after a phd in engineering

Choose Between a Master's, Ph.D. in Engineering

A doctorate in engineering requires a love of research and patience for several years of challenging study.

Weigh a Master's, Ph.D. in Engineering

Engineering students reviewing notes on clipboard in a machine lab

Students who pursue a graduate degree in engineering will be more competitive in the job market than those with just a bachelor's, experts say.

When it comes to employment, graduates with a bachelor's degree in engineering are on solid footing, relatively speaking. With high salaries and some of the best odds of finding full-time work , they can escape the career angst that often plagues their peers with freshly-minted English or history diplomas.

Still, many engineers may find themselves wondering what a graduate degree could do for their career.

"With the economy improving, significant numbers of job postings are now requiring higher levels of expertise," says Ken Little, senior graduate career development adviser at Georgia Institute of Technology . At the same time, high-tech jobs are becoming more globally competitive, drawing applicants from all over the world, he says.

Students looking to get a graduate degree in engineering can choose between a master's program and a Ph.D. It's a big decision, experts say, and one that can significantly affect a student's career.

Learn why engineers may be more

Before choosing what kind of graduate degree to pursue, students should think about what they want to do with their lives after graduation, experts say.

Master's degrees prepare students for careers in industry that don't have a research focus, says Babatunde Ogunnaike, dean of the college of engineering at the University of Delaware . "If you want to work in research either in industry or in academia or for a government research lab, you need to get a Ph.D.," he says.

Eddie Machek, who is earning a master's degree in civil engineering from the University of Akron and who will start a doctoral program in engineering at Georgia Tech this fall, explains the difference between the degrees this way: "At a bachelor's level you are going to go out and do what's been done. At the master's level you are going to be in charge of the people who are doing that stuff. In a Ph.D., that's a whole other thing because you are doing the new stuff. You are in a lab."

Master's degrees in engineering can be a great fit for recent graduates who want to specialize within engineering or for those already in the field who want to switch their focus, experts say. The degrees can be research-based, which is the more common option, or professional, which lack a research component.

“It opens the door for more specialized opportunities in the workforce," Craig Menzemer, associate dean for graduate studies and administration at the University of Akron, said through email. "For example, a civil engineer with a bachelor’s degree may be expected to do a variety of day-to-day tasks, but a civil engineering major with a master’s who specialized in structures will have opportunities to work on structural-specific projects."

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Aditya Srinath, who earned his master's in industrial engineering from Purdue University in 2014, says he opted for the credential because it helped him bolster his professional skills rather than research skills. "A master's strikes a good balance between having more education than a bachelor's and not as much as Ph.D but still having a more rounded-out profile," says Srinath, who works as a project engineer at 3M, which manufactures a wide array of products, including Post-it Notes.

Engineering Ph.D.s provide even more specialization than master's degrees, and a higher earning potential, but they also come with significant risks, experts say.

Research jobs within government labs and industry are quite competitive, and tenure-track faculty positions are notoriously hard to come by, says George Haritos, dean of the college of engineering at the University of Akron. What's more, sometimes employers in industry won't hire Ph.D.s because they fear they are overqualified and would have to pay them too much, he says.

Doctoral programs require students to put in a great deal of time and effort, experts say. Not everyone finishes the programs, and those who do are both gifted and passionate about their subject.

Scottie-Beth Fleming, who is earning a doctorate in aerospace engineering from Georgia Tech, says she enjoys the independence that comes with a Ph.D.

"With the master's, a lot of times, your research is driven by the government or someone who is giving money and there is an expectation of what you are going to do," she says. "In a Ph.D. you don’t have that expectation. You get to explore an area that maybe nobody else would explore."

Before making a final decision about what kind of advanced engineering degree to pursue, students should also look into the requirements of their field, says Susan Fisher, director of graduate programs at Purdue University's engineering school.

For example, chemical engineering and biomedical engineering have more employment opportunities for Ph.D. students, she says. Civil engineering, on the other hand, has more employment openings outside academia for those with master’s degrees than for those with doctorates.

One way students can gauge whether they are ready for a Ph.D is to take a few research-focused courses either in undergrad or while in a master's program, experts say.

"The goal is to find out what you are truly passionate about and find a good way to apply that to the world," Srinath says.

Searching for an engineering school? Get our complete rankings of Best Engineering Schools.

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Career Pathways for Engineering PhD Candidates

Congratulations on taking the next step in your academic career by pursuing a PhD! Many students wonder what their next step will be after they complete their program. This site is intended to be used as a launching pad for your job search. In addition to this site it is recommended that you consult with your department faculty advisor, the Engineering Career Resource Center, and resources at Rackham while you conduct your job search.

The most common pathways for PhD students post graduation include Academia, Industry, and Research. In each section you will find information aimed at helping you navigate the job search process including suggested timelines for action, employment data, resources for how to begin your search, and general information.

The academic job search can be challenging, and needs to be tailored to a specific individual’s career goals. Where the industry job search can be more straightforward, searching for jobs in academia can be more opaque. For engineering students it is common to engage in a postdoctoral (also known as post doc) research or fellowship position for a couple years after you complete your program (more information about post-doc is in the Research section). Because of the changing landscape in higher education, it is becoming more competitive to secure a Tenure track position at most colleges and universities. For engineering, additional research after your PhD program is often required to be competitive for Tenure-track positions.

In addition to positions as a professor, jobs in academic administration are also a route to take within academia. Once a Tenure-track position is obtained additional time spent on committees and doing administrative tasks within your department can lead to administrative leadership and positions such as department/program chair, dean, and provost.

Research after a PhD can take many forms. You can do research work in industry, at a national laboratory, in a postdoctoral position, or for a nonprofit independent research company.

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Working in industry is a great way to utilize the specific skills and research knowledge you obtained through your PhD program. Many companies are interested in recruiting students with a PhD for specialized, higher level, work. A combination of assessing your skills, figuring out your interests, and thinking outside the ‘academic’ box will be needed in order to focus your industry job search.

Engineering and Applied Sciences

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You will work toward a degree in one of six subjects— Applied Mathematics ; Applied Physics ; Computational Science & Engineering ; Computer Science ; Data Science —and Engineering Sciences, which includes Bioengineering , Electrical Engineering , Environmental Science and Engineering , and Materials Science & Mechanical Engineering . SEAS also offers a master's in design engineering jointly with the Harvard Graduate School of Design* and an MS/MBA: Engineering Sciences program ** jointly with Harvard Business School. PhD, SM, and ME students study primarily with SEAS faculty and are enrolled in and receive their degree from the Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.

You may also pursue collaborative options through the Medical Engineering and Medical Physics program, which is part of the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology , and supplement your studies by cross-registering in other Harvard graduate schools or at MIT.

Graduates of the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences have gone on to found their own startups and work at some of the world's largest companies such as Intel, Tesla, Microsoft, Merck, IBM, McKinsey & Company, Amazon, JP Morgan, NASA, Google, and Apple. Others have gone on to academic careers with faculty appointments at MIT, Princeton, Columbia, Yale, Stanford, Imperial College-London, and Harvard.

Additional information on the graduate program is available from the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) and requirements for the degree are detailed in Policies .

*Prospective students who are interested in the master in design engineering degree program apply through the Harvard Graduate School of Design.

**Prospective students who are interested in the MS/MBA: Engineering Sciences degree program apply through Harvard Business School.

***Prospective students who are interested in the Quantum Science and Engineering degree apply to Harvard Griffin GSAS through the Quantum Science and Engineering Program.

Admissions Requirements

Please review the admissions requirements and other information before applying. You can find degree program-specific admissions requirements below and access additional guidance on applying from the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)

Academic Background

Applicants typically have bachelor’s degrees in the natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, or engineering. In the application for admission, select “Engineering and Applied Sciences” as your degree program choice and your degree and area of interest from the “Area of Study“ drop-down. PhD applicants must complete the Supplemental SEAS Application Form as part of the online application process.

Standardized Tests

GRE General: Not Accepted

AB/SM Program

Harvard College students may apply to the AB/SM program , which enables them to earn a master’s degree in applied mathematics, applied physics, computational science and engineering, computer science, or engineering sciences while simultaneously completing their AB degree. Students interested in applying for the AB/SM should contact the Office of Undergraduate Education at Harvard College about eligibility.

Special Instructions for Medical Engineering and Medical Physics

If you are also applying to the Medical Engineering and Medical Physics program, please review their admissions instructions . By December 15, you must send a PDF of your completed Harvard Griffin GSAS application to [email protected] .

APPLICATION DEADLINE

Questions about the program.

Ph.D./Sc.D. Program

The Doctor of Philosophy and Doctor of Science degrees in Chemical Engineering are identical; students may choose for themselves the appellation they prefer. This traditional, research-based doctoral degree program provides a thorough grounding in the fundamental principles of chemical engineering, as well as an intensive research experience.

The Doctor of Science and the Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering are identical degree programs. Degree candidates may choose to be called a “doctor of philosophy” or a “doctor of science”.

The degree requires that you complete:

the core curriculum in chemical engineering
one chemical engineering H Level class
the departmental biology requirement
a minor program of related subjects outside of chemical engineering
written and oral doctoral qualifying examinations
the writing and oral defense of a thesis on original research

The core curriculum is:

Numerical Methods in Chemical Engineering 10.34
Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 10.40
Analysis of Transport Phenomena 10.50
Chemical Reactor Engineering 10.65

The departmental biology requirement is fulfilled by completing an undergraduate subject equivalent to MIT 7.01x, either at MIT or at your undergraduate institution. Examples of minor programs for some recent doctoral students include applied mathematics, control theory, physical, organic or analytical chemistry, mechanical structure, power systems, process metallurgy, nuclear engineering, management, economics, music, ancient history and philosophy.

The normal duration of the degree program is five to six years. (Including an intermediate M.S. CEP degree normally has little effect on the duration.) A master’s degree is not required for entrance into the doctoral program, nor is the M.S. CEP required.

For incoming, first-year graduate students, academic advisors are members of the Committee for Graduate Students. When you select a research topic and begin your thesis, the research supervisor becomes your academic advisor. In general, students choose research advisors at the end of their first Fall semester at MIT. Should you wish to choose a research advisor from a department other than Chemical Engineering, you will also need to choose a co-advisor from the Chemical Engineering faculty.

Prior to Registration Day (Fall and Spring semesters), your subject selection must first be approved by your advisor before the Graduate Officer can authorize registration on Registration Day. Advisor approval should also be obtained for any subsequent subject add/drop actions during the term (no additional authorization by the Graduate Officer is required).

Should Engineers Get a PHD? 11 Truths!

Should engineers get a PhD? Depends on what you want to achieve in your career. There are ups and downs to pursuing a PhD in engineering.

To figure it out, start by asking yourself what kind of career you’re after. Your decision will be based on factors like:

Your interests
How much money you want to make
The lifestyle you desire
Your other career options

We’ll chat about these four pointers, and then dive headfirst into 11 extra tips to help you size up the pros and cons of pursuing a PhD in engineering.

Important Note: I’ll be generalizing each factor I discuss, so keep in mind that there are always exceptions. And don’t forget that some superstar engineers will fly high whether they have a PhD or not. Success can come either way!

What really interests you in engineering?

A PhD can give you a leg up when tackling groundbreaking technological challenges. Without one, you might find it tough to access such work. But if you’re into more typical engineering gigs in the industry, then a PhD won’t be worth the time and money.

Usually, people go for a PhD if they want to become a specialist or researcher, or if they have their sights set on an academic career. A PhD can provide flexibility between industry and academia, letting you explore fresh ideas and spearhead innovative projects.

Here’s my two cents on both academia and industry:

In academia

In this world, your work might not make an immediate real-world splash. It could take years or even decades for your research to be recognized and applied. So, if you’re looking to become an overnight sensation, you might want to think again.

But you know what? To a select few who are passionate about your field, your work will be a big deal. You’ll have the chance to share your unique ideas with like-minded folks and make a difference in your little corner of the world.

And never forget that every small step you take will ultimately contribute to the greater good of humanity.

In industry

Meanwhile, in the industry, your work can make an instant impact. You’ll tackle awesome projects that are directly tied to a company’s goals, making a real difference in people’s lives.

Take, for example, working on R&D for batteries. Batteries are essential for our future, and every tiny improvement can change our lives in a big way.

The downside? Your company might not give you the credit you deserve for your groundbreaking work. But don’t sweat it – there are loads of similar opportunities for PhD holders who are motivated and inventive.

All in all, whether you pick academia or industry, you’ll have plenty of chances to change the world. Just keep cranking out top-notch work, and everything else will fall into place.

How much money do you want to make?

First off, don’t pay for your PhD yourself. If you can’t get funding, it means the market doesn’t see the value in your research.

Even with funding, you might only make $20k to $40k a year, depending on your university. If you’d gone straight into the industry, you could be pocketing $150k or more each year. Then you could invest that salary in real estate, businesses, you name it.

So, if money’s your main concern, you’ll lag behind your peers who jumped straight into the industry. Because while you’re spending 3 to 5 years earning a PhD and living on ramen noodles, they’ll be making bank.

And if you’re thinking about academia after your PhD, buckle up for even more financial hurdles.

Let’s be real: a PhD is a massive investment of time and money. If dollar signs are all you see, don’t bother with a PhD.

Important Note: Engineers with PhDs who start multi-million dollar businesses are exceptions, just like college dropouts who start multi-billion dollar businesses.

PhD stipends from major U.S. universities

Check this shortlist of engineering department stipends from major universities, put together by PhD Stipends :

As you can tell, diving into a PhD in engineering might not make you rich overnight. But, hey, it does give you the chance to work on some mind-blowing research and help shape the world of tomorrow.

Important Note: Don’t forget to weigh in the cost of living when you’re checking out those PhD stipends. Higher stipends usually come with a heftier price tag on everyday life, like in the Bay Area where Stanford is nestled.

What type of lifestyle do you want?

Dreaming of a chill, easygoing life? Academia might not be your jam. You could grind away for years and never snag that elusive academic tenure. Even in the industry, you might land just an ordinary engineering gig, making your PhD feel like a waste.

The professional stress from this uncertain journey can seep into your personal life. Financial struggles might become your constant companion, impacting every corner of your life. But hey, with a PhD, you get the keys to the world’s coolest toys and can work in top-notch national labs and fancy universities.

If you’re down to embrace uncertainty into your golden years, a PhD could be worth the ride. You may trade short-term comfort for the shot at doing what sets your soul on fire in the long run.

Mind you, I use the term sacrifice lightly. If you’re head over heels for your research, nothing else will even matter.

Do you have other options in life?

If you’re still feeling the PhD vibe after all this, ask yourself:

Do you have any other career options?
Is there another gig that’s tugging at your heartstrings?

If you said yes to either, hold your horses! Give some serious thought to whether a PhD is really your destiny. I’ve got friends who ditched their PhD programs to start businesses, and now they’re swimming in millions!

On the flip side, I know folks who chased a PhD just to immigrate to the US for a better life. But listen, don’t just follow the crowd. Committing to a PhD is a massive deal and can change your life in a big way.

This is further highlighted by the low number of U.S. students going for a PhD in engineering each year. The data below, from ASEE , includes all engineering fields combined.

Important Note: The number of awarded engineering doctorate degrees is increasing. But the U.S. population is also increasing, and more foreign students are immigrating to the U.S. to pursue a PhD.

11 Pointers to consider in pursuing a PhD in engineering

Now, here are 11 pointers I’ve gathered from my pals and relatives who’ve gone down the PhD-in-engineering rabbit hole:

#1 Choose a research topic with real-world oomph

Picking the perfect research topic is the key to unlocking your PhD’s potential. Focus on fields that are shining bright, like:

Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Renewable energy

These areas tend to reel in more funding and have a higher demand in both academia and industry. After all, you still gotta pay the bills and keep a roof over your head.

#2 A PhD hones your thinking skills, not just your specialization

In the real world, you might not use all that fancy research know-how from your PhD. Instead, you’ll rely on your shiny new way of thinking to tackle problems.

So, a PhD isn’t just about becoming the go-to person in a super-niche field. It’s also about learning how to think and tackle the tough stuff.

And, hey, you can pick up these skills outside the hallowed halls of academia too.

#3 Don’t expect a PhD to put you on a pedestal

Sure, a PhD might make some folks go “ooh” and “aah,” but at the end of the day, it’s all about delivering the goods. Your skills and passion for the job are what really count, not the alphabet soup trailing your name.

I’m all about treating everyone equally, regardless of their academic fanfare.

Of course, a PhD can give you a credibility boost when making first impressions. But remember, it’s what you do next that really matters.

#4 A PhD can open doors, but it might close some too

A PhD can help you score high-level gigs at big-shot companies with in-house research and development. But beware – it might also slam some doors shut if you’re deemed overqualified for certain roles.

Choose your career path wisely and take time to think through your future pragmatically.

#5 Dive into a PhD in a subject that ignites your passion

Being passionate about your subject is the secret sauce to staying motivated during your PhD journey. Surround yourself with amazing people who share your interests, or you’ll struggle through the tough times – and trust me, there’ll be plenty.

#6 Don’t chase a PhD for the wrong reasons

Don’t go after a PhD just because “it’s what smart people do” or because you want to add some extra letters to your name.

Let’s get real here: a PhD doesn’t magically transform you into a genius. Heck, some of the brightest minds out there never even set foot in a college classroom!

If you were a regular Joe or Jane before diving into a PhD program, chances are you’ll still be one when you’re done. But hey, you don’t need to be a mega-brainiac to tackle a PhD. If you can snag a spot in a program, you’ve definitely got what it takes to see it through.

#7 Fear not the PhD pursuit

Some folks are scared stiff of the grueling trek to PhD-land. It’s like climbing a never-ending mountain, right?

Well, anything worth chasing is gonna be tough. If it were a piece of cake, everybody and their dog would be doing it!

#8 A PhD isn’t for everyone

To nail that PhD, you need a killer work ethic and a fierce dedication to your field. That’s what’ll help you conquer those hurdles and push through the lonely stretches.

Let’s face it: the PhD life isn’t everyone’s cup of tea. Just look at the small number of doctorates awarded each year in the U.S., as reported by ASEE. The data below covers all engineering fields combined:

And if you’re bold enough to take on a PhD, you’re probably an ambitious go-getter. So you’ll no doubt find some other epic challenge to sink your teeth into.

#9 Pick your program and advisor like a pro

The right program and advisor can make or break your PhD ride.

Seriously, you’ll be bending over backward for your advisor for years. They’ve got the power to make your life a living nightmare. Keep your eyes peeled for these red flags:

A bad advisor:

Is a grade-A jerk
Makes everything about them
Squeezes you for free labor and grinds you down
Fills you with guilt and doubt

A good advisor:

Is super nice and supportive
Turns you into a top-notch researcher
Dishes out awesome life advice
Hooks you up with conferences and fellowships
Lets you visit other labs

So do your homework and pick your program and advisor with care.

#10 Weigh the impact on your loved ones

I’ve known people who juggled family life and a PhD. Sure, it was a bumpy road, but they made it work.

Keep in mind that a PhD can take ages, and your biological clock won’t wait around for you to finish.

#11 Industry jobs for PhD grads

Dreaming of a PhD to score an industry job? From what I’ve seen, here are a couple of paths for PhD graduates:

Work in well-funded government labs, doing the research thing.
Join big-league companies like Google, Apple, or IBM that can afford to splash cash on research.

If that doesn’t float your boat, a Master’s degree might be all you need for other engineering gigs in the industry.

Important Note: During recessions, R&D departments usually hold steady. R&D is a long-haul investment for a company, after all.

If an R&D project kicks off during a slump, it’ll wrap up just as the economy bounces back. That way, the company comes out stronger on the other side.

“Should engineers get a PhD” wrap up

Deciding to pursue a PhD is a deeply personal choice that deserves some serious soul-searching.

Don’t let peer pressure sway you. Take a good, hard look at the pros and cons, and make the call that’s right for you.

Now, I’ve met engineers who’d never trade their PhD experience for the world. But others reckon it was the worst decision they ever made.

At the end of the day, a PhD is all about the journey, not just the fancy certificate and those three little letters you get to tack onto your name.

Do you think a PhD in engineering is worthwhile? Will it be even more valuable down the road?

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Author Bio: Koosha started Engineer Calcs in 2019 to help people better understand the engineering and construction industry, and to discuss various science and engineering-related topics to make people think. He has been working in the engineering and tech industry in California for well over 15 years now and is a licensed professional electrical engineer, and also has various entrepreneurial pursuits.

Koosha has an extensive background in the design and specification of electrical systems with areas of expertise including power generation, transmission, distribution, instrumentation and controls, and water distribution and pumping as well as alternative energy (wind, solar, geothermal, and storage).

Koosha is most interested in engineering innovations, the cosmos, sports, fitness, and our history and future.

6 thoughts on “Should Engineers Get a PHD? 11 Truths!”

The most insightful comparison I’ve found on this topic so far. Thank you.

Glad you found the article helpful 🙂

Thanks for that nicely summed up article – not too long and covers the important points on everybody’s mind! 🙂

Glad you enjoyed the read 🙂

Thank you, I have just been searching for info about this subject for ages and yours is the best I have found out till now. However, what in regards to the conclusion? Are you positive about the source?

I tried to capture all angles of the experience, so do your best to apply the lessons to your personality and reasons for pursuing the degree.

Electrical Engineering PhD

The Electrical Engineering PhD program studies systems that sense, analyze, and interact with the world. You will learn how this practice is based on fundamental science and mathematics, creating opportunities for both theoretical and experimental research. Electrical engineers invent devices for sensing and actuation, designing physical substrates for computation, creating algorithms for analysis and control, and expanding the theory of information processing. You will get to choose from a wide range of research areas such as circuits and VLSI, computer engineering and architecture, robotics and control, and signal processing.

Electrical engineers at SEAS are pursuing work on integrated circuits for cellular biotechnology, millimeter-scale robots, and the optimization of smart power groups. Examples of projects current and past students have worked on include developing methods to trace methane emissions and improving models for hurricane predictions.

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PhD in Electrical Engineering Degree

Harvard School of Engineering offers a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in Engineering Sciences: Electrical Engineering , conferred through the Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (Harvard Griffin GSAS). Prospective students apply through the Harvard Griffin GSAS. In the online application, select “Engineering and Applied Sciences” as your program choice and select " PhD Engineering Sciences: Electrical Engineering ."

The Electrical Engineering program does not offer an independent Masters Degree.

Electrical Engineering PhD Career Paths

Graduates of the program have gone on to a range of careers in industry in companies such as Tesla, Microsoft HoloLens, and IBM. Others have positions in academia at the University of Maryland, University of Michigan, and University of Colorado.

Admissions & Academic Requirements

Prospective students apply through the Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (Harvard Griffin GSAS). In the online application, select “Engineering and Applied Sciences” as your program choice and select "PhD Engineering Sciences: Electrical Engineering." Please review the admissions requirements and other information before applying. Our website also provides admissions guidance , program-specific requirements , and a PhD program academic timeline .

Academic Background

Standardized Tests

GRE General: Not Accepted

Electrical Engineering Faculty & Research Areas

View a list of our electrical engineering faculty and electrical engineering affiliated research areas , Please note that faculty members listed as “Affiliates" or "Lecturers" cannot serve as the primary research advisor.

Electrical Engineering Centers & Initiatives

View a list of the research centers & initiatives at SEAS and the electrical engineering faculty engagement with these entities .

Graduate Student Clubs

Graduate student clubs and organizations bring students together to share topics of mutual interest. These clubs often serve as an important adjunct to course work by sponsoring social events and lectures. Graduate student clubs are supported by the Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin School of Arts and Sciences. Explore the list of active clubs and organizations .

Funding and Scholarship

Learn more about financial support for PhD students.

How to Apply

Learn more about how to apply or review frequently asked questions for prospective graduate students.

In Electrical Engineering

Undergraduate Engineering at Harvard
Concentration Requirements
How to Declare
Who are my Advisors?
Sophomore Forum
ABET Information
Senior Thesis
Research for Course Credit (ES 91R)
AB/SM Information
Peer Concentration Advisors (PCA) Program
Student Organizations
PhD Timeline
PhD Model Program (Course Guidelines)
Qualifying Exam
Committee Meetings
Committee on Higher Degrees
Research Interest Comparison
Collaborations
Cross-Harvard Engagement
Seminar Series
Clubs & Organizations
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Alumni Stories

PhD in Mechanical Engineering

Program sites.

Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical Engineering PhD candidates are leaders in research and education in academia and industry—they carry with them a strong network of peers built during their graduate studies. Students can enter the program directly after completing a bachelors degree, and earn a masters degree along the way or enter after completing a masters degree.

Degree Type

At Boston University, our Mechanical Engineering PhD candidates have the opportunity to study and research in a broad range of areas within the exciting field of mechanical engineering. We challenge our students to reach their potential as they create new knowledge and innovative solutions to pressing societal problems of today (and tomorrow). Our PhD students work closely with our faculty at the forefront of theoretical, computational, or experimental research in Robotics, Mechanics of Bio/Soft Materials, Sustainable Energies, and Space Technologies, among other inspiring areas of research.

EXPLORE OUR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH AREAS

We believe in the importance of strong community and create abundant opportunities for our students to collaborate and socialize with each other beyond the traditional boundaries of research areas and lab groups. Graduate socials, both formal and informal, a college-wide Student Association of Graduate Engineers, and an overarching culture of interdisciplinary research enrich the professional and extracurricular pursuits of our students. Beyond the BU campus, Boston provides a high-tech research community where external collaborations with industry, government and other universities are common. Moreover, the PhD experience also includes opportunities to present your work at conferences around the world, providing opportunities to network with peers around the globe.

VIEW OUR CALENDAR OF UPCOMING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING EVENTS

DEGREE REQUIREMENTS

All PhD students take a course covering basic teaching methods and philosophies and are required to satisfy a teaching practicum for a minimum of two semesters.
Our post-master’s PhD candidates have no structured course requirements but they are required to complete 32 credits applicable to the degree at a 500 level or higher.
Post-bachelor’s doctoral students are awarded MS degrees upon completion of the 32 credit hours of structured coursework and the PhD Prospectus Exam.
PhD students must satisfy a residency requirement of at least two consecutive academic-year semesters of full-time graduate study at Boston University.
Doctoral students must maintain a cumulative GPA of 3.00 to remain in good academic standing and to graduate. All graduate courses are counted in the GPA. Only grades of “B-” or better fulfill PhD curricular requirements.

EXTERNAL FELLOWSHIPS

The College of Engineering (ENG) is committed to five full years of financial support for graduate students in the ENG PhD program who maintain satisfactory academic progress. Entering PhD students are fully funded in their first year. During the first year, incoming PhD students must pursue research and funding discussions with the research faculty. At the end of the first academic year, PhD students must move to RA funding, while others continue on their external fellowship if applicable.

The Mechanical Engineering faculty are willing to work with students to develop the necessary research statements for these types of fellowships. Many of these are due in December or January. Thus they are more feasible for students who are already studying in our program.

Specific information for international students

Financing your Education

View the PhD profile here

Please contact us if you have further questions. We would love to hear from you!

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How to Get a Doctorate in Engineering

Last Updated: December 2, 2022 References

This article was co-authored by Felipe Corredor and by wikiHow staff writer, Danielle Blinka, MA, MPA . Felipe is a Senior College Admissions Consultant at American College Counselors with over seven years of experience. He specializes in helping clients from all around the world gain admission into America's top universities through private, one-on-one consulting. He helps guide clients through the entire college admissions process and perfect every aspect of their college applications. Felipe earned a Bachelor's Degree from the University of Chicago and recently received his MBA. There are 9 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been viewed 72,804 times.

Engineers use science and mathematics to solve problems in most areas of society. Although you can become an engineer after receiving a bachelor's degree, many engineers opt to pursue graduate level studies, especially if they’re interested in doing research. If you’re interested in getting your doctorate in engineering, gather your prerequisites, choose your doctoral program, apply for admission, complete your coursework, and prepare your doctoral dissertation.

Gathering Your Prerequisites

Step 1 Complete your undergraduate degree.

Some doctoral programs will expect you to have earned a Master of Science before you’re admitted to the doctoral program, while others will allow you to earn your master’s while you work on your doctorate.
You can still pursue a doctorate in engineering if you didn’t get an undergraduate degree in engineering, but the path is harder. You will need to take additional undergraduate classes in engineering, bring relevant work experience, and find a program that is willing to work with you.

Step 2 Participate in undergraduate research opportunities.

Apply for work-study, internship, and fieldwork opportunities.
See if your school offers students the opportunity to get sponsorship for independent research projects, such as through a scholars award program.
Be willing to take even the smallest role in a research project. Since you’re an undergraduate, you will likely need to do the grunt work to gain experience.

Step 3 Network with faculty and research advisors.

If your professors know you well, they’ll be able to write a better letter of reference about your skills, abilities, and work habits when you need them to apply for doctoral programs or jobs.

Step 4 Join clubs and organizations related to engineering.

Your school will likely have local clubs in addition to national organizations, such as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. [2] X Research source
You should also look for honor societies. For example, you could join Tau Beta Pi, the engineering honors society.
When your extracurriculars match up with the demands of your desired program, then you'll appear very enthusiastic about and prepared for the responsibilities you'd encounter.

Aim to make all A's with minimal B's if you want to pursue a doctorate in engineering.
Consider doing grade replacement if you make lower than an A or B in a class, but check your college or university's limits on retaking courses.

Step 6 Take the Graduate Record Exam (GRE).

Some programs may require you to take the GRE subject test, but not all do. Check the requirements for your university. [5] X Research source

Selecting a Doctoral Program

Electrical engineering focuses on the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism.
Mechanical engineering focuses on designing, building, and operating machines.
Aeronautical engineering focuses on the design and construction of aircraft and spacecraft.
Computer engineering focuses on integrating electrical engineering concepts with computer science to develop computer hardware and software.
Civil engineering focuses on designing, building, and maintaining structures, such as buildings, bridges, dams, and water supply systems.
Environmental engineering focuses on finding solutions to environmental problems, such as pollution. [6] X Research source

Consider your research preferences and look for a school with a strong program in that topic.
Make sure that the schools you apply to are conducting research in your chosen research interests.
Check if the school will offer a fellowship, scholarship, teaching assistantship, or research position that will help you pay for your doctoral degree.

Step 3 Research the backgrounds of the professors at the schools.

Read each professor's background, curriculum vitae, and current research projects.
When choosing your school, consider which professors you'd most like to work with based on what they are researching, their goals, and their background.

Applying for Admission

A statement of purpose may also be called an application essay, personal statement, objectives for study, personal goals, cover letter, or a related name. [10] X Research source

Make sure that you ask at least a month in advance so that the person has enough time to work on your letter.
To aid the person in writing your letter, provide them with a short resume detailing your accomplishments.

Step 3 Assemble your application packets.

Your completed application form.
Your statement of purpose.
GRE scores.
Transcripts.
Your curriculum vitae.
2-3 letters of recommendation.
TOEFL or IELTS scores if you’re an international student.

Step 4 Send in your applications before the deadline.

Don’t wait until the last minute. Get your materials submitted in advance.

Step 5 Contact the professors you hope to work with.

Read up on the faculty’s biographies and curriculum vitae.
Send them a formally written email.
Say something like, “Your groundbreaking work on [research topic] is what interested me in [program name]. In my undergraduate research, I worked on [similar research topic].”

Step 6 Show the schools why you’ll be valuable to their research.

Offer a brief explanation of your research background or resume. Say, "During a senior year special project, I worked with ten other students alongside my professor to complete a project similar to the one you are currently developing."
Explain, "As a lab assistant, I was able to shadow professors and doctoral candidates at my university, which allowed me to gain skills in how to conduct research and write reports."

Step 7 Accept enrollment and register for classes.

Get advised as early as possible to ensure that you are able to get into the classes you need.

Completing Your Coursework

Step 1 Perform well in your required classes.

You will need to pass your courses with at least a B.
Expect to enroll in six to nine credit hours per semester because graduate courses are harder, making the requirements for a full load smaller.

Enroll in the classes taught by your desired research supervisor. This will give you a chance to work with them and an opportunity for them to see your abilities and work habits.
Look for faculty members who have current research projects that have openings for graduate assistantships.
Don’t expect a posh position at first. Prove yourself by taking any research role available with your chosen mentor.
You may also be able to assemble an advisory committee, depending on your university.

Step 3 Work with your advisor to develop a plan of study.

You’ll submit your plan of study to the department chair after your research supervisor has approved it.
It can be difficult to change your plan of study, so take the process seriously.

Step 4 Study the research in your field.

Access papers and articles through the Institute for Research and Publication.
Read engineering journals such as the Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Journal of Applied Mechanical Engineering, Journal of Electrical Engineering and Electronic Technology, etc.
Look for articles in scientific magazines that are related to your field.
Check the university webpages for leading institutions such as MIT, Georgia Tech, Stanford, and University of California-Berkeley.

There are many different types of engineering research, so you may be designing a new product or system, looking for ways to improve an existing system, or developing a new concept. What type of engineer you become will affect what type of research you do.
Your research will still fit into the program’s major areas of study.
You might also work on publishing a groundbreaking (or at least high quality and peer-reviewed) paper, as you can add this to your CV. You'll stand out as a candidate who takes initiative and accomplishes meaningful research in their field.

Preparing Your Doctoral Dissertation

A dissertation is a book length project.
It is sometimes called a thesis.

Check with your university for internal grants or awards.
You can also look for grants through the United Engineering Foundation, Engineering Information Foundation, and similar resources.
Ask businesses, organizations, and donors for sponsorships.

Consult with your research supervisor regularly.
Visit your campus writing center if you need help with your writing.
You can find software to help with formatting.

The key to a defense is to show that you have the knowledge and research skills required to earn your doctorate.

Expert Q&A

Work on research projects during your undergraduate work to improve your chances of getting accepted into a program. Thanks Helpful 3 Not Helpful 0
You may be less likely to burn out if you take a break between undergraduate and graduate school. How long of a break you need will depend on your work habits and what kind of work you do while in school. Thanks Helpful 2 Not Helpful 0
It’s okay to change your topic of study when you move from an undergraduate degree to a graduate degree, though the schools you apply to should know what you will study. Thanks Helpful 2 Not Helpful 0
Make sure that your research goals match with the university's research paths. The program you choose will control your research. Thanks Helpful 3 Not Helpful 0
Doctoral programs are competitive. Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 0

↑ https://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/dec/essay.phd.html
↑ https://engineering.purdue.edu/Engr/Academics/StudentOrganizations
↑ https://engineering.purdue.edu/ECE/Academics/Graduates/Admissions/Criteria.html
↑ http://www.ets.org/gre/revised_general/faq/#faq601
↑ https://cheme.stanford.edu/admissions/phd/phd-faqs
↑ http://typesofengineeringdegrees.org/featured/#context/api/listings
↑ https://www.usnews.com/education/blogs/graduate-school-road-map/2012/11/12/grad-school-application-checklist-12-months-out
↑ http://grad.berkeley.edu/admissions/apply/statement-purpose/
↑ https://uni.edu/~gotera/gradapp/stmtpurpose.htm

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Degree Requirements for the PhD - School of Engineering Education - Purdue University

Degree Requirements for the PhD

The School of Engineering Education offers a program leading to the PhD. Students enrolled in this program will be expected to meet the highest standards of academic achievement in both their coursework.

PhD Registration Requirements

Prerequisites for Starting Dissertation Research (Engineering Education Foundations, Secondary Engineering Expertise, Research Preparation)
Specialization

Exam and Portfolio Requirements

Total Credit Hours : At least 90 hours of academic credit beyond the bachelor’s degree or 60 hours beyond the master’s degree. Academic credit includes all course credit hours that appear on the Plan of Study: Prerequisite and Specialization graduate course credit hours with grades of “B” or better that appear on the Purdue transcript and research credit hours (ENE 699) with grades of “S” that appear on the Purdue transcript. Your cumulative grade point average must be at least 3.0 out of a 4.0 scale.
Transferring Credits From Prior Master’s : A master's degree or professional doctoral degree from any accredited institution may be considered to contribute up to 30 credit hours toward satisfying this requirement at the discretion of the student’s Graduate Advisory Committee . Please note that there are significant restrictions for transferring credits that are more than five years old.
Residency Requirements : At least one-third of the total credit hours used to satisfy the PhD degree requirements must be earned while you are registered for doctoral study at Purdue University. Course credits obtained via televised instruction are considered to have been obtained in residence on the campus from which the course was broadcast.
Maximum Credit Hours per Term : The Graduate School allows a maximum of 18 credit hours in fall and spring semesters and 9 credit hours for the summer session.

PhD Course Requirements

The ENE PhD course requirements consist of a minimum of 41 course credits (32 in Research Preparation and 9 in a Specialization area), with any remaining credit hours bringing the total up to 90 credit hours (e.g., a combination of additional course credit hours, up to 30 master’s credit hours, and graduate research credit hours).

Students who are not academically prepared to take any of the required coursework in the program may need to undertake additional preparatory or prerequisite coursework. This decision will be made with the aid of the student’s Graduate Advisory Committee. For example, students who do not have a BS or MS in engineering can be admitted to the PhD program but will be expected to take preparatory courses in the engineering sciences, engineering design, mathematics, and other prerequisite areas, without receiving graduate credit, in order to successfully complete the program. An alternative path for these students would be to earn a master’s degree in an area of engineering before matriculating in the ENE PhD program.

The course requirements listed below represent the minimum course credits required for graduation. A student’s Graduate Advisory Committee may require additional coursework to fill gaps in a student’s background, broaden a student’s perspective, or provide more depth in a particular domain. Course equivalents may be substituted; the student may petition the ENE Graduate Committee for such consideration.

Prerequisites for Starting Dissertation Research: (minimum of 32 credit hours)

It is highly recommended that a student complete these courses prior to the Readiness Assessment. However, timing of enrollment in these courses is ultimately at the discretion of the student's Graduate Advisory Committee.

Engineering Education Foundations: 15 credit hours minimum

The purpose of the Foundation requirements is to provide a bridge into this interdisciplinary program by integrating engineering and education concepts, providing breadth and depth of knowledge, and complementing a student's area of specialization. The selection of Foundation courses was guided by the five research areas defined by the Engineering Education Research Colloquies (EERC); viz. Engineering Epistemology, Engineering Learning Mechanisms, Engineering Learning Systems, Engineering Diversity and Inclusiveness, Engineering Assessment Methodologies. See the PDF of ENE PhD Course Requirements for a list of the Foundation courses currently offered.

Secondary Engineering Expertise: 9 credit hours minimum

The purpose of this requirement is to provide depth of understanding of engineering concepts and complement a student's area of specialization (in particular, engineering concepts that may be the focus of ENE research activities). Students are required to complete a coherent sequence of graduate courses (500- or 600-level) in an engineering field other than engineering education.

Research Preparation: 9 credit hours minimum

The purpose of Research Preparation requirements is to provide depth and breadth of approaches to engineering education research and guide students in the development of their research theses and related areas of specialization.

Specialization (minimum of 9 credit hours)

The purpose of the Specialization requirement is to develop depth of knowledge in one area of engineering education (6 credit hours minimum) plus advanced research methods (3 credit hours minimum) appropriate to the student's research area.

PhD Research Requirements

Students must take an appropriate number of research credit hours (ENE 69900) to complement their graduate program and comply with the requirements of the Graduate School.

Students must pass three major exams during the course of the PhD program:

Readiness Assessment
Preliminary Exam
Final (Thesis) Exam

Meeting these three program milestones requires drafting and approving a Plan of Study , forming a Graduate Advisory Committee , and iterative development of a professional competency portfolio.

Last Updated: May 3, 2022

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Home | Graduate | MD-PhD

MD-PhD Combined Program

Dartmouth's Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of Philosophy (MD-PhD) program is for students seeking to conduct in-depth research and receive extensive training in both medicine and biomedical engineering. It combines the curriculum at Geisel School of Medicine with the PhD Program at Thayer School.

Students must apply and be admitted to both Thayer and Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and complete requirements for both the MD and PhD. Both a PhD and MD are awarded, simultaneously, after typically seven to eight years of study.

Goals & Mission

MD-PhD physician-engineers are special individuals with extensive training in both medicine and biomedical engineering. MD-PhDs are vital members of the research community and uniquely positioned to advance both basic and clinical research. Their goals are to:

Advance the understanding of health and disease processes at the basic research level;
Mediate the translation of bench top discovery into clinical advances in the diagnosis, prevention, or therapy of diseases;
Ameliorate illness and suffering through patient care, basic and applied research; and,
Establish and implement health care policy.

Training & Mentorship

Along with courses at Geisel, students train in laboratories with leaders in their fields of engineering. Labs tend to be small, allowing faculty to be accessible and provide close mentoring.

MD-PhD students are also provided with mentoring resources at different levels of their academic careers. Mentors include include physician-scientists on the Dartmouth faculty as well as current students.

Learn how Dartmouth Engineering's graduate programs could be a great fit for you. Connect with faculty, staff, and students, and navigate the application process.

Prerequisites

The foundation for doctoral work is undergraduate preparation in science, mathematics, and engineering principles. Applicants must hold a bachelor’s or master’s degree from an accredited institution to be considered for admission to the MD-PhD program. Students must apply to both Thayer and Geisel, indicating their specific interest in the MD-PhD program.

MD-PhD candidates are required to be in residence for a minimum of six terms, including:

two terms of participation in ENGG 195 : Seminar on Science, Technology, and Society
one term of ENGG 198 : Research-in-Progress Workshop.

Students who are registered and enrolled in two or more courses per term are considered full-time and as being “in residence.”

Students in this program earn the PhD and MD degrees simultaneously, after typically seven to eight years of study.

Program Requirements

MD-PhD students must fulfill all of the degree requirements for both the MD program at Geisel and the PhD program at Thayer , including research and dissertation requirements.

There are three major phases of study. Broadly stated, students spend the initial phase at Geisel, the second phase at Thayer fulfilling the requirements for the PhD, then the final phase at Geisel to complete the requirements for the MD.

Initial MD Phase (years one and two)

Geisel School of Medicine

Complete M1 and M2 requirements
Up to three 8-week laboratory rotations

First-Year PhD Phase (year three)

Thayer School of Engineering

Completion of six graduate engineering courses
ENGG 195 : Seminar on Science, Technology, and Society (two terms)
ENGG 198 : Research-in-Progress Workshop (one term)
Initiation of dissertation research with thesis advisor
Qualification for PhD candidacy

Second-Year PhD Phase (year four)

Oral examination
Completion of additional graduate courses
ENGG 197 : PhD Professional Workshops
ENGG 198 : Research-in-Progress Workshop
Thesis proposal and dissertation research

Final PhD Phase (year five)

Dissertation research
Completion of thesis defense

Final MD Phase (years six and seven)

Complete M3 and M4 requirements

Students must apply to Geisel School of Medicine as well as to Thayer School of Engineering, indicating their specific interests.

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PhD after BTech

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Apr 4, 2023

Pursuing a PhD after Btech is for those who have figured early out the answer to “ What to do after BTech? ”. A doctoral degree helps candidates discover advanced-level research opportunities after completing a Bachelor of Technology (BTech) program through the integrated or combined PhD route rather than completing a master’s degree and then applying for a doctoral program. Pursuing a PhD program, individuals can work under professors at universities and organisations that demand research scientists, and associates, amongst others for various projects. Here is a detailed guide on the various aspects of how you can pursue a PhD after BTech and delve deeper into the field of Research directly after graduation.

This Blog Includes:

Overview of combined/integrated master’s and phd, phd after btech: routes of applying, phd after btech: how to apply, background & gpa requirements, how to do phd after btech, phd after btech abroad, eligibility for phd after btech , colleges offering phd after btech in india.

What Next After BTech?
Why MBA after BTech?

In many universities, professors encourage students to pursue research by providing them with necessary exploratory tools and techniques. Further, integrated MS/PhD degree programs are also offered by many academic institutions and these courses have a comprehensive research-oriented curriculum and are designed with flexible duration ranging from 3-6 years and even 10 years. The course also encourages practical experience through research assistantships, projects and fellowships. Increasingly popular in the US, this degree is now being steadily offered at institutions all across the globe.

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Top 7 Career Opportunities in India after PhD in 2024

A PhD or Doctor of Philosophy is the highest academic qualification offered to an individual following a course of study. The term PhD originates from the Latin term ‘Philosophiae Doctor’ and represents competition of individual research in a field of interest. The doctoral research degree paves the path for a wide range of opportunities. It is a 3 to 8 years course that helps you become competent at presenting your thesis based on independent research of a topic.

There is a breadth of skills students acquire while pursuing a PhD. It elevates your ability to critically analyse a subject, display intellectual maturity, gain in-depth knowledge of a specific field and publish a valid thesis.

In this article, we’ll take a look at the best job opportunities after PhD that are available to students in different industries—academia, government sector, entrepreneurship, consultancy, and so on. If you are looking for PhD admission for 2024, please read further.

What is the career outlook for PhD holders in 2024?

Based on my experience and insights, job opportunities after phd in india appear promising in 2024. Their advanced research and analytical skills are in high demand across various sectors. In academia, opportunities abound as they can pursue careers as professors or researchers. The corporate sector offers avenues for success in roles related to research and development, data science, and consulting. Government agencies value their expertise in policy analysis and implementation. Additionally, for those inclined towards entrepreneurship and innovation, there are opportunities to venture into new territories. Overall, the year 2024 presents an encouraging landscape for PhD holders in India, offering diverse career paths and the potential to make meaningful contributions in their respective fields.

Top Job Opportunities after PhD

1. academics, a. faculty position.

One of the most commonly opted choices after a PhD is teaching, primarily due to the uncanny similarity between academia and what an individual must do to acquire the degree. The degree practice and teaching involve teaching, researching, and nurturing your acquired knowledge.

If you are interested in landing a faculty position or taking up the teaching path, plenty of institutions are keen on having a PhD holder in their faculty, especially in developing countries.

The PhD holders have a niche of their own in the domain or topic they have spent time researching about. They have made a good number of contributions to the field of study, so they have a firm hold on the subject.

So the PhD holders as faculty seem to be a natural fit, as they can impart the knowledge mentioned in the curriculum and much beyond that. They can open their students’ minds to concepts they would not usually be exposed to and thus help them develop a frame of mind that is inquisitive and has a strong foundation.

Some of the skills that the faculty must possess to impart the education smoothly are an excellent hold of the subject, communication skills, analytical skills, people management, understanding of human behavior, assessment skills, empathy, etc.

The profession of teaching is considered one of the best, high paying and most successful one. The compensation varies according to the subject, institution, experience, etc. On average, after PhD salary in India of a faculty is 12.0 lakhs per annum. The average salary bracket ranges from 1.3 lakhs per annum to 30.0 lakhs per annum (Source).

b. Post Doctorate

You can also choose to stay in the same university for varying periods (from one to four years) and get an extended project based on the one you did earlier. You might also work on publishing your erstwhile researched product.

The significance of a post-doctorate is many. They take on individual or group research projects that are impactful. Their research and findings help society, government education, industries, etc.

A post-doc has the autonomy of their day. Some of the skills that are required from a post-doc are the nature of being inquisitive, research skills, documentation, verbal and written communication, a good hold of the subject matter, people skills, team management, etc.

The salary for a post-doc may vary depending on factors such as the institution, domain, research topic, experience, etc. On average, a postdoctoral researcher procures the compensation of 10.0 lakhs per annum. The salary ranges from 3.0 lakhs per annum to 40.0 lakhs per annum (Source). People have apprehension about “ What comes after PhD ?” Post-doctorate can be considered an option.

c. Adjunct Position

An adjunct position is a non-tenure position in universities; they are professionals who don’t carry the title of a professor but make valuable contributions to the faculty. In some universities, professionals in Adjunct positions work overtime and bear numerous educational responsibilities.

d. Teaching

PhD holders can teach at institutions offering undergraduate courses where they are looking for staff with a PhD who can carry out practical research.

PhD candidates can be assistant professors by teaching undergraduate courses or being a part of committees that help form academic and organisational policies and perform research to achieve tenure.

There exists a myth that PhD courses are designed to PAVE the path for individuals to become professors at the university level. However, the horizons of a PhD degree spread farther than simply academia, so it’s wrong to assume so.

Here’s looking at the different verticals where PhD holders can chart a rewarding career.

2. Government Jobs

The government job sector is ideal for patriotic and passionate people who want to serve the country. Since the government is always on the lookout for creative and skilled people, professionals who love researching and put their skills to good use can rely on the government sector.

PhD holders carry a unique, innovative perspective that allows them to view complex problems, understand them and make practical, diplomatic choices.

There are several opportunities here, starting from the military sector (e.g. military research). If you are interested in politics, you can opt for a policymaker position in state and central government. You can also be a minister if you can work your way up with innovative diplomatic ideas.

First, the PhD holders are eligible to sit in the government exam. They are highly qualified professionals who give a learned and deeper perspective to the government professionals that helps in better decision-making. They can work in various departments of the government, such as policy making, rural development, transportation, scientific research, military, international relations, etc. One can procure various PhD jobs in India in the government sector.

3. Entrepreneur

In today’s world, the entrepreneurship sector is growing exponentially. Since information and technology are accessible to everyone, there’s a growing shift towards startups, self-employment, and innovation. PhDs holders carry the potential to be first-grade innovators/entrepreneurs.

Research shows that PhDs and entrepreneurial journeys are way more similar than they seem, and hence, students who have PhD degrees are very likely to thrive when they get into entrepreneurship.

Apart from various similarities between the entrepreneurs and PhDs, there is one common similarity between these two, and that is innovation and research skills. Both of these professionals identify a problem persisting in society and develop a model that solves it. So naturally, the PhD holders seem as a fit progression to entrepreneurship.

Some of the skills required for a successful entrepreneur are identifying problems, critical thinking, problem-solving, business management, creativity, team management, self-starter attitude, communication skills, networking, etc.

4. Consultancy

The skillset required to be a consultant includes maintaining large amounts of data. Plenty of companies rely on MBA professionals and PhD holders for consultancy due to the increasing influence of technology in the real world.

Large consultancy firms hire PhD holders from all different fields. The idea is to leverage valuable data and glean helpful insights to empower business decision-making.

PhD and other advanced degrees help students shine in consultancy since there is a massive requirement for specialised expertise in today’s age. Therefore, if you have a PhD, consultancy is a very prominent job opportunity that can be highly rewarding.

There are various reasons for being a consultant professional as a PhD holder, as they have a high capacity for critical thinking. They are skillful for effectively and scientifically solving problems. The PhD holders can effectively analyse the data and come to conclusions. The companies hire the PhD holders for the level of expertise they bring. Usually, they are hired at the same level as MBA professionals. This may vary depending on the companies, level of skill sets, location, and other factors.

5. Digital Media Company

The job description is to prepare reports providing a comprehensive analysis and context on various topics. It also includes preparing reports on artistic and cultural events. A PhD course equips you to be an individual with excellent writing and research skills. These are extremely handy when pursuing a writing job opportunity at media company.

Unlike a regular digital marketing professional a PhD holder would come up with a much deeper perspective and understanding. They would be having the in depth knowledge of the funcitonings.

There is an option available to do PhD in digital marketing, these professionals would come up with understanding on the culture, society, ethnicities, human behaviour and many more. There are various options available fo r phd jobs as there are various firms and companies that employe the professionals.

6. Research Associate

As the word suggests, a research associate job position requires you to gather data to determine whether consumers or companies find a product or service desirable or appealing.

For this job position, the skills you acquire during your PhD study (presentation and research skills) prove to be highly influential; these are the skills that help you excel in research.

Switching from academic research to corporate research, where the information acquired via research is used well, is a choice most professionals make these days since academic research can get monotonous and underwhelming at times.

The research associates are responsible for various tasks such as gathering of data, preparing data, analysing, reporting, research and may more. They identify the problem and then go about their workf to find solutions for the problem.

It is considered as one of the most sought- after jobs one can go for. There are various industries and fields one can go ahead to make a career fro themselves. These researches make a positive contribution to the society in various fields such as history, science, art and culture, society, policy making, etc.

Usually there is no degree after PhD is required to become a research associate a PhD suffices. Moreover, the profession as a research associate is high paying and is a stable career.

7. Product Manager

The job profile of a product manager includes overseeing every aspect of the development, growth, maintenance, and improvement of a product.

Companies prefer PhD holders over other UG PG holders for positions that require overseeing or handling end-to-end tasks since a PhD equips you to handle multitasking effortlessly.

The role of a product manager doesn’t stop after product formulation and release. It extends to maintenance, improving product performance, devising marketing strategies, and enhancing product efficiency by bringing in new methods that can replace older ways. Online PhD programs offer you offer flexibility to manage your work and other commitments.

A product manager is required to be aware of the customer’s needs and manage to address the gap by innovating the product. They are responsible for making the product better that helps in taking the business forward.

In order to all of that, they are required to be equipped with certain skill sets that understands th ehuman behavioru, mindsets of people coming from different geographies and age groups. And according to various factors, inculcate the innovations in such a way that the product feels relatable to the target audience. But most importantly, they should also be having the business acumen that helps them in aking decisions that benefits the business.

The profession as a product manager is considered as high paying and on average the salary goes up to 16.3 lakhs per annum. The average salary ranges from 6.0 lakhs per annum to 35.0 lakhs per annum (Source). This salary bracket may differ due to various factors such as geographical location, skill sets, experience, type of company, etc.

Check out upGrad’s Global Doctor of Business Administration from the ACBSP-accredited Swiss School of Business and Management. The 36-months program caters to 75+ nationalities and provides 12+ specialisations and 70+ faculty industry collaborations to help you succeed. There are 1:1 thesis supervisions to ensure you exploit your potential in your domain of choice.

The minimum requirement to pursue this degree is a Master’s Degree (or equivalent) or 5+ years of work experience. Don’t wait, sign up and book your seat today!

Is it easier to find a career opportunity with a PhD degree?

Based on my own experience and observations, pursuing a PhD, although demanding in terms of time and effort, can significantly broaden your career horizons. PhD holders are highly esteemed for their specialized knowledge, exceptional research skills, and critical thinking abilities. They find ample opportunities in academia, securing coveted positions as professors and researchers. Moreover, industries such as healthcare, finance, and technology highly value PhDs, often offering them lucrative roles in research and development, data analysis, and leadership.

However, the ease of finding suitable job opportunities after phd in india can vary based on factors like your field of study and location. In India, PhD graduates can unlock diverse and rewarding career paths with the right set of skills and effective networking. The investment in higher education pays off in the form of fulfilling and promising professional opportunities.

T he landscape of job opportunities after a PhD in India in 2024 appears promising and diverse. The demand for highly skilled and specialized professionals continues to grow across various sectors. Whether you aspire to excel in academia, contribute to cutting-edg e research, or significantly impac t the corporate world, a PhD opens doors to numerou s avenues. The key lies in leveragin g your unique expertis e , networking effectively, and staying attuned to emerging trends in your field. With the right strategy and dedication, you can embark on a fulfilling and rewarding career journey, making your investment in a Ph .D. an asset in the dynamic Indian job market.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Communication skills can effectively drive career potential since PhD holders are expected to deliver out-of-the-box thinking, management, and creative ways of solving problems via critical thinking. Developing communication skills is crucial in showcasing and presenting your ideas to technical and non-tech teams convincingly.

PhD holders have the upper hand over Master’s or Bachelors's students across industries due to their high-end skill sets that include critical thinking, problem-solving, and effective decision making. In addition, their unmatched research skills and data management abilities make them an obvious choice for a host of high-profile roles across industries.

The average salary of PhD holders ranges between ₹ 6,00,000 and ₹ 12,00,000 per year, depending on the field of choice, experience, and skillsets. The average base salary for a PhD holder working as a professor is ₹16,73,000 per year, approximately ₹90k per month).

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Arizona State engineering graduates drown in waterfall days after commencement on hiking trip with classmates

Two recent Arizona State University (ASU) graduates drowned while visiting a popular nature area known as Fossil Creek last week.

The men were part of a group of 18 friends who hiked the four miles into the lower waterfalls on May 8, the Gila County Sheriff's Office (GCSO) told FOX 10 Phoenix. Around 6 p.m., several nearby communication centers began receiving texts and calls to 911 about one or two men who entered the water and did not resurface, GCSO said in a press release.

Multiple departments responded to the scene, and witnesses told first responders that two men entered the water near the falls and did not come back up. Tonto Rim Search and Rescue remained on the scene overnight.

The next morning, two bodies were found by divers 20 feet underwater.

JURY SAYS CALIFORNIA MAN WHO SEXUALLY ASSAULTED HIKERS, SLEEPING WOMEN POSES ‘SERIOUS DANGER TO SOCIETY'

The men have been identified as 23-year-old Rakesh Reddy Lakkireddy and 25-year-old Rohith Manikanta Repala. Both graduated from the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering just days before, on May 4. They were part of the school's 4,589 spring graduates, according to a tweet from ASU dean and professor Kyle Squires.

READ ON THE FOX NEWS APP

ASU's engineering school did not immediately respond to a Fox News Digital request for comment.

The group did not intend on doing "a lot of swimming," but they did take a couple of life jackets with them on the hike, GSCO's Sgt. Cole LaBonte told FOX 10.

CALIFORNIA SIBLINGS, AGES 2 AND 4, DIE AFTER FALLING INTO FAST-FLOWING RIVER IN MOUNTAINS

Three people were reportedly standing on a peninsula when they slipped into the water. It is unclear if they knew how to swim.

"They inadvertently got into a position that exceeded their skill level by slipping into the water," LaBonte said. "The water was a lot deeper than they thought."

The drownings mark the first two for Fossil Creek of the year. The area is extremely busy during the summer months, Tonto Rim Search and Rescue's Bill Pitterle told FOX 10 over the phone.

The rise of social media photography has led to increased crowds at Fossil Creek in recent years. The area in the Coconino National Forest requires visitors to pay fees, obtain parking permits for certain lots and make reservations from April 1 to Oct. 1. Camping is allowed during the spring-summer season in permitted areas. The closest town to Fossil Creek is Camp Verde, according to the U.S. Forest Service.

Original article source: Arizona State engineering graduates drown in waterfall days after commencement on hiking trip with classmates

Civil | Construction | Nuclear

A Message from Dr. Barber

Join us in welcoming our new department chair – dr. tong qiu.

Dear colleagues and friends of the Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering at the University of Utah,

I’m pleased to share that after an extensive national search, Dr. Tong Qiu has accepted our offer to lead as our department chair, beginning July 1. Dr. Qiu is currently a professor of Civil Engineering at Penn State University where he has risen through the ranks since 2010. Professor Qiu boasts an impressive array of professional achievements, both in academia and industry. An ASCE Fellow, he possesses the precise blend of skills, personality, and vision needed to elevate our department’s atmosphere and foster excellence in both education and research. We are excited to welcome and support him as he steps into this important leadership role.

Dr. Qiu’s doctoral studies in Civil Engineering were completed at the University of California – Los Angeles. He is a very active researcher who incorporates leading technology which results in real engineering products. His research spans a broad spectrum, from theoretical explorations to hands-on experimentation, encompassing soil dynamics, fluid mechanics in porous materials, and the modeling of geological systems. Dr. Qiu also harnesses the power of artificial intelligence to address various geotechnical engineering challenges. His work receives support from a diverse range of funding sources, including federal agencies like NSF, FHWA, DOS, FRA, and SERDP, state entities such as PennDOT and the State Police, as well as private sector partners like Google, Tensar International Corporation, Alpine Equipment LLC, and Mission Critical Solutions, in addition to backing from DOT University Transportation Centers. The University of Utah is the perfect fit for his continued career growth.

It’s been my honor to serve as Department Chair for the past 11 years. I would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone for their support over that time. Just a few of my privileges have included recruiting a number of excellent faculty members and seeing the growth of our department , both in the quality of education we provide our students as well as the caliber and capability of our excellent faculty and staff. I look forward to continuing as a professor in the department striving to contribute to our collective success, including offering support to Dr. Qiu as he steers our department forward.

Please join me in extending a warm welcome to Dr. Qiu and in providing him with our unwavering support as he assumes leadership.

Warm regards,

Dr. Michael Barber

More News From Our Department

PhD Student Proposes Vision for the Future of Engineering in Utah

Mina Golazad, Construction Engineering PhD student, has been awarded second place in the ASCE Utah Younger Member Forum Scholarship program for her vision of engineering in the future state. Mina’s response to the prompt, “Be Future Ready,” garnered recognition from the ASCE Utah Younger Member Forum. This year’s prompt challenged participants to envision the challenges […]

$1M DOE Grant for Advanced Nuclear Energy Research

Dr. Peter Zhu’s team Plays Key Role in Securing $1M DOE Grant for Advanced Nuclear Energy Research We are thrilled to announce that Dr. Peter Zhu, Assistant Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and his lab have been collaborating with a team at the University of Illinois on a proposal that has just been awarded […]

Research at the U is Building Better Utah Infrastructure

Dr. Pedro Romero Honored with Friend of Industry Award at the 2024 Utah Asphalt Conference The Utah Asphalt Paving Association—the driving force behind our road infrastructure—recently hosted the 2024 Utah Asphalt Conference from February 27 to 28. Recognized as the premier asphalt-related event in the state, the conference brought together the industry’s best minds, including […]

Dr. Cathy Liu Earns Prestigious Educator Award

CvEEN Professor Earns 2023 Outstanding Educator Award The Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) is a global organization dedicated to improving transportation systems and creating smarter, more livable communities. Within this vast network, the Mountain District ITE represents the U.S.’s mountain states and recognizes outstanding educators in the field. Dr. Cathy Liu has been honored with […]

Officials at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced Thursday that they are awarding a $1.2…

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Dr. Otakuye Conroy recently hosted two students from the Native American Research Internship program. The program…

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Top 5 Careers for Engineering PhDs
Career paths after a PhD
All You Need to Know About PhD in Engineering
How To Do PhD In Engineering
What To Do After Engineering
PhD Program

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Reality of Jobs in India after PhD in Chemistry
What After Engineering- Engineering Ke Baad Kya Kare Private Job, Govt Job, MTech MBA #btech #mtech
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Life After PhD in Biotech
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Life Before PhD Vs After PhD #phdlife #phd #ilovephd

COMMENTS

What Can You Do With a PhD in Engineering?
Graduates of PhD in Engineering programs can work as professors at research universities, dedicate their expertise to industrial or government research labs, or create a business around their own innovation. Consider building your career as the developer of a green energy trend, discovering a life-saving biomedical process, or taking the world ...
Top 5 Careers for Engineering PhDs
Here are the top 5 industry careers for engineering PhDs…. 1. Chemical engineering. Jobs in chemical engineering focus on the development of materials. There are many types of positions in chemical engineering, and you will be able to avoid being pigeonholed into one career.
FAQ: Should I Get a PhD in Engineering?
A Ph.D. in engineering is a research degree that provides candidates with highly specialized knowledge of a specific engineering subfield. Candidates learn about quantitative research methods and complete advanced coursework. They also conduct independent research to prepare a written dissertation and an oral presentation.
Choose Between a Master's, Ph.D. in Engineering
Engineering Ph.D.s provide even more specialization than master's degrees, and a higher earning potential, but they also come with significant risks, experts say. Research jobs within government ...
The Science Careers guide to consulting careers for Ph.D. scientists
According to the website GlassDoor.com, a junior consultant hired by BCG in the United States—most fresh Ph.D.s enter at this level—can expect to receive a starting salary of $115,000 to $145,000 annually. An entry-level associate with a master's degree can expect to start at $58,000 to $80,000.
Guide to getting a doctorate in engineering
There are 2 main types of engineering doctorate degrees: the Ph.D. (doctor of philosophy) in engineering and the doctor of engineering (DEng). Doctor of engineering (DEng) usually completed mid career. requires a master's degree and professional experience. focused on practice and application lasts about 3 years.
The career outlook of engineering PhDs: Influence of postdoctoral
A descriptive summary of the relationship between postdoctoral training and subsequent career outcomes 7-9 years after PhD completion is shown in Figure 3. Figure 3a shows the distribution of engineering PhDs' employment sector 7-9 years after PhD graduation by postdoc status (participated in a postdoc or not). Most postdoctoral scholars ...
Career Pathways for Engineering PhD Candidates
For engineering, additional research after your PhD program is often required to be competitive for Tenure-track positions. In addition to positions as a professor, jobs in academic administration are also a route to take within academia. Once a Tenure-track position is obtained additional time spent on committees and doing administrative tasks ...
20 Engineering PhD Jobs (With Salary and Duties)
Here are 20 career opportunities available for professionals with a Ph.D. in engineering: 1. Chemical engineer. National average salary: $93,265 per year Primary duties: A chemical engineer develops and designs different chemical manufacturing processes.
Engineering and Applied Sciences
The Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (Harvard Griffin GSAS) with the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) offers PhD and master's degrees in a wide range of disciplines that lie at the interfaces of engineering, the applied sciences (from biology to physics), and technology.
Master's vs. PhD in Engineering: What's the Difference?
Specialization. Earning a master's degree in engineering typically allows you to get involved in many different types of engineering projects and roles after graduation. Conversely, Ph.D. programs are often much more specialized. The work you do while in a Ph.D. program usually prepares you for a specific role or niche within engineering.
Doctor of Engineering
The Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng or EngD) is a research doctorate in engineering and applied science.An EngD is a terminal degree similar to a PhD in engineering but applicable more in industry rather than in academia. The degree is usually aimed toward working professionals. The DEng/EngD along with the PhD represents the highest academic qualification in engineering, and the successful ...
Ph.D./Sc.D. Program
Ph.D./Sc.D. Program. The Doctor of Philosophy and Doctor of Science degrees in Chemical Engineering are identical; students may choose for themselves the appellation they prefer. This traditional, research-based doctoral degree program provides a thorough grounding in the fundamental principles of chemical engineering, as well as an intensive ...
Should Engineers Get a PHD? 11 Truths!
Electrical Engineering. $23,070. 2020 - 2021. MIT. Electrical Engineering. $43,150. 2019 - 2020. As you can tell, diving into a PhD in engineering might not make you rich overnight. But, hey, it does give you the chance to work on some mind-blowing research and help shape the world of tomorrow.
Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering
The Electrical Engineering PhD program studies systems that sense, analyze, and interact with the world. You will learn how this practice is based on fundamental science and mathematics, creating opportunities for both theoretical and experimental research. Electrical engineers invent devices for sensing and actuation, designing physical ...
PhD in Mechanical Engineering
PhD in Mechanical Engineering. Mechanical Engineering PhD candidates are leaders in research and education in academia and industry—they carry with them a strong network of peers built during their graduate studies. Students can enter the program directly after completing a bachelors degree, and earn a masters degree along the way or enter ...
How to Get a Doctorate in Engineering
Gathering Your Prerequisites. 1. Complete your undergraduate degree. Before you can pursue graduate studies, you need to earn a bachelor's degree. If you plan to get your doctorate in engineering, an undergraduate degree in engineering is your best option for gaining acceptance into a graduate program.
Degree Requirements for the PhD
The ENE PhD course requirements consist of a minimum of 41 course credits (32 in Research Preparation and 9 in a Specialization area), with any remaining credit hours bringing the total up to 90 credit hours (e.g., a combination of additional course credit hours, up to 30 master's credit hours, and graduate research credit hours).
graduate admissions
Two after a degree in Physics and one after a PhD in biomedical engineering. All 3 are happy with their choice but their situation is not yours. Can you afford to go to school for many more years? If you do, in North America a previous degree (and engineering is a frequent one) is usually required prior to entering medical school. Med school ...
MD-PhD
MD-PhD Combined Program. Dartmouth's Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of Philosophy (MD-PhD) program is for students seeking to conduct in-depth research and receive extensive training in both medicine and biomedical engineering. It combines the curriculum at Geisel School of Medicine with the PhD Program at Thayer School.
What the heck do you do with a Ph.D. in the biomedical sciences?
In fact, from a simple employment perspective those with Ph.D.s in science, engineering, and health are doing much better than the general population. In February 2013, the unemployment rate for the general U.S. population was at 6.3% while that of U.S. science, engineering, and health Ph.D.s was way down at 2.1% (7).
Graduate Degrees
The Real Meaning of 'Working Knowledge'. Northeastern is the world leader in experiential learning. Here, graduate students—from the master's through the doctorate, and in professional and certificate programs—put knowledge to work at Fortune 500 and startup companies, universities, government agencies, nonprofits, and global ...
PhD Engineering India, Courses, Admissions, Salary and Jobs 2022
PHD Engineering Syllabus. PHD Engineering courses irrespective of either regular or part time courses, its educating syllabus is distributed among 6 semesters. The Scholars taking up the doctoral degree have to publish international arena papers after carrying novel contributions to the research community in India.
PhD after BTech
PhD after BTech: Can I do PhD after BTech, Research Areas, Scope, Career Opportunities, Top International Universities for PhD ... PhD in Engineering. PhD in Computer Science. Background & GPA Requirements. Admission to most programs of PhD after BTech prescribe a strong background related to the specific intended field of study. Common ...
Top 7 Career Opportunities in India after PhD in 2024
The average salary of PhD holders ranges between ₹ 6,00,000 and ₹ 12,00,000 per year, depending on the field of choice, experience, and skillsets. The average base salary for a PhD holder working as a professor is ₹16,73,000 per year, approximately ₹90k per month). Unlock rewarding career opportunities in India after completing your PhD ...
A Nonapocalyptic Vision of Graduate Education's Future
Indeed, what universities seem to have forgotten is that they have more than a bit of a say in how these forces play out. There is a vibrant and prosperous future for M.A. and Ph.D. education not in radical transformation but in reconciliation—reconciliation between academic and applied domains of knowledge production, and in enabling lives as researchers and scholars both within the academy ...
Arizona State engineering graduates drown in waterfall days after ...
Both graduated from the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering just days before, on May 4. They were part of the school's 4,589 spring graduates, according to a tweet from ASU dean and professor ...
Tech Visionary and Trailblazing Innovator Edwige A ...
LISLE, Ill. - May 16, 2024 - Edwige A. Robinson will deliver the keynote address at DeVry University and its Keller Graduate School of Management Commencement Ceremonies on Sunday, June 9. Robinson will address more than two thousand graduates and will share her journey, fueled by resilience, grit and an unwavering belief in the possible. DeVry's Honorary Lifetime Trustee and Keller's Co ...
A Message from Dr. Barber
Dear colleagues and friends of the Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering at the University of Utah, I'm pleased to share that after an extensive national search, Dr. Tong Qiu has accepted our offer to lead as our department chair, beginning July 1. Dr. Qiu is currently a professor of Civil Engineering at Penn State University where ...

Choose Between a Master's, Ph.D. in Engineering

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Career Pathways for Engineering PhD Candidates

Engineering and Applied Sciences

Admissions Requirements

Academic Background

Standardized Tests

AB/SM Program

Special Instructions for Medical Engineering and Medical Physics

APPLICATION DEADLINE

Ph.D./Sc.D. Program

The degree requires that you complete:

The core curriculum is:

Should Engineers Get a PHD? 11 Truths!

What really interests you in engineering?

In academia

In industry

How much money do you want to make?

PhD stipends from major U.S. universities

What type of lifestyle do you want?

Do you have other options in life?

11 Pointers to consider in pursuing a PhD in engineering

#1 Choose a research topic with real-world oomph

#2 A PhD hones your thinking skills, not just your specialization

#3 Don’t expect a PhD to put you on a pedestal

#4 A PhD can open doors, but it might close some too

#5 Dive into a PhD in a subject that ignites your passion

#6 Don’t chase a PhD for the wrong reasons

#7 Fear not the PhD pursuit

#8 A PhD isn’t for everyone

#9 Pick your program and advisor like a pro

#10 Weigh the impact on your loved ones

#11 Industry jobs for PhD grads

“Should engineers get a PhD” wrap up

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Electrical Engineering PhD

PhD in Electrical Engineering Degree

Electrical Engineering PhD Career Paths

Admissions & Academic Requirements

Academic Background

Standardized Tests

Electrical Engineering Faculty & Research Areas

Electrical Engineering Centers & Initiatives

Graduate Student Clubs

Funding and Scholarship

In Electrical Engineering

PhD in Mechanical Engineering

Degree Type

DEGREE REQUIREMENTS

EXTERNAL FELLOWSHIPS

How to Get a Doctorate in Engineering

Gathering Your Prerequisites

Selecting a Doctoral Program

Applying for Admission

Completing Your Coursework

Preparing Your Doctoral Dissertation

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Degree Requirements for the PhD - School of Engineering Education - Purdue University

Degree Requirements for the PhD

PhD Registration Requirements

Exam and Portfolio Requirements

﻿ PhD Course Requirements

﻿ Prerequisites for Starting Dissertation Research: (minimum of 32 credit hours)

Specialization (minimum of 9 credit hours)

PhD Research Requirements

PhD Course Requirements

Prerequisites for Starting Dissertation Research: (minimum of 32 credit hours)