in research settings if the goals of the research process are noble and oriented towards the advancement of human life.
• Ethical Problems in Animal Experimentation The banning of companies from testing on animals will force the manufacturers to use conventional methods to test their drugs and products.
• Utilitarianism for Animals: Testing and Experimentation There are alternatives in testing drugs such as tissue culture of human cells and hence this is bound to be more accurate in the findings.
• Use of Animals in Biological Testing Thus, these veterinarians have realized that the results that are realized from the animal research are very crucial in the improvement of the health of human being as well as that of animals.
• Medical Research on Animals Should be Forbidden by Law Vaccines and treatment regimes for various diseases that previously led to the death of humans were all discovered through research on animals.
• Experimentation on Animals However, critics of experimenting with animals argue that animals are subjected to a lot of pain and suffering in the course of coming up with scientific breakthroughs which in the long run may prove futile.
• Psychoactive Drug Testing on Animals The alterations in behavioral traits of animals due to psychoactive drugs are primarily attributed to the changes in the brain functions or inhibition of certain brain components in animals which ultimately translates to changes in […]
• Negative Impacts of Animal Testing In many instances it can be proofed that drugs have been banned from the market after extensive research on animal testing and consuming a lot of cash, because of the dire effects that they cause […]

📌 Good Animal Testing Topics to Research

• Monkeys Don’t Like Wearing Makeup: Animal Testing In The Cosmetics Industry
• Animal Testing – Should Animal Experimentation Be Permitted
• Essay Animal Testing and In Vitro Testing as a Replacement
• Animal Testing : A Better Knowledge Of Human Body
• The Importance Of Animal Testing For Evaluating Consumer Safety
• The Issues on Animal Testing and the Alternative Procedures to Avoid the Use of the Inhuman Experimentation
• An Alternative to the Harsh and Unnecessary Practices of Animal Testing for Products, Drugs, Chemicals and Other Research
• The Unethical Use of Animals and the Need to Ban Animal Testing for Medical Research Purposes in the United States
• An Argument in Favor of Animal Testing for the Purpose of Clinical Research
• An Argument Against Animal Testing and the Banning of the Practice in the United States
• The Debate About the Ethics of Animal Testing and Its Effects on Us
• An Argument in Favor of Animal Testing as Beneficial to Human Health Research
• Animal Testing and the Reasons Why It Should Be Illegal
• The Principles of the Animal Testing From the Human Perspective
• The Ethical Issues on the Practice of Animal Testing to Test Cosmetics and Drugs
• Stopping Animal Testing and Vivisection by Passing a Bill against Animal Cruelty

🎯 Most Interesting Animal Testing Topics to Write about

• An Argument Against Animal Testing of Consumer Products and Drugs
• The Consequences and Unethical Practice of Animal Testing for Medical Training and Experiments
• How Do The Contributions Of Animal Testing To Global Medical
• Ways To Improve Animal Welfare After Premising The Animal Testing
• Animal Testing – Necessary or Barbaric and Wrong?
• Animal Testing And Its Impact On The Environment
• Animal Testing and Its Contribution to the Advancement of Medicine
• Cosmetics and Animal Testing: The Cause of Death and Mistreatment
• Animal Testing And People For The Ethical Treatment Of Animals
• Animal Rights Activists and the Controversial Issue of Animal Testing
• A History and the Types of Animal Testing in the Medical Area
• Argumentation on Medical Benefits of Animal Testing
• An Analysis of the Concept of Animal Testing Which Lowers the Standard of Human Life
• Is The Humane Society International Gave For Animal Testing
• A Discussion of Whether Animal Testing Is Good for Mankind or Violation of Rights
• The Ethics Of Animal Testing For Vaccine Development And Potential Alternatives
• The Good and Bad of Human Testing and Animal Testing
• What Should the Government Do About Animal Testing?
• Why Does Animal Testing Lower Our Standard of Living?
• Should Animals Be Used in Research?
• Why Should Animal Testing Be Accepted in the World?
• How Does Technology Impact Animal Testing?
• Why Should Animal Testing Be Illegal?
• Should Animal Testing Remain Legal?
• Why Should Animal Testing Be Banned?
• Can the Animal Testing Done to Find Cures for Diseases Be Humane?
• Does Animal Testing Really Work?
• Why Can’t Alternatives Like Computers Replace Research Animals?
• Should Animal Testing Continue to Test Cures for Human Diseases?
• How Does Animal Testing Effect Medicine?
• Should Animal Testing Continue or Be Stopped?
• What Are Advantages and Disadvantages of Animal Testing?
• Why Can Animal Testing Save Our Lives?
• Is Stem Cell Research Beginning of the End of Animal Testing?
• Do Beauty Products Suffer From Negative Publicity if They Conduct Trials on Animals?
• Should Medicine Trials Be Conducted?
• Can Results of Animal Testing Be Generalized to Adults?
• What Are the Origin and History of Animal Testing?
• Why Are Animals Needed to Screen Consumer Products for Safety When Products Tested by Alternative Methods, Are Available?
• How Much Does an Animal Suffer Due to Testing?
• What Is the Effectiveness of Animal Rights Groups in Stopping Animal Testing?
• How Do We Learn From Biomedical Research Using Animals?
• Who Cares for Animals in Research?
• How Do Laboratory Animal Science Professionals Feel About Their Work?
• Why Are There Increasing Numbers of Mice, Rats, and Fish Used in Research?
• How Can We Be Sure Lost or Stolen Pets Are Not Used in Research?
• Why Do Clinical Trials in Humans Require Prior Animal Testing?
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119 Animal Testing Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Inside This Article

Animal testing has been a controversial topic for many years, with strong arguments on both sides. While some argue that it is necessary for medical and scientific advancements, others believe it is cruel and unnecessary. If you have been assigned an essay on animal testing and are struggling to come up with a topic, we have compiled a list of 119 ideas and examples to inspire you.

• The ethical implications of animal testing: Discuss the moral considerations surrounding the use of animals in scientific experiments.
• Animal testing for cosmetics: Should it be banned worldwide?
• The history of animal testing: How has it evolved over time?
• The benefits of animal testing in medical research: Explore the breakthroughs and medical advancements that have been made possible through animal testing.
• Animal testing alternatives: Discuss alternatives to using animals in scientific experiments.
• The role of animal testing in drug development: How crucial is it for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of new medications?
• The impact of animal testing on animal rights: Does it infringe upon their rights?
• Animal testing and consumer safety: How does it contribute to ensuring the safety of products we use?
• The use of animals in psychological experiments: Is it justified?
• The reliability of animal models in predicting human responses: How accurate are they?
• Animal testing and the development of vaccines: How essential is it in preventing diseases?
• The use of animals in agricultural research: What are the benefits and drawbacks?
• Animal testing and cancer research: How has it contributed to finding cures and treatments?
• Animal testing and neurology: How has it advanced our understanding of the brain?
• The impact of animal testing on endangered species: Does it pose a threat to their conservation?
• Animal testing and toxicity testing: How does it help in identifying harmful substances?
• The impact of animal testing on public health: How does it contribute to disease prevention?
• Animal testing and genetic engineering: How has it contributed to advancements in this field?
• The use of animals in military research: Is it justifiable?
• Animal testing and organ transplantation: How has it contributed to the development of successful procedures?
• The impact of animal testing on veterinary medicine: How has it improved animal healthcare?
• Animal testing and cosmetic allergies: How does it help identify potential allergens?
• The use of animals in behavioral research: What insights have been gained?
• Animal testing and reproductive medicine: How has it contributed to advancements in this field?
• The impact of animal testing on psychological well-being: How does it affect the animals involved?
• Animal testing and alternative testing methods: What are the most promising alternatives?
• Animal testing and stem cell research: How do they intersect?
• The use of animals in infectious disease research: What breakthroughs have been made?
• Animal testing and the development of surgical techniques: How has it improved patient outcomes?
• The impact of animal testing on animal populations: Does it affect their numbers in the wild?
• Animal testing and drug addiction research: How has it contributed to understanding addiction mechanisms?
• The use of animals in environmental research: What insights have been gained about ecosystem health?
• Animal testing and personalized medicine: How has it contributed to tailored treatments?
• The impact of animal testing on laboratory conditions: How does it affect the reliability of results?
• Animal testing and the testing of household products: How does it ensure their safety?
• The use of animals in veterinary drug development: What advancements have been made?
• Animal testing and the development of pain management techniques: How has it improved patient comfort?
• The impact of animal testing on public opinion: How has public perception changed over time?
• Animal testing and the development of medical devices: How has it contributed to advancements?
• The use of animals in dental research: What insights have been gained about oral health?
• Animal testing and the study of infectious diseases: How has it contributed to prevention and control?
• The impact of animal testing on animal behavior: How does it affect their natural instincts?
• Animal testing and the development of veterinary treatments: What breakthroughs have been made?
• The use of animals in neuroscience research: What insights have been gained about brain function?
• Animal testing and the development of anesthesia techniques: How has it improved patient comfort?
• The impact of animal testing on wildlife conservation: Does it have positive or negative effects?
• Animal testing and the study of developmental disorders: How has it contributed to understanding?
• The use of animals in bioengineering research: What advancements have been made?
• Animal testing and the development of reproductive technologies: How has it improved fertility treatments?
• The impact of animal testing on scientific progress: How has it accelerated discoveries?
• Animal testing and the study of aging: How has it contributed to understanding the aging process?
• The use of animals in pharmaceutical research: What breakthroughs have been made?
• Animal testing and the development of prosthetics: How has it improved quality of life?
• The impact of animal testing on laboratory animal welfare: How does it influence their well-being?
• Animal testing and the study of autoimmune diseases: How has it contributed to treatment options?
• The use of animals in nutritional research: What insights have been gained about human health?
• Animal testing and the development of wound healing techniques: How has it improved patient outcomes?
• The impact of animal testing on wildlife rehabilitation: Does it aid in their recovery?
• Animal testing and the study of addiction: How has it contributed to understanding dependency?
• The use of animals in regenerative medicine research: What advancements have been made?
• Animal testing and the development of veterinary vaccines: How has it improved animal health?
• The impact of animal testing on animal cognition: How does it affect their mental abilities?
• Animal testing and the study of genetic disorders: How has it contributed to treatment options?
• The use of animals in agricultural genetics research: What insights have been gained?
• Animal testing and the development of veterinary diagnostics: How has it improved disease detection?
• The impact of animal testing on wildlife management: Does it aid in conservation efforts?
• Animal testing and the study of mental health disorders: How has it contributed to understanding?
• The use of animals in tissue engineering research: What advancements have been made?
• Animal testing and the development of veterinary surgical techniques: How has it improved outcomes?
• The impact of animal testing on laboratory animal breeding: How does it affect their reproductive health?
• Animal testing and the study of neurodegenerative diseases: How has it contributed to treatment options?
• The use of animals in ecological research: What insights have been gained about ecosystems?
• Animal testing and the development of veterinary drugs: How has it improved treatment options?
• The impact of animal testing on wildlife behavior: How does it affect their interactions?
• Animal testing and the study of infectious disease transmission: How has it contributed to prevention?
• The use of animals in immunology research: What advancements have been made?
• Animal testing and the development of veterinary rehabilitation techniques: How has it improved recovery?
• The impact of animal testing on laboratory animal housing: How does it influence their living conditions?
• Animal testing and the study of cardiovascular diseases: How has it contributed to treatment options?
• The use of animals in environmental toxicology research: What insights have been gained?
• Animal testing and the development of veterinary nutrition: How has it improved animal health?
• The impact of animal testing on wildlife conservation genetics: Does it aid in population management?
• Animal testing and the study of developmental biology: How has it contributed to understanding?
• The use of animals in wildlife disease research: What advancements have been made?
• Animal testing and the development of veterinary pain management: How has it improved animal welfare?
• The impact of animal testing on laboratory animal enrichment: How does it affect their mental stimulation?
• Animal testing and the study of respiratory diseases: How has it contributed to treatment options?
• The use of animals in aquatic toxicology research: What insights have been gained?
• Animal testing and the development of veterinary imaging techniques: How has it improved diagnosis?
• The impact of animal testing on wildlife population dynamics: Does it aid in conservation planning?
• Animal testing and the study of reproductive biology: How has it contributed to understanding?
• The use of animals in wildlife ecology research: What advancements have been made?
• Animal testing and the development of veterinary anesthesia techniques: How has it improved safety?
• The impact of animal testing on laboratory animal welfare regulations: How do they protect animals?
• Animal testing and the study of gastrointestinal diseases: How has it contributed to treatment options?
• The use of animals in ecotoxicology research: What insights have been gained?
• Animal testing and the development of veterinary dentistry techniques: How has it improved oral health?
• The impact of animal testing on wildlife disease surveillance: Does it aid in early detection?
• Animal testing and the study of endocrine disorders: How has it contributed to treatment options?
• The use of animals in wildlife conservation research: What advancements have been made?
• Animal testing and the development of veterinary ophthalmology techniques: How has it improved vision?
• The impact of animal testing on laboratory animal welfare training: How does it ensure proper care?
• Animal testing and the study of reproductive toxicology: How has it contributed to understanding?
• The use of animals in wildlife genetics research: What insights have been gained?
• Animal testing and the development of veterinary oncology treatments: How has it improved survival?
• The impact of animal testing on wildlife disease management: Does it aid in control measures?
• Animal testing and the study of musculoskeletal disorders: How has it contributed to treatment options?
• The use of animals in wildlife behavior research: What advancements have been made?
• Animal testing and the development of veterinary allergy treatments: How has it improved quality of life?
• The impact of animal testing on laboratory animal welfare assessment: How does it ensure well-being?
• Animal testing and the study of reproductive endocrinology: How has it contributed to understanding?
• The use of animals in wildlife conservation genetics research: What insights have been gained?
• Animal testing and the development of veterinary cardiology treatments: How has it improved heart health?
• The impact of animal testing on wildlife rehabilitation techniques: Does it aid in recovery?
• Animal testing and the study of metabolic diseases: How has it contributed to treatment options?
• The use of animals in wildlife ecology and conservation research: What advancements have been made?
• Animal testing and the development of veterinary neurology treatments: How has it improved brain health?
• The impact of animal testing on laboratory animal welfare monitoring: How does it ensure proper care?
• Animal testing and the study of reproductive immunology: How has it contributed to understanding?

These topics cover a wide range of aspects related to animal testing, allowing you to choose an area that aligns with your interests or argue for a specific perspective. Remember to conduct thorough research and present a balanced view when discussing this controversial subject.

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111 Animal Testing Essay Topics

🏆 best essay topics on animal testing, ✍️ animal testing essay topics for college, 🎓 most interesting animal testing research titles, 💡 simple animal testing essay ideas, ❓ questions about animal testing.

• Is Animal Testing Ethical: Essay Example
• Animal Testing: Benefits and Disadvantages
• The Testing of Animals for Cosmetic Products
• Nestlé Animal Testing and Business Ethics
• The Animal Testing Problem
• Animal Use in Scientific Testing Should Be Stopped
• The Problem of Using Animals in Experimentation
• The Use of Animals in Psychological Experiments The method of experimentation is of great significance for multiple fields of psychology, especially for the behaviorist branch.
• The Ethical Side of Animal Testing In this article, the author reflects on the ethical nature of the use of animals as objects of scientific research.
• Animal Testing: Use of Animal in Biomedical Research The research paper shall attempt to explore the reasons for and against the use of animal testing in biomedical research.
• Save Animals: Experimentation Should Be Stopped The paper proves that animal experimentation should be stopped. It addresses statistical data and the outcomes of animal testing, offering possible solutions to the problem.
• Scientific Experiments on Animals from Ethical Perspectives This paper discusses using animals in scientific experiments from the consequentialist, Kantian deontological and Donna Yarri’s Christian character-based perspectives.
• Law: Animal Testing Debates Cosmetics industry heavily employs animal testing. It is noteworthy that fighters for animals’ rights have managed to achieve a lot in their fight.
• Animal Testing and How It Should Continue It is essential to understand that animal testing should continue or find a new acceptable form as the possible benefits outweigh the drawbacks.
• Animals Testing for Cosmetic or Medical Purposes Should Not Be Allowed Experiments on animals are not a valid method either for investigating the various causes of human diseases or for developing a treatment for them.
• Lab Experiment on Animals’ Taste or Smell Senses The hypothesis of the study is that taste perception and detection of different sugars by insects were similar to that of humans.
• Animal Testing in the Modern World The current debate is on whether animal experiments have any value or they only amount to torturing animals to satisfy human curiosity.
• Animal Testing: Evaluation, Prediction and Risk The issue of animal testing is a complex issue. The way animal testing is conducted is changing as animal-friendly groups are lobbying for a tougher control on the discipline.
• Animal Experimentation: The Theory of Utilitarianism This moral issue concerns animal experimentation. It is related to the theory of Utilitarianism, the idea of which induces preference of practical changes over morally obstacles.
• Should Animals Be Used for Scientific Experiments? Unfortunately, at the moment, the use of animals in science and medicine cannot be excluded entirely. However, it is possible to conduct experiments using mathematical models.
• Animal Testing: Finding an Alternative It is possible to find a less cruel alternative to animal testing in the context of present-day development. This paper reviews the supporting arguments for this position.
• The Controversies of Animal Testing The unbalanced ecosystem is probably the best-known and publicized example, with several others being primarily of ethical origin. Animal testing falls into this category.
• Animal Testing: The Notion of the 21st Century Cruelty The paper names animal testing as one of the most vivid examples of cruelty, in terms of which animals are to suffer from medical or cosmetic experiments.
• Saving the Animals: Stop Animal Testing In the article, the author argues why animal testing should be banned and replaced with alternative research methods.
• Animal Testing in the Modern World Animal testing should be used for both commercial and scientific purposes as long as the outcome results in a direct benefit for humankind.
• Scientific Testing on Animals It is cruel and nonessential for animals to go through testing of any form. Scientific testing on animals does not consider their welfare, safety, and quality of life.
• Ethics: Experiments on Animals Industrial and biomedical research is often painful and most of the test ends up killing the animals. Experiments such as these often incur the wrath of the animal rights movement.
• Animal Experimentation: Arguments For and Against The controversy surrounding animal experimentation is a serious concern that should be addressed by considering views from both sides.
• Vegetarian Diet and Animal Testing Theory The ethical preference of a vegetarian diet may be proved with the theory if one considers the consequences of every person choosing to be vegetarian.
• Animal Testing and Alternatives Development Despite the concern voiced by its opponents, animal testing remains a viable practice that is both beneficial and important for humans and, to some degree, animals.
• Using Animals in Medical Experiments This paper explores how the principles of the character-based ethical approach can be applied to the discussion of using animals in the medical research and experiments.
• Animal Rights Activists and the Controversial Issue of Animal Testing
• Cosmetics and Animal Testing: The Cause of Death and Mistreatment
• Ethics, Regulations, and History of Medical Animal Testing
• Animal Testing for the Benefit of Science
• How Animal Testing Benefits Us From Diseases
• Animal Testing and Hunting: Stopping the Slaughter
• Medical Animal Testing Should Not Be the Option When Conducting Research
• Animal Testing and Its Contribution to the Advancement of Medicine
• Reasons Why Animal Testing Should Be Banned
• Animal Testing and Its Effects on a Full Living System
• The Advantages and Importance of Animal Testing
• Should Animal Testing Continue or Be Stopped?
• Controversial and Ethical Issues of Animal Testing, Torture, and Executions
• Animal Testing and the Reasons Why It Should Be Illegal
• Stopping Animal Testing and Vivisection by Passing a Bill Against Animal Cruelty
• Animal Testing: Can Cause Animal Sudden Death
• Replacing Animal Testing: Why It’s Impossible
• Animal Testing for Pharmaceuticals: Ethical or Unethical
• Monkeys Don’t Like Wearing Makeup: Animal Testing in the Cosmetics Industry
• Animal Testing: Helps Both Humans and Other Animals
• Environmental Ethics: Animal Testing
• Animal Testing: Should Animals Be Used in Research?
• Cruelty and Suffering of Animals in Animal Testing
• Should Animal Testing Remain Legal?
• The Hidden Crime Behind Animal Testing
• How Institutional Logics Hamper Innovation: The Case of Animal Testing
• Animal Testing and Alternatives for Developing Cruelty-Free Makeup
• Counter Argument Refutation About Animal Testing
• Animal Testing and Changing the Animal Welfare Act
• Our Environment, Animal Testing, and Human Life
• Animal Testing and Its Effects on Human Health
• Problems With Animal Testing: Inhumane Practices and Neglected Interests
• Animal Testing and People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
• Should Animal Testing Really Benefit the Human Race?
• Animal Testing: Animals Used for Experiments
• Stop Animal Testing: Rabbits Do Not Wear Mascara
• Animal Testing Causes Millions of Animal Deaths Each Year
• Why Animals Are Necessary: An Argument in Support of Animal Testing
• The Ugly Truth Behind Cosmetics and Animal Testing
• Animal Testing: Cruelty Versus Benefit
• Consequences and Unethical Practice of Animal Testing for Medical Training and Experiments
• Benefits and Environmental Impacts of Animal Testing
• What the Government Should Do About Animal Testing
• Animal Testing: Good for Mankind or Violation of Rights
• Stop the Insanity: Alternatives to Animal Testing
• How Technology Impact Animal Testing Issues
• Animal Testing: Not Very Reliable or Safe for Human Safety and Health
• Why Animal Testing Should Be Accepted in the World
• Cruel and Inhuman Ways of Animal Testing
• Animal Testing: The Horrific Truth About Scientific Research
• What Are Important Positive Consequences of Animal Testing?
• Why Is It Difficult to Extrapolate Carcinogenic Data From Animal Testing?
• Why Are Chimpanzees Used for Animal Testing?
• Is Animal Testing Still Cruel?
• How Do Humans Benefit From Animal Testing?
• Do the Animals Feel Pain During Testing?
• What Kinds of Animals Are Used in Testing?
• Why Do Clinical Trials in Humans Require Prior Animal Testing?
• How Many Animals Are Killed From Testing?
• Has Animal Testing Increased Over Time?
• How Many Animals Are Used in Animal Testing Each Year?
• How Is Animal Testing Regulated in the United States?
• What Are the Alternatives to Animal Testing?
• Does Public Opinion Support or Oppose Animal Testing?
• What Do Religious Groups Say About Animal Testing?
• Are There Any Organizations Working to End Animal Testing?
• Why Do Companies Continue to Use Animals for Testing?
• Does Animal Testing Lead to Safer Products for Humans?
• Which Countries Have Banned Animal Testing?
• Is It Ever Possible to Completely Replace Animal Testing With Other Methods?
• Do the Benefits of Animal Testing Outweigh the Costs?
• What Is Being Done to Reduce the Need for Animal Testing?
• Who Pays for Animal Testing?
• How Will the Animals Be Cared for During the Testing?
• What Will Happen to the Animals After the Testing Is Completed?
• What Are the Main Ethical Issues With Animal Testing?
• How High Is the Success Rate of Animal Testing?
• Who Conducts Animal Testing?
• Can Computer Modelling Replace Animal Testing?
• What Actually Happens During Animal Testing?

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These essay examples and topics on Animal Testing were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on December 27, 2023 .

Animal Testing Essay Guide + Topics

Whether you are taking a position for or against animal testing in your essay, here are some helpful hacks, tips, and tricks you can use to ace your paper.

Animal testing is a controversial issue of global scope. However, with pandemics and outbreaks being a common phenomenon and the rise of the cosmetics industry, many animals are used in scientific research. Also known as in-vivo, animal experimentation, or animal research, animal testing entails using animals in different levels of experiments to investigate the reactions, performance, and potency of various medications, drugs, cosmetic products, and foods.

Use in both biological, medical, and now beauty studies, animal testing has gained comprehensive coverage. When writing persuasive or argumentative essays, you are likely to be given an animal testing research topic for your essay. The interest of commercial bodies and pharmaceutical companies and the ethics surrounding everything that occurs around us makes writing an animal testing argumentative or persuasive essay interesting.

When we asked 100 students who had ordered custom persuasive or argumentative animal testing essays from our website, they confessed that writing the essay only seems easy at its face value. However, it becomes complicated as they plan, conduct research, and write animal research papers. Do not fear, though because, you can either get an argumentative essay expert to write your essay or a model essay for you. Alternatively, use this guide to write a paper that will check all the boxes that your professor or instructor supposes you cannot.

What to include in your introduction?

When writing an animal testing introduction, avoid wasting too many words. Instead, write an introduction that attracts your readers, piques their interest, and keeps them glued to the end. This means that you should have: (a) hook , (b)background statement (where you explore the problem at hand), and (c) your animal-testing thesis statement.

Most of the top essay writers on our website revealed that they usually search for animal testing essay examples online for inspiration : it helps get a general atmosphere surrounding a controversial topic. With such a background, they can develop a thesis statement that defines their stance and the scope of their animal research essay.

Here are some excellent ideas for your first sentence or the hook:

• Statistics of animals killed annually for research
• Facts on animals are mostly used
• The position of the society
• Catchy facts
• Controversial statements on animal research
• Shocking facts about animal testing, e.g., Surprisingly, as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animal reports, almost 100 million animals are killed in just the laboratories in the U.S. for research such as biology lessons, experimentation, food, drug, and cosmetic testing. Imagine how the statistics will skew upwards if we considered the entire world's population of animals killed every hour.
• Rhetorical questions : you use this to make the reader intrigued to read more about the topic. For example, Would you rather use a drug tested on a volunteer human or other animal-safe alternative research approaches, and one that is effective or use a drug tested on animals whose failure rate is slightly high? or Do you believe that morality should be enforced in medical research, especially when animal rights are infringed?

The background of your animal testing research paper introduction can include:

• Definition of animal testing
• The extent of animal testing.'
• The historical context of animal testing
• Breakthroughs of animal testing
• Expert opinion over animal testing
• Description of the problem
• The debate surrounding animal testing

Animal Testing Essay Outline/Structure

Your outline will depend on whether you are writing pro-animal testing or against animal testing research paper. Here is a generalized example of the outline for an animal testing essay.

A well-structured animal testing essay will automatically earn you marks. In most cases, it follows the conventional five-paragraph essay format divided into the introduction, main body, and conclusion.

The introduction and conclusion are each 10% of the word count, while the main body is 80%. You have to format your paper in APA, MLA, or Harvard format as your professor requires. To understand the formatting requirements, read the prompt and rubric of the animal testing essay keenly.

Remember to maintain a single idea per every body paragraph. That idea must reflect in the topic sentence of the paragraph to enable your audience to distinguish your major arguments.

The contents of the body paragraphs must also support the thesis. If there is a counterargument, make it known in your second last paragraph that precedes the conclusion.

Introduction

• 10% of the word count
• Begin with a stellar hook sentence
• Provide background to your chosen topic
• Have an outstanding thesis statement
• Transition to the main body of your essay
• Comprises 80% of the word count
• It can be three paragraphs for short essays or more for a long-form research paper
• Provide the history of animal testing, if necessary.
• Look at the roles of regulation and legislation in preventing animal cruelty.
• Explore the different bodies involved in preventing or lobbying against animal testing.
• Explore the breakthroughs of animal testing
• Explore the different alternatives to animal testing: why they can work or why they cannot
• Each paragraph should have its idea
• Transition to your conclusion
• Provide a summary of the paper
• Highlight your significant arguments and counterarguments
• Offer recommendations, if necessary
• Rephrase your thesis statement and show how evidence has supported it in your essay.

Alternative Methods to Animal Testing to include in your paper

Cruelty-Free International argues that non-animal testing methods are cheaper, reliable, and more effective. You can recommend some of these alternatives in your animal testing research paper or essay, considering they elongate the discussion on this seemingly controversial topic.

• Computer modeling
• Cell cultures
• Human tissues
• Volunteer studies
• Use of egg embryo
• Use of unicellular organisms
• The LAL tests
• In vitro methods

Now, when writing an argumentative essay about animal testing, especially if you take a stance against it, listing these alternatives can strengthen your arguments. Look at this model animal testing essay and craft yours along the same line.

Tips for Concluding your Animal Testing Essay

There is no different way to end an animal testing essay, as it is the same as ending any essay. Thus, when you read our cheat sheet for ending an argumentative essay , you will understand that the main thing is to have a definitive conclusion.

The conclusion is not the place to introduce new ideas. Instead, you will summarize the main points of the essay and restate the thesis in a revamped version. Show your writers the connection between your main arguments and the recommendations you are making. If there is a counterstatement, explain your rationale for it.

When writing the conclusion, make it clear, concise, and coherent. For example, an excellent animal-testing essay conclusion will have the introduction sentence, the summary of the main body, and the closing sentence.

Strive to leave your reader yearning for more : you get to tickle the best grades even from that stingy professor. Weave together the concluding paragraph with appropriate sentence transitions and do not overdo it. Keep everything simple, and you will win the main marks assigned to a reasonable conclusion.

Now that we have everything explained, we can look at some of the main topics you can use as titles for animal testing papers.

Examples of Controversial and Latest Animal Testing Essay Topics

We asked our top writers to suggest some topics they think fit well for an animal testing essay. We got a total of fifty entries that you can select and write something about. If you are stuck and want an essay sample urgently, we can write such an essay for you in a few hours, thanks to our website that helps students write essays ASAP . You can choose from these animal testing essay titles:

• Animal testing should be banned
• Animal testing is not ethical
• Pros and cons of animal testing
• Alternative methods to using animals in drugs development
• Controversy in using animal testing in medical and cosmetic research
• Neglected interests and inhuman practices during animal testing
• The cruelty of animal testing
• Horrors of animal testing
• Accidents during animal testing
• Ethics of transporting caged animals for animal research
• The future of animal testing, given the advancement in biotechnology
• Medical animal testing should be banned
• Should guinea pigs be used for lab work research?
• New, better, and innovative treatments for humanity
• Using animals in medical research is ethical and essential
• Science and the murder of one hundred million animals annually
• Importance of animals in clinical trials
• Importance of animal testing in vaccine development
• Is animal testing necessary for human survival?
• Animal testing as an experimentation industry
• Effectiveness of animal testing
• Exploring the role of Cruelty-Free International Organization
• Role of religious bodies in advocating for animal-testing-free society
• The Americans for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) organization
• Ethical issues in animal experimentation
• How animal cruelty affects the ecosystem
• Animal models in vaccine development
• Defining animal cruelty
• Treatment versus rights of animals
• Are animal model results safe for humans?
• Migraine Treatment and Animal testing
• Dinitrophenol drug for overweight and Animal testing
• Anti-arthritis Treatment and Animal Testing
• Animal use in unmanned war drones
• Positive and negative outcomes of animal testing
• Role of media in influencing animal testing
• The politics of deception in animal testing
• Problems associated with animal testing
• Animal testing should be controlled and not stopped
• Licenses that are required for one to conduct animal testing
• Role of Big Pharma in advancing animal testing.
• Can plants be used as an alternative to animal testing?
• Impacts of animal testing on ecology
• How does animal testing affect the economy?
• Can animal testing result in bioweapons?
• Use of technology to predict diseases and outcomes rather than animal testing.
• Are the rights and feelings of animals considered in animal experimentation?
• Are animals used in tests free?
• Reasons rats, rabbits, and pigs are widely used in animal testing
• Can volunteer human beings replace animals in medical research?
• The best approach to take care of animals used in experimentation
• Breakthroughs after animal testing
• Animal testing and the cosmetics industry
• History of animal testing
• Role of CDC in animal testing research
• Role of WHO on animal testing authorization

Where and how to get help with your Animal Testing Essays?

In our article, we have extensively referenced our custom essay writers who can help you ace your animal testing essays. If you feel that the guide cannot help you break down the essay or are short of time, you can pay someone on our website to write one for you. When you buy an argumentative essay from our website, we assign it to a pro writer who will research, draft, and write the paper from scratch.

Our bespoke essay service ensures that every paper is done as though you would have done it. This means that the writer cites every animal testing journal article, credible website, or relevant scholarly resources as you would have done. They do this when they summarize, paraphrase, or quote from the sources.

Therefore, you are guaranteed 100% original and plagiarism-free animal testing essays. Furthermore, whether you are for or against animal testing, we have a writer who can write your argumentative essay outline, annotated bibliography, research paper, and essay.

They can take an ethical stance or argue based on what society or professionals/experts think about the issue.

Trust us with your paper because we have done this time and again : written untraceable papers for students. Our writers are fast, accurate, respectable, and experienced. They know how to score the top grade on the rubric. All the papers we have done have been used as best argumentative essay samples on should animal testing be banned? yours could be the next one.

Are you a student with weak English and need help? Our ESL writers can craft a paper that sounds like someone who does not grasp English. Alternatively, our ENL writers also know how to tone down an English paper. After all, we serve both ESL and ENL clients. Go to our home page, click on order now, place your order and pay for it, and wait as we complete it for you.

Gradecrest is a professional writing service that provides original model papers. We offer personalized services along with research materials for assistance purposes only. All the materials from our website should be used with proper references. See our Terms of Use Page for proper details.

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How To Write An Animal Testing Essay?

Table of Contents

Animal testing is a long-standing problem, which bothers people all around the world. It is also known as in vivo testing or animal research; it’s the use of animals in experiments to explore the reactions of their bodies and biological systems to various irritants.

From the beginning of the scientific revolution, this method was often used in medical and biological studies. However, nowadays it is also used in commercial facilities and pharmaceutical companies to test cosmetics, hygiene products, and foods before selling them to people.

Animal testing essay approaches

Basically, there are two approaches to writing essays on animal testing.

You may choose a topic that considers the historical context, as methods of testing and other aspects that don’t require your personal point of view. When writing such an essay, remember that you need to be unprejudiced and objective, to explore the topic as a scientist.

The other approach is an argumentative essay. There’s also a vast quantity of sides to choose from but you’ll need to express your point of view or compose the topic for an essay sticking to it. Here you will have to be persuasive to convince the reader in your rightness.

Position against animal testing essay

If you are an opponent to animal testing, you may want to choose the topic, that would highlight the negative sides of the issue. Here are some arguments against animal testing for you to start off:

• Experiments on animals are inhumane and cause animal suffering.
• There are different alternatives for testing, that can replace animals.
• People differ from animals. Thus, the results of animal testing might be unjustified.
• Some products that have passed animal testing were dangerous to people.
• Alternative methods of research are cheaper than animal testing.
• Lots of failed experiments are useless to expend of animals’ lives.
• Religion induces us to be merciful to all living creatures including animals.

Position pro-animal testing essay

In case you support the idea of animal testing and decided to prove that it is needed in the modern world, you’d need to be very persuasive. There are thousands of people who won’t share your opinion.

Below you can find some ideas to support animal testing:

• Animal testing produced dozens of treatments and saved millions of people’s lives.
• There still are no equivalent alternatives to test a fully functioning organism.
• Some animals are similar to the human organism.
• Animal testing prevents dangerous and harmful experiments on people.
• There’s legislation which aims to prevent animals’ mistreatment.
• The majority of scientists endorse the practice of animal testing.
• Some of the products must be first tested on animals to prove humans can use them.
• Religion establishes human domination.
• Animals’ lives is a small price for scientific and medical progress.

Ideas on animal testing essay structure

Each essay has to be well-structured and animal testing essay is not an exception. As a rule, an essay consists of three parts: introduction, main body, and conclusion.

In the introduction , you present the problem and the topic of your essay. Provide your reader with some definitions and background information for a better understanding.

In the main body , you represent all the information, ideas and statements for your topic. Don’t forget to structure the text and break it into paragraphs, this will make your essay more readable. Ideally, you write each idea or statement in the new paragraph.

The conclusion is put at the very end when everything is already said. Here you make an inference of the whole essay without adding any new information.

Here is an example of the outline for a pro-animal testing research paper:

Introduction

• Hook sentence.
• Thesis statement.
• Transition to Main Body.
• History of the animal testing practice.
• The role of legislation in preventing mistreatment.
• Great discoveries, which would be impossible without animal testing.
• Why alternatives to animal testing won’t work?
• Transition to Conclusion.
• Unexpected twist or a final argument.
• Food for thought.

Writing an animal testing essay introduction

To write a successful introduction, and the whole essay as well, you need to be aware of the topic. So first of all, you need to do a lot of research work for a good start.

Searching for some animal testing essay examples might appear to be a great idea. Once you gain some background you will surely get to know what is needed to be said.

Here are some hints on what to include in your introduction:

• Definition of animal testing.
• Statistics.
• Description of the problem.
• Experts’ point of view.
• Society’s position.
• Some catchy facts.
• Thesis statement – the main idea of your essay.

Best animal testing essay titles

Lack of ideas for a good title? Here’s a list of topics for the essay on animal testing.

Choose any. Each of them is catchy.

• Pros and cons of animal testing.
• Animal testing in cosmetics.
• Great discoveries of animal testing.
• Alternatives to animal testing.
• Animal testing in your country.
• The ethical side of animal testing.
• Positive and negative outcomes of animal testing.
• Horrors of animal testing.
• Future of animal testing.
• Animal testing and animal rights.

Crafting an animal testing essay hook

When it comes to writing, the introduction is almost a half of success. If you manage to write a good beginning, the reader will surely have a more positive vision of the whole work.

… How to grab the reader’s attention and compose a catchy beginning?

These two basic techniques are often used by speakers, but can also be applied when writing:

• Rhetorical question. Make the reader think, ask something ambiguous or nippy, like: “Is morality valuable when it comes to medical progress and saving lives?” or “Would you kill an animal with your own hands?”
• Shocking fact. Something like: “More than 100 million animals are abused and killed in the US yearly” or “88% of Nobel Prizes in Physiology and Medicine involved animal testing.

All in all, animal testing is newsworthy and up to date topic to discover and highlight. There are many aspects of the problem to explore and what is important – you can’t be right or wrong with your point of view.

This coin has two sides and it is for you to decide which one to stick to. Remember that your essay will benefit from honesty with yourself and the reader.

Want to have a perfect essay on animal testing, but have no inspiration to write it? Our writers do! Order your essay in 1 click and save evening to yourself!

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How to Write an Animal Testing Essay: Tips for Argumentative & Persuasive Papers

• 🦮 Things to Know About Animal Rights Essay

📜 Animal Testing Argumentative Essay

🗣️ animal testing persuasive essay.

• ⚖️ Animal Testing For & Against Arguments
• 🦥 Animal testing Essay Sample
• 🐾 15 Awesome Titles for Animal Testing Essay

🦮 Animal Rights Essay Writing Guide

Here’s an introduction to animal testing essay writing. This topic is full of controversies and nuances that you need to know.

1. Animal Testing Essay Challenges

It might seem complicated to stay professional while writing about a sensitive topic. What should you consider before you start to write an animal testing essay?

Be ready to:

• Provide trustworthy facts and numbers. As this topic is debatable, you need to choose scientific data sources. All the evidence that supports your thesis should be credible and accurate.
• Keep your writing ethical. Avoid using biased information, overly emotional language, and stereotypes . Instead, use inclusive language without ambiguous interpretations.
• Regard an opposite opinion. It is essential to understand the issue from different perspectives. Include an opposing point of view to show your competence and the depth of your research.
• Overcome a moral dilemma. There is a lot to debate about animal testing, and you might not find a perfect solution. Therefore, be prepared to find the middle ground.
• Keep up with the scientific progress. As so much research constantly updates, you need to be aware of the last changes. It will help you to include only relevant data in your paper.

2. Animal Testing Essay Tips

Here are some tips to make your writing experience easier:

• Use academic research databases to look for evidence.
• Study the background and the development of the issue.
• Don’t hesitate to verify your data using other publications.
• Be objective when providing your arguments and evidence.
• Create an outline before writing your first draft.
• Create several versions of your essay to select the best one.
• Read papers that cover the same topic.
• Study the opposite point of view.
• Spend some extra time on proofreading and editing.

3. Animal Testing Essay Strategies: Argumentative Vs. Persuasive

Argumentative and persuasive essays on animal testing might seem somewhat similar. Here, we will describe the differences between these two types.

Argumentative Essay

An argumentative essay’s primary purpose is to convince the audience that your position is valid and worth attention.

• It requires profound research. You need to study the terminology and updates while exploring the issue.
• Its main bases are logic and evidence. Avoid emotional appeals even if they make your arguments sound stronger.
• It implies research of both sides. You will need to include an opposing argument and show its relevance.

Persuasive Essay

A persuasive essay convinces its audience using both facts and emotional response of the readers to prove one’s opinion.

• It is less formal. The tone is more relaxed. Choose facts that instantly appeal to your audience.
• Its primary basis is opinion. You will rely on the choice of words and strong arguments rather than on evidence.
• It focuses on one perspective. You have to convince readers that your way of thinking is the only option. Reviewing other positions is optional.

Now that you know the differences, we will look at each type. Here, we will explain how to prepare for writing and create an animal-testing argumentative essay outline.

What Is Animal Testing Argumentative Essay About?

An animal testing argumentative essay discusses the pros and cons of animal testing giving preference to one of the sides. You should state whether animal testing is necessary in your thesis and provide at least two arguments to support your claim. Then you will need to include at least one counterargument to show another perspective.

Animal Testing Argumentative Essay Outline

There are several types of organization for an argumentative essay: classical, Rogerian, and Toulmin. Rogerian is the most suitable one for this topic. This type of organization requires drawing attention to different opinions while promoting your arguments.

3 Tips for Animal Testing Argumentative Essay

Follow these tips to make your essay better:

• Choose an arguable topic. Something that is not obvious. It should puzzle your readers and make them interested in what you say.
• Stick to your thesis. It is the basis of your paper. You need to support every word of your thesis in body paragraphs.
• Think about your audience. Knowing who your readers are will help you choose the writing tone. It also determines the need for more or fewer explanations and background information.

Here is another pattern for developing your animal rights essay . Read the paragraph below to figure out how to write an excellent animal testing persuasive essay.

What Is Animal Testing Persuasive Essay About?

An animal testing persuasive essay is focused on one side of the issue. Here, you choose if you are for or against animal testing and prove your opinion. Appealing to conscience, sense of intelligence, or your readers’ emotions is your best instrument. You need to sound convincing to make your audience accept your perspective.

Animal Testing Persuasive Essay Outline

In this case, you need to focus on solid arguments supporting your viewpoint. It will determine the way your audience reacts to your writing.

3 Tips for Animal Testing Persuasive Essay

What do you need to do to write a better persuasive essay?

• Show your empathy. It will affect your readers’ experiences and create an emotional bond between you.
• Repeat yourself. Work with paraphrasing and figures of speech. Strategic repetition is an effective tool to remind your readers about the message you are trying to convey.
• Use rhetorical questions. Puzzle your audience by asking them something controversial. At the same time, your argumentation should promote your position as an answer.

⚖️ Animal Testing Essay: For & Against

Here, you will find the pros and cons of animal testing . You can use these arguments in argumentative and persuasive essays.

I. Arguments FOR Animal Testing

Here is why animal testing should be allowed:

• Many life-saving medicines rely on animal testing . According to the California Biomedical Association, animal research helped almost every medical breakthrough in the last century . Millions of human lives depend on animal testing. It helps treat breast cancer, tuberculosis, leukemia, and many others.
• There is no alternative to testing vaccines . Scientists needed animal testing to ensure that a vaccine doesn’t make a virus more dangerous. During the global pandemic of 2020, researchers used genetically modified mice to develop vaccines. There was no other way to ensure people’s safety.
• Animal testing prevents risking lives of human volunteers . If we test medicine or cosmetical products on toxicity, we can’t use people. Human trials also possess risks of side effects, but it could be worse without animal testing.
• It ensures the safety of the products we use . China does not even allow to put cosmetical products on the market before animal testing. We use more and more cosmetical products every day. There are more and more of them on the market. That is why we need to ensure that every product we use is safe for us.
• We need animal testing to make drugs for animals as well . Scientists use animal testing to develop medicines, vaccines, and medical devices.

II. Arguments AGAINST Animal Testing

The reasons why animal testing should be stopped:

• Not all of the testing results apply to people . Many anatomic, cellular, and metabolic differences make animals poor models for us. So some drugs that pass animal testing can eventually fail on people.
• There are alternative testing methods . Skin-producing technologies such as tissue bioprinting and human skin cells growth can replace animal testing. Of course, it is not possible for all the products, but these technologies can significantly reduce the use of animals.
• It does not guarantee 100% safety . Human bodies might react differently to the same ingredients. When drugs do not show any side effects or harmful consequences on animals, they still might be dangerous for humans.
• The demand for cruelty-free products increases . People know about the inhumanity of animal testing and choose to buy cruelty-free products. Politicians are also concerned and take measures against animal testing. European Union, Australia, and South Korea banned cosmetics tested on animals. That is why cosmetical brands give up animal testing and switch to other options.
• Inhumane treatment and bad conditions . Animals suffer from food and water deprivation, inflicted burns and other wounds, and CO2 asphyxiation. Also, many of them have their eyes open for hours to test cosmetic products. Animals deserve ethical treatment as they cannot protect themselves from humans.

🦥 Animal Testing Essay Sample

Read an animal testing argumentative essay example below. You can use it as a reference to your writing.

Should Animal Testing Be Banned Essay

As technological progress moves on, we need to move on too. Some practices that were considered normal should be reviewed in the 21st century. We need to choose animal welfare and moral standards over inhumanity. Animal testing should be banned because it is cruel, expensive, and inefficient.

Animals suffer when scientists use them as test models. Some live in small cages and do not have enough space for motion. Others are forced to eat or drink something unnatural for them. It is common for animals to experience pain because of skin and eye burns, itching, or other side effects in the worst cases. For example, during the Draize test, researchers put chemicals into rabbits' eyes to see the reaction.

Keeping and breeding animals need money. It implies costs for space, food, and other maintenance expenses. As animal tests are not always reliable and need several attempts, the price for developing a successful drug can exceed one billion dollars. Every time you buy a pill or a cosmetic product tested on animals, you pay for animal testing.

Animal testing does not guarantee identical results for humans in most cases. The failure rate for animal testing is higher than 95%. There are also many controversies because the reactions of animals and people to certain ingredients can be opposite. For example, penicillin can kill guinea pigs but helps people. Aspirin is dangerous for pets but relieves human headaches.

To put it all together, animal testing is immoral in the 21st century. It is inhuman, not accurate, and pricey to the companies. It would be better if they invested the money in new technologies to replace animal experimentation. All in all, we pay for these products as customers. We have a right to choose whether or not we want them to be tested on animals.

🐾 Titles for Animal Testing Essay

Last but not least. Below we’ve collected some of our best animal testing essay examples. Use them for inspiration, or try our free research title generator .

• Is Animal Testing Really Needed?
• Animals in Research, Education, and Teaching.
• Animal Experiments: Benefits, Ethics, and Defenders.
• Animal Experimentation: Justification Arguments.
• Animal Testing Ban: Counterargument and Rebuttal.
• Genetically Modified Animals and Implications.
• Animal Research, Its Ineffectiveness, and Amorality.
• Equal Consideration of Interests to Animals.
• The Ethics of Animal Use in Scientific Research.
• Debates of Using Animals in Scientific Analysis.
• Animal Testing in Scientific Experiments.
• Cosmetic and Medical Animal Testing.
• Pavlov’s Dog Experiment.
• Animal Testing for Medical Purposes .
• Duties to Non-Human Animals .
• Animal Testing in Biomedical Research .
• Animal-Based Therapy Overview and Analysis .
• Psychologist Perspective on Research Involving Animal and Human Subjects .
• Qualities That Humans and Animals Share .
• Effects of Animal Companions in Psychotherapy .
• Red Fluorescent Protein Transgenic Dogs Experiment .
• The Use of Animals for Research .
• Human and Animal Experiments in Psychology Studies: Implications for Society .
• Animal Studies: The Role in Behaviorism Development .

🔗 References

• Suggestions for Developing Argumentative Essays
• 8 Persuasive Writing Tips and Techniques
• Animal Testing – Pros & Cons – ProCon.org
• The Debate on Animal Experimentation – Sather Health
• Importance of Animals in Human Lives | Sciencing
• Are There Any Benefits to Animal Testing? Get the Facts | PETA

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Research Topics About Animal Testing

• Early Logicians Did Not Lean toward the Possibility of Basic Rights
• Animal Rights: Regulations That Safeguard Animals
• Animal Privileges Development and the Different Sides of the Issue
• Establishing and Maintaining Basic Rights in the US
• Animal Privileges: Need, Significance, and FAQs
• Ethical and Moral Issues with Contention against Basic Rights
• Animal Privileges, Inclination Utilitarianism, and Peter Artist’s Hypothesis of Freedoms
• Explaining Basic Rights and the Impacts of Abusing Them
• Animal Privileges: Advantages and Disadvantages of Creature Examinations
• Controversy Around P.E.T.A: Basic Entitlements, Human Maltreatment
• Animal Privileges Activists: Who Is the Best?
• Should Basic Entitlements Activists Be Considered Responsible for Misuse of Recordings
• Animal Privileges: Runs from Creature Freedom to Creature Abuse
• Importance of Showing Kids Basic Entitlements
• Animal Privileges Ought Not to Be Acquainted with Regulation
• The Basic Entitlements Activism in the US of America
• Animal Privileges, the Climate, and Social Government Assistance
• The Basic Entitlements Fights against the Fur Exchange
• The Developing Worries Over Basic Entitlements

Animal Testing Titles: Catchy & Creative

• What Could Life Resemble Without Creature Testing?
• Animal Testing: The Cruellest Investigations.
• AWA: For What Reason Does It Not Safeguard All Creatures?
• What If Animals Probed People?
• In the Skin of a Guinea Pig: A Story Paper.
• Opposing Animal Testing Examples of Overcoming Adversity.
• Animal-Tried Items: Would It Be Advisable to Eradicate Them?
• What Have We Acquired from Investigating Animals?
• Animal Testing and Disease Research: Over a Significant Period.

Good Animal Testing Topics to Research

• Monkeys Could Do Without Wearing Cosmetics: Creature Testing in the Makeup Industry
• Animal Testing – Should Creature Trial and Error Be Allowed
• Essay Creature Testing and in Vitro Testing as a Substitution
• Animal Testing: A Superior Information on Human Body
• The Significance of Creature Testing for Assessing Buyer Security
• The Issues on Creature Testing and the Elective Systems to Stay Away from the Utilization of the Cruel Trial and Error
• An Option in Contrast to the Brutal and Pointless Acts of Creature Testing for Items, Medications, Synthetic Compounds, and Other Exploration
• The Untrustworthy Utilization of Creatures and the Need to Boycott Creature Testing for Clinical Exploration Purposes in the US
• A Contention for Creature Testing with the End Goal of Clinical Exploration
• A Contention against Creature Testing and the Restricting of the Training in the US
• The Discussion About the Morals of Creature Testing and Its Consequences for Us
• A Contention for Creature Testing as Useful to Human Wellbeing Exploration
• Animal Testing and the Justifications for Why It Ought to Be Unlawful
• The Standards of the Creature Testing According to the Human Point of View
• The Moral Issues on the Act of Creature Testing to Test Beauty Care Products and Medications
• Stopping Animal Testing and Vivisection by Passing a Bill against Animal Brutality

Fascinating Animal Testing Topics to Write About

• A Contention against Creature Testing of Buyer Items and Medications
• The Outcomes and Unscrupulous Act of Creature Testing for Clinical Preparation and Examinations
• How to Do the Commitments of Creature Testing to Worldwide Clinical
• Ways to Work on Creature Government Assistance After Prefacing the Creature Testing
• Animal Testing – Vital or Boorish and Wrong?
• Animal Testing and Its Effect on the Climate
• Animal Testing and Its Commitment to the Headway of Medication
• Cosmetics and Creature Testing: The Reason for Death and Abuse
• Animal Testing and Individuals for the Moral Treatment of Creatures
• Animal Freedoms Activists and the Disputable Issue of Creature Testing
• A History and the Kinds of Creature Testing in the Clinical Region
• Argumentation on Health Advantages of Creature Testing
• An Investigation of the Idea of Creature Testing, Which Brings Down the Norm of Human Existence
• Is the Altruistic Culture Worldwide Gave for Creature Testing
• A Conversation of Whether Creature Testing Is Great for Humankind or Infringement of Freedoms
• The Morals of Creature Testing for Immunization Advancement and Expected Other Options
• The Great and Awful of Human Testing and Creature Testing

Animal Testing Research Questions

• What Should the Public Authority Do About Creature Testing?
• Why Does Creature Testing Lower Our Way of Life?
• Should Creatures Be Utilized in Exploration?
• Why Should Creature Testing Be Acknowledged on the Planet?
• How Does Innovation Effect Creature Testing?
• Why Should Creature Testing Be Unlawful?
• Should Creature Testing Stay Lawful?
• Why Should Creature Testing Be Restricted?
• Can the Creature Testing Done to Find Remedies for Sicknesses Be Accommodating?
• Does Creature Testing Truly Work?
• Why Might Choices at Any Point Like Pcs Supplant Exploration Creatures?
• Should Creature Testing Keep on Testing Solutions for Human Infections?
• How Does Creature Testing Impact Medication?
• Should Creature Testing Proceed or Be Halted?
• What Are the Benefits and Drawbacks of Creature Testing?
• Why Could Creature Testing at Any Point Save Our Lives?
• Is Immature Microorganism Exploration Start of the Finish of Creature Testing?
• Do Magnificence Items Experience the Ill Effects of Negative Exposure If They Lead Preliminaries on Creatures?
• Should Medication Preliminaries Be Directed?
• What Are the Beginning and History of Creature Testing?
• Why Are Creatures Expected to Evaluate Buyer Items for Wellbeing When Items Tried by Elective Strategies, Are Accessible?
• How Much Does a Creature Experience Because of Testing?
• What Is the Adequacy of Basic Entitlements Gatherings in Halting Creature Testing?
• How Do We Gain from Biomedical Exploration Utilizing Creatures?
• Who Focuses on Creatures in Exploration?
• Why Are There Expanding Quantities of Mice, Rodents, and Fish Utilized in Exploration?
• How Could We at Any Point Be Certain Lost or Taken Pets Are Not Utilized in Exploration?
• Why Do Clinical Preliminaries in People Expect Earlier Animal Testing?

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Open Access

Ethical and Scientific Considerations Regarding Animal Testing and Research

* E-mail: [email protected]

Affiliations Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States of America, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America

Affiliation Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States of America

• Hope R. Ferdowsian, 

Published: September 7, 2011

• https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024059
• Reader Comments

Citation: Ferdowsian HR, Beck N (2011) Ethical and Scientific Considerations Regarding Animal Testing and Research. PLoS ONE 6(9): e24059. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024059

Editor: Catriona J. MacCallum, Public Library of Science, United Kingdom

Copyright: © 2011 Ferdowsian, Beck. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Funding: The authors are grateful to the National Science Foundation (grant SES-0957163) and the Arcus Foundation (grant 0902-34) for the financial support for the corresponding conference, Animals, Research, and Alternatives: Measuring Progress 50 Years Later. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Competing interests: HRF and NB are employed by Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, which is a non-governmental organization which promotes higher ethical standards in research and alternatives to the use of animals in research, education, and training. Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine is a nonprofit organization, and the authors adhered to PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

In 1959, William Russell and Rex Burch published the seminal book, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, which emphasized r eduction, r efinement, and r eplacement of animal use, principles which have since been referred to as the “3 Rs”. These principles encouraged researchers to work to reduce the number of animals used in experiments to the minimum considered necessary, refine or limit the pain and distress to which animals are exposed, and replace the use of animals with non-animal alternatives when possible. Despite the attention brought to this issue by Russell and Burch and since, the number of animals used in research and testing has continued to increase, raising serious ethical and scientific issues. Further, while the “3 Rs” capture crucially important concepts, they do not adequately reflect the substantial developments in our new knowledge about the cognitive and emotional capabilities of animals, the individual interests of animals, or an updated understanding of potential harms associated with animal research. This Overview provides a brief summary of the ethical and scientific considerations regarding the use of animals in research and testing, and accompanies a Collection entitled Animals, Research, and Alternatives: Measuring Progress 50 Years Later , which aims to spur ethical and scientific advancement.

Introduction

One of the most influential attempts to examine and affect the use of animals in research can be traced back to1959, with the publication of The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique [1] . William Russell and Rex Burch published this seminal book in response to marked growth in medical and veterinary research and the concomitant increase in the numbers of animals used. Russell and Burch's text emphasized r eduction, r efinement, and r eplacement of animal use, principles which have since been referred to as the “3 Rs”. These principles encouraged researchers to work to reduce the number of animals used in experiments to the minimum considered necessary, refine or limit the pain and distress to which animals are exposed, and replace the use of animals with non-animal alternatives when possible.

Despite the attention brought to this issue by Russell and Burch, the number of animals used in research and testing has continued to increase. Recent estimates suggest that at least 100 million animals are used each year worldwide [2] . However, this is likely an underestimate, and it is impossible to accurately quantify the number of animals used in or for experimentation. Full reporting of all animal use is not required or made public in most countries. Nevertheless, based on available information, it is clear that the number of animals used in research has not significantly declined over the past several decades.

The “3 Rs” serve as the cornerstone for current animal research guidelines, but questions remain about the adequacy of existing guidelines and whether researchers, review boards, and funders have fully and adequately implemented the “3 Rs”. Further, while the “3 Rs” capture crucially important concepts, they do not adequately reflect the substantial developments in our new knowledge about the cognitive and emotional capabilities of animals; an updated understanding of the harms inherent in animal research; and the changing cultural perspectives about the place of animals in society [3] , [4] . In addition, serious questions have been raised about the effectiveness of animal testing and research in predicting anticipated outcomes [5] – [13] .

In August 2010, the Georgetown University Kennedy Institute of Ethics, the Johns Hopkins University Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, the Institute for In Vitro Sciences, The George Washington University, and the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine jointly held a two day multi-disciplinary, international conference in Washington, DC, to address the scientific, legal, and political opportunities and challenges to implementing alternatives to animal research. This two-day symposium aimed to advance the study of the ethical and scientific issues surrounding the use of animals in testing and research, with particular emphasis on the adequacy of current protections and the promise and challenges of developing alternatives to the use of animals in basic research, pharmaceutical research and development, and regulatory toxicology. Speakers who contributed to the conference reviewed and contributed new knowledge regarding the cognitive and affective capabilities of animals, revealed through ethology, cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and related disciplines. Speakers also explored the dimensions of harm associated with animal research, touching on the ethical implications regarding the use of animals in research. Finally, several contributors presented the latest scientific advances in developing alternatives to the use of animals in pharmaceutical research and development and regulatory toxicity testing.

This Collection combines some papers that were written following this conference with an aim to highlight relevant progress and research. This Overview provides a brief summary of the ethical and scientific considerations regarding the use of animals in research and testing, some of which are highlighted in the accompanying Collection.

Analysis and Discussion

Ethical considerations and advances in the understanding of animal cognition.

Apprehension around burgeoning medical research in the late 1800s and the first half of the 20 th century sparked concerns over the use of humans and animals in research [14] , [15] . Suspicions around the use of humans were deepened with the revelation of several exploitive research projects, including a series of medical experiments on large numbers of prisoners by the Nazi German regime during World War II and the Tuskegee syphilis study. These abuses served as the impetus for the establishment of the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1974) and the resulting Belmont Report [16] – [18] . Today, these guidelines provide a platform for the protection of human research subjects, including the principles of respect, beneficence, and justice, as well as special protections for vulnerable populations.

Laws to protect animals in research have also been established. The British Parliament passed the first set of protections for animals in 1876, with the Cruelty to Animals Act [19] . Approximately ninety years later, the U.S. adopted regulations for animals used in research, with the passage of the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act of 1966 [20] . Subsequent national and international laws and guidelines have provided basic protections, but there are some significant inconsistencies among current regulations [21] . For example, the U.S. Animal Welfare Act excludes purpose-bred birds, rats, or mice, which comprise more than 90% of animals used in research [20] . In contrast, certain dogs and cats have received special attention and protections. Whereas the U.S. Animal Welfare Act excludes birds, rats and mice, the U.S. guidelines overseeing research conducted with federal funding includes protections for all vertebrates [22] , [23] . The lack of consistency is further illustrated by the “U.S. Government Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research and Training” which stress compliance with the U.S. Animal Welfare Act and “other applicable Federal laws, guidelines, and policies” [24] .

While strides have been made in the protection of both human and animal research subjects, the nature of these protections is markedly different. Human research protections emphasize specific principles aimed at protecting the interests of individuals and populations, sometimes to the detriment of the scientific question. This differs significantly from animal research guidelines, where the importance of the scientific question being researched commonly takes precedence over the interests of individual animals. Although scientists and ethicists have published numerous articles relevant to the ethics of animal research, current animal research guidelines do not articulate the rationale for the central differences between human and animal research guidelines. Currently, the majority of guidelines operate on the presumption that animal research should proceed based on broad, perceived benefits to humans. These guidelines are generally permissive of animal research independent of the costs to the individual animal as long as benefits seem achievable.

The concept of costs to individual animals can be further examined through the growing body of research on animal emotion and cognition. Studies published in the last few decades have dramatically increased our understanding of animal sentience, suggesting that animals' potential for experiencing harm is greater than has been appreciated and that current protections need to be reconsidered. It is now widely acknowledged by scientists and ethicists that animals can experience pain and distress [25] – [29] . Potential causes of harm include invasive procedures, disease, and deprivation of basic physiological needs. Other sources of harm for many animals include social deprivation and loss of the ability to fulfill natural behaviors, among other factors. Numerous studies have demonstrated that, even in response to gentle handling, animals can show marked changes in physiological and hormonal markers of stress [30] .

Although pain and suffering are subjective experiences, studies from multiple disciplines provide objective evidence of animals' abilities to experience pain. Animals demonstrate coordinated responses to pain and many emotional states that are similar to those exhibited by humans [25] , [26] . Animals share genetic, neuroanatomical, and physiological similarities with humans, and many animals express pain in ways similar to humans. Animals also share similarities with humans in genetic, developmental, and environmental risk factors for psychopathology [25] , [26] . For example, fear operates in a less organized subcortical neural circuit than pain, and it has been described in a wide variety of species [31] . More complex markers of psychological distress have also been described in animals. Varying forms of depression have been repeatedly reported in animals, including nonhuman primates, dogs, pigs, cats, birds and rodents, among others [32] – [34] . Anxiety disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, have been described in animals including chimpanzees and elephants [35] , [36] , [37] .

In addition to the capacity to experience physical and psychological pain or distress, animals also display many language-like abilities, complex problem-solving skills, tool related cognition and pleasure-seeking, with empathy and self-awareness also suggested by some research. [38] – [44] . Play behavior, an indicator of pleasure, is widespread in mammals, and has also been described in birds [45] , [46] . Behavior suggestive of play has been observed in other taxa, including reptiles, fishes and cephalopods [43] . Self-awareness, assessed through mirror self-recognition, has been reported for chimpanzees and other great apes, magpies, and some cetaceans. More recent studies have shown that crows are capable of creating and using tools that require access to episodic-like memory formation and retrieval [47] . These findings suggest that crows and related species display evidence of causal reasoning, flexible learning strategies, imagination and prospection, similar to findings in great apes. These findings also challenge our assumptions about species similarities and differences and their relevance in solving ethical dilemmas regarding the use of animals in research.

Predictive Value of Animal Data and the Impact of Technical Innovations on Animal Use

In the last decade, concerns have mounted about how relevant animal experiments are to human health outcomes. Several papers have examined the concordance between animal and human data, demonstrating that findings in animals were not reliably replicated in human clinical research [5] – [13] . Recent systematic reviews of treatments for various clinical conditions demonstrated that animal studies have been poorly predictive of human outcomes in the fields of neurology and vascular disease, among others [7] , [48] . These reviews have raised questions about whether human diseases inflicted upon animals sufficiently mimic the disease processes and treatment responses seen in humans.

The value of animal use for predicting human outcomes has also been questioned in the regulatory toxicology field, which relies on a codified set of highly standardized animal experiments for assessing various types of toxicity. Despite serious shortcomings for many of these assays, most of which are 50 to 60 years old, the field has been slow to adopt newer methods. The year 2007 marked a turning point in the toxicology field, with publication of a landmark report by the U.S. National Research Council (NRC), highlighting the need to embrace in vitro and computational methods in order to obtain data that more accurately predicts toxic effects in humans. The report, “Toxicity Testing in the 21 st Century: A Vision and a Strategy,” was commissioned by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, partially due to the recognition of weaknesses in existing approaches to toxicity testing [49] . The NRC vision calls for a shift away from animal use in chemical testing toward computational models and high-throughput and high-content in vitro methods. The report emphasized that these methods can provide more predictive data, more quickly and affordably than traditional in vivo methods. Subsequently published articles address the implementation of this vision for improving the current system of chemical testing and assessment [50] , [51] .

While a sea change is underway in regulatory toxicology, there has been much less dialogue surrounding the replacement of animals in research, despite the fact that far more animals are used in basic and applied research than in regulatory toxicology. The use of animals in research is inherently more difficult to approach systematically because research questions are much more diverse and less proscribed than in regulatory toxicology [52] . Because researchers often use very specialized assays and systems to address their hypotheses, replacement of animals in this area is a more individualized endeavour. Researchers and oversight boards have to evaluate the relevance of the research question and whether the tools of modern molecular and cell biology, genetics, biochemistry, and computational biology can be used in lieu of animals. While none of these tools on their own are capable of replicating a whole organism, they do provide a mechanistic understanding of molecular events. It is important for researchers and reviewers to assess differences in the clinical presentation and manifestation of diseases among species, as well as anatomical, physiological, and genetic differences that could impact the transferability of findings. Another relevant consideration is how well animal data can mirror relevant epigenetic effects and human genetic variability.

Examples of existing and promising non-animal methods have been reviewed recently by Langley and colleagues, who highlighted advances in fields including orthodontics, neurology, immunology, infectious diseases, pulmonology, endocrine and metabolism, cardiology, and obstetrics [52] .

Many researchers have also begun to rely solely on human data and cell and tissue assays to address large areas of therapeutic research and development. In the area of vaccine testing and development, a surrogate in-vitro human immune system has been developed to help predict an individual's immune response to a particular drug or vaccine [53] , [54] . This system includes a blood-donor base of hundreds of individuals from diverse populations and offers many benefits, including predictive high-throughput in vitro immunology to assess novel drug and vaccine candidates, measurement of immune responses in diverse human populations, faster cycle time for discovery, better selection of drug candidates for clinical evaluation, and reductions in the time and costs to bring drugs and vaccines to the market. In the case of vaccines, this system can be used at every stage, including in vitro disease models, antigen selection and adjuvant effects, safety testing, clinical trials, manufacturing, and potency assays. When compared with data from animal experiments, this system has produced more accurate pre-clinical data.

The examples above illustrate how innovative applications of technology can generate data more meaningful to humans, and reduce or replace animal use, but advances in medicine may also require novel approaches to setting research priorities. The Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation, which focuses on eradicating breast cancer, has challenged research scientists to move from animal research to breast cancer prevention research involving women. If researchers could better understand the factors that increase the risk for breast cancer, as well as methods for effective prevention, fewer women would require treatment for breast cancer. Whereas animal research is largely investigator-initiated, this model tries to address the questions that are central to the care of women at risk for or affected by breast cancer. This approach has facilitated the recruitment of women for studies including a national project funded by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Environmental Health to examine how environment and genes affect breast cancer risk. This study, which began in 2002, could not have been accomplished with animal research [55] .

Similarly, any approach that emphasizes evidence-based prevention would provide benefits to both animals and humans. Resource limitations might require a strategic approach that emphasizes diseases with the greatest public health threats, which increasingly fall within the scope of preventable diseases.

It is clear that there have been many scientific and ethical advances since the first publication of Russell and Burch's book. However, some in the scientific community are beginning to question how well data from animals translates into germane knowledge and treatment of human conditions. Efforts to objectively evaluate the value of animal research for understanding and treating human disease are particularly relevant in the modern era, considering the availability of increasingly sophisticated technologies to address research questions [9] . Ethical objections to the use of animals have been publically voiced for more than a century, well before there was a firm scientific understanding of animal emotion and cognition [15] . Now, a better understanding of animals' capacity for pain and suffering is prompting many to take a closer look at the human use of animals [56] .

Articles in the accompanying Collection only briefly touch on the many scientific and ethical issues surrounding the use of animals in testing and research. While it is important to acknowledge limitations to non-animal methods remain, recent developments demonstrate that these limitations should be viewed as rousing challenges rather than insurmountable obstacles. Although discussion of these issues can be difficult, progress is most likely to occur through an ethically consistent, evidence-based approach. This collection aims to spur further steps forward toward a more coherent ethical framework for scientific advancement.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the conference speakers and participants for their participation.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: HRF NB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HRF NB. Wrote the paper: HRF NB.

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• 15. Lederer SE (1995) Subjected to science. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 192 p.
• 16. United States (1947) Nuremberg code. Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Available: http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/guidelines/nuremberg.html . Accessed 2011 Jan 7.
• 17. World Medical Association (1964) Declaration of Helsinki. 18 th WMA General Assembly. Helsinki, Finland: Available: http://history.nih.gov/research/downloads/helsinki.pdf . Accessed 2011 Jan 7.
• 18. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1979) The Belmont Report. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Available: http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/guidelines/belmont.html . Accessed 2011 Jan 7.
• 19. Parliament of the United Kingdom (1876) Cruelty to Animals Act 1876. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1872363/ . Accessed 2011 Jan 7.
• 20. Animal Welfare Act. 7 U.S.C. §§ 2131–2159.
• 22. Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council (1996) Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 140 p.
• 23. Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (2002) Public Health Service policy on humane care and use of laboratory animals. Available: http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/phspol.htm#PublicHealthServicePolicyonHumaneCareandUseofLaboratory . Accessed 2011 Jan 18.
• 24. Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (2002) U.S. Government principles for the utilization and care of vertebrate animals used in testing, research and training. Available: http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/phspol.htm . Accessed 2011 Jan 7.
• 25. Gregory NG (2004) Physiology and behavior of animal suffering. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Science. 280 p.
• 26. McMillan FD, editor. (2005) Mental Health and Well-Being in Animals. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Publishing Professional. 301 p.
• 27. Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council (2009) Recognition and alleviation of pain and distress in laboratory animals. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 196 p.
• 31. Panksepp J (2004) Affective neuroscience: the foundations of human and animal emotions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 480 p.
• 32. Koob GF, Ehlers CL, Kupfers DJ, editors. (1989) Animal Models of Depression. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser. 295 p.
• 39. Shettleworth SJ (1998) Cognition, evolution, and behavior. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press. 704 p.
• 40. deWaal F (2009) The age of empathy: nature's lessons for a kinder society. New York, NY: Random House, Inc. 304 p.
• 44. Burghardt GM (2005) The genesis of animal play: testing the limits. Cambridge, U.K.: MIT Press. 501 p.
• 49. Committee on Toxicity Testing and Assessment of Environmental Agents, National Research Council (2007) Toxicity testing in the 21st century: a vision and a strategy. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 216 p.
• 55. Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation, National Cancer Institute Cancer Biomedical Informatics Grid (2009) Health of Women Study. Available: http://cabig.cancer.gov/action/collaborations/howstudy/ . Accessed 2011 Jan 10.
• 56. Beauchamp TL, Orlans FB, Dresser R, Morton DB, Gluck JP (2008) The Human Use of Animals: Case Studies in Ethical Choice, 2 nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 287 p.

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About Animal Testing

The term “animal testing” refers to procedures performed on living animals for purposes of research into basic biology and diseases, assessing the effectiveness of new medicinal products, and testing the human health and/or environmental safety of consumer and industry products such as cosmetics, household cleaners, food additives, pharmaceuticals and industrial/agro-chemicals.

The earliest references to animal testing are found in the writings of the Greeks in the 2nd and 4th centuries BC. Aristotle and Erasistratus were among the first to perform experiments on living animals.

Pure research: Basic or pure research investigates how organisms behave, develop, and function. Applied research aims to solve specific and practical problems. Xenotransplantation research involves transplanting tissues or organs from one species to another, as a way to overcome the shortage of human organs for use in organ transplants.

95% of all drugs that are shown to be safe and effective in animal tests fail in human trials. 79% of people say they would switch if they found out a brand tested products on animals

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